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French H, Segabinazzi L, Middlebrooks B, Peterson E, Schulman M, Roth R, Crampton M, Conan A, Marchi S, Gilbert T, Knobel D, Bertschinger H. Efficacy and Safety of Native and Recombinant Zona Pellucida Immunocontraceptive Vaccines Formulated with Non-Freund's Adjuvants in Donkeys. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1999. [PMID: 36560409 PMCID: PMC9788400 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10121999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to test zona pellucida (ZP) vaccines’ immunocontraceptive efficacy and safety when formulated with non-Freund’s adjuvant (6% Pet Gel A and 500 Μg Poly(I:C)). Twenty-four jennies were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: reZP (n = 7) received three doses of recombinant ZP vaccine; pZP (n = 9) received two doses of native porcine ZP; and Control group (n = 8) received two injections of placebo. Jennies were monitored weekly via transrectal ultrasonography and blood sampling for serum progesterone profiles and anti-pZP antibody titres. In addition, adverse effects were inspected after vaccination. Thirty-five days after the last treatment, jacks were introduced to each group and rotated every 28 days. Vaccination with both pZP and reZP was associated with ovarian shutdown in 44% (4/9) and 71% (4/7) of jennies, 118 ± 33 and 91 ± 20 days after vaccination, respectively (p > 0.05). Vaccination delayed the chances of a jenny becoming pregnant (p = 0.0005; Control, 78 ± 31 days; pZP, 218 ± 69 days; reZP, 244 ± 104 days). Anti-pZP antibody titres were elevated in all vaccinated jennies compared to Control jennies (p < 0.05). In addition, only mild local injection site reactions were observed in the jennies after treatment. In conclusion, ZP vaccines formulated with non-Freund’s adjuvant effectively controlled reproduction in jennies with only minor localised side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilari French
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Lorenzo Segabinazzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Brittany Middlebrooks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Erik Peterson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Martin Schulman
- Veterinary Population Management Laboratory, Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Robyn Roth
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
| | - Michael Crampton
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
| | - Anne Conan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Silvia Marchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Trevor Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Darryn Knobel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre 00334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Henk Bertschinger
- Veterinary Population Management Laboratory, Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Tatematsu KI, Ikeda M, Wakabayashi Y, Yamamura T, Kikuchi K, Noguchi J, Sezutsu H. Silkworm recombinant bovine zona pellucida protein 4 (bZP4) as a potential female immunocontraceptive antigen; impaired sperm-oocyte interaction and ovarian dysfunction. J Reprod Dev 2021; 67:402-406. [PMID: 34670878 PMCID: PMC8668373 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine zona pellucida proteins (ZPs) have been utilized as female immunocontraceptive antigens. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential use of silkworm recombinant bovine ZP4 as an alternative. When the protein was injected with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) - an immuno-stimulative agent - into two female goats, marked elevation of the anti-ZP4 titer was detected. Application of the purified specific IgG to a porcine in vitro fertilization system reduced the sperm penetration rate. In one goat, the cyclic profile of serum progesterone disappeared as the anti-ZP4 titer increased. Histological examination of the ovaries revealed degeneration of antral follicles with sparse infiltration of inflammatory cells in the theca, indicating that autoimmune oophoritis had been induced. Together, the present results suggest that recombinant ZP4 disturbs fertilization and exerts a pathogenic effect on follicle development in goats, thus indicating its potential as a female immunocontraceptive antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tatematsu
- Division of Silk-Producing Insect Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Mitsumi Ikeda
- Division of Silk-Producing Insect Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Wakabayashi
- Division of Advanced Feeding Technology Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- Division of Advanced Feeding Technology Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kikuchi
- Division of Biomaterial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Junko Noguchi
