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Ade L, Ren J, Wu J, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Hou F. Forage taste agents manage plant communities through modifying grazing behavior of yak in alpine meadow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:169999. [PMID: 38242471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The use of taste agents to regulate the grazing behavior of livestock is a new attempt in pasture management, but the effects on grassland plant communities are not clear at present. Therefore, the following scientific questions need to be addressed: (1) how do different taste agents affected plant community structure by changing feed intake? (2) What was the mechanism of this effect? We proposed the following hypotheses: (1) Salt and sweetener increased feed intake of livestock and decreased the biomass of plant community, while bitters did the opposite. (2) Taste agents can regulate the relationship between plant species, and different taste agents can enhance or weaken the competitiveness of the different plants. In order to test the hypothesis, a grazing experiment with yaks was conducted in the alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau. Denatonium benzoate (Bitterant), NaCl (Salt), and sodium cyclamate (Sweetener) were sprayed onto the meadows twice a year, along with a control treatment of tap water. The results showed that (1) Salt increased the feed intake of yak significantly; bitterant decreased the feed intake of livestock and increased the biomass of plant community. (2) Salt increased the Pielou index of the plant community significantly. (3) The stability of plant community ranking from high to low is as follows: Control > Bitterant > Sweetener > Salt. (4) Bitterant and salt improved grazing tolerance of grassland and salt reduced the edibility of grassland. (5) The use of taste agents reduced the correlation between dominant species and led to the fragmentation of the relationship chain. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for using taste agents to regulate the community, species biodiversity management, restoration of degraded grassland, promoting utilization of grassland though controlling livestock selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luji Ade
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Jingfei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Zhouwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Argo-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
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Hu JP, Zhang MX, Lü ZL, He YY, Yang XX, Khan A, Xiong YC, Fang XL, Dong QM, Zhang JL. Grazing practices affect phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacterial communities of Kobresia humilis by altering their network stability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165814. [PMID: 37517723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The primary utilization strategy for meadow grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is livestock grazing. This practice is considered as one of the major drivers of plant-associated bacterial community construction and changes in soil properties. The species of Kobresia humilis is considered as the most dominant one in grasslands. However, how different grazing practices affect the phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacterial communities of K. humilis is unknown. To address this issue, the effects of the grazing enclosure (GE), single-species grazing (YG and SG, representing yak only and sheep only, respectively), and different ratios of grazing (ratio of yak to sheep is 1:2, 1:4, and 1:6, represented by MG1:2, MG1:4, and MG1:6, respectively) on the dominant plant of K. humilis, it's phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacteria, and soil properties were investigated using artificially controlled grazing and grazing enclosure. Our data showed that grazing enclosure enhanced vegetation coverage, and rhizosphere bacterial richness and diversity, while reduced plant number and bacterial network stability of K. humilis. The NO3--N, K+, and Cl- concentrations were lower under grazing compared to GE. SG reduced the concentration of NH4+-N, TN, K+, and Na+ compared to YG. Moderate grazing intensity had a lower relative abundance of the r-strategists (Bacteroidota and Gammaproteobacteria) with higher bacterial network stability. Yak and sheep grazing showed reversed impacts on the bacterial network stability between the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of K. humilis. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota were identified in the molecular ecological network analysis as keystone taxa in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere networks, respectively, under all treatments. This study explained why sheep grazing has more adverse effects on grazing-tolerant grass species, K. humilis, than yak grazing, and will contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of different grazing practices and grazing enclosure on alpine grassland ecosystems on the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Peng Hu
- Center for Grassland Microbiome; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Center for Grassland Microbiome; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Long Lü
- Center for Grassland Microbiome; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan He
- Center for Grassland Microbiome; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xia Yang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Aziz Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Ling Fang
- Center for Grassland Microbiome; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Min Dong
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- Center for Grassland Microbiome; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
