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Lv Y, Wen L, Hu WJ, Deng C, Ren HW, Bao YN, Su BW, Gao P, Man ZY, Luo YY, Li CJ, Xiang ZX, Wang B, Luan ZL. Schizophrenia in the genetic era: a review from development history, clinical features and genomic research approaches to insights of susceptibility genes. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:147-171. [PMID: 37542622 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder affecting 1% of the world population and ranks as one of the disorders providing the most severe burden for society. Schizophrenia etiology remains obscure involving multi-risk factors, such as genetic, environmental, nutritional, and developmental factors. Complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. This review provides an overview of the historical origins, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical symptoms and corresponding treatment of schizophrenia. In addition, as schizophrenia is a polygenic, genetic disorder caused by the combined action of multiple micro-effective genes, we further detail several approaches, such as candidate gene association study (CGAS) and genome-wide association study (GWAS), which are commonly used in schizophrenia genomics studies. A number of GWASs about schizophrenia have been performed with the hope to identify novel, consistent and influential risk genetic factors. Finally, some schizophrenia susceptibility genes have been identified and reported in recent years and their biological functions are also listed. This review may serve as a summary of past research on schizophrenia genomics and susceptibility genes (NRG1, DISC1, RELN, BDNF, MSI2), which may point the way to future schizophrenia genetics research. In addition, depending on the above discovery of susceptibility genes and their exact function, the development and application of antipsychotic drugs will be promoted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lv
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Lin Wen
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Wen-Juan Hu
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Chong Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China
| | - Hui-Wen Ren
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ya-Nan Bao
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Bo-Wei Su
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Zi-Yue Man
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yi-Yang Luo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Xiang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Central hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116000, China.
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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2
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Markiewicz R, Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Borowski B, Trubalski M, Łoza B. Reelin Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1704. [PMID: 38137152 PMCID: PMC10741648 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research emphasizes the significance of studying the quality of life of schizophrenia patients, considering the complex nature of the illness. Identifying neuronal markers for early diagnosis and treatment is crucial. Reelin (RELN) stands out among these markers, with genetic studies highlighting its role in mental health. Suppression of RELN expression may contribute to cognitive deficits by limiting dendritic proliferation, affecting neurogenesis, and leading to improper neuronal circuits. Although the physiological function of reelin is not fully understood, it plays a vital role in hippocampal cell stratification and neuroglia formation. This analysis explores reelin's importance in the nervous system, shedding light on its impact on mental disorders such as schizophrenia, paving the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, and at the same time, raises the following conclusions: increased methylation levels of the RELN gene in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia results in a multiple decrease in the expression of reelin, and monitoring of this indicator, i.e., methylation levels, can be used to monitor the severity of symptoms in the course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Markiewicz
- Occupational Therapy Laboratory, Chair of Nursing Development, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Bartosz Borowski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mateusz Trubalski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Bartosz Łoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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3
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Li X, Shao X, Kou M, Wang X, Ma H, Grundberg E, Bazzano LA, Smith SR, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Qi L. DNA Methylation at ABCG1 and Long-term Changes in Adiposity and Fat Distribution in Response to Dietary Interventions: The POUNDS Lost Trial. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:2201-2207. [PMID: 37770056 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether participants with different levels of diabetes-related DNA methylation at ABCG1 might respond differently to dietary weight loss interventions with long-term changes in adiposity and body fat distribution. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The current study included overweight/obese participants from the POUNDS Lost trial. Blood levels of regional DNA methylation at ABCG1 were profiled by high-resolution methylC-capture sequencing at baseline among 673 participants, of whom 598 were followed up at 6 months and 543 at 2 years. Two-year changes in adiposity and computed tomography-measured body fat distribution were calculated. RESULTS Regional DNA methylation at ABCG1 showed significantly different associations with long-term changes in body weight and waist circumference at 6 months and 2 years in dietary interventions varying in protein intake (interaction P < 0.05 for all). Among participants assigned to an average-protein (15%) diet, lower baseline regional DNA methylation at ABCG1 was associated with greater reductions in body weight and waist circumference at 6 months and 2 years, whereas opposite associations were found among those assigned to a high-protein (25%) diet. Similar interaction patterns were also observed for body fat distribution, including visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, deep subcutaneous adipose tissue, and total adipose tissue at 6 months and 2 years (interaction P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Baseline DNA methylation at ABCG1 interacted with dietary protein intake on long-term decreases in adiposity and body fat distribution. Participants with lower methylation at ABCG1 benefitted more in long-term reductions in body weight, waist circumference, and body fat distribution when consuming an average-protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Xiaojian Shao
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minghao Kou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Hao Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Lydia A Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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4
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Pérez-Rodríguez D, Penedo MA, Rivera-Baltanás T, Peña-Centeno T, Burkhardt S, Fischer A, Prieto-González JM, Olivares JM, López-Fernández H, Agís-Balboa RC. MiRNA Differences Related to Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031891. [PMID: 36768211 PMCID: PMC9916039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a serious mental disorder that is typically treated with antipsychotic medication. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is the condition where symptoms remain after pharmacological intervention, resulting in long-lasting functional and social impairments. As the identification and treatment of a TRS patient requires previous failed treatments, early mechanisms of detection are needed in order to quicken the access to effective therapy, as well as improve treatment adherence. In this study, we aim to find a microRNA (miRNA) signature for TRS, as well as to shed some light on the molecular pathways potentially involved in this severe condition. To do this, we compared the blood miRNAs of schizophrenia patients that respond to medication and TRS patients, thus obtaining a 16-miRNA TRS profile. Then, we assessed the ability of this signature to separate responders and TRS patients using hierarchical clustering, observing that most of them are grouped correctly (~70% accuracy). We also conducted a network, pathway analysis, and bibliography search to spot molecular pathways potentially altered in TRS. We found that the response to stress seems to be a key factor in TRS and that proteins p53, SIRT1, MDM2, and TRIM28 could be the potential mediators of such responses. Finally, we suggest a molecular pathway potentially regulated by the miRNAs of the TRS profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Rodríguez
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria Aránzazu Penedo
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología de Las Adicciones y Los Trastornos Degenerativos (NEUROFAN), Universidad CEU San Pablo, 28925 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Tonatiuh Peña-Centeno
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Burkhardt
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - José M. Prieto-González
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Trastornos del Movimiento, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Área Sanitaria de Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Hugo López-Fernández
- SING Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- CINBIO, Department of Computer Science, ESEI-Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.L.-F.); (R.C.A.-B.)