- New Technology Promotion Section, Strategic Planning Headquarters, NARO, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Division of Silk-Producing Insect Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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Recipient of the IETS Lifetime Achievement Award: Dr Richard Fayrer-Hosken, BVSc, PhD. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv32n2_aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Joonè CJ, Nolan MB, Bertschinger HJ, Schulman ML. Researching immunocontraceptive vaccines with mares (Equus caballus) as both a target and model for African elephant (Loxodonta africana) cows: A review. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 207:146-152. [PMID: 31208844 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A sequence of studies is reviewed that reported the domestic horse (Equus caballus) mare as an appropriate and accessible research platform for recording clinical and laboratory data post-immunisation with anti- GnRH and -zona pellucida (ZP) immunocontraceptive vaccines. Experience with a native porcine ZP (pZP) vaccine in African elephant (Loxodonta africana) cows highlighted needs for improving vaccine formulations and more clearly defining associated ovarian effects and safety profiles. Initially, the efficacy, reversibility and safety of the GnRH vaccine Improvac® in mares was demonstrated using reproductive tract ultrasonography and concurrently measuring serum antibody titres and progesterone concentrations. Results informed the study design and minimally invasive monitoring of post-treatment ovarian steroid responses of this vaccine in free-ranging African elephant cows. A subsequent sequence of studies reported reversible contraceptive and immunological efficacy in pony mares immunised with pZP formulated with Freund's adjuvants. By comparison, mares treated with a recombinant ZP3 and ZP4 (reZP) vaccine showed disappointing responses. Unexpectedly, most pZP-treated mares showed ovarian inactivity. In attempting to understand this response, results showed the involvement of cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cells negatively correlated to serum ovarian steroid and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Of concern was the prevalence of injection-site lesions ascribable to Freund's adjuvants. Following this, mares treated with both pZP and a novel reZP vaccine formulated with non-Freund's adjuvants showed comparable immunological responses and ovarian inactivity, notably without adverse treatment reactions. In addition, measuring AMH showed promise for monitoring ovarian function in anti-ZP-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolynne J Joonè
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Australia.
| | - Margaret B Nolan
- Section of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Henk J Bertschinger
- Section of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Martin L Schulman
- Section of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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Joonè C, Schulman M, Fosgate G, Plagis T, Crafford J, Gupta S, Bertschinger H. Antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in PBMC from pony mares immunized with either native or recombinant zona pellucida vaccines. Theriogenology 2019; 126:106-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bechert U, Rohde J, Freer H, Wagner B. IgG4/7 responses correlate with contraception in mares vaccinated with SpayVac. Theriogenology 2018; 121:168-174. [PMID: 30165305 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SpayVac® is an immunocontraceptive vaccine based on porcine zona pellucida (pZP) antigens and uses a patented liposome formulation (VacciMax™ or DepoVax®). It has delivered single-dose, long-lasting (4-10 years) immunocontraception in several species. Previous studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between levels of pZP antibodies produced and contraceptive effect; however, individual mares that were consistently infertile did not necessarily have the highest antibody titers. The objective of this study was to identify potential differences in specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype responses among mares treated with SpayVac (VacciMax formulation) to improve our understanding of vaccine efficacy and potential management applications. We analyzed serum samples collected 1, 2 and 4 years post-vaccination from mares in another study that were continuously infertile or had foaled at least once during the 4-year period (n = 14 each). Additional samples from the continuously infertile mares were collected 5 years post-vaccination. A fluorescent bead-based assay was used to distinguish IgG isotype responses against pZP. IgG1 antibodies were generally higher in the infertile compared to the fertile mares, but only IgG4/7 antibodies were significantly higher in infertile mares during years 1 and 2 post-vaccination (p < 0.05). Interestingly, IgG4/7 isotype levels were significantly higher during year 5 compared to year 4 in the continuously infertile mares (p < 0.02). SpayVac's ability to preferentially stimulate IgG4/7 antibodies may contribute to its long-term immunocontraceptive efficacy, and measuring IgG4/7 isotypes may help differentiate effectively contracepted mares from those that may need additional vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Bechert
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, 3440 Market Street, Suite 100, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jennifer Rohde
- Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Heather Freer
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Ovarian dysfunction associated with zona pellucida–based immunocontraceptive vaccines. Theriogenology 2017; 89:329-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Joonè CJ, Bertschinger HJ, Gupta SK, Fosgate GT, Arukha AP, Minhas V, Dieterman E, Schulman ML. Ovarian function and pregnancy outcome in pony mares following immunocontraception with native and recombinant porcine zona pellucida vaccines. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:189-195. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Joonè
