1
|
Shi X, Won M, Tang C, Ding Q, Sharma A, Wang F, Kim JS. RNA splicing based on reporter genes system: Detection, imaging and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
2
|
Wu AM. Protein Engineering for Molecular Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
3
|
Uddin MI, Kilburn TC, Yang R, McCollum GW, Wright DW, Penn JS. Targeted Imaging of VCAM-1 mRNA in a Mouse Model of Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization Using Antisense Hairpin-DNA-Functionalized Gold-Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5514-5520. [PMID: 30350640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (mouse LCNV) recapitulates the "wet" form of human age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is a known inflammatory biomarker, and it increases in the choroidal neovascular tissues characteristic of this experimental model. We have designed and constructed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with hairpin-DNA that incorporates an antisense sequence complementary to VCAM-1 mRNA (AS-VCAM-1 hAuNPs) and tested them as optical imaging probes. The 3' end of the hairpin is coupled to a near-infrared fluorophore that is quenched by the AuNP surface via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Hybridization of the antisense sequence to VCAM-1 mRNA displaces the fluorophore away from the AuNP surface, inducing fluorescent activity. In vitro testing showed that hAuNPs hybridize to an exogenous complementary oligonucleotide within a pH range of 4.5-7.4, and that they are stable at reduced pH. LCNV mice received tail-vein injections of AS-VCAM-1 hAuNPs. Hyperspectral imaging revealed the delivery of AS-VCAM-1 hAuNPs to excised choroidal tissues. Fluorescent images of CNV lesions were obtained, presumably in response to the hybridization of AS-hAuNPs to LCNV-induced VCAM-1 mRNA. This is the first demonstration of systemic delivery of hAuNPs to ocular tissues to facilitate mRNA imaging of any target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Imam Uddin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - Tyler C Kilburn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - Gary W McCollum
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - David W Wright
- Department of Chemistry , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
| | - John S Penn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi Y, Liu W, Zheng H, Li Z, Shi X, Cai S, Jiao Z, Mao W, Xie J, Tian J, Wang F. Imaging of pre-mRNA splicing in living subjects using a genetically encoded luciferase reporter. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:518-528. [PMID: 29552390 PMCID: PMC5854055 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is an essential step in gene expression in most eukaryote genes. Here we present the feasibility of a genetically encoded luciferase reporter to monitor the pre-mRNA splicing process in living cells and animals. We showed that the splicing activity change induced by isoginkgetin could be readily visualized in vitro both in a dose and time dependent manner. Moreover, the pre-mRNA splicing process could be also obviously detected in mice by bioluminescence imaging and confirmed by RT-PCR. Our work provided a reporter system that allows high-throughput screening of chemical libraries to identify potential compounds leading to aberrant patterns of splicing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Haifeng Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Shixuan Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Wenjie Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Jinrong Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Labeling RNA is of utmost interest, particularly in living cells, and thus RNA imaging is an emerging field. There are numerous methods relying on different concepts ranging from hybridization-based probes, over RNA-binding proteins to chemo-enzymatic modification of RNA. These methods have different benefits and limitations. This review aims to outline the current state-of-the-art techniques and point out their benefits and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilith V.J.C. Mannack
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion, Cluster of Excellence, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eising
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion, Cluster of Excellence, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Göhring J, Fulcher N, Schilcher K, Barta A, Jacak J. Suitable transfection methods for single particle tracing in plant suspension cells. PLANT METHODS 2014; 10:15. [PMID: 24991230 PMCID: PMC4076440 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multitude of different imaging systems are already available to image genetically altered RNA species; however, only a few of these techniques are actually suitable to visualize endogenous RNA. One possibility is to use fluorescently-labelled and hybridization-sensitive probes. In order to yield more information about the exact localization and movement of a single RNA molecule, it is necessary to image such probes with highly sensitive microscope setups. More challenges arise if such experiments are conducted in plant cells due to their high autofluorescence and demanding transfection procedures. RESULTS Here, we report in planta imaging of single RNA molecules using fluorescently labeled molecular beacons. We tested three different transfection protocols in order to identify optimal conditions for transfection of fluorescent DNA probes and their subsequent detection at the single molecule level. CONCLUSIONS We found that an optimized heat shock protocol provided a vastly improved transfection method for small DNA molecules which were used for subsequent single RNA molecule detection in living plant suspension cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janett Göhring
