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Guo J, Chen Q, Lam CWK, Wang C, Wong VKW, Xu F, Jiang Z, Zhang W. Application of artificial neural network to investigate the effects of 5-fluorouracil on ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides in HepG2 cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16861. [PMID: 26578061 PMCID: PMC4649619 DOI: 10.1038/srep16861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides are essential metabolites that play important roles in a broad range of key cellular functions. Their intracellular levels could also reflect the action of nucleoside analogues. We investigated the effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide pool sizes in cells upon exposure to 5-FU for different durations. Unsupervised and supervised artificial neural networks were compared for comprehensive analysis of global responses to 5-FU. As expected, deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) increased after 5-FU incubation due to the inhibition of thymine monophosphate (TMP) synthesis. Interestingly, the accumulation of dUMP could not lead to increased levels of deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) and deoxyuridine diphosphate (dUDP). After the initial fall in intracellular deoxythymidine triphosphate (TTP) concentration, its level recovered and increased from 48 h exposure to 5-FU, although deoxythymidine diphosphate (TDP) and TMP continued to decrease compared with the control group. These findings suggest 5-FU treatment caused unexpected changes in intracellular purine polls, such as increases in deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), adenosine-triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP) pools. Further elucidation of the mechanism of action of 5-FU in causing these changes should enhance development of strategies that will increase the anticancer activity of 5-FU while decreasing its resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - QianQian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - ZhiHong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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Almeida SMD, Marquie-Beck J, Bhatt A, Letendre S, McCutchan A, Ellis R. Portable lactate analyzer for measuring lactate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma - method-comparison evaluations. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 72:500-5. [PMID: 25054981 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increased plasma lactate levels can indicate the presence of metabolic disorders in HIV infected individuals. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a portable analyzer is valid for measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma lactate levels in HIV infected individuals. METHOD CSF and plasma were collected from 178 subjects. Samples tested by the Accutrend portable analyzer were compared to those tested by a reference device (SYNCHRON LX 20). RESULTS The portable analyzer had in plasma sensitivity of 0.95 and specificity 0.87. For CSF the specificity was 0.95; the sensitivity 0.33; the negative predictive value was 95% and the positive predictive value 33%. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the validity of the portable analyzer in measuring lactate concentrations in CSF that fall within the normal range. The relatively poor positive predictive value indicates that a result above the reference range may represent a "false positive test", and should be confirmed by the reference device before concluding abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Monteiro de Almeida
- Departments of Neurosciences, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Jennifer Marquie-Beck
- Departments of Neurosciences, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Archana Bhatt
- Departments of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- School of Medicine, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Allen McCutchan
- School of Medicine, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Ron Ellis
- Departments of Neurosciences, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, USA
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Kim AH, Jang W, Kim Y, Park YJ, Han K, Oh EJ. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values reflect therapeutic effectiveness in zidovudine-receiving HIV patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 27:373-8. [PMID: 24038222 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increase of the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of erythrocytes and alterations in the lipid profiles have been described in HIV-infected patients under combination of anti-retroviral treatment (cART), particularly zidovudine (AZT). METHODS In 687 sera from 179 HIV-positive patients, MCV levels were correlated with the clinical outcome or therapeutic effectiveness. The sera were classified into three groups according to AZT treatment; cART with AZT (n = 317), cART without AZT (n = 262), and no anti-retroviral therapy (n = 108). RESULTS The MCV and lipid profile values were increased after cART. The AZT-based cART group had higher MCV levels (111.6 ± 7.0 vs. 97.8 ± 7.0 fl, P < 0.001) and a higher incidence of macrocytosis (>99 fl; 95.3% vs. 38.2%, P < 0.001) than the non-AZT-based cART group. