1
|
Xu YT, Ackroyd AJ, Momeni A, Oudah M, MacLachlan MJ. Magnetic field-responsive graphene oxide photonic liquids. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:317-323. [PMID: 38196394 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00412k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Modifying the environment around particles (e.g., introducing a secondary phase or external field) can affect the way they interact and assemble, thereby giving control over the physical properties of a dynamic system. Here, graphene oxide (GO) photonic liquids that respond to a magnetic field are demonstrated for the first time. Magnetic nanoparticles are used to provide a continuous magnetizable liquid environment around the GO liquid crystalline domains. In response to a magnetic field, the alignment of magnetic nanoparticles, coupled with the diamagnetic property of GO nanosheets, drives the reorientation and alignment of the nanosheets, enabling switchable photonic properties using a permanent magnet. This phenomenon is anticipated to be extendable to other relevant photonic systems of shape-anisotropic nanoparticles and may open up opportunities for developing GO-based optical materials and devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Amanda J Ackroyd
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Arash Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Oudah
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Bioproducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun J, Shi Z, Liu X, Ma Y, Li R, Chen S, Xin S, Wang N, Jia S, Wu K. Theoretical Investigation on the Metamaterials Based on the Magnetic Template-Assisted Self-Assembly of Magnetic-Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Adjustable Photonic Responses. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8681-8689. [PMID: 37782892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of artificial nano- or microstructured materials with tunable functionalities and structures, mimicking nature's complexity, holds great potential for numerous novel applications. Despite remarkable progress in synthesizing colloidal molecules with diverse functionalities, most current methods, such as the capillarity-assisted particle assembly method, the ionic assembly method based on ionic interactions, or the field-directed assembly strategy based on dipole-dipole interactions, are confined to focusing on achieving symmetrical molecules. But there have been few examples of fabricating asymmetrical colloidal molecules that could exhibit unprecedented optical properties. Here, we introduce a microfluidic and magnetic template-assisted self-assembly protocol that relies mainly on the magnetic dipole-dipole interactions between magnetized magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticles and the mechanical constraints resulting from the specially designed traps. This novel strategy not only requires no specific chemistry but also enables magnetophoretic control of magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticles during the assembly process. Moreover, the assembled asymmetrical colloidal molecules also exhibit interesting hybridized plasmon modes and produce exotic optical properties due to the strong coupling of the individual nanoparticle. The ability to fabricate asymmetrical colloidal molecules based on the bottom-up method opens up a new direction for the fabrication of novel microscale structures for biosensing, patterning, and delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zongqian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruohan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shumin Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shenli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu L, Jia H, Zhang C, Yin B, Yao J. Magnetically controlled assembly: a new approach to organic integrated photonics. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8723-8742. [PMID: 37621424 PMCID: PMC10445431 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01779f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical self-assembly of organic molecules or assemblies is of great importance for organic photonics to move from fundamental research to integrated and practical applications. Magnetic fields with the advantages of high controllability, non-contact manipulation, and instantaneous response have emerged as an elegant way to prepare organic hierarchical nanostructures. In this perspective, we outline the development history of organic photonic materials and highlight the importance of organic hierarchical nanostructures for a wide range of applications, including microlasers, optical displays, information encoding, sensing, and beyond. Then, we will discuss recent advances in magnetically controlled assembly for creating organic hierarchical nanostructures, with a particular focus on their potential for enabling the development of integrated photonic devices with unprecedented functionality and performance. Finally, we present several perspectives on the further development of magnetically controlled assembly strategies from the perspective of performance optimization and functional design of organic integrated photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hao Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Baipeng Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Okpozo P, Dwivedi Y, Huo D, Pancholi K. Enhancement of infrared absorption through a patterned thin film of magnetic field and spin-coating directed self-assembly of gold nanoparticle stabilised ferrofluid emulsion. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23955-23966. [PMID: 37577102 PMCID: PMC10413183 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01369c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular vibration signals were amplified by the gold strip gratings as a result of grating resonances and nearby electric field hotspots. Colloidal gold island films exhibit similar enhancement; however, the uneven geometrical characteristics of these films restrict the tunability of the vibrational enhancement. Infrared absorption is enhanced by regular metallic patterns such as arrays of strips fabricated using a top-down approach such as nanolithography, although this technology is expensive and difficult. The significant infrared absorption may serve as tuneable antenna sensitization to improve the sensor performance. In this article, we present a simple one-step process for fabricating optically sensitive ordered arrays of a gold nanoparticle ferrofluid emulsion in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using a magnetic field-directed and spin-coating self-assembly (MDSCSA) process. Techniques such as UV-visible absorption, scanning electron microscopy, and grazing-angle infrared spectroscopy were used to evaluate various parameters associated with the nanostructures. Unlike the gold strips, the chain-like features in the iron oxide nanoparticle arrays were discontinuous. The fabricated chain-like ordered arrays have been shown to increase the local field to enhance the infrared absorption corresponding to the symmetric vibration of the -CH2 (2918 cm-1) group present in PVA by ∼667% at a 45° grazing angle, as the chain thickness (CT) increased by 178%. This scalable and simple method can potentially generate low-cost patterns for antenna sensitisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Okpozo
- School of Engineering, Sir Ian Wood Building, Robert Gordon University Garthdee Aberdeen AB10 7GJ UK
| | - Yashashchandra Dwivedi
- Physics Department, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra Kurukshetra 136119 India
| | - Dehong Huo
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University Newcastle NE1 7RU UK
| | - Ketan Pancholi
- School of Engineering, Sir Ian Wood Building, Robert Gordon University Garthdee Aberdeen AB10 7GJ UK
- Advanced Materials Group, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University Aberdeen UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hewlin RL, Edwards M, Schultz C. Design and Development of a Traveling Wave Ferro-Microfluidic Device and System Rig for Potential Magnetophoretic Cell Separation and Sorting in a Water-Based Ferrofluid. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:889. [PMCID: PMC10145302 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The timely detection and diagnosis of diseases and accurate monitoring of specific genetic conditions require rapid and accurate separation, sorting, and direction of target cell types toward a sensor device surface. In that regard, cellular manipulation, separation, and sorting are progressively finding application potential within various bioassay applications such as medical disease diagnosis, pathogen detection, and medical testing. The aim of this paper is to present the design and development of a simple traveling wave ferro-microfluidic device and system rig purposed for the potential manipulation and magnetophoretic separation of cells in water-based ferrofluids. This paper details in full: (1) a method for tailoring cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for specific diameter size ranges (10–20 nm), (2) the development of a ferro-microfluidic device for potentially separating cells and magnetic nanoparticles, (3) the development of a water-based ferrofluid with magnetic nanoparticles and non-magnetic microparticles, and (4) the design and development of a system rig for producing the electric field within the ferro-microfluidic channel device for magnetizing and manipulating nonmagnetic particles in the ferro-microfluidic channel. The results reported in this work demonstrate a proof of concept for magnetophoretic manipulation and separation of magnetic and non-magnetic particles in a simple ferro-microfluidic device. This work is a design and proof-of-concept study. The design reported in this model is an improvement over existing magnetic excitation microfluidic system designs in that heat is efficiently removed from the circuit board to allow a range of input currents and frequencies to manipulate non-magnetic particles. Although this work did not analyze the separation of cells from magnetic particles, the results demonstrate that non-magnetic (surrogates for cellular materials) and magnetic entities can be separated and, in some cases, continuously pushed through the channel based on amperage, size, frequency, and electrode spacing. The results reported in this work establish that the developed ferro-microfluidic device may potentially be used as an effective platform for microparticle and cellular manipulation and sorting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodward L. Hewlin