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nick Fulcher
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Dr. Bohrgasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Schilcher
- Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Linz, 4020, Austria
| | - Andrea Barta
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/3, Vienna, Austria
- Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Linz, 4020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao X, Wang N, Ren X, Zhang J, Wang J, Han J, Jia L, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Preparation and Evaluation of (99m)Tc-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-Peptide Nucleic Acid for Visualization of EGFR Messenger RNA Expression in Malignant Tumors. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1008-16. [PMID: 24744447 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.136101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in many carcinomas and remains a prime target for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. There is a need to develop noninvasive methods to identify the subset of patients that is most likely to benefit from EGFR-targeted treatment. Noninvasive imaging of EGFR messenger RNA (mRNA) expression may be a useful approach. The aim of this study was to develop a method for preparation of single-photon-emitting probes, (99m)Tc-labeled EGFR mRNA antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA) ((99m)Tc-EGFR-PNA), and nontargeting control ((99m)Tc-CTL-PNA) and to evaluate their feasibility for imaging EGFR mRNA overexpression in malignant tumors in vivo. METHODS On the 5' terminus of synthesized single-stranded 17-mer antisense EGFR mRNA antisense PNA and mismatched PNA, a 4-amino-acid (Gly-(D)-Ala-Gly-Gly) linker forming an N4 structure was used for coupling (99m)Tc. Probes were labeled with (99m)Tc by ligand exchange. The radiochemical purity of these (99m)Tc-labeled probes was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Cellular uptake, retention, binding specificity, and stability of the probes were studied either in vitro or in vivo. Biodistribution and radionuclide imaging were performed in BALB/c nude mice bearing SKOV3 (EGFR-positive) or MDA-MB-435S (EGFR-negative) carcinoma xenografts, respectively. RESULTS The average labeling efficiencies of (99m)Tc-EGFR-PNA and (99m)Tc-CTL-PNA were 98.80% ± 1.14% and 98.63% ± 1.36% (mean ± SD, n = 6), respectively, within 6 h at room temperature, and the radiochemical purity of the probes was higher than 95%. (99m)Tc-EGFR-PNA was highly stable in normal saline and fresh human serum at 37°C in vitro and in urine and plasma samples of nude mice after 2-3 h of injection. Cellular uptake and retention ratios of (99m)Tc-EGFR-PNA in SKOV3 cells were higher than those of (99m)Tc-CTL-PNA and the EGFR-negative control. Meanwhile, EGFR mRNA binding (99m)Tc-EGFR-PNA was blocked with an excess of unlabeled EGFR-PNA in SKOV3 cell lines. The biodistribution study demonstrated accumulation of (99m)Tc-EGFR-PNA primarily in the SKOV3 xenografts and in EGFR-expressing organs. Radionuclide imaging demonstrated clear localization of (99m)Tc-EGFR-PNA in the SKOV3 xenografts shortly after injection but not in (99m)Tc-CTL-PNA and the EGFR-negative control. CONCLUSION (99m)Tc-EGFR-PNA has the potential for imaging EGFR mRNA overexpression in tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiuchun Ren
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingmian Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingya Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lizhuo Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunuan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shin SJ, Beech JR, Kelly KA. Targeted nanoparticles in imaging: paving the way for personalized medicine in the battle against cancer. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:29-42. [PMID: 22790418 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20047c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The way we view cancer has advanced greatly in the past few decades from simplistic approaches to finely honed systems. This transition has been made possible because of advancements on two fronts: the first is the rapidly expanding knowledge base of the mechanisms and characteristics of cancer; the second is innovation in imaging agent design. Rapid advancements in imaging and therapeutic agents are being made through the evolution from one-dimensional molecules to multi-functional nanoparticles. Powerful new agents that have high specificity and minimal toxicity are being developed for in vivo imaging. Here we detail the unique characteristics of cancer that allow differentiation from normal tissue and how they are exploited in nanoparticle imaging development. Firstly, genetic alterations, either endogenous or induced through gene therapy, are one such class of characteristics. Proteomic differences such as overexpressed surface receptors is another targetable feature used for enhanced nanoparticle retention. Increased need for nutrients and specific growth signals to sustain proliferation and angiogenesis are further examples of how cancer can be targeted. Lastly, migration and invasion through a unique microenvironment are two additional traits that are exploitable, due to differences in metalloproteinase concentrations and other factors. These differences are guiding current nanoparticle design to better target, image and treat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo J Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing (SMaRT) is an RNA-based technology to reprogram genes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. For the correction of genetic diseases, SMaRT offers several advantages over traditional gene-replacement strategies. SMaRT protocols have recently been used for in vitro phenotypic correction of a variety of genetic disorders, ranging from epidermolysis bullosa to neurodegenerative diseases. In vivo studies are currently bringing trans-splicing RNA therapy toward clinical application. In this review, we summarize the progress made toward the medical use of SMaRT and provide an outlook on its upcoming applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hong H, Yang Y, Cai W. Imaging gene expression in live cells and tissues. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:pdb.top103. [PMID: 21460057 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