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Trastornos del Movimiento, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.L.-F.); (R.C.A.-B.)
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Micale V, Di Bartolomeo M, Di Martino S, Stark T, Dell'Osso B, Drago F, D'Addario C. Are the epigenetic changes predictive of therapeutic efficacy for psychiatric disorders? A translational approach towards novel drug targets. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108279. [PMID: 36103902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of mental disorders is not fully understood and accumulating evidence support that clinical symptomatology cannot be assigned to a single gene mutation, but it involves several genetic factors. More specifically, a tight association between genes and environmental risk factors, which could be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, may play a role in the development of mental disorders. Several data suggest that epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, post-translational histone modification and interference of microRNA (miRNA) or long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) may modify the severity of the disease and the outcome of the therapy. Indeed, the study of these mechanisms may help to identify patients particularly vulnerable to mental disorders and may have potential utility as biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. This article summarizes the most relevant preclinical and human data showing how epigenetic modifications can be central to the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant and/or antipsychotic agents, as possible predictor of drugs response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Martina Di Bartolomeo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Martino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tibor Stark
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Scientific Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy, Department of Mental Health, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy; "Aldo Ravelli" Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Townsend J, Braz CU, Taylor T, Khatib H. Effects of paternal methionine supplementation on sperm DNA methylation and embryo transcriptome in sheep. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2022; 9:dvac029. [PMID: 36727109 PMCID: PMC9885981 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental effects on gene expression and offspring development can be mediated by epigenetic modifications. It is well established that maternal diet influences DNA methylation patterns and phenotypes in the offspring; however, the epigenetic effects of paternal diet on developing offspring warrants further investigation. Here, we examined how a prepubertal methionine-enriched paternal diet affected sperm DNA methylation and its subsequent effects on embryo gene expression. Three treatment and three control rams were bred to seven ewes, and blastocysts were flushed for RNA extraction. Semen was collected from all rams and submitted for reduced representation bisulfite sequencing analysis. In total, 166 differentially methylated cytosines were identified in the sperm from treatment versus control rams. Nine genes were found to be differentially expressed in embryos produced from treatment versus control rams, and seven differentially methylated cytosines in the sperm were found to be highly correlated with gene expression in the embryos. Our results demonstrate that sperm methylation differences induced by diet may influence fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Townsend
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Camila U Braz
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Todd Taylor
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hasan Khatib
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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7
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Shen JS, Balaji U, Shigeyasu K, Okugawa Y, Jabbarzadeh-Tabrizi S, Day TS, Arning E, Marshall J, Cheng SH, Gu J, Schiffmann R, Bottiglieri T, Goel A. Dysregulated DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of Fabry disease. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 33:100919. [PMID: 36186841 PMCID: PMC9519376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of α-galactosidase A and subsequent accumulation of glycosphingolipids with terminal α-D-galactosyl residues. The molecular process through which this abnormal metabolism of glycosphingolipids causes multisystem dysfunction in Fabry disease is not fully understood. We sought to determine whether dysregulated DNA methylation plays a role in the development of this disease. In the present study, using isogenic cellular models derived from Fabry patient endothelial cells, we tested whether manipulation of α-galactosidase A activity and glycosphingolipid metabolism affects DNA methylation. Bisulfite pyrosequencing revealed that changes in α-galactosidase A activity were associated with significantly altered DNA methylation in the androgen receptor promoter, and this effect was highly CpG loci-specific. Methylation array studies showed that α-galactosidase A activity and glycosphingolipid levels were associated with differential methylation of numerous CpG sites throughout the genome. We identified 15 signaling pathways that may be susceptible to methylation alterations in Fabry disease. By incorporating RNA sequencing data, we identified 21 genes that have both differential mRNA expression and methylation. Upregulated expression of collagen type IV alpha 1 and alpha 2 genes correlated with decreased methylation of these two genes. Methionine levels were elevated in Fabry patient cells and Fabry mouse tissues, suggesting that a perturbed methionine cycle contributes to the observed dysregulated methylation patterns. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that α-galactosidase A deficiency and glycosphingolipid storage may affect DNA methylation homeostasis and highlights the importance of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of Fabry disease and, possibly, of other lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Shen
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75024, United States of America
- Corresponding author at: 4D Molecular Therapeutics, 5858 Horton St., Suite 455, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States of America.
| | - Uthra Balaji
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Biostatistics, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Kunitoshi Shigeyasu
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Siamak Jabbarzadeh-Tabrizi
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75024, United States of America
| | - Taniqua S. Day
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75024, United States of America
| | - Erland Arning
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75024, United States of America
| | - John Marshall
- Sanofi Genzyme, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, United States of America
| | - Seng H. Cheng
- Sanofi Genzyme, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, United States of America
| | - Jinghua Gu
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Biostatistics, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75024, United States of America
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75024, United States of America
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States of America
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8
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Wang Y, Meng W, Liu Z, An Q, Hu X. Cognitive impairment in psychiatric diseases: Biomarkers of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1046692. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1046692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and major depressive disorder, place a huge health burden on society. Cognitive impairment is one of the core characteristics of psychiatric disorders and a vital determinant of social function and disease recurrence in patients. This review thus aims to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of cognitive impairment in major psychiatric disorders and identify valuable biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of patients.