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science (CBES), Department of Engineering Technology and Construction Management (ETCM), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Maegan Edwards
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science (CBES), Department of Engineering Technology and Construction Management (ETCM), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Applied Energy and Electromechanical Systems (AEES), Department of Engineering Technology and Construction Management (ETCM), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Christopher Schultz
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science (CBES), Department of Engineering Technology and Construction Management (ETCM), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liang J, Al Balushi ZY. Light-Induced Surface Tension Gradients for Hierarchical Assembly of Particles from Liquid Metals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10182-10192. [PMID: 36728152 PMCID: PMC9951180 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Achieving control over the motion of dissolved particles in liquid metals is of importance for the meticulous realization of hierarchical particle assemblies in a variety of nanofabrication processes. Brownian forces can impede the motion of such particles, impacting the degree of perfection that can be realized in assembled structures. Here, we show that light-induced Marangoni flow in liquid metals (i.e., liquid-gallium) with Laguerre-Gaussian (LGpl) lasers as heating sources is an effective approach to overcome Brownian forces on particles, giving rise to predictable assemblies with a high degree of order. We show that by carefully engineering surface tension gradients in liquid-gallium using non-Gaussian LGpl lasers, the Marangoni and convective flow that develops in the fluid drives the trajectory of randomly dispersed particles to assemble into 100 μm wide ring-shaped particle assemblies. Careful control over the parameters of the LGpl laser (i.e., laser mode, spot size, and intensity of the electric field) can tune the temperature and fluid dynamics of the liquid-gallium as well as the balance of forces on the particle. This in turn can tune the structure of the ring-shaped particle assembly with a high degree of fidelity. The use of light to control the motion of particles in liquid metals represents a tunable and rapidly reconfigurable approach to spatially design surface tension gradients in fluids for more complex assembly of particles and small-scale solutes. This work can be extended to a variety of liquid metals, complementary to what has been realized in particle assembly out of ferrofluids using magnetic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Liang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Zakaria Y. Al Balushi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zakinyan AR, Zakinyan AA, Mesyatseva LS. Thermal percolation in a magnetic field responsive composite. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
8
|
Bryan MT. Assessing the Challenges of Nanotechnology-Driven Targeted Therapies: Development of Magnetically Directed Vectors for Targeted Cancer Therapies and Beyond. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2575:105-123. [PMID: 36301473 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2716-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery, in which therapeutic agents are preferentially concentrated at the diseased site, has the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes by minimizing off-target interactions in healthy tissue. Both passive and active methods of targeting delivery have been proposed, often with particular emphasis on cancer treatment. Passive methods rely on the overexpression of a biomarker in diseased tissue that can then be used to target the therapy. Active techniques involve physically guiding therapeutic agents toward the target region. Since the motion of magnetic particles can be remotely controlled by external magnetic fields, magnetic technologies have the potential to drive and hold drugs or other cargo at the required therapeutic site, increasing the localized dose while minimizing overall exposure. Directed motion may be generated either by simple magnetic attraction or by causing the particles to perform swimming strokes to produce propulsion. This chapter will compare the different strategies using magnetic nanotechnology to produce directed motion compatible with that required for targeted cargo delivery and magnetically assisted therapies and assess their potential to meet the challenges of operating within the human body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Bryan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chai Z, Childress A, Busnaina AA. Directed Assembly of Nanomaterials for Making Nanoscale Devices and Structures: Mechanisms and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17641-17686. [PMID: 36269234 PMCID: PMC9706815 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanofabrication has been utilized to manufacture one-, two-, and three-dimensional functional nanostructures for applications such as electronics, sensors, and photonic devices. Although conventional silicon-based nanofabrication (top-down approach) has developed into a technique with extremely high precision and integration density, nanofabrication based on directed assembly (bottom-up approach) is attracting more interest recently owing to its low cost and the advantages of additive manufacturing. Directed assembly is a process that utilizes external fields to directly interact with nanoelements (nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials, nanotubes, nanowires, etc.) and drive the nanoelements to site-selectively assemble in patterned areas on substrates to form functional structures. Directed assembly processes can be divided into four different categories depending on the external fields: electric field-directed assembly, fluidic flow-directed assembly, magnetic field-directed assembly, and optical field-directed assembly. In this review, we summarize recent progress utilizing these four processes and address how these directed assembly processes harness the external fields, the underlying mechanism of how the external fields interact with the nanoelements, and the advantages and drawbacks of utilizing each method. Finally, we discuss applications made using directed assembly and provide a perspective on the future developments and challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chai
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Anthony Childress
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Busnaina
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yin B, Jia H, Wang H, Chen R, Xu L, Zhao YS, Zhang C, Yao J. Magnetic-Field-Driven Reconfigurable Microsphere Arrays for Laser Display Pixels. ACS NANO 2022; 17:1187-1195. [PMID: 36410359 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable microlaser arrays are essential to the construction of display panels where the individual pixel should be highly tunable in resonance mode, optical polarization, and lasing wavelength upon external control signals. Here we demonstrate a facile yet reliable approach to fabrication of organic microlaser pixels, in which the assembly of microsphere arrays on each pixel is controlled according to the near-field magnetostatic confinement. The geometrical configuration of diamagnetic microspheres could be readily modulated with the near-field potential traps by using the external field to alternate the saturation magnetization of the underneath micromagnet. The motion of microspheres can be modulated among several states upon applied field, and the reconfigurable microsphere array is thus achieved with high spatial precision and rapid temporal response. Moreover, both isolated and coupled spheres serve as low-threshold microlasers with tunable optical resonance modes, whereas the switching between the vertical and horizontal alignments of coupled spheres manipulates the polarization of lasing outputs. By repeating the magnetostatic confinement on the same substrate, the full-color laser display pixels with magnetically tunable color expression capability are successfully achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baipeng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qin G, Zhang R, Yang C, Lv X, Pei K, Yang L, Liu X, Zhang X, Che R. Magnetic-Field-Assisted Diffusion Motion of Magnetic Skyrmions. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15927-15934. [PMID: 36166823 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the diffusion dynamics of magnetic skyrmions have generated widespread interest in both fundamental physics and spintronics applications. Here we report the magnetic-field-assisted diffusion motion of skyrmions in a microstructured chiral FeGe magnet. We demonstrate the enhancement of diffusion motion of magnetic skyrmions that is manipulated and driven by an oscillatory magnetic field. Further, the directed diffusion of skyrmions is observed when an in-plane field was introduced to break the symmetry of the system. Finally, we demonstrate the application of a magnetic field can induce an arrangements transition of skyrmions assemble in microstructure, that is, from a stiff hexagonal lattice to a weak interactional isotropic state. By using a step-ascended magnetic field we finished the observation of a particle-like diffusive motion for magnetic skyrmions that transport from high-concentration regions to low-concentration regions and the diffusion flux is proportional to the concentration gradient followed Fick's law.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qin
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ruixuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chendi Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Lv
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ke Pei
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Liting Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xianhu Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Renchao Che
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yap YK, Oh PC, Chew TL, Asif J. Influence of alternating magnetic field's frequency and exposure time on distribution of
α‐Fe
2
O
3
/
TiO
2
fillers for gas separation membranes: Quantitative approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kee Yap
- Department of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Pei Ching Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar Malaysia