11
|
Schifferer M, Griesbeck O. Application of aptamers and autofluorescent proteins for RNA visualization. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:499-505. [PMID: 20023764 DOI: 10.1039/b906870h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The repertoire of RNAs transcribed and processed within living cells is of extraordinary complexity. With new types of RNA being identified, the need for tools to investigate the spatio-temporal aspects of processing and trafficking of these molecules has become more evident. To visualize RNA in living cells, autofluorescent proteins (AFPs) appear as a promising alternative to synthetic fluorescent compound based labels. While current fluorescent protein-based RNA labelings have provided many new insights into the biology of RNA regulation, further improvements and adaptations are desirable to make AFP labels as valuable in the RNA world as they have proven to be for protein tagging. This article reviews the achievements and existing challenges in engineering AFPs as efficient RNA tags for high resolution fluorescence microscopy in living cells.
Collapse
|
12
|
So MK, Gowrishankar G, Hasegawa S, Chung JK, Rao J. Imaging Target mRNA and siRNA-Mediated Gene Silencing In Vivo with Ribozyme-Based Reporters. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2682-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Chen HY, Kathirvel P, Yee WC, Lai PS. Correction of dystrophia myotonica type 1 pre-mRNA transcripts by artificial trans-splicing. Gene Ther 2008; 16:211-7. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
14
|
Ponomarev V. Imaging regulation of endogenous gene expression using spliceosome-mediated trans-splicing. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1035-7. [PMID: 18552134 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.049270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
15
|
Walls ZF, Puttaraju M, Temple GF, Gambhir SS. A generalizable strategy for imaging pre-mRNA levels in living subjects using spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1146-54. [PMID: 18552150 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.047662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Molecular imaging of gene expression is currently hindered by the lack of a generalizable platform for probe design. For any gene of interest, a probe that targets protein levels must often be generated empirically. Targeting gene expression at the level of mRNA, however, would allow probes to be built on the basis of sequence information alone. Presented here is a class of generalizable probes that can image pre-mRNA in a sequence-specific manner, using signal amplification and a facile method of delivery. METHODS Pre-trans-splicing molecules (PTMs) were engineered to capitalize on the phenomenon of spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing. Using a modular binding domain that confers specificity by base-pair complementarity to the target pre-mRNA, PTMs were designed to target a chimeric target mini gene and trans-splice the Renilla luciferase gene onto the end of the target. PTMs and target genes were transfected in cell culture and assessed by luciferase assay, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and rapid analysis of 5' cDNA ends. PTMs and target genes were also assessed in vivo by hydrodynamic delivery in mice. RESULTS Efficiency and specificity of the trans-splicing reaction were found to vary depending on the binding domain length and structure. Specific trans-splicing was observed in living animals (P = 0.0862, Kruskal-Wallis test). CONCLUSION Described here is a model system used to demonstrate the feasibility of spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing for imaging gene expression at the level of pre-mRNA using optical imaging techniques in living animals. The experiments reported here show proof of principle for a generalizable imaging probe against RNA that can amplify signal on detection and be delivered using existing gene delivery methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary F Walls
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Anatomically based technologies (computed tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging, and so on) are in routine use in radiotherapy for planning and assessment purposes. Even with improvements in imaging, however, radiotherapy is still limited in efficacy and toxicity in certain applications. Further advances may be provided by technologies that image the molecular activities of tumors and normal tissues. Possible uses for molecular imaging include better localization of tumor regions and early assay for the radiation response of tumors and normal tissues. Critical to the success of this approach is the identification and validation of molecular probes that are suitable in the radiotherapy context. Recent developments in molecular-imaging probes and integration of functional imaging with radiotherapy are promising. This review focuses on recent advances in molecular imaging strategies and probes that may aid in improving the efficacy of radiotherapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Gene