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.835 and the cut-off of MCV (>102 fl) had a sensitivity of 96.1% and specificity of 66.7% for detecting HIV-RNA (-) sera in AZT-based cART group. In the multivariate regression analysis, HIV-viral load and HDL-cholesterol were the only significant correlates to the MCV values in the AZT-base cART group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The MCV values could be used as a surrogate marker to monitor the clinical outcome of HIV-infected patients receiving AZT-based cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Hyun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Soler-Palacín P, Martín-Nalda A, Martínez-Gómez X, Melendo S, Riudor E, Arranz JA, Espiau M, Figueras C. Hyperlactatemia and in utero exposure to antiretrovirals: is the control group the clue? AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:752-8. [PMID: 22010980 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal antiretroviral (ARV) exposure has been related to hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis in infants born to HIV-infected mothers. Our objective was to determine the incidence of these conditions during the first year of life in uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers and compare the data with infants born to mothers with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We investigated the relationships between hyperlactatemia and neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders by conducting a prospective, comparative cohort study (October 2004 to October 2007) consecutively including children of HIV- and HCV-infected mothers. Liver enzymes, pH, lactic acid, and plasma amino acids were determined at 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 months of life. Pathological hyperlactatemia was defined as lactate >2.1 mmol/liter together with alanine >475 μmol/liter. Seventy-nine patients (39 HIV-exposed patients and 40 unexposed patients) were included. Baseline maternal characteristics in the two groups were similar. Almost 90% of HIV-infected mothers received HAART during gestation, while 10.3% were given AZT monotherapy. Eight newborns received combined therapy and 31 received AZT-based monotherapy. Twelve patients (five exposed and seven nonexposed) had some neurological disorder, and four other patients (one vs. three) showed signs of neurodevelopmental delay, with no significant differences between the groups (p=0.34). Pathological hyperlactatemia was detected in 56.4% (95% CI 39.6-72.2) and 57.5% (95% CI 40.9-73.0) of patients, respectively (p=0.92), and this condition was more frequent in preterm children (p<0.05). ARV use during pregnancy and the neonatal period was not associated with pathological hyperlactatemia. The presence of hyperlactatemia was not associated with neurological or neurodevelopmental disorders. No association was established between the use of ARV agents and the development of hyperlactatemia or neurological disorders in HIV-exposed children during their first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Soler-Palacín
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Martín-Nalda
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Melendo
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnació Riudor
- Metabolic Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Arranz
- Metabolic Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Espiau
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepció Figueras
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Cysique LA, Brew BJ. Neuropsychological functioning and antiretroviral treatment in HIV/AIDS: a review. Neuropsychol Rev 2009; 19:169-85. [PMID: 19424802 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-009-9092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a review of studies that have investigated the neuropsychological effects of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV-1 infection. It provides a brief overview of the era of monotherapy, dual-therapy, and an extended overview of the current era of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). This review highlights that while CART has had a dramatic effect on the incidence and the severity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), HAND, in its mild form, still remains prevalent. New causes of this sustained prevalence are poor CNS penetration of some antiretroviral agents, drug resistance, poor adherence, potential neurotoxicity, co-morbidities such as the long-term CART side effects in relation to cardio-vascular disease, and chronic HIV brain infection that may facilitate the expression of new forms of neurodegenerative processes. The review emphasizes the need to address methodological limitations of published studies and the need for large and representative cross-disciplinary longitudinal investigations across the HIV illness span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucette A Cysique
- Brain Sciences, University of New South Wales, and Department of Neurology, Xavier Building, Level 4, St. Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria Street, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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Desai VG, Fuscoe JC. Transcriptional profiling for understanding the basis of mitochondrial involvement in disease and toxicity using the mitochondria-specific MitoChip. Mutat Res 2006; 616:210-2. [PMID: 17174985 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that mitochondrial dysfunction significantly contributes to a number of degenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and drug- and chemical-induced toxicities. Thus far, information gained by several molecular and biochemical techniques used to delineate the mechanism of impaired mitochondrial activity underlying different diseases and various toxicities is still limited due to their low throughput potential. Here, we describe the development of mitochondria-specific mouse oligonucleotide microarray and its potential to define mechanisms of disease progression and drug toxicities associated with mitochondrial dysfunction at both nuclear and mitochondrial genome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha G Desai
- Center for Functional Genomics, Division of Systems Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, HFT-130, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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