- Section of Reproduction Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - H. J. Bertschinger
- Section of Reproduction Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - S. K. Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology New Delhi India
| | - G. T. Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - A. P. Arukha
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology New Delhi India
| | - V. Minhas
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory National Institute of Immunology New Delhi India
| | | | - M. L. Schulman
- Section of Reproduction Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
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Naz RK, Saver AE. Immunocontraception for Animals: Current Status and Future Perspective. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:426-39. [PMID: 26412331 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An alternative to surgical sterilization for fertility control of animals (wild, zoo, farm, and domestic) is needed to prevent problems related to overpopulation, including culling and relocation. A PubMed and Google Scholar database search was conducted using the keywords 'contraceptive vaccine animals,' 'immunocontraception animals,' 'non-surgical sterilization animals,' 'PZP vaccine,' and 'GnRH vaccine.' The searches from 1972 to 2015 yielded over 1500 publications. These articles were read, and 375 were selected for detailed analysis. Articles referenced in these publications were also thoroughly examined. PZP and GnRH contraceptive vaccines (CVs) have been extensively investigated for fertility control of wild, zoo, farm, and domestic animal populations. Both vaccines have shown tremendous success with PZP vaccines taking the lead. Novel technologies and targets are being developed to improve existing vaccines and generate second-generation CVs. Single-shot vaccines, which can be delivered remotely, will greatly advance the field of immunocontraception for animal use with potential human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Naz
- Reproductive Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ashley E Saver
- Reproductive Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Kobayashi K, Asano M, Yanagawa Y, Haneda S, Matsui M. An Attempt to Induce Antibody Production for Immunocontraception in the Hokkaido Sika Deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) by Immunization with a Porcine Zona Pellucida Synthetic Peptide. MAMMAL STUDY 2014. [DOI: 10.3106/041.039.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ransom JI, Powers JG, Thompson Hobbs N, Baker DL. Ecological feedbacks can reduce population-level efficacy of wildlife fertility control. J Appl Ecol 2014; 51:259-269. [PMID: 25558083 PMCID: PMC4278530 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic stress on natural systems, particularly the fragmentation of landscapes and the extirpation of predators from food webs, has intensified the need to regulate abundance of wildlife populations with management. Controlling population growth using fertility control has been considered for almost four decades, but nearly all research has focused on understanding effects of fertility control agents on individual animals. Questions about the efficacy of fertility control as a way to control populations remain largely unanswered.Collateral consequences of contraception can produce unexpected changes in birth rates, survival, immigration and emigration that may reduce the effectiveness of regulating animal abundance. The magnitude and frequency of such effects vary with species-specific social and reproductive systems, as well as connectivity of populations. Developing models that incorporate static demographic parameters from populations not controlled by contraception may bias predictions of fertility control efficacy.Many population-level studies demonstrate that changes in survival and immigration induced by fertility control can compensate for the reduction in births caused by contraception. The most successful cases of regulating populations using fertility control come from applications of contraceptives to small, closed populations of gregarious and easily accessed species.Fertility control can result in artificial selection pressures on the population and may lead to long-term unintentional genetic consequences. The magnitude of such selection is dependent on individual heritability and behavioural traits, as well as environmental variation.Synthesis and applications. Understanding species' life-history strategies, biology, behavioural ecology and ecological context is critical to developing realistic expectations of regulating populations using fertility control. Before time, effort and funding are invested in wildlife contraception, managers may need to consider the possibility that many species and populations can compensate for reduction in fecundity, and this could minimize any reduction in population growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I Ransom
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center 2150 Centre Avenue, Building C, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Jenny G Powers
- National Park Service, Biological Resource Management Division 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA
| | - N Thompson Hobbs
- Colorado State University, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1499, USA
| | - Dan L Baker
- Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1680, USA