therapy is a very attractive strategy in experimental cancer therapy. Ideally, the approach aims to deliver therapeutic genes selectively to cancer cells. However, progress in the improvement of gene therapy formulations has been hampered by difficulties in measuring transgene delivery and in quantifying transgene expression in vivo. In clinical trials, endpoints rely almost exclusively on the analysis of biopsies, which provide limited information. Non-invasive monitoring of gene delivery and expression is a very attractive approach as it can be repeated over time in the same patient to provide spatiotemporal information on gene expression on a whole body scale. Thus, imaging methods can uniquely provide researchers and clinicians the ability to directly and serially assess morphological, functional and metabolic changes consequent to molecular and cellular based therapies. This review highlights the various methods currently being developed in preclinical models.
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Hong SH, Jeong JS, Lee YJ, Jung HI, Kim KT, Kim YH, Lee YS, Lee SW, Bae CD, Park J, Kim IH. Molecular imaging of endogenous mRNA expression in a mouse tumor model by adenovirus harboringtrans-splicing ribozyme. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5396-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
Arwert E, Hingtgen S, Figueiredo JL, Bergquist H, Mahmood U, Weissleder R, Shah K. Visualizing the dynamics of EGFR activity and antiglioma therapies in vivo. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7335-42. [PMID: 17671203 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many altered pathways in cancer cells depend on growth factor receptors. In primary malignant gliomas, the amplification/alteration of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown to play a significant role in enhancing glioma burden. In an effort to dissect the role of EGFR expression in glioma progression in vivo and evaluate targeted therapies for gliomas, we have genetically engineered glioma cells to visualize the dynamics of EGFR and targeted therapies in real time in vivo. Using engineered lentiviral vectors bearing fusions between EGFR and its exon 2 to 7 deleted variant (EGFRvIII) with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Renilla luciferase (Rluc), we show that there is a direct correlation between EGFR expression and glioma cell proliferation in the initial stages of glioma progression. To monitor and evaluate EGFR-targeted therapies, we have engineered (a) short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) and (b) clinically used monoclonal antibody, cetuximab. Using EGFR-GFP-Rluc/firefly luciferase (Fluc)-DsRed2 glioma model, we show that both shRNAs and cetuximab result in a considerable reduction in glioma cell proliferation in culture and glioma burden in vivo that can be monitored in real time at a cellular resolution. This study serves as a template to follow the role of growth factor receptor expression in tumor progression and to image therapeutic efficacy of targeted therapies in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Arwert
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Ribozymes are RNA molecules capable of associating with other RNA molecules through base-pairing and catalyzing various reactions involving phosphate group transfer. Of particular interest to us is the well known ribozyme from Tetrahymena thermophila capable of catalyzing RNA splicing in eukaryotic systems, chiefly because of its potential use as a gene therapy agent. In this article we review the progress made towards visualizing the RNA splicing mediated by the Tetrahymena ribozyme in single living mammalian cells with the beta-lactamase reporter system and highlight the development made in imaging RNA splicing with the luciferase reporter system in living animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology & Bio-X Program, Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5484, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Otto-Duessel M, Khankaldyyan V, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Jensen MC, Laug WE, Rosol M. In Vivo Testing ofRenillaLuciferase Substrate Analogs in an Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Glioblastoma. Mol Imaging 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2006.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Otto-Duessel
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Vazgen Khankaldyyan
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ignacio Gonzalez-Gomez
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Walter E. Laug
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael Rosol
- Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mitchell LG, McGarrity GJ. Gene therapy progress and prospects: reprograming gene expression by trans-splicing. Gene Ther 2006; 12:1477-85. [PMID: 16121205 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The term 'trans-splicing' encompasses several platform technologies that combine two RNA or protein molecules to generate a new, chimeric product. RNA trans-splicing reprograms the sequences of endogenous messenger mRNA or pre-mRNA, converting them to a new, desired gene product. Trans-splicing has broad applications, depending on the nature of the sequences that are inserted or trans-spliced to the defined target. Trans-splicing RNA therapy offers significant advantages over conventional gene therapy: expression of the trans-spliced sequence is controlled by the endogenous regulation of the target pre-mRNA; reduction or elimination of undesirable ectopic expression; the ability to use smaller constructs that trans-splice only a portion of the gene to be replaced; and the conversion of dominant-negative mutations to wild-type gene products.