- CO2 Research Centre (CO2RES), Institute of Contaminant Management, Department of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Petronas Bandar Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Thiam Leng Chew
- Department of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar Malaysia
- CO2 Research Centre (CO2RES), Institute of Contaminant Management, Department of Chemical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Petronas Bandar Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Jamil Asif
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering University of Engineering and Technology Lahore (New‐Campus) Lahore Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leyva SG, Stoop RL, Pagonabarraga I, Tierno P. Hydrodynamic synchronization and clustering in ratcheting colloidal matter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4546. [PMID: 35675407 PMCID: PMC9177066 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ratchet transport systems are widespread in physics and biology; however, the effect of the dispersing medium in the collective dynamics of these out-of-equilibrium systems has been often overlooked. We show that, in a traveling wave magnetic ratchet, long-range hydrodynamic interactions (HIs) produce a series of remarkable phenomena on the transport and assembly of interacting Brownian particles. We demonstrate that HIs induce the resynchronization with the traveling wave that emerges as a "speed-up" effect, characterized by a net raise of the translational speed, which doubles that of single particles. When competing with dipolar forces and the underlying substrate symmetry, HIs promote the formation of clusters that grow perpendicular to the driving direction. We support our findings both with Langevin dynamics and with a theoretical model that accounts for the fluid-mediated interactions. Our work illustrates the role of the dispersing medium on the dynamics of driven colloidal matter and unveils the growing process and cluster morphologies above a periodic substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi G. Leyva
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ralph L. Stoop
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CECAM, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Tierno
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, INUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Socoliuc V, Avdeev MV, Kuncser V, Turcu R, Tombácz E, Vékás L. Ferrofluids and bio-ferrofluids: looking back and stepping forward. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4786-4886. [PMID: 35297919 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05841j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids investigated along for about five decades are ultrastable colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles, which manifest simultaneously fluid and magnetic properties. Their magnetically controllable and tunable feature proved to be from the beginning an extremely fertile ground for a wide range of engineering applications. More recently, biocompatible ferrofluids attracted huge interest and produced a considerable increase of the applicative potential in nanomedicine, biotechnology and environmental protection. This paper offers a brief overview of the most relevant early results and a comprehensive description of recent achievements in ferrofluid synthesis, advanced characterization, as well as the governing equations of ferrohydrodynamics, the most important interfacial phenomena and the flow properties. Finally, it provides an overview of recent advances in tunable and adaptive multifunctional materials derived from ferrofluids and a detailed presentation of the recent progress of applications in the field of sensors and actuators, ferrofluid-driven assembly and manipulation, droplet technology, including droplet generation and control, mechanical actuation, liquid computing and robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Socoliuc
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - M V Avdeev
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie Str. 6, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Reg., Russia.
| | - V Kuncser
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Bucharest-Magurele, 077125, Romania
| | - Rodica Turcu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies (INCDTIM), Donat Str. 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Etelka Tombácz
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Moszkvai krt. 5-7, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
- University of Pannonia - Soós Ernő Water Technology Research and Development Center, H-8800 Zrínyi M. str. 18, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - L Vékás
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania.
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Research Center for Complex Fluids Systems Engineering, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim H, Lim B, Yoon J, Kim K, Torati SR, Kim C. Magnetophoretic Decoupler for Disaggregation and Interparticle Distance Control. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100532. [PMID: 34194951 PMCID: PMC8224445 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of superparamagnetic beads has attracted various lab on a chip and magnetic tweezer platforms for separating, sorting, and labeling cells and bioentities, but the irreversible aggregation of beads owing to magnetic interactions has limited its actual functionality. Here, an efficient solution is developed for the disaggregation of magnetic beads and interparticle distance control with a magnetophoretic decoupler using an external rotating magnetic field. A unique magnetic potential energy distribution in the form of an asymmetric magnetic thin film around the gap is created and tuned in a controlled manner, regulated by the size ratio of the bead with a magnetic pattern. Hence, the aggregated beads are detached into single beads and transported in one direction in an array pattern. Furthermore, the simultaneous and accurate spacing control of multiple magnetic bead pairs is performed by adjusting the angle of the rotating magnetic field, which continuously changes the energy well associated with a specific shape of the magnetic patterns. This technique offers an advanced solution for the disaggregation and controlled manipulation of beads, can allow new possibilities for the enhanced functioning of lab on a chip and magnetic tweezers platforms for biological assays, intercellular interactions, and magnetic biochip systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseol Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Lim
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Yoon
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Keonmok Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Sri Ramulu Torati
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - CheolGi Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials ScienceDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Goudu SR, Kim H, Hu X, Lim B, Kim K, Torati SR, Ceylan H, Sheehan D, Sitti M, Kim C. Mattertronics for programmable manipulation and multiplex storage of pseudo-diamagnetic holes and label-free cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3024. [PMID: 34021137 PMCID: PMC8139950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating and separating single label-free cells without biomarker conjugation have attracted significant interest in the field of single-cell research, but digital circuitry control and multiplexed individual storage of single label-free cells remain a challenge. Herein, by analogy with the electrical circuitry elements and electronical holes, we develop a pseudo-diamagnetophoresis (PsD) mattertronic approach in the presence of biocompatible ferrofluids for programmable manipulation and local storage of single PsD holes and label-free cells. The PsD holes conduct along linear negative micro-magnetic patterns. Further, eclipse diode patterns similar to the electrical diode can implement directional and selective switching of different PsD holes and label-free cells based on the diode geometry. Different eclipse heights and junction gaps influence the switching efficiency of PsD holes for mattertronic circuitry manipulation and separation. Moreover, single PsD holes are stored at each potential well as in an electrical storage capacitor, preventing multiple occupancies of PsD holes in the array of individual compartments due to magnetic Coulomb-like interaction. This approach may enable the development of large programmable arrays of label-free matters with high throughput, efficiency, and reliability as multiplex cell research platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Rani Goudu
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hyeonseol Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinghao Hu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Byeonghwa Lim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoo Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sri Ramulu Torati
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakan Ceylan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Devin Sheehan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - CheolGi Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tang H, Kishi T, Yano T. In Situ Assembling of Glass Microspheres and Bonding Force Analysis by the Ultraviolet-Near-Infrared Dual-Beam Optical Tweezer System. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:11869-11877. [PMID: 34056341 PMCID: PMC8154000 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microresonators show great potential as interlayer routing solutions for multilayered three-dimensional (3D) photonic communication networks. New techniques are needed for the convenient and in situ manipulation and immobilization of glass microspheres into functional structures. Herein, near-infrared (NIR) and ultraviolet (UV) lasers were used as optical tweezers to precisely arrange silica microspheres and UV-initiated immobilization in a 3D space. The NIR laser was used to trap targeted microspheres, and the UV laser was focused to immobilize the trapped microspheres in 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MOPS) in ∼6 s. Optical force spectroscopy was performed using the optical tweezers to measure individual bond strength. Next, functional triangular pedestals were designed to flexibly control the gap space for vertical router applications in 3D photonic networks. Thus, the designed UV-NIR dual-beam optical tweezer system can be used to assemble arbitrary functional 3D structures, making it a valuable tool for microfabrication, photonics, and optical communication applications.