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Ma CH, Hao XH, He FC, Baoyin TG, Yang JJ, Dong SK. Effects of seasonal grazing on plant and soil microbial diversity of typical temperate grassland. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1040377. [PMID: 36407621 PMCID: PMC9670318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity is the decisive factor of grassland ecological function and process. As the most important human use of grassland, grazing inevitably affects the grassland biodiversity. However, comprehensive studies of seasonal grazing on plant and soil bacterial, archaeal and fungal diversity of typical temperate grassland are still lacking. We examined the impact of seasonal grazing, including no-grazing (NG), continuous grazing (CG), grazing in May and July (G57), grazing in June and August (G68), and grazing in July and September (G79) on grassland plant and soil microbial diversity based on a long-term field grazing experiment. The results showed that the aboveground plant biomass (AGB) of the seasonal grazing plots was significantly higher than that of the CG plots. Compared with NG, CG increased significantly the Margalef richness index of plant community, while did not significantly change the Shannon, Simpson and Pielou evenness of plant community. Grazing changed the composition and biomass of dominant vegetation. Long-term grazing decreased the proportion of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. and increased the proportion of Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng. There was no significant change in the Shannoneven, Shannon and Coverage indices of soil bacteria, archaea and fungi between NG and the grazing plots. But the Chao index of soil fungi in G57, G68 and G79 and archaea in G57, G79 was significantly higher than that in CG. The results of correlation analysis showed that the plant diversity in the CG plots was significantly negatively correlated with the soil bacterial diversity. The plant richness in the G57 and G68 plots was significantly positively correlated with the soil archaea richness. Our study showed that seasonal grazing was a sustainable grazing management strategy for maintaining typical grassland plant and soil microbial diversity in northern of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Ma
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Hai Hao
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Cai He
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao-Getao Baoyin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jue-Jie Yang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Kui Dong
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Wei W, Zhang Y, Tang Z, An S, Zhen Q, Qin M, He J, Oosthuizen MK. Suitable grazing during the regrowth period promotes plant diversity in winter pastures in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.991967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation is a crucial component of any ecosystem and to preserve the health and stability of grassland ecosystems, species diversity is important. The primary form of grassland use globally is livestock grazing, hence many studies focus on how plant diversity is affected by the grazing intensity, differential use of grazing time and livestock species. Nevertheless, the impact of the grazing time on plant diversity remains largely unexplored. We performed a field survey on the winter pastures in alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) to examine the effects of grazing time on the vegetation traits. Livestock species, grazing stocking rates and the initiation time of the grazing were similar, but termination times of the grazing differed. The grazing termination time has a significant effect on most of the vegetation traits in the winter pastures. The vegetation height, above-ground biomass, and the Graminoids biomass was negatively related to the grazing termination time in the winter pastures. In contrast, vegetation cover and plant diversity initially increased and subsequently decreased again as the grazing termination time was extended. An extension of the grazing time did not have any effect on the biomass of forbs. Our study is the first to investigate the effects of grazing during the regrowth period on vegetation traits and imply that the plant diversity is mediated by the grazing termination time during the regrowth period in winter pastures. These findings could be used to improve the guidelines for livestock grazing management and policies of summer and winter pasture grazing of family pastures on the QTP from the perspective of plant diversity protection.
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Li Y, Dong S, Gao Q, Fan C, Fayiah M, Ganjurjav H, Hu G, Wang X, Yan Y, Gao X, Li S. Grazing Changed Plant Community Composition and Reduced Stochasticity of Soil Microbial Community Assembly of Alpine Grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:864085. [PMID: 35677251 PMCID: PMC9168915 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Grazing is a substantial threat to the sustainability of grassland ecosystems, while it is uncertain about the variety of plant and soil microbial community and the linkages between them limit the comprehensive understanding of grazing ecology. We conducted an experiment on the effects of the grazing regimes rotational grazing (RG), continuous grazing (CG), and grazing exclusion (GE) on an alpine meadow in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The differences of plant community composition, soil microbial community assembly mechanism, and taxonomic and functional composition between grazing regimes were examined, and the relationship between plant species and the soil microbes was assessed by constructing a co-occurrence network. The results showed that the plant community composition varied with the grazing regimes, while the soil microbial community composition did not vary with the grazing regimes. The soil bacterial functional composition was similar under RG and CG, while the soil fungal functional composition was similar under GE and RG. The soil microbial community under all grazing regimes was assembled mainly according to stochastic rather than deterministic mechanisms, and RG and CG reduced the relative importance of the stochastic ratio. At the microbial phylum level, CG and GE increased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Armatimonadetes and CG and RG increased the relative abundance of Elusimicrobia. In the network of plant species and soil microbial classes, plants and bacteria themselves were mainly positively linked (symbiosis and promotion), while plants and soil microbes were mainly negatively linked (competition). There were five microbial generalists in the network, which connected with many microbes, and four showed no difference in their abundance among the grazing regimes. Overall, the stable key microbes in the network and the fact that many of the plants are unconnected with microbes weakened the impact of grazing-induced changes in the plant community on soil microbes, probably resulting in the stable soil microbial community composition. Moreover, there was still a dominant and tolerant plant species, Kobresia pygmaea, that connected the plant and microbial communities, implying that the dominant plant species not only played a crucial role in the plant community but also acted as a bridge between the plants and soil microbes; thus, its tolerance and dominance might stabilize the soil microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Public Administration, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shikui Dong