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9
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Wan C, Zong RY, Chen XS. The new mechanism of cognitive decline induced by hypertension: High homocysteine-mediated aberrant DNA methylation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:928701. [PMID: 36352848 PMCID: PMC9637555 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.928701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of hypertension-induced cognitive impairment increase with the prolonging of hypertension. The mechanisms of cognitive impairment induced by hypertension primarily include cerebral blood flow perfusion imbalance, white and gray matter injury with blood–brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta deposition, genetic polymorphisms and variants, and instability of blood pressure. High homocysteine (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for hypertension that also increases the risk of developing early cognitive impairment. Homocysteine (Hcy) levels increase in patients with cognitive impairment induced by hypertension. This review summarizes a new mechanism whereby HHcy-mediated aberrant DNA methylation and exacerbate hypertension. It involves changes in Hcy-dependent DNA methylation products, such as methionine adenosyltransferase, DNA methyltransferases, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). The mechanism also involves DNA methylation changes in the genes of hypertension patients, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, apolipoprotein E4, and estrogen receptor alpha, which contribute to learning, memory, and attention deficits. Studies have shown that methionine (Met) induces hypertension in mice. Moreover, DNA hypermethylation leads to cognitive behavioral changes alongside oligodendroglial and/or myelin deficits in Met-induced mice. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that DNA methylation regulates cognitive dysfunction in patients with hypertension. A better understanding of the function and mechanism underlying the effect of Hcy-dependent DNA methylation on hypertension-induced cognitive impairment will be valuable for early diagnosis, interventions, and prevention of further cognitive defects induced by hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wan
- Department of Military Medical Geography, Army Medical Training Base, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui-Yi Zong
- Department of Military Medical Geography, Army Medical Training Base, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- NCO School, Army Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xing-Shu Chen
- Department of Military Medical Geography, Army Medical Training Base, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xing-Shu Chen,
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10
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Su Y, Yang X, Yang L, Liu X, She Z, Zhang Y, Dong Z. Thyroid hormones regulate reelin expression in neuropsychiatric disorders. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:1033-1044. [PMID: 36166833 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy have increased over the past two decades, leading to the occurrence of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of thyroid hormone (TH)-regulated gene expression and neuropsychiatric development during the postnatal period remain unknown. Recent achievements have shown that reelin, a large extracellular glycoprotein, plays a crucial role in neuronal migration and localization during the development of neocortex and cerebellar cortex, thereby participating in the development of neuropsychiatric diseases. Reelin-induced neuronal migration requires triiodothyronine (T3) from the deiodination of thyroxine (T4) by fetal brain deiodinases. Previous studies have reported decreased reelin levels and abnormal gene expression, which are the same as the pathological alternations in reelin-induced neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Low T3 in the fetal brain due to hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy may be detrimental to neuronal migration, leading to neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we focus on the reelin expression between hypothyroidism and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Su
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Xinjing Liu
- College of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Zhenghang She
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Youwen Zhang
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
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11
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Magwai T, Shangase KB, Oginga FO, Chiliza B, Mpofana T, Xulu KR. DNA Methylation and Schizophrenia: Current Literature and Future Perspective. Cells 2021; 10:2890. [PMID: 34831111 PMCID: PMC8616184 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by dissociation of thoughts, idea, identity, and emotions. It has no central pathophysiological mechanism and precise diagnostic markers. Despite its high heritability, there are also environmental factors implicated in the development of schizophrenia. Epigenetic factors are thought to mediate the effects of environmental factors in the development of the disorder. Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation are a risk factor for schizophrenia. Targeted gene approach studies attempted to find candidate gene methylation, but the results are contradictory. Genome-wide methylation studies are insufficient in literature and the available data do not cover different populations like the African populations. The current genome-wide studies have limitations related to the sample and methods used. Studies are required to control for these limitations. Integration of DNA methylation, gene expression, and their effects are important in the understanding of the development of schizophrenia and search for biomarkers. There are currently no precise and functional biomarkers for the disorder. Several epigenetic markers have been reported to be common in functional and peripheral tissue. This makes the peripheral tissue epigenetic changes a surrogate of functional tissue, suggesting common epigenetic alteration can be used as biomarkers of schizophrenia in peripheral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabo Magwai
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (K.B.S.); (F.O.O.); (T.M.)
- National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4085, South Africa
| | - Khanyiso Bright Shangase
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (K.B.S.); (F.O.O.); (T.M.)
| | - Fredrick Otieno Oginga
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (K.B.S.); (F.O.O.); (T.M.)
| | - Bonginkosi Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Thabisile Mpofana
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (K.B.S.); (F.O.O.); (T.M.)
| | - Khethelo Richman Xulu
- Department of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (K.B.S.); (F.O.O.); (T.M.)
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12
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Lee JS, Kang W, Kang Y, Kim A, Han KM, Tae WS, Ham BJ. Alterations in the Occipital Cortex of Drug-Naïve Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: A Surface-Based Analysis of Surface Area and Cortical Thickness. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:1025-1033. [PMID: 34666430 PMCID: PMC8542746 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advances in surface-based morphometric methods have allowed researchers to separate cortical volume into cortical thickness (CTh) and surface area (SA). Although CTh alterations in major depressive disorder (MDD) have been observed in numerous studies, few studies have described significant SA alterations. Our study aimed to measure patients' SAs and to compare it with their CTh to examine whether SA exhibits alteration patterns that differ from those of CTh in drug-naïve patients with MDD. METHODS A total of 71 drug-naïve MDD patients and 111 healthy controls underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging, and SA and CTh were analyzed between the groups. RESULTS We found a smaller SA in the left superior occipital gyrus (L-SOG) in drug-naïve patients with MDD. In the CTh analysis, the bilateral fusiform gyrus, left middle occipital gyrus, left temporal superior gyrus, and right posterior cingulate showed thinner cortices in patients with MDD, while the CTh of the bilateral SOG, right straight gyrus, right posterior cingulate, and left lingual gyrus were increased. CONCLUSION Compared with the bilateral occipito-temporal changes in CTh, SA alterations in patients with MDD were confined to the L-SOG. These findings may improve our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms of SA alteration in relation to MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Soo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youbin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Man Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Tae
- Brain Convergence Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Ham