Collapse
|
18
|
Barad HN, Kwon H, Alarcón-Correa M, Fischer P. Large Area Patterning of Nanoparticles and Nanostructures: Current Status and Future Prospects. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5861-5875. [PMID: 33830726 PMCID: PMC8155328 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles possess exceptional optical, magnetic, electrical, and chemical properties. Several applications, ranging from surfaces for optical displays and electronic devices, to energy conversion, require large-area patterns of nanoparticles. Often, it is crucial to maintain a defined arrangement and spacing between nanoparticles to obtain a consistent and uniform surface response. In the majority of the established patterning methods, the pattern is written and formed, which is slow and not scalable. Some parallel techniques, forming all points of the pattern simultaneously, have therefore emerged. These methods can be used to quickly assemble nanoparticles and nanostructures on large-area substrates into well-ordered patterns. Here, we review these parallel methods, the materials that have been processed by them, and the types of particles that can be used with each method. We also emphasize the maximal substrate areas that each method can pattern and the distances between particles. Finally, we point out the advantages and disadvantages of each method, as well as the challenges that still need to be addressed to enable facile, on-demand large-area nanopatterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah-Noa Barad
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hyunah Kwon
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mariana Alarcón-Correa
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang S, Chen Y, Zhou X, Lei L, Shah ZH, Lin G, Gao Y. Magnetic Manipulation and Assembly of Nonmagnetic Colloidal Rods in a Ferrofluid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1429-1437. [PMID: 33464908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated experimentally and theoretically the interactions and assembly of rodlike colloids in a ferrofluid confined at solid/liquid interface by the gravity under external magnetic fields. We first derived analytical expressions for the interaction energy of a single rod with the external magnetic field and the interaction between two rods using classical electromagnetism. The theory well captured the experimentally observed alignment of a single rod along the field direction under an in-plane field and switching between the horizontal and the vertical configurations in an out-of-plane field due to the competition between the magnetic energy and the gravitational energy. The theory can also predict the symmetric position fluctuations of a free rod on a fixed one at 90° and the gradual bias toward the end of the fixed rod as the angle was reduced to 0°, favoring the tip-toe arrangement. Finally, we showed that this anisotropic interaction led to the formation of chain-like structures, whose growth kinetics followed a simple scaling behavior with time. This work provides a theoretical framework for understanding the behaviors of rodlike colloids in ferrofluids and highlights the importance of shape anisotropy in manipulating colloids and their self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xuemao Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lijie Lei
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zameer Hussain Shah
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guanhua Lin
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Saini A, Borchers JA, George S, Maranville BB, Krycka KL, Dura JA, Theis-Bröhl K, Wolff M. Layering of magnetic nanoparticles at amorphous magnetic templates with perpendicular anisotropy. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7676-7684. [PMID: 32804181 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01088j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We reveal the assembly of magnetite nanoparticles of sizes 5 nm, 15 nm and 25 nm from dilute water-based ferrofluids onto an amorphous magnetic template with out-of-plane anisotropy. From neutron reflectometry experiments we extract density profiles and show that the particles self-assemble into layers at the magnetic surface. The layers are extremely stable against cleaning and rinsing of the substrate. The density of the layers is determined by and increases with the remanent magnetic moment of the particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurve Saini
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Julie A Borchers
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899-6102, USA
| | - Sebastian George
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Brian B Maranville
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899-6102, USA
| | - Kathryn L Krycka
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899-6102, USA
| | - Joseph A Dura
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899-6102, USA
| | - Katharina Theis-Bröhl
- University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Max Wolff
- Department for Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kamal MA, Petukhov AV, Pal A. Path-Dependent Self-Assembly of Magnetic Anisotropic Colloidal Peanuts. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5754-5760. [PMID: 32515962 PMCID: PMC7363168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we present the field induced self-assembly of anisotropic colloidal particles whose shape resembles peanuts. Being made up of hematite core and silica shell, these particles align in a direction perpendicular to the applied external magnetic field. Using small-angle X-ray scattering with microradian resolution (μrad-SAXS) in sedimented samples, we have found that one can tune the self-assembled structures by changing the time of application of the external field. If the field is applied after the sedimentation, the self-assembled structure is a nematic one, while dipolar chains are formed if the field is applied during the sedimentation process. Interestingly, within each chain particles form a smectic phase with defects. Further, these aforementioned nematic and smectic phases are of oblate type in spite of the prolate shape of the individual particles. For dipolar chains, an unusual diffraction peak shape has been observed with highly anisotropic tails in the transverse direction (perpendicular to the external field). The peak shape can be rationalized by considering the fact that the dipolar chains can act as a building block aligned along the field direction to form a para-nematic phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Arif Kamal
- Centre
Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Andrei V. Petukhov
- Van’t
Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antara Pal
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Massana-Cid H, Ortiz-Ambriz A, Vilfan A, Tierno P. Emergent collective colloidal currents generated via exchange dynamics in a broken dimer state. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz2257. [PMID: 32181362 PMCID: PMC7060065 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the flow of matter down to micrometer-scale confinement is of central importance in material and environmental sciences, with direct applications in nano and microfluidics, drug delivery, and biotechnology. Currents of microparticles are usually generated with external field gradients of different nature (e.g., electric, magnetic, optical, thermal, or chemical ones), which are difficult to control over spatially extended regions and samples. Here, we demonstrate a general strategy to assemble and transport polarizable microparticles in fluid media through combination of confinement and magnetic dipolar interactions. We use a homogeneous magnetic modulation to assemble dispersed particles into rotating dimeric state and frustrated binary lattices, and generate collective currents that arise from a novel, field-synchronized particle exchange process. These dynamic states are similar to cyclotron and skipping orbits in electronic and molecular systems, thus paving the way toward understanding and engineering similar processes at different length scales across condensed matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Massana-Cid
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Ortiz-Ambriz
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- J. Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pietro Tierno
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xuan X. Recent Advances in Continuous-Flow Particle Manipulations Using Magnetic Fluids. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E744. [PMID: 31683660 PMCID: PMC6915689 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic field-induced particle manipulation is simple and economic as compared to other techniques (e.g., electric, acoustic, and optical) for lab-on-a-chip applications. However, traditional magnetic controls require the particles to be manipulated being magnetizable, which renders it necessary to magnetically label particles that are almost exclusively diamagnetic in nature. In the past decade, magnetic fluids including paramagnetic solutions and ferrofluids have been increasingly used in microfluidic devices to implement label-free manipulations of various types of particles (both synthetic and biological). We review herein the recent advances in this field with focus upon the continuous-flow particle manipulations. Specifically, we review the reported studies on the negative magnetophoresis-induced deflection, focusing, enrichment, separation, and medium exchange of diamagnetic particles in the continuous flow of magnetic fluids through microchannels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0921, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stoop RL, Straube AV, Tierno P. Enhancing Nanoparticle Diffusion on a Unidirectional Domain Wall Magnetic Ratchet. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:433-440. [PMID: 30484652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The performance of nanoscale magnetic devices is often limited by the presence of thermal fluctuations, whereas in micro- and nanofluidic applications the same fluctuations may be used to spread reactants or drugs. Here, we demonstrate the controlled motion and the enhancement of diffusion of magnetic nanoparticles that are manipulated and driven across a series of Bloch walls within an epitaxially grown ferrite garnet film. We use a rotating magnetic field to generate a traveling wave potential that unidirectionally transports the nanoparticles at a frequency tunable speed. Strikingly, we find an enhancement of diffusion along the propulsion direction and a frequency-dependent diffusion coefficient that can be precisely controlled by varying the system parameters. To explain the reported phenomena, we develop a theoretical approach that shows a fair agreement with the experimental data enabling an exact analytical expression for the enhanced diffusivity above the magnetically modulated periodic landscape. Our technique to control thermal fluctuations of driven magnetic nanoparticles represents a versatile and powerful way to programmably transport magnetic colloidal matter in a fluid, opening the doors to different fluidic applications based on exploiting magnetic domain wall ratchets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph L Stoop
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada , Universitat de Barcelona , Avenida Diagonal 647 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Arthur V Straube
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada , Universitat de Barcelona , Avenida Diagonal 647 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimalle 6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Pietro Tierno