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IMMUNOCONTRACEPTION OF CAPTIVE EXOTIC SPECIES: V. PROLONGED ANTIBODY TITERS IN DALL SHEEP (OVIS DALLI DALLI) AND DOMESTIC GOATS (CAPRA HIRCUS) IMMUNIZED WITH PORCINE ZONA PELLUCIDA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:S21-5. [DOI: 10.1638/1042-7260-44.4s.s21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bechert U, Bartell J, Kutzler M, Menino A, Bildfell R, Anderson M, Fraker M. Effects of two porcine zona pellucida immunocontraceptive vaccines on ovarian activity in horses. J Wildl Manage 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Bechert
- College of Science; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Jennifer Bartell
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Michelle Kutzler
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Alfred Menino
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Robert Bildfell
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Makensie Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Mark Fraker
- TerraMar Environmental Research Ltd; Sidney BC V8L 1M8 Canada
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Ransom JI, Hobbs NT, Bruemmer J. Contraception can lead to trophic asynchrony between birth pulse and resources. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54972. [PMID: 23383018 PMCID: PMC3557234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic inputs such as photoperiod and temperature can regulate reproductive cyclicity in many species. When humans perturb this process by intervening in reproductive cycles, the ecological consequences may be profound. Trophic mismatches between birth pulse and resources in wildlife species may cascade toward decreased survival and threaten the viability of small populations. We followed feral horses (Equus caballus) in three populations for a longitudinal study of the transient immunocontraceptive porcine zona pellucida (PZP), and found that repeated vaccinations extended the duration of infertility far beyond the targeted period. After the targeted years of infertility, the probability of parturition from post-treated females was 25.6% compared to 64.1% for untreated females, when the data were constrained only to females that had demonstrated fertility prior to the study. Estimated time to parturition increased 411.3 days per year of consecutive historical treatment. Births from untreated females in these temperate latitude populations were observed to peak in the middle of May, indicating peak conception occurred around the previous summer solstice. When the post-treated females did conceive and give birth, parturition was an estimated 31.5 days later than births from untreated females, resulting in asynchrony with peak forage availability. The latest neonate born to a post-treated female arrived 7.5 months after the peak in births from untreated females, indicating conception occurred within 24–31 days of the winter solstice. These results demonstrate surprising physiological plasticity for temperate latitude horses, and indicate that while photoperiod and temperature are powerful inputs driving the biological rhythms of conception and birth in horses, these inputs may not limit their ability to conceive under perturbed conditions. The protracted infertility observed in PZP-treated horses may be of benefit for managing overabundant wildlife, but also suggests caution for use in small refugia or rare species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I Ransom
- United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Kirkpatrick JF, Lyda RO, Frank KM. Contraceptive Vaccines for Wildlife: A Review. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:40-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Cui X, Duckworth JA, Molinia FC, Cowan PE. Identification and evaluation of an infertility-associated ZP3 epitope from the marsupial brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Vaccine 2010; 28:1499-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gray ME, Cameron EZ. Does contraceptive treatment in wildlife result in side effects? A review of quantitative and anecdotal evidence. Reproduction 2010; 139:45-55. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of contraceptive treatments has been extensively tested, and several formulations are effective at reducing fertility in a range of species. However, these formulations should minimally impact the behavior of individuals and populations before a contraceptive is used for population manipulation, but these effects have received less attention. Potential side effects have been identified theoretically and we reviewed published studies that have investigated side effects on behavior and physiology of individuals or population-level effects, which provided mixed results. Physiological side effects were most prevalent. Most studies reported a lack of secondary effects, but were usually based on qualitative data or anecdotes. A meta-analysis on quantitative studies of side effects showed that secondary effects consistently occur across all categories and all contraceptive types. This contrasts with the qualitative studies, suggesting that anecdotal reports are insufficient to investigate secondary impacts of contraceptive treatment. We conclude that more research is needed to address fundamental questions about secondary effects of contraceptive treatment and experiments are fundamental to conclusions. In addition, researchers are missing a vital opportunity to use contraceptives as an experimental tool to test the influence of reproduction, sex and fertility on the behavior of wildlife species.