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Chen X, Huang NX, Cheng YJ, Cai QY, Tian YP, Chen XS, Xiao L. DNA Hypermethylation Induced by L-Methionine Leads to Oligodendroglial and Myelin Deficits and Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors in Adolescent Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:659853. [PMID: 33958986 PMCID: PMC8095669 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.659853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that in addition to dysfunction of neuronal circuitry, oligodendroglial dysfunction and/or disruption of white matter integrity are found in the brains of patients with schizophrenia. DNA methylation, a well-established risk factor for schizophrenia, has been demonstrated to cause neuronal dysfunction; however, whether dysregulation of DNA methylation contributes to oligodendroglial/myelin deficits in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia remains unclear. In the present study, by using L-methionine-treated mice, we confirmed that mice with DNA hypermethylation exhibited an anxious phenotype, impaired sociability, and sensorimotor gating deficits. Notably, DNA hypermethylation in oligodendroglial cells led to dysregulation of multiple oligodendroglia-specific transcription factors, which indicated disruption of the transcriptional architecture. Furthermore, DNA hypermethylation caused a reduction of oligodendroglial lineage cells and myelin integrity in the frontal white matter of mice. Taken together, these results indicate that DNA hypermethylation leads to oligodendroglial and/or myelin deficits, which may, at least in part, contribute to schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. This study provides new insights into the possibility that precise modulation of DNA methylation status in oligodendroglia could be beneficial for the white matter pathology in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Department of Physiology, Research Center of Neuroscience, College of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan-Xin Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Jie Cheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Yan Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xing-Shu Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Military Medical Geography, Army Medical Training Base, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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14
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Tseng CEJ, Gilbert TM, Catanese MC, Hightower BG, Peters AT, Parmar AJ, Kim M, Wang C, Roffman JL, Brown HE, Perlis RH, Zürcher NR, Hooker JM. In vivo human brain expression of histone deacetylases in bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:224. [PMID: 32641695 PMCID: PMC7343804 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of bipolar disorder (BD) is unknown and the neurobiological underpinnings are not fully understood. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of BD, which may be linked through epigenetic mechanisms, including those regulated by histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. This study measures in vivo HDAC expression in individuals with BD for the first time using the HDAC-specific radiotracer [11C]Martinostat. Eleven participants with BD and 11 age- and sex-matched control participants (CON) completed a simultaneous magnetic resonance - positron emission tomography (MR-PET) scan with [11C]Martinostat. Lower [11C]Martinostat uptake was found in the right amygdala of BD compared to CON. We assessed uptake in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to compare previous findings of lower uptake in the DLPFC in schizophrenia and found no group differences in BD. Exploratory whole-brain voxelwise analysis showed lower [11C]Martinostat uptake in the bilateral thalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, right hippocampus, and right amygdala in BD compared to CON. Furthermore, regional [11C]Martinostat uptake was associated with emotion regulation in BD in fronto-limbic areas, which aligns with findings from previous structural, functional, and molecular neuroimaging studies in BD. Regional [11C]Martinostat uptake was associated with attention in BD in fronto-parietal and temporal regions. These findings indicate a potential role of HDACs in BD pathophysiology. In particular, HDAC expression levels may modulate attention and emotion regulation, which represent two core clinical features of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-En J. Tseng
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Tonya M. Gilbert
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Mary C. Catanese
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Baileigh G. Hightower
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Amy T. Peters
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Anjali J. Parmar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Minhae Kim
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Joshua L. Roffman
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Hannah E. Brown
- grid.475010.70000 0004 0367 5222Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Roy H. Perlis
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Nicole R. Zürcher
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
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15
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Ho NF, Tng JXJ, Wang M, Chen G, Subbaraju V, Shukor S, Ng DSX, Tan BL, Puang SJ, Kho SH, Siew RWE, Sin GL, Eu PW, Zhou J, Sng JCG, Sim K, Medalia A. Plasticity of DNA methylation, functional brain connectivity and efficiency in cognitive remediation for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 126:122-133. [PMID: 32317108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive remediation (CR) is predicated on principles of neuroplasticity, but the actual molecular and neurocircuitry changes underlying cognitive change in individuals with impaired neuroplastic processes is poorly understood. The present study examined epigenetic-neurocircuitry-behavioral outcome measures in schizophrenia, before and after participating in a CR program that targeted higher-order cognitive functions. Outcome measures included DNA methylation of genes central to synaptic plasticity (CpG sites of Reelin promoter and BDNF promoter) from buccal swabs, resting-state functional brain connectivity and topological network efficiency, and global scores of a cognitive battery from 35 inpatients in a rehabilitative ward (18 CR, 17 non-CR) with similar premorbid IQ to 15 healthy controls. Baseline group differences between healthy controls and schizophrenia, group-by-time effects of CR in schizophrenia, and associations between the outcome measures were tested. Baseline functional connectivity abnormalities within the frontal, fronto-temporal and fronto-parietal regions, and trending decreases in global efficiency, but not DNA methylation, were found in schizophrenia; the frontal and fronto-temporal connectivity, and global efficiency correlated with global cognitive performance across all individuals. Notably, CR resulted in differential changes in Reelin promoter CpG methylation levels, altered within-frontal and fronto-temporal functional connectivity, increasing global efficiency and improving cognitive performance in schizophrenia, when compared to non-CR. In the CR inpatients, positive associations between the micro to macro measures: Reelin methylation changes, higher global efficiency and improving global cognitive performance were found. Present findings provide a neurobiological insight into potential CR-led epigenetics-neurocircuitry modifications driving cognitive plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- New Fei Ho
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bhing-Leet Tan
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore; Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
| | - Shu Juan Puang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sok-Hong Kho
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel Wan En Siew
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Juan Zhou
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Center for Sleep and Cognition, Cognitive Neuroscience, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, SIngapore
| | - Judy Chia Ghee Sng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kang Sim
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Alice Medalia
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
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16
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Poon CH, Tse LSR, Lim LW. DNA methylation in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease: from gene to cognition. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1475:15-33. [PMID: 32491215 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating disorder that manifests with amyloid beta plaque deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, and severe cognitive impairment. Although much effort has been made to decipher the pathogenesis of this disease, the mechanisms causing these detrimental outcomes remain obscure. Over the past few decades, neuroepigenetics has emerged as an important field that, among other things, explores how reversible modifications can change gene expression to control behavior and cognitive abilities. Among epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation requires further elucidation for the conflicting observations from AD research and its pivotal role in learning and memory. In this review, we focus on the essential components of DNA methylation, the effects of aberrant methylation on gene expressions in the amyloidogenic pathway and neurochemical processes, as well as memory epigenetics in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Him Poon
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Long Sum Rachel Tse
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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17