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Qingzhu Gao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Fan
- School of Public Administration, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Moses Fayiah
- Department of Forestry, School of Natural Resources Management, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Hasbagan Ganjurjav
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guozheng Hu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Yan
- China New Era Group Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Abedi M, Omidipour R, Hosseini SV, Bahalkeh K, Gross N. Fire disturbance effects on plant taxonomic and functional β-diversity mediated by topographic exposure. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8552. [PMID: 35127050 PMCID: PMC8796949 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the diversity-disturbance relationship has been extensively studied, the differences in responses of taxonomic vs. functional diversity to natural disturbances (i.e., fire) call for an improved understanding of this relationship. Here, we investigated how fire disturbance influenced plant taxonomic and functional diversity in Golestan National Park, in northeastern Iran. We evaluated the response of α- and β-plant diversity considering both taxonomic and functional diversity and different β-diversity components (i.e., turnover and nestedness) as a function of fire regime, topographic exposure, and their interactive effect. We considered different indices of functional diversity including functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, functional dispersion, Rao's quadratic entropy, and community-weighted mean (CWM). Functional diversity indices were computed using four leaf traits related to species growth strategy and fire response including leaf thickness and leaf length, specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). Taxonomic and functional diversity had contrasting response to fire disturbance. Fire significantly decreased taxonomic α-diversity similarly in both north and south exposures. β-diversity increased in south exposures but decreased in north exposures. Fire decreased functional richness, increased CWM of SLA, and decreased CWM of LDMC. In contrast, abundance-weighted metrics of functional diversity (functional evenness, functional divergence, functional dispersion, Rao's quadratic entropy) were not impacted by fire disturbance. Finally, the main contributors to heterogeneity were driven by a fire × exposure interaction, suggesting that fire disturbance interacts with topographic exposure. Our results suggest that taxonomic and functional α- and β-diversity have contrasting responses to fire illustrating the need to consider both dimensions to understand how disturbance impacts plant communities. At large spatial scale, species turnover and nestedness appear as essential parameters to maintain species-rich communities in response to fire disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Abedi
- Department of Range ManagementFaculty of Natural Resources and Marine SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityNoorIran
| | - Reza Omidipour
- Department of Rangeland and Watershed ManagementFaculty of Natural Resources and Earth SciencesShahrekord UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Seyed Vria Hosseini
- Department of Range ManagementFaculty of Natural Resources and Marine SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityNoorIran
| | - Khadijeh Bahalkeh
- Department of Range ManagementFaculty of Natural Resources and Marine SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityNoorIran
| | - Nicolas Gross
- Université Clermont AuvergneINRAEVetAgro SupUnité Mixte de Recherche Ecosystème PrairialClermont‐FerrandFrance
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Liang D, Guo J, Hou F, Bowatte S. High level of conservation and diversity among the endophytic seed bacteriome in eight alpine grassland species growing at the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6246421. [PMID: 33885767 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed borne microorganisms play an important role in plant biology. Concerns have recently been raised about loss of seed microbial diversity by seed treatments, crop domestication and plant breeding. Information on the seed microbiomes of native plants growing in natural ecosystems is beneficial as they provide the best settings to detect indigenous plant microbe interactions. Here, we characterized the seed bacterial community of 8 native alpine grassland plants. First, seed bacterial diversity was examined using Illumina DNA sequencing, then 28 cultivable bacteria were isolated and potential functions were explored. Across 8 plant species, 343 different bacterial genera were identified as seed endophytes, 31 of those were found in all plant species, indicating a high level of conservation. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi were the top five dominant phyla. Plant species identity was a key determinant shaping the seed endophytic bacteriome. ACC deaminase activity, siderophores production and secretion of lytic enzymes were common functions shown by isolated bacteria. Our results demonstrate that highly diverse and beneficial bacterial populations are hosted by seeds of alpine grassland species to ensure the establishment of best bacterial symbionts for the next generation. This information is useful for crop improvement by reinstating beneficial seed microbial diversities for high-quality forage and crop seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Jiayuguan West Roadd 768, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China
| | - Jianxiu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Jiayuguan West Roadd 768, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Jiayuguan West Roadd 768, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China
| | - Saman Bowatte
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Jiayuguan West Roadd 768, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China.,AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Center, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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