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada , Universitat de Barcelona , Avenida Diagonal 647 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia , Universitat de Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS) , Universitat de Barcelona , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Balk AL, Gilbert I, Ivkov R, Unguris J, Stavis SM. Bubble Magnetometry of Nanoparticle Heterogeneity and Interaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 2019; 11:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.061003. [PMID: 31579303 PMCID: PMC6774260 DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.11.061003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bubbles have a rich history as transducers in particle-physics experiments. In a solid-state analogue, we use bubble domains in nanomagnetic films to measure magnetic nanoparticles. This technique can determine the magnetic orientation of a single nanoparticle in a fraction of a second and generate a full hysteresis loop in a few seconds. We achieve this high throughput by tuning the nanomagnetic properties of the films, including the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, in an application of topological protection from the skyrmion state to a nanoparticle sensor. We develop the technique on nickel-iron nanorods and iron-oxide nanoparticles, which delineate a wide range of properties and applications. Bubble magnetometry enables precise statistical analysis of the magnetic hysteresis of dispersed nanoparticles, and direct measurement of a transition from superparamagnetic behavior as single nanoparticles to collective behavior in nanoscale agglomerates. These results demonstrate a practical capability for measuring the heterogeneity and interaction of magnetic nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Balk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - Ian Gilbert
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - John Unguris
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Samuel M. Stavis
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The assembly of materials from building blocks has been in the core of a wide range of applications from catalysis to photonics and electronics. External electric fields enable the interactions between building blocks to be controlled via induced dipoles. Dipolar interactions were used so far to obtain one-dimensional chains or three-dimensional non-close-packed lattices. However, complex colloidal assemblies and clusters of simple spherical particles are rare. Here we demonstrate a novel self-assembly approach enabling the formation of regular axially symmetric clusters, an array of colloidal assemblies as per design of posts, and hierarchical complex assemblies by using posts and dipolar interactions or combining them. Regulating the polarization of the particles from positive to negative allows us to control the interparticle interactions from attractive to repulsive at the poles or equator of the particles. Therefore, such particle-particle interactions enable switching between Saturn ring-like and candle-flame-like axially symmetric assemblies, which could potentially be exploited for display applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet F Demirörs
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Lauriane Alison
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim SJ, Seong M, Yun HW, Ahn J, Lee H, Oh SJ, Hong SH. Chemically Engineered Au-Ag Plasmonic Nanostructures to Realize Large Area and Flexible Metamaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25652-25659. [PMID: 29979023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a simple and systematic method to fabricate optically tunable and thermally and chemically stable Au-Ag nanocrystal-based plasmonic metamaterials. An Ag nanocrystal-based metamaterial with desirable optical properties was fabricated via nanoimprinting and ligand-exchange process. Its optical properties were controlled by selectively substituting Ag atoms with Au atoms through a spontaneous galvanic replacement reaction. The developed Au-Ag-based metamaterials provide excellent tunable plasmonic properties required for various applications in the visible and near-infrared regions by controlling the Au-Ag composition according to the conditions of the galvanic displacement. Furthermore, their thermal and chemical stabilities significantly improved because of the protective Au thin layer on the surface. Using this developed process, chemically and thermally stable and flexible plasmonic metamaterials were successfully fabricated on a flexible polyester terephthalate substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea University , Anam-dong 5-1, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mingi Seong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea University , Anam-dong 5-1, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Won Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea University , Anam-dong 5-1, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701 , Republic of Korea
- ICT Materials & Components Research Laboratory , ETRI , Daejeon 305-700 , Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea University , Anam-dong 5-1, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea University , Anam-dong 5-1, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soong Ju Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea University , Anam-dong 5-1, Sungbuk-Ku, Seoul 136-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Hong
- ICT Materials & Components Research Laboratory , ETRI , Daejeon 305-700 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ortiz-Ambriz A, Gerloff S, Klapp SHL, Ortín J, Tierno P. Laning, thinning and thickening of sheared colloids in a two-dimensional Taylor-Couette geometry. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5121-5129. [PMID: 29877539 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00434j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the dynamics and rheological properties of a circular colloidal cluster that is continuously sheared by magnetic and optical torques in a two-dimensional (2D) Taylor-Couette geometry. By varying the two driving fields, we obtain the system flow diagram and report the velocity profiles along the colloidal structure. We then use the inner magnetic trimer as a microrheometer, and observe continuous thinning of all particle layers followed by thickening of the third one above a threshold field. Experimental data are supported by Brownian dynamics simulations. Our approach gives a unique microscopic view on how the structure of strongly confined colloidal matter weakens or strengthens upon shear, envisioning the engineering of rheological devices at the microscales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ortiz-Ambriz
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Leahy BD, Lin NY, Cohen I. Quantitative light microscopy of dense suspensions: Colloid science at the next decimal place. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
30
|
Turker E, Arslan-Yildiz A. Recent Advances in Magnetic Levitation: A Biological Approach from Diagnostics to Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:787-799. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Turker
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), 35430 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahu Arslan-Yildiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), 35430 Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Katsikis G, Breant A, Rinberg A, Prakash M. Synchronous magnetic control of water droplets in bulk ferrofluid. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:681-692. [PMID: 29205244 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01973d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic platform for magnetic manipulation of water droplets immersed in bulk oil-based ferrofluid. Although non-magnetic, the droplets are exclusively controlled by magnetic fields without any pressure-driven flow. The fluids are dispensed in a sub-millimeter Hele-Shaw chamber that includes permalloy tracks on its substrate. An in-plane rotating magnetic field magnetizes the permalloy tracks, producing local magnetic gradients, while an orthogonal magnetic field magnetizes the bulk ferrofluid. To minimize the magnetostatic energy of the system, the water droplets are attracted towards the locations on the tracks where the bulk ferrofluid is repelled. Using this technique, we demonstrate synchronous generation and propagation of water droplets, study the kinematics of propagation, and analyze the flow of the bulk ferrofluid. In addition, we show controlled break-up of droplets and droplet-to-droplet interactions. Finally, we discuss future applications owing to the potential biocompatibility of the droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Katsikis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu C, Xu T, Xu LP, Zhang X. Controllable Swarming and Assembly of Micro/Nanomachines. MICROMACHINES 2017; 9:E10. [PMID: 30393287 PMCID: PMC6187724 DOI: 10.3390/mi9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Motion is a common phenomenon in biological processes. Major advances have been made in designing various self-propelled micromachines that harvest different types of energies into mechanical movement to achieve biomedicine and biological applications. Inspired by fascinating self-organization motion of natural creatures, the swarming or assembly of synthetic micro/nanomachines (often referred to micro/nanoswimmers, micro/nanorobots, micro/nanomachines, or micro/nanomotors), are able to mimic these amazing natural systems to help humanity accomplishing complex biological tasks. This review described the fuel induced methods (enzyme, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine, et al.) and fuel-free induced approaches (electric, ultrasound, light, and magnetic) that led to control the assembly and swarming of synthetic micro/nanomachines. Such behavior is of fundamental importance in improving our understanding of self-assembly processes that are occurring on molecular to macroscopic length scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Liu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Interference-like patterns of static magnetic fields imprinted into polymer/nanoparticle composites. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1564. [PMID: 29146909 PMCID: PMC5691180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interference of waves is important and used in many areas of science and technology but does not extend to static magnetic fields which lack the wave structure. On the other hand, magnetic fields can be spatially modulated using microstructured materials comprising magnetic and non-magnetic domains. Here, we show that when such spatial modulation is coupled to the dynamics of magnetic particles, it can give rise to interference-like patterns. These patterns are imprinted into thin polymer films by overlaying “stamps” presenting periodic arrays of magnetic and nonmagnetic regions. The structures that emerge from such a superposition are sensitive to any motions of the stamps, can depend on the history of these motions, can produce features significantly smaller than those in the stamps, and can be either planar or three-dimensional. For materials fabrication, it is most efficient to create various patterns from the same set of templates. Here, the authors show that when magnetic particles are exposed to stacks of periodic magnetic fields, they can form dynamic interference-like patterns that reflect where the magnetic fields overlap.