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The clues in solving the mystery of major psychosis: The epigenetic basis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Li C, Lei Y, Tian Y, Xu S, Shen X, Wu H, Bao S, Wang F. The etiological contribution of GABAergic plasticity to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919847366. [PMID: 30977423 PMCID: PMC6509976 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919847366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain developing after peripheral or central nerve injury is the result of pathological changes generated through complex mechanisms. Disruption in the homeostasis of excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the central nervous system is a crucial factor in the formation of hyperalgesia or allodynia occurring with neuropathic pain. The central GABAergic pathway has received attention for its extensive distribution and function in neural circuits, including the generation and development of neuropathic pain. GABAergic inhibitory changes that occur in the interneurons along descending modulatory and nociceptive pathways in the central nervous system are believed to generate neuronal plasticity, such as synaptic plasticity or functional plasticity of the related genes or proteins, that is the foundation of persistent neuropathic pain. The primary GABAergic plasticity observed in neuropathic pain includes GABAergic synapse homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity, decreased synthesis of GABA, down-expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA transporter, abnormal expression of NKCC1 or KCC2, and disturbed function of GABA receptors. In this review, we describe possible mechanisms associated with GABAergic plasticity, such as central sensitization and GABAergic interneuron apoptosis, and the epigenetic etiologies of GABAergic plasticity in neuropathic pain. Moreover, we summarize potential therapeutic targets of GABAergic plasticity that may allow for successful relief of hyperalgesia from nerve injury. Finally, we compare the effects of the GABAergic system in neuropathic pain to other types of chronic pain to understand the contribution of GABAergic plasticity to neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Li
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanying Lei
- 2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yi Tian
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Shiqin Xu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Senzhu Bao
- 2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,4 Group of Neuropharmacology and Neurophysiology, Division of Neuroscience, The Bonoi Academy of Science and Education, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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19
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Gardea-Resendez M, Kucuker MU, Blacker CJ, Ho AMC, Croarkin PE, Frye MA, Veldic M. Dissecting the Epigenetic Changes Induced by Non-Antipsychotic Mood Stabilizers on Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:467. [PMID: 32390836 PMCID: PMC7189731 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epimutations secondary to gene-environment interactions have a key role in the pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders. In vivo and in vitro evidence suggest that mood stabilizers can potentially reverse epigenetic deregulations found in patients with schizophrenia or mood disorders through mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. However, their activity on epigenetic processes has made them a research target for therapeutic approaches. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed and EMBASE for studies investigating the specific epigenetic changes induced by non-antipsychotic mood stabilizers (valproate, lithium, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine) in animal models, human cell lines, or patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder. Each paper was reviewed for the nature of research, the species and tissue examined, sample size, mood stabilizer, targeted gene, epigenetic changes found, and associated psychiatric disorder. Every article was appraised for quality using a modified published process and those who met a quality score of moderate or high were included. RESULTS A total of 2,429 records were identified; 1,956 records remained after duplicates were removed and were screened via title, abstract and keywords; 129 records were selected for full-text screening and a remaining of 38 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Valproate and lithium were found to induce broader epigenetic changes through different mechanisms, mainly DNA demethylation and histones acetylation. There was less literature and hence smaller effects attributable to lamotrigine and carbamazepine could be associated overall with the small number of studies on these agents. Findings were congruent across sample types. CONCLUSIONS An advanced understanding of the specific epigenetic changes induced by classic mood stabilizers in patients with major psychiatric disorders will facilitate personalized interventions. Further related drug discovery should target the induction of selective chromatin remodeling and gene-specific expression effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet Utku Kucuker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Caren J. Blacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ada M.-C. Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mark A. Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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20
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Subramanian L, Calcagnotto ME, Paredes MF. Cortical Malformations: Lessons in Human Brain Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:576. [PMID: 32038172 PMCID: PMC6993122 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating a functional cerebral cortex requires a series of complex and well-coordinated developmental steps. These steps have evolved across species with the emergence of cortical gyrification and coincided with more complex behaviors. The presence of diverse progenitor cells, a protracted timeline for neuronal migration and maturation, and diverse neuronal types are developmental features that have emerged in the gyrated cortex. These factors could explain how the human brain has expanded in size and complexity. However, their complex nature also renders new avenues of vulnerability by providing additional cell types that could contribute to disease and longer time windows that could impact the composition and organization of the cortical circuit. We aim to discuss the unique developmental steps observed in human corticogenesis and propose how disruption of these species-unique processes could lead to malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Subramanian
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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21
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Poon CH, Chan YS, Fung ML, Lim LW. Memory and neuromodulation: A perspective of DNA methylation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 111:57-68. [PMID: 31846654 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuromodulation techniques have shown promising efficacy on memory function and understanding the epigenetic mechanisms contributing to these processes would shed light on the molecular outcomes essential for cognition. In this review, we highlight some epigenetic mechanisms underlying neuromodulation and regulatory effects of neuronal activity-induced DNA methylation on genes that are highly involved in memory formation. Next, we examine the evidence to support DNA methyltransferase 3a, methyl-CpG binding protein 2, and DNA demethylase as possible memory modulation targets. Finally, we report the recent developments in the field of neuromodulation and explore the potential of these techniques for future neuroepigenetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Him Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Lung Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Górny M, Wnuk A, Kamińska A, Kamińska K, Chwatko G, Bilska-Wilkosz A, Iciek M, Kajta M, Rogóż Z, Lorenc-Koci E. Glutathione Deficiency and Alterations in the Sulfur Amino Acid Homeostasis during Early Postnatal Development as Potential Triggering Factors for Schizophrenia-Like Behavior in Adult Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234253. [PMID: 31766654 PMCID: PMC6930621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired glutathione (GSH) synthesis and dopaminergic transmission are important factors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Our research aimed to assess the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH synthesis inhibitor, and GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, administered alone or in combination, to Sprague–Dawley rats during early postnatal development (p5–p16), on the levels of GSH, sulfur amino acids, global DNA methylation, and schizophrenia-like behavior. GSH, methionine (Met), homocysteine (Hcy), and cysteine (Cys) contents were determined in the liver, kidney, and in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) of 16-day-old rats. DNA methylation in the PFC and HIP and schizophrenia-like behavior were assessed in adulthood (p90–p93). BSO caused the tissue-dependent decreases in GSH content and alterations in Met, Hcy, and Cys levels in the peripheral tissues and in the PFC and HIP. The changes in these parameters were accompanied by alterations in the global DNA methylation in the studied brain structures. Parallel to changes in the global DNA methylation, deficits in the social behaviors and cognitive functions were observed in adulthood. Only BSO + GBR 12909-treated rats exhibited behavioral alterations resembling positive symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Our results suggest the usefulness of this neurodevelopmental model for research on the pathomechanism of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Górny