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The practical side of immunocontraception: zona proteins and wildlife. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 83:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.06.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fayrer-Hosken R. Controlling Animal Populations Using Anti-Fertility Vaccines. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43 Suppl 2:179-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Killian G, Thain D, Diehl NK, Rhyan J, Miller L. Four-year contraception rates of mares treated with single-injection porcine zona pellucida and GnRH vaccines and intrauterine devices. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/wr07134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the multiyear contraceptive efficacy of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine GonaCon, the porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine SpayVac and the human intrauterine device (IUD) 380 Copper ‘T’ in mustang mares provided by the State of Nevada. Eight untreated control mares were compared with 12 mares treated with SpayVac, 16 mares treated with GonaCon and 15 mares treated with the copper-containing IUD. Rates of contraception for Years 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively for SpayVac were 100% (12 of 12), 83% (10 of 12), 83% (10 of 12) and 83% (10 of 12), rates for GonaCon were 94% (15 of 16), 60% (9 of 15), 60% (9 of 15) and 40% (6 of 15) and rates for IUD-treated mares were 80% (12 of 15), 29% (4 of 14),14% (2 of 14) and 0% (0 of 14). Antibody titres against PZP and GnRH declined over the four-year study. For mares given SpayVac, uterine oedema was commonly observed. IUDs were visible by ultrasonography in non-pregnant mustang mares, suggesting that pregnant mares did not retain their IUD. IUD retention may be a function of uterine size: pony mares with IUDs had high retention and contraception rates for 4–5 years. We conclude that long-term contraception of mustang mares with a single shot of either the SpayVac or GonaCon vaccine is possible.
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Darhower SE, Maher CR. Effects of immunocontraception on behavior in fallow deer (Dama dama). Zoo Biol 2008; 27:49-61. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Curtis PD, Richmond ME, Miller LA, Quimby FW. Pathophysiology of white-tailed deer vaccinated with porcine zona pellucida immunocontraceptive. Vaccine 2007; 25:4623-30. [PMID: 17475371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
White-tailed deer (n=14 treated, n=7 control) were examined postmortem to identify any possible pathophysiology resulting from PZP immunocontraception vaccination. Deer were treated twice in 1997; given a booster in 1998, with six being revaccinated in September 2000. Granulomas were found at injection sites of most deer, even 2 years post-treatment. Eosinophilic oophoritis occurred in 6 of 8 (75%) deer vaccinated in 1998, and 3 of 6 (50%) revaccinated in 2000. The 2000 revaccinates without oophoritis, had significantly fewer normal secondary follicles than control females (P=0.03), and deer in the 1998 treatment group (P=0.04). PZP immunocontraceptive vaccine elicited ovarian pathologies in deer similar to those observed in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Curtis
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Lane VM, Liu IKM, Casey K, vanLeeuwen EMG, Flanagan DR, Murata K, Munro C. Inoculation of female American black bears (Ursus americanus) with partially purified porcine zona pellucidae limits cub production. Reprod Fertil Dev 2007; 19:617-25. [PMID: 17601409 DOI: 10.1071/rd06154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present 2-year study investigated the feasibility of using porcine zona pellucidae (pZP) as antigen for immunocontraception in American black bears. Sows, 3–6 years of age, were administered either two doses of 250 µg pZP with Freund’s adjuvant (n = 10) or adjuvant alone (n = 5), one in April and one in May, and were kept away from the boars until June. Serum samples were collected before injections and before denning (November). The presence of sows with cubs at side was observed during premature emergence from denning. First-year results indicated that anti-pZP antibody titres in vaccinated sows were 2.5–9.0-fold (range) higher compared with non-vaccinated sows and that the vaccinated sows were threefold less likely to become pregnant (P = 0.167). Control and vaccinated bears produced 1.6 and 0.2 cubs per sow, respectively (P = 0.06). The second-year study investigated the feasibility of using pZP sequestered in a controlled-release pellet and a water-soluble adjuvant (QS-21) to avoid regulatory problems associated with Freund’s adjuvant. Sows in the treatment group (n = 22) were administered a single dose of an emulsion of 250 µg pZP and 150 μg QS-21 plus a pellet containing 70–90 µg pZP for delayed release as booster dose. Control sows (n = 5) received the QS-21 adjuvant in pellet alone. Serum samples were collected before inoculations (April) and before denning (November). Seven cubs were born to the five control sows, but none was born to the 22 vaccinated sows (P < 0.001). Anti-pZP antibody mean absorbance ratios in control sows remained at background levels, whereas vaccinated sows had ratios fourfold higher than controls. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunohistochemical localisation confirmed immunoreactivity of sera from inoculated bears. We conclude that cub production in the American black bear can be effectively limited with either two injections of 250 μg pZP or a single inoculation of partially purified pZP sequestered in controlled-release pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Lane
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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