Collapse
|
34
|
Malik V, Pal A, Pravaz O, Crassous JJ, Granville S, Grobety B, Hirt AM, Dietsch H, Schurtenberger P. Hybrid magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with tunable field-directed self-assembly. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14405-14413. [PMID: 28920118 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04518b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of hybrid magnetic ellipsoidal nanoparticles that consist of a mixture of two different iron oxide phases, hematite (α-Fe2O3) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), and characterize their magnetic field-driven self-assembly. We demonstrate that the relative amount of the two phases can be adjusted in a continuous way by varying the reaction time during the synthesis, leading to strongly varying magnetic properties of the particles. Not only does the saturation magnetization increase dramatically as the composition of the spindles changes from hematite to maghemite, but also the direction of the induced magnetic moment changes from being parallel to the short axis of the spindle to being perpendicular to it. The magnetic dipolar interaction between the particles can be further tuned by adding a screening silica shell. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments reveal that at high magnetic field, magnetic dipole-dipole interaction forces the silica coated particles to self-assemble into a distorted hexagonal crystal structure at high maghemite content. However, in the case of uncoated maghemite particles, the crystal structure is not very prominent. We interpret this as a consequence of the strong dipolar interaction between uncoated spindles that then become arrested during field-induced self-assembly into a structure riddled with defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Malik
- Adolphe Merkle Institute and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Antara Pal
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Olivier Pravaz
- Adolphe Merkle Institute and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme J Crassous
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Simon Granville
- Institut de Physique de la Matière Condensée, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Grobety
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ann M Hirt
- Institut fur Geophysik, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Dietsch
- Adolphe Merkle Institute and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schurtenberger
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Architecture for Directed Transport of Superparamagnetic Microbeads in a Magnetic Domain Wall Routing Network. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10139. [PMID: 28860460 PMCID: PMC5579241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed transport of biological species across the surface of a substrate is essential for realizing lab-on-chip technologies. Approaches that utilize localized magnetic fields to manipulate magnetic particles carrying biological entities are attractive owing to their sensitivity, selectivity, and minimally disruptive impact on biomaterials. Magnetic domain walls in magnetic tracks produce strong localized fields and can be used to capture, transport, and detect individual superparamagnetic microbeads. The dynamics of magnetic microbead transport by domain walls has been well studied. However, demonstration of more complex functions such as selective motion and sorting using continuously driven domain walls in contiguous magnetic tracks is lacking. Here, a junction architecture is introduced that allows for branching networks in which superparamagnetic microbeads can be routed along dynamically-selected paths by a combination of rotating in-plane field for translation, and a pulsed out-of-plane field for path selection. Moreover, experiments and modeling show that the select-field amplitude is bead-size dependent, which allows for digital sorting of multiple bead populations using automated field sequences. This work provides a simple means to implement complex routing networks and selective transport functionalities in chip-based devices using magnetic domain wall conduits.
Collapse
|
36
|
Demirörs AF, Beltramo PJ, Vutukuri HR. Colloidal Switches by Electric and Magnetic Fields. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:17238-17244. [PMID: 28474523 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
External electric and magnetic fields have already been proven to be a versatile tool to control the particle assembly; however, the degree of control of the dynamics and versatility of the produced structures is expected to increase if both can be implemented simultaneously. For example, while micromagnets can rapidly assemble superparamagnetic particles, repeated, rapid disassembly or reassembly is not trivial because of the remanence and coercivity of metals used in such applications. Here, an interdigitated design of micromagnet and microfabricated electrodes enables rapid switching of colloids between their magnetic and electric potential minima. Active control over colloids between two such adjacent potential minima enables a fast on/off mechanism, which is potentially important for optical switches or display technologies. Moreover, we demonstrate that the response time of the colloids between these states is on the order of tens of milliseconds, which is tunable by electric field strength. By carefully designing the electrode pattern, our strategy enables the switchable assembly of single particles down to few microns and also hierarchical assemblies containing many particles. Our work on precise dynamic control over the particle position would open new avenues to find potential applications in optical switches and display technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Faik Demirörs
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, and ‡Soft Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Beltramo
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, and ‡Soft Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanumantha Rao Vutukuri
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, and ‡Soft Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Timonen JVI, Grzybowski BA. Tweezing of Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Objects with Magnetic Fields. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603516. [PMID: 28198579 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although strong magnetic fields cannot be conveniently "focused" like light, modern microfabrication techniques enable preparation of microstructures with which the field gradients - and resulting magnetic forces - can be localized to very small dimensions. This ability provides the foundation for magnetic tweezers which in their classical variant can address magnetic targets. More recently, the so-called negative magnetophoretic tweezers have also been developed which enable trapping and manipulations of completely nonmagnetic particles provided that they are suspended in a high-magnetic-susceptibility liquid. These two modes of magnetic tweezing are complimentary techniques tailorable for different types of applications. This Progress Report provides the theoretical basis for both modalities and illustrates their specific uses ranging from the manipulation of colloids in 2D and 3D, to trapping of living cells, control of cell function, experiments with single molecules, and more.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Iyer SR, Xu S, Stains JP, Bennett CH, Lovering RM. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Musculoskeletal Biology. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:373-385. [PMID: 27998240 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of platelet-rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells has garnered much attention in orthopedic medicine, focusing on the biological aspects of cell function. However, shortly after systemic delivery, or even a local injection, few of the transplanted stem cells or platelets remain at the target site. Improvement in delivery, and the ability to track and monitor injected cells, would greatly improve clinical translation. Nanoparticles can effectively and quickly label most cells in vitro, and evidence to date suggests such labeling does not compromise the proliferation or differentiation of cells. A specific type of nanoparticle, the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION), is already employed as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. SPIONs can be coupled with cells or bioactive molecules (antibodies, proteins, drugs, etc.) to form an injectable complex for in vivo use. The biocompatibility, magnetic properties, small size, and custom-made surface coatings also enable SPIONs to be used for delivering and monitoring of small molecules, drugs, and cells, specifically to muscle, bone, or cartilage. Because SPIONs consist of cores made of iron oxides, targeting of SPIONs to a specific muscle, bone, or joint in the body can be enhanced with the help of applied gradient magnetic fields. Moreover, MRI has a high sensitivity to SPIONs and can be used for noninvasive determination of successful delivery and monitoring distribution in vivo. Gaps remain in understanding how the physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials affect biological systems. Nonetheless, SPIONs hold great promise for regenerative medicine, and progress is being made rapidly toward clinical applications in orthopedic medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shama R Iyer
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Su Xu
- 2 Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph P Stains
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Craig H Bennett
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard M Lovering