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Adrianna Kamińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 163 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland; (A.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Grażyna Chwatko
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 163 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland; (A.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna Bilska-Wilkosz
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Małgorzata Iciek
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-623-272
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Zhuo C, Yao Y, Xu Y, Liu C, Chen M, Ji F, Li J, Tian H, Jiang D, Lin C, Chen C. Schizophrenia and gut-flora related epigenetic factors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:49-54. [PMID: 30419320 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder and the exact mechanisms that underpin SZ remain poorly understood despite decades of research. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are all considered to play a role. The importance of gut flora and its influence on the central nervous system has been recognized in recent years. We hypothesize that gut flora may be a converging point where environmental factors interact with epigenetic factors and contribute to SZ pathogenesis. AIM To summarize the current understanding of genetic and epigenetic factors and the possible involvement of gut flora in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. RESULTS We searched PubMed and Medline with a combination of the key words schizophrenia, microbiome, epigenetic factors to identify studies of genetic and epigenetic factors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Numerous genes that encode key proteins in neuronal signaling pathways have been linked to SZ. Epigenetic modifications, particularly, methylation and acetylation profiles, have been found to differ in individuals that present with SZ from those that don't. Gut flora may affect epigenetic modifications by regulation of key metabolic pathway molecules, including methionine, florate, biotin, and metabolites that are acetyl group donors. Despite a lack of direct studies on the subject, it is possible that gut flora may influence genetic and epigenetic expression and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of SZ. CONCLUSION Gut flora is sensitive to both internal and environmental stimuli and the synthesis of some key molecules that participate in the epigenetic modulation of gene expression. Therefore, it is possible that gut flora is a converging point where environmental factors interact with genetic and epigenetic factors in the pathogenesis of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric-Genetics, Jining Medical University, Jining 272191, Shandong Province, China; Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China; Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Yudong Yao
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric-Genetics, Jining Medical University, Jining 272191, Shandong Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric-Genetics, Jining Medical University, Jining 272191, Shandong Province, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric-Genetics, Jining Medical University, Jining 272191, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Chongguang Lin
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Link between Diet and DNA Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124055. [PMID: 30558203 PMCID: PMC6320837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a vital modification process in the control of genetic information, which contributes to the epigenetics by regulating gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Abnormal DNA methylation—both hypomethylation and hypermethylation—has been associated with improper gene expression, leading to several disorders. Two types of risk factors can alter the epigenetic regulation of methylation pathways: genetic factors and modifiable factors. Nutrition is one of the strongest modifiable factors, which plays a direct role in DNA methylation pathways. Large numbers of studies have investigated the effects of nutrition on DNA methylation pathways, but relatively few have focused on the biochemical mechanisms. Understanding the biological mechanisms is essential for clarifying how nutrients function in epigenetics. It is believed that nutrition affects the epigenetic regulations of DNA methylation in several possible epigenetic pathways: mainly, by altering the substrates and cofactors that are necessary for proper DNA methylation; additionally, by changing the activity of enzymes regulating the one-carbon cycle; and, lastly, through there being an epigenetic role in several possible mechanisms related to DNA demethylation activity. The aim of this article is to review the potential underlying biochemical mechanisms that are related to diet modifications in DNA methylation and demethylation.
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FABP3 in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Modulates the Methylation Status of the Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 67 Promoter Region. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10411-10423. [PMID: 30341178 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1285-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for brain development and function. Increasing evidence has shown that an imbalance of PUFAs is associated with various human psychiatric disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), cellular chaperones of PUFAs, are involved in PUFA intracellular trafficking, signal transduction, and gene transcription. In this study, we show that FABP3 is strongly expressed in the GABAergic inhibitory interneurons of the male mouse anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which is a component of the limbic cortex and is important for the coordination of cognitive and emotional behaviors. Interestingly, Fabp3 KO male mice show an increase in the expression of the gene encoding the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (Gad67) in the ACC. In the ACC of Fabp3 KO mice, Gad67 promoter methylation and the binding of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) to the Gad67 promoter are significantly decreased compared with those in WT mice. The abnormal cognitive and emotional behaviors of Fabp3 KO mice are restored by methionine administration. Notably, methionine administration normalizes Gad67 promoter methylation and its mRNA expression in the ACC of Fabp3 KO mice. These findings demonstrate that FABP3 is involved in the control of DNA methylation of the Gad67 promoter and activation of GABAergic neurons in the ACC, thus suggesting the importance of PUFA homeostasis in the ACC for cognitive and emotional behaviors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ACC is important for emotional and cognitive processing. However, the mechanisms underlying its involvement in the control of behavioral responses are largely unknown. We show the following new observations: (1) FABP3, a PUFA cellular chaperone, is exclusively expressed in GABAergic interneurons in the ACC; (2) an increase in Gad67 expression is detected in the ACC of Fabp3 KO mice; (3) the Gad67 promoter is hypomethylated and the binding of transcriptional repressor complexes is decreased in the ACC of Fabp3 KO mice; and (4) elevated Gad67 expression and abnormal behaviors seen in Fabp3 KO mice are mostly recovered by methionine treatment. These suggest that FABP3 regulates GABA synthesis through transcriptional regulation of Gad67 in the ACC.
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Wright KN, Dossat AM, Strong CE, Sailer LL, Pavlock SM, Kabbaj M. Optogenetic inhibition of medial prefrontal cortex projections to the nucleus accumbens core and methyl supplementation via L-Methionine attenuates cocaine-primed reinstatement. Integr Zool 2018; 13:795-803. [PMID: 30318755 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation has been identified as a powerful and activity-dependent regulator of changes in the brain that may underlie neuroadaptations in response to various types of stimuli, including exposure to drugs of abuse. Indeed, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are critically important for reinstated cocaine-seeking in a rodent model of cocaine relapse. This circuitry undergoes several epigenetic modifications following cocaine exposure, including changes in DNA methylation that are associated with drug-seeking behavior. We have previously shown that methyl supplementation via L-Methionine (MET) administration attenuates cocaine-seeking behavior and reverses expression and methylation patterns of the immediate early gene c-fos, suggesting that MET may act by altering the excitability of this circuitry during cocaine reinstatement. In the current study, male rats were microinjected with an adeno-associated virus overexpressing halorhodopsin in the mPFC, optical fibers were surgically implanted into the NAc, and the rats were given injections of MET daily. Rats underwent acquisition of cocaine self-administration (0.75 mg/kg/infusion, 2-h sessions) followed by extinction training in the absence of drug-paired cues. Two reinstatement tests were conducted: cue-induced reinstatement without optogenetic manipulations and cocaine-primed reinstatement with optogenetic inhibition of mPFC-to-NAc projections. There were no group differences before the cocaine-primed reinstatement session, and all groups showed robust cue-induced reinstatement. Both rats treated with MET and rats that received mPFC-to-NAc inhibition showed an abolishment of cocaine-primed reinstatement, suggesting that systemic methyl supplementation may act through this critical circuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Amanda M Dossat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline E Strong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Lindsay L Sailer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Samantha M Pavlock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Ducsay CA, Goyal R, Pearce WJ, Wilson S, Hu XQ, Zhang L. Gestational Hypoxia and Developmental Plasticity. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1241-1334. [PMID: 29717932 PMCID: PMC6088145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is multidimensional involving complicated intracellular networks concerned with the transduction of hypoxia-induced responses. Of all the stresses to which the fetus and newborn infant are subjected, perhaps the most important and clinically relevant is that of hypoxia. Hypoxia during gestation impacts both the mother and fetal development through interactions with an individual's genetic traits acquired over multiple generations by natural selection and changes in gene expression patterns by altering the epigenetic code. Changes in the epigenome determine "genomic plasticity," i.e., the ability of genes to be differentially expressed according to environmental cues. The genomic plasticity defined by epigenomic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs during development is the mechanistic substrate for phenotypic programming that determines physiological response and risk for healthy or deleterious outcomes. This review explores the impact of gestational hypoxia on maternal health and fetal development, and epigenetic mechanisms of developmental plasticity with emphasis on the uteroplacental circulation, heart development, cerebral circulation, pulmonary development, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and adipose tissue. The complex molecular and epigenetic interactions that may impact an individual's physiology and developmental programming of health and disease later in life are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Ducsay
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Ravi Goyal
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J. Pearce
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Sean Wilson
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Xiang-Qun Hu
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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28
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Grayson DR, Guidotti A. DNA Methylation in Animal Models of Psychosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 157:105-132. [PMID: 29933947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a debilitating disease that impacts 1% of the population worldwide. Association studies have shown that inherited genetic mutations account for a portion of disease risk. However, environmental factors play an important role in the pathophysiology of the disease by altering cellular epigenetic marks at the level of chromatin. Postmortem brain studies of SZ subjects suggest that the dynamic equilibrium between DNA methylation and demethylation network components is disrupted at the level of individual SZ target genes. Herein, we review the role of DNA methylation and demethylation in the context of what is currently known regarding SZ. Furthermore, we describe the deficits that accompany two mouse models of SZ. The chronic methionine mouse model of SZ is predicated on the administration of methionine to SZ patients and controls in the context of clinical studies that were carried out during the 1960s and 1970s. The prenatal restraint stress model of SZ is based on a prolonged stress paradigm administered to pregnant dams during gestation days 7-21. The adult offspring of these dams show various behavioral and biochemical deficits in adulthood. Both models are epigenetic in origin and mimic the positive and negative symptoms, as well as the cognitive endophenotypes commonly observed in SZ patients. We also discuss the utility of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs in alleviating these symptoms in each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Grayson
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Alessandro Guidotti
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
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29
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Schizophrenia: A review of potential biomarkers. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 93:37-49. [PMID: 28578207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding the biological process and progression of schizophrenia is the first step to developing novel approaches and new interventions. Research on new biomarkers is extremely important when the goal is an early diagnosis (prediction) and precise theranostics. The objective of this review is to understand the research on biomarkers and their effects in schizophrenia to synthesize the role of these new advances. METHODS In this review, we search and review publications in databases in accordance with established limits and specific objectives. We look at particular endpoints such as the category of biomarkers, laboratory techniques and the results/conclusions of the selected publications. RESULTS The investigation of biomarkers and their potential as a predictor, diagnosis instrument and therapeutic orientation, requires an appropriate methodological strategy. In this review, we found different laboratory techniques to identify biomarkers and their function in schizophrenia. CONCLUSION The consolidation of this information will provide a large-scale application network of schizophrenia biomarkers.
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30
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Zhang N. Role of methionine on epigenetic modification of DNA methylation and gene expression in animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:11-16. [PMID: 30167479 PMCID: PMC6112339 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the main epigenetic phenomena affecting gene expression. It is an important mechanism for the development of embryo, growth and health of animals. As a key nutritional factor limiting the synthesis of protein, methionine serves as the precursor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in the hepatic one-carbon metabolism. The dietary fluctuation of methionine content can alter the levels of metabolic substrates in one-carbon metabolism, e.g., the SAM, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and change the expression of genes related to the growth and health of animals by DNA methylation reactions. The ratio of SAM to SAH is called ‘methylation index’ but it should be carefully explained because the complexity of methylation reaction. Alterations of methylation in a specific cytosine-guanine (CpG) site, rather than the whole promoter region, might be enough to change gene expression. Aberrant methionine cycle may provoke molecular changes of one-carbon metabolism that results in deregulation of cellular hemostasis and health problems. The importance of DNA methylation has been underscored but the mechanisms of methionine affecting DNA methylation are poorly understood. Nutritional epigenomics provides a promising insight into the targeting epigenetic changes in animals from a nutritional standpoint, which will deepen and expand our understanding of genes, molecules, tissues, and animals in which methionine alteration influences DNA methylation and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naifeng Zhang
- Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, 100081 Beijing, China
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31
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Delgado-Morales R, Agís-Balboa RC, Esteller M, Berdasco M. Epigenetic mechanisms during ageing and neurogenesis as novel therapeutic avenues in human brain disorders. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:67. [PMID: 28670349 PMCID: PMC5493012 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor for human neurological disorders. Among the diverse molecular pathways that govern ageing, epigenetics can guide age-associated decline in part by regulating gene expression and also through the modulation of genomic instability and high-order chromatin architecture. Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of neural differentiation as well as in functional processes related to memory consolidation, learning or cognition during healthy lifespan. On the other side of the coin, many neurodegenerative diseases are associated with epigenetic dysregulation. The reversible nature of epigenetic factors and, especially, their role as mediators between the genome and the environment make them exciting candidates as therapeutic targets. Rather than providing a broad description of the pathways epigenetically deregulated in human neurological disorders, in this review, we have focused on the potential use of epigenetic enzymes as druggable targets to ameliorate neural decline during normal ageing and especially in neurological disorders. We will firstly discuss recent progress that supports a key role of epigenetic regulation during healthy ageing with an emphasis on the role of epigenetic regulation in adult neurogenesis. Then, we will focus on epigenetic alterations associated with ageing-related human disorders of the central nervous system. We will discuss examples in the context of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and posttraumatic stress disorders, and also dementia or Alzheimer's disease as the most frequent neurodegenerative disease. Finally, methodological limitations and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Delgado-Morales