Collapse
|
24
|
Rodriguez-Martin T, Garcia-Blanco MA, Mansfield SG, Grover AC, Hutton M, Yu Q, Zhou J, Anderton BH, Gallo JM. Reprogramming of tau alternative splicing by spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing: implications for tauopathies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:15659-64. [PMID: 16230627 PMCID: PMC1266082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503150102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule-associated protein, tau. Some FTDP-17 mutations affect exon 10 splicing. To correct aberrant exon 10 splicing while retaining endogenous transcriptional control, we evaluated the feasibility of using spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing (SMaRT) to reprogram tau mRNA. We designed a pre-trans-splicing molecule containing human tau exons 10 to 13 and a binding domain complementary to the 3' end of tau intron 9. A minigene comprising tau exons 9, 10, and 11 and minimal flanking intronic sequences was used as a target. RT-PCR analysis of SH-SY5Y cells or COS cells cotransfected with a minigene and a pre-trans-splicing molecule using primers to opposite sides of the predicted splice junction generated products containing exons 9 to 13. Sequencing of the chimeric products showed that an exact exon 9-exon 10 junction had been created, thus demonstrating that tau RNA can be reprogrammed by trans-splicing. Furthermore, by using the same paradigm with a minigene containing full-length intronic sequences, we show that cis-splicing exclusion of exon 10 can be by-passed by trans-splicing and that conversion of exon 10(-) tau RNA into exon 10(+) tau RNA could be achieved with approximately 34% efficiency. Our results demonstrate that an alternatively spliced exon can be replaced by trans-splicing and open the way to novel therapeutic applications of SMaRT for tauopathies and other disorders linked to aberrant alternative splicing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodriguez-Martin
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodegeneration, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang Y, Walsh CE. Spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing. Mol Ther 2005; 12:1006-12. [PMID: 16226059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA repair or reprogramming is a new avenue for human gene therapy. Unlike conventional gene therapy, in which exogenous cDNAs are introduced into cells, RNA repair approaches, which are based on spliceosome-mediated pre-mRNA trans-splicing, trans-splicing ribozymes, and tRNA-splicing endonuclease, allow the correction of endogenous RNA species. Recently published accounts that in vivo phenotypic correction of a variety of inherited diseases can be achieved by RNA repair are encouraging. Nevertheless, the science of RNA repair for treatment of human diseases is just beginning and faces several scientific and technical challenges that must be addressed and surmounted. In this review, we summarize recent advances in spliceosome-mediated pre-mRNA trans-splicing. We also provide an update on the progress of this emerging technology toward the development of molecular therapy and diagnosis for human diseases and discuss the outstanding issues and challenges confronting RNA therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yang
- Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu X, Luo M, Zhang LN, Yan Z, Zak R, Ding W, Mansfield SG, Mitchell LG, Engelhardt JF. Spliceosome-Mediated RNATrans-Splicing with Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Partially Restores Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Function to Polarized Human Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelial Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:1116-23. [PMID: 16149910 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing (SMaRT), using recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing pre-trans-splicing molecules (PTMs), could partially restore cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel activity to polarized human DeltaF508 CF airway epithelia. Although these studies proved that SMaRT could correct CFTR mRNA defects, recombinant adenoviral infection from the basolateral surface was required because of inefficient infection from the apical membrane. Hence, applications of SMaRT technology for CF gene therapy require further testing with alternative, more clinically viable, vector systems. Furthermore, because recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have packing limitations with respect to the size of the CFTR transgene insert, SMaRT correction of CFTR has the added attraction of a smaller transgene cassette. In the present study, we investigated whether rAAV vectors could effectively rescue CFTR chloride conductance in polarized human CF airway epithelial cells, using a SMaRT approach. AAV vectors were generated to carry a PTM engineered to bind intron 9 of CFTR pre-mRNA and then trans-splice the normal sequence for human CFTR exons 10-24 into the endogenous pre-mRNA. Human CF polarized airway epithelia were infected from the apical membrane with rAAV2 or rAAV5 CFTR-PTM vectors in the presence of proteasome-modulating agents (doxorubicin and N-acetyl-L-leucinyl-L-leucinyl-L-norleucinal) to enhance transduction. Epithelia were then evaluated for cAMP-sensitive short-circuit currents 2 weeks postinfection. Levels of CFTR correction seen with rAAV2 (1.07 +/- 0.24 microA) and rAAV5 (0.90 +/- 0.20 microA) CFTR-PTM vectors were similar, representing conductance equivalent to 14.2 and 13.6% of that observed in non-CF human polarized epithelia, respectively. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated the existence of wild-type CFTR transcript in CFTR-PTM-corrected epithelia, whereas only DeltaF508 mRNA was detected in polarized cells infected with control rAAV LacZ-PTM vectors. These results provide evidence that rAAV vectors are capable of using SMaRT to correct CFTR function after apical infection of human CF airway epithelia. The ability of CFTR-PTM-mediated correction to maintain endogenous CFTR regulation of the transgene product may further improve the efficacy of gene therapy for CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu X, Luo M, Zhang LN, Yan Z, Zak R, Ding W, Mansfield SG, Mitchell LG, Engelhardt JF. Spliceosome-Mediated RNA Trans-Splicing with Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Partially Restores Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Function to Polarized Human Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelial Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
28
|
Abstract
Sarcomas are often characterised by significant histopathologic heterogeneity, both between and within tumours. This heterogeneity reflects physiologic, biochemical and genetic processes that are amenable to characterisation by functional imaging. Although anatomically based imaging modalities such as plain radiography, X-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remain the primary diagnostic modalities for staging sarcomas, nuclear medicine approaches including gamma camera scintigraphy and positron emission tomography (PET) are being used increasingly to provide complementary information in specific clinical situations. These include biopsy guidance within anatomically complex masses, staging, therapeutic response assessment and evaluation of residual mass lesions after treatment. This review aims to address the range of nuclear medicine techniques available for evaluation of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. A subsequent review discusses the clinical application of these techniques with a particular focus on PET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney J Hicks
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Genetically encoded imaging reporters introduced into cells and transgenic animals enable noninvasive, longitudinal studies of dynamic biological processes in vivo. The most common reporters include firefly luciferase (bioluminescence imaging), green fluorescence protein (fluorescence imaging), herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (positron emission tomography), and variants with enhanced spectral and kinetic properties. When cloned into promoter/enhancer sequences or engineered into fusion proteins, imaging reporters allow transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, protein-protein interactions, oncogenic transformation, cell trafficking, and targeted drug action to be spatiotemporally resolved in vivo. Spying on cancer with genetically encoded imaging reporters provides insight into cancer-specific molecular machinery within the context of the whole animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Gross
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Significant progress has been made recently in the variety of ways that cancer can be non-invasively imaged in murine tumour models. The development and continued refinement of specialized hardware for an array of small animal imaging methodologies are only partly responsible. So too has been the development of new imaging techniques and materials that enable specific, highly sensitive and quantitative measurement of a wide range of tumour-related parameters. Included amongst these new materials are imaging probes that selectively accumulate in tumours, or that become activated by tumour-specific molecules in vivo. Other tumour imaging strategies have been developed that rely upon the detection of reporter transgene expression in vivo, and these too have made a significant impact on both the versatility and the specificity of tumour imaging in living mice. The biological implications resulting from these latest advances are presented here, with particular emphasis on those associated with MRI, PET, SPECT, BLI, and fluorescence-based imaging modalities. Taken together, these advances in tumour imaging are set to have a profound impact on our basic understanding of in vivo tumour biology and will radically alter the application of mouse tumour models in the laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Lyons
- Oncology Department, Xenogen Corporation, Alameda, CA 94501, USA.
| |
Collapse
|