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Leong SS, Yeap SP, Lim J. Working principle and application of magnetic separation for biomedical diagnostic at high- and low-field gradients. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20160048. [PMID: 27920891 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic separation is a versatile technique used in sample preparation for diagnostic purpose. For such application, an external magnetic field is applied to drive the separation of target entity (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites and cancer cells) from a complex raw sample in order to ease the subsequent task(s) for disease diagnosis. This separation process not only can be achieved via the utilization of high magnetic field gradient, but also, in most cases, low magnetic field gradient with magnitude less than 100 T m-1 is equally feasible. It is the aim of this review paper to summarize the usage of both high gradient magnetic separation and low gradient magnetic separation (LGMS) techniques in this area of research. It is noteworthy that effectiveness of the magnetic separation process not only determines the outcome of a diagnosis but also directly influences its accuracy as well as sensing time involved. Therefore, understanding the factors that simultaneously influence the efficiency of both magnetic separation process and target detection is necessary. Moreover, for LGMS, there are several important considerations that should be taken into account in order to ensure its successful implementation. Hence, this review paper aims to provide an overview to relate all this crucial information by linking the magnetic separation theory to biomedical diagnostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sim Siong Leong
- School of Chemical Engineering , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300 , Malaysia
| | - Swee Pin Yeap
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300, Malaysia; Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - JitKang Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300, Malaysia; Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fu Z, Xiao Y, Feoktystov A, Pipich V, Appavou MS, Su Y, Feng E, Jin W, Brückel T. Field-induced self-assembly of iron oxide nanoparticles investigated using small-angle neutron scattering. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18541-18550. [PMID: 27782247 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06275j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic-field-induced assembly of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) provides a unique and flexible strategy in the design and fabrication of functional nanostructures and devices. We have investigated the field-induced self-assembly of core-shell iron oxide NPs dispersed in toluene by means of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The form factor of the core-shell NPs was characterized and analyzed using SANS with polarized neutrons. Large-scale aggregates of iron oxide NPs formed above 0.02 T as indicated by very-small-angle neutron scattering measurements. A three-dimensional long-range ordered superlattice of iron oxide NPs was revealed under the application of a moderate magnetic field. The crystal structure of the superlattice has been identified to be face-centred cubic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Fu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Yinguo Xiao
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science and Peter Grünberg Institut, JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Artem Feoktystov
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Vitaliy Pipich
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Yixi Su
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Erxi Feng
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Wentao Jin
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brückel
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science and Peter Grünberg Institut, JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Walker D, Singh DP, Fischer P. Capture of 2D Microparticle Arrays via a UV-Triggered Thiol-yne "Click" Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9846-9850. [PMID: 27717081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of colloidal assemblies onto solid supports via a fast UV-triggered click-reaction is achieved. Transient assemblies of microparticles and colloidal materials can be captured and transferred to solid supports. The technique does not require complex reaction conditions, and is compatible with a variety of particle assembly methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Walker
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dhruv P Singh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abedini-Nassab R, Joh DY, Albarghouthi F, Chilkoti A, Murdoch DM, Yellen BB. Magnetophoretic transistors in a tri-axial magnetic field. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4181-4188. [PMID: 27714014 PMCID: PMC5072173 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00878j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to direct and sort individual biological and non-biological particles into spatially addressable locations is fundamentally important to the emerging field of single cell biology. Towards this goal, we demonstrate a new class of magnetophoretic transistors, which can switch single magnetically labeled cells and magnetic beads between different paths in a microfluidic chamber. Compared with prior work on magnetophoretic transistors driven by a two-dimensional in-plane rotating field, the addition of a vertical magnetic field bias provides significant advantages in preventing the formation of particle clumps and in better replicating the operating principles of circuits in general. However, the three-dimensional driving field requires a complete redesign of the magnetic track geometry and switching electrodes. We have solved this problem by developing several types of transistor geometries which can switch particles between two different tracks by either presenting a local energy barrier or by repelling magnetic objects away from a given track, hereby denoted as "barrier" and "repulsion" transistors, respectively. For both types of transistors, we observe complete switching of magnetic objects with currents of ∼40 mA, which is consistent over a range of particle sizes (8-15 μm). The switching efficiency was also tested at various magnetic field strengths (50-90 Oe) and driving frequencies (0.1-0.6 Hz); however, we again found that the device performance only weakly depended on these parameters. These findings support the use of these novel transistor geometries to form circuit architectures in which cells can be placed in defined locations and retrieved on demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Abedini-Nassab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Daniel Y Joh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Faris Albarghouthi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - David M Murdoch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Benjamin B Yellen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rampini S, Li P, Lee GU. Micromagnet arrays enable precise manipulation of individual biological analyte-superparamagnetic bead complexes for separation and sensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3645-63. [PMID: 27542153 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00707d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review lab on a chip (LOC) devices that have been developed for processing magnetically labelled biological analytes, e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, viruses and cells, based on micromagnetic structures and a time-varying magnetic field. We describe the methods that have been developed for fabricating micromagnetic arrays and the bioprocessing operations that have been demonstrated using superparamagnetic (SPM) beads, i.e., programmed transport, switching, separation of specific analytes, and pumping and mixing of fluids in microchannels. The primary advantage of micromagnet devices is that they make it possible to develop systems that control individual SPM beads, enabling high-efficiency separation and analysis. These devices do not require hydrodynamic control and lend themselves to parallel processing of large arrays of SPM beads with modest levels of power consumption. Micromagnet devices are well suited for bioanalytical applications that require high-resolution separation, e.g., detection of rare cell types such as circulating tumour cells, or biosensor applications that require multiple magnetic bioprocessing operations on a single chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rampini
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UCD, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hu X, Goudu SR, Torati SR, Lim B, Kim K, Kim C. An on-chip micromagnet frictionometer based on magnetically driven colloids for nano-bio interfaces. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3485-3492. [PMID: 27456049 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00666c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel method based on remotely controlled magnetic forces of bio-functionalized superparamagnetic colloids using micromagnet arrays was devised to measure frictional force at the sub-picoNewton (pN) scale for bio-nano-/micro-electromechanical system (bio-NEMS/MEMS) interfaces in liquid. The circumferential motion of the colloids with phase-locked angles around the periphery of the micromagnets under an in-plane rotating magnetic field was governed by a balance between tangential magnetic force and drag force, which consists of viscous and frictional forces. A model correlating the phase-locked angles of the steady colloid rotation was formulated and validated by measuring the angles under controlled magnetic forces. Hence, the frictional forces on the streptavidin/Teflon interface between the colloids and the micromagnet arrays were obtained using the magnetic forces at the phase-locked angles. The friction coefficient for the streptavidin/Teflon interface was estimated to be approximately 0.036 regardless of both vertical force in the range of a few hundred pN and velocity in the range of a few tenths of μm s(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Hu