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 3rd Floor, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Av. Gran Via 199-203, 08908L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- Psychiatric Diseases Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 3rd Floor, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Av. Gran Via 199-203, 08908L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Berdasco
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 3rd Floor, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Av. Gran Via 199-203, 08908L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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Prenatal nicotine exposure induces HPA axis-hypersensitivity in offspring rats via the intrauterine programming of up-regulation of hippocampal GAD67. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3927-3943. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Woźniak M, Acher F, Marciniak M, Lasoń-Tyburkiewicz M, Gruca P, Papp M, Pilc A, Wierońska JM. Involvement of GABAB Receptor Signaling in Antipsychotic-like Action of the Novel Orthosteric Agonist of the mGlu4 Receptor, LSP4-2022. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:413-26. [PMID: 26769224 PMCID: PMC4983756 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150516000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering that ligands of metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptors may exert beneficial effects on schizophrenia, we assessed the actions of the first mGlu4-selective orthosteric agonist, LSP4-2022, in several tests reflecting positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Moreover, we investigated the possible involvement of GABAB receptors in LSP4-2022-induced actions. Hyperactivity induced by MK-801 or amphetamine and DOI-induced head twitches in mice were used as the models of positive symptoms. The social interaction test, modified forced swim test (FST), and novel object recognition (NOR) test were used as the models of negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. LSP4-2022 inhibited hyperactivity (in a dose-dependent manner, 0.5-2 mg/kg) induced by MK-801 or amphetamine and DOI-induced head twitches. In mGlu4 receptor knockout mice, LSP4-2022 was not effective. However, it reversed MK-801-induced impairment in the social interaction test and the MK-801-induced increase of immobility in the modified FST. In the NOR test, LSP4-2022 was active at a dose of 2 mg/kg. GABAB receptor antagonist, CGP55845 (10 mg/kg), reversed LSP4-2022-induced effects in hyperactivity and head twitch tests. At the same time, the simultaneous administration of subeffective doses of LSP4-2022 (0.1 mg/kg) and a positive allosteric modulator of GABAB receptor PAM, GS39783 (0.1 mg/kg), induced clear antipsychotic-like effects in those two tests. Such an interaction between mGlu4 and GABAB receptors was not observed in the social interaction and NOR tests. Therefore, we suggest that the activation of the mGlu4 receptor is a promising approach facilitating the discovery of novel antipsychotic drugs, and that the interplay between mGlu4 and GABAB receptors may become the basis for a novel therapy for schizophrenic patients with predomination of positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joanna M Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Wang X, Shan X, Gregory-Evans CY. A mouse model of aniridia reveals the in vivo downstream targets of Pax6 driving iris and ciliary body development in the eye. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Therapeutic benefits of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine on nerve injury–induced mechanical hypersensitivity and cognitive impairment in mice. Pain 2016; 158:802-810. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Integrins are a large family of extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors. In the developing and adult brain, many integrins are present at high levels at synapses. The tetrapartite structure of synapses - which comprises presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, the ECM and glial processes - places synaptic integrins in an excellent position to sense dynamic changes in the synaptic environment and use this information to coordinate further changes in synapse structure and function that will shape neural circuit properties. Recent developments in our understanding of the cellular and physiological roles of integrins, which range from control of neural process outgrowth and synapse formation to regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory, enable us to attempt a synthesis of synaptic integrin function.
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Labouesse MA, Dong E, Grayson DR, Guidotti A, Meyer U. Maternal immune activation induces GAD1 and GAD2 promoter remodeling in the offspring prefrontal cortex. Epigenetics 2016; 10:1143-55. [PMID: 26575259 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1114202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. In addition to its influence on other neuronal systems, this early-life environmental adversity has been shown to negatively affect cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions in adult life, including impaired prefrontal expression of enzymes required for GABA synthesis. The underlying molecular processes, however, remain largely unknown. In the present study, we explored whether epigenetic modifications represent a mechanism whereby maternal infection during pregnancy can induce such GABAergic impairments in the offspring. We used an established mouse model of prenatal immune challenge that is based on maternal treatment with the viral mimetic poly(I:C). We found that prenatal immune activation increased prefrontal levels of 5-methylated cytosines (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylated cytosines (5hmC) in the promoter region of GAD1, which encodes the 67-kDa isoform of the GABA-synthesising enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67). The early-life challenge also increased 5mC levels at the promoter region of GAD2, which encodes the 65-kDa GAD isoform (GAD65). These effects were accompanied by elevated GAD1 and GAD2 promoter binding of methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and by reduced GAD67 and GAD65 mRNA expression. Moreover, the epigenetic modifications at the GAD1 promoter correlated with prenatal infection-induced impairments in working memory and social interaction. Our study thus highlights that hypermethylation of GAD1 and GAD2 promoters may be an important molecular mechanism linking prenatal infection to presynaptic GABAergic impairments and associated behavioral and cognitive abnormalities in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erbo Dong
- b Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry; College of Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago ; Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Dennis Robert Grayson
- b Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry; College of Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago ; Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Alessandro Guidotti
- b Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry; College of Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago ; Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Urs Meyer
- a Physiology and Behavior Laboratory; ETH Zurich ; Schwerzenbach , Switzerland.,c Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich-Vetsuisse ; Zurich , Switzerland
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Mehta R, Singh A, Bókkon I, Nath Mallick B. REM sleep and its Loss-Associated Epigenetic Regulation with Reference to Noradrenaline in Particular. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:28-40. [PMID: 26813120 PMCID: PMC4787282 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150414185737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an essential physiological process, which has been divided into rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-REMS (NREMS) in higher animals. REMS is a unique phenomenon that unlike other sleep-waking states is not under voluntary control. Directly or indirectly it influences or gets influenced by most of the physiological processes controlled by the brain. It has been proposed that REMS serves housekeeping function of the brain. Extensive research has shown that during REMS at least noradrenaline (NA) -ergic neurons must cease activity and upon REMS loss, there are increased levels of NA in the brain, which then induces many of the REMS loss associated acute and chronic effects. The NA level is controlled by many bio-molecules that are regulated at the molecular and transcriptional levels. Similarly, NA can also directly or indirectly modulate the synthesis and levels of many molecules, which in turn may affect physiological processes. The burgeoning field of behavioral neuroepigenetics has gained importance in recent years and explains the regulatory mechanisms underlying several behavioral phenomena. As REMS and its loss associated changes in NA modulate several pathophysiological processes, in this review we have attempted to explain on one hand how the epigenetic mechanisms regulating the gene expression of factors like tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), monoamine oxidase (MAO), noradrenaline transporter (NAT) control NA levels and on the other hand, how NA per se can affect other molecules in neural circuitry at the epigenetic level resulting in behavioral changes in