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tierno P, Johansen TH, Sancho JM. A Tunable Magnetic Domain Wall Conduit Regulating Nanoparticle Diffusion. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5169-5175. [PMID: 27434042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a general and robust method to confine on a plane strongly diffusing nanoparticles in water by using size tunable magnetic channels. These virtual conduits are realized with pairs of movable Bloch walls located within an epitaxially grown ferrite garnet film. We show that once inside the magnetic conduit the particles experience an effective local parabolic potential in the transverse direction, while freely diffusing along the conduit. The stiffness of the magnetic potential is determined as a function of field amplitude that varies the width of the magnetic channel. Precise control of the degree of confinement is demonstrated by tuning the applied field. The magnetic conduit is then used to realize single files of nonpassing particles and to induce periodic condensation of an ensemble of particles into parallel stripes in a completely controllable and reversible manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Tierno
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona , Avenida Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tom H Johansen
- Department of Physics, The University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - José M Sancho
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona , Avenida Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhao W, Cheng R, Miller JR, Mao L. Label-Free Microfluidic Manipulation of Particles and Cells in Magnetic Liquids. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:3916-3932. [PMID: 28663720 PMCID: PMC5487005 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating particles and cells in magnetic liquids through so-called "negative magnetophoresis" is a new research field. It has resulted in label-free and low-cost manipulation techniques in microfluidic systems and many exciting applications. It is the goal of this review to introduce the fundamental principles of negative magnetophoresis and its recent applications in microfluidic manipulation of particles and cells. We will first discuss the theoretical background of three commonly used specificities of manipulation in magnetic liquids, which include the size, density and magnetic property of particles and cells. We will then review and compare the media used in negative magnetophoresis, which include paramagnetic salt solutions and ferrofluids. Afterwards, we will focus on reviewing existing microfluidic applications of negative magnetophoresis, including separation, focusing, trapping and concentration of particles and cells, determination of cell density, measurement of particles' magnetic susceptibility, and others. We will also examine the need for developing biocompatible magnetic liquids for live cell manipulation and analysis, and its recent progress. Finally, we will conclude this review with a brief outlook for this exciting research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Rui Cheng
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Room 166, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Joshua R Miller
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Leidong Mao
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Room 166, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abedini-Nassab R, Joh DY, Van Heest M, Baker C, Chilkoti A, Murdoch DM, Yellen BB. Magnetophoretic Conductors and Diodes in a 3D Magnetic Field. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:4026-4034. [PMID: 27418922 PMCID: PMC4939439 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201503898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate magnetophoretic conductor tracks that can transport single magnetized beads and magnetically labeled single cells in a 3-dimensional time-varying magnetic field. The vertical field bias, in addition to the in-plane rotating field, has the advantage of reducing the attraction between particles, which inhibits the formation of particle clusters. However, the inclusion of a vertical field requires the re-design of magnetic track geometries which can transport magnetized objects across the substrate. Following insights from magnetic bubble technology, we found that successful magnetic conductor geometries defined in soft magnetic materials must be composed of alternating sections of positive and negative curvature. In addition to the previously studied magnetic tracks taken from the magnetic bubble literature, a drop-shape pattern was found to be even more adept at transporting small magnetic beads and single cells. Symmetric patterns are shown to achieve bi-directional conduction, whereas asymmetric patterns achieve unidirectional conduction. These designs represent the electrical circuit corollaries of the conductor and diode, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate biological applications in transporting single cells and in the size based separation of magnetic particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Abedini-Nassab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke
University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Daniel Y. Joh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North
Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Melissa Van Heest
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
27708, USA
| | - Cody Baker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke
University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke
University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North
Carolina 27708, USA
| | - David M. Murdoch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
27708, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Yellen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke
University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North
Carolina 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhou R, Wang C. Multiphase ferrofluid flows for micro-particle focusing and separation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:034101. [PMID: 27190567 PMCID: PMC4859830 DOI: 10.1063/1.4948656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids have demonstrated great potential for a variety of manipulations of diamagnetic (or non-magnetic) micro-particles/cells in microfluidics, including sorting, focusing, and enriching. By utilizing size dependent magnetophoresis velocity, most of the existing techniques employ single phase ferrofluids to push the particles towards the channel walls. In this work, we demonstrate a novel strategy for focusing and separating diamagnetic micro-particles by using the laminar fluid interface of two co-flowing fluids-a ferrofluid and a non-magnetic fluid. Next to the microfluidic channel, microscale magnets are fabricated to generate strong localized magnetic field gradients and forces. Due to the magnetic force, diamagnetic particles suspended in the ferrofluid phase migrate across the ferrofluid stream at the size-dependent velocities. Because of the low Reynolds number and high Péclet number associated with the flow, the fluid interface is sharp and stable. When the micro-particles migrate to the interface, they are accumulated near the interface, resulting in effective focusing and separation of particles. We investigated several factors that affect the focusing and separation efficiency, including susceptibility of the ferrofluid, distance between the microfluidic channel and microscale magnet, and width of the microfluidic channel. This concept can be extended to multiple fluid interfaces. For example, a complete separation of micro-particles was demonstrated by using a three-stream multiphase flow configuration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 400 W. 13th St., Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 400 W. 13th St., Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tierno P, Straube AV. Transport and selective chaining of bidisperse particles in a travelling wave potential. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2016; 39:54. [PMID: 27194527 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2016-16054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We combine experiments, theory and numerical simulation to investigate the dynamics of a binary suspension of paramagnetic colloidal particles dispersed in water and transported above a stripe-patterned magnetic garnet film. The substrate generates a one-dimensional periodic energy landscape above its surface. The application of an elliptically polarized rotating magnetic field causes the landscape to translate, inducing direct transport of paramagnetic particles placed above the film. The ellipticity of the applied field can be used to control and tune the interparticle interactions, from net repulsive to net attractive. When considering particles of two distinct sizes, we find that, depending on their elevation above the surface of the magnetic substrate, the particles feel effectively different potentials, resulting in different mobilities. We exploit this feature to induce selective chaining for certain values of the applied field parameters. In particular, when driving two types of particles, we force only one type to condense into travelling parallel chains. These chains confine the movement of the other non-chaining particles within narrow colloidal channels. This phenomenon is explained by considering the balance of pairwise magnetic forces between the particles and their individual coupling with the travelling landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Tierno
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Arthur V Straube
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Timonen JVI, Demirörs AF, Grzybowski BA. Magnetofluidic Tweezing of Nonmagnetic Colloids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3453-3459. [PMID: 26990182 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetofluidic tweezing based on negative magnetophoresis and microfabricated core-shell magnetic microtips allows controlled on-demand assembly of colloids and microparticles into various static and dynamic structures such as colloidal crystals (as shown for 3.2 μm silica particles).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko V I Timonen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineeringand Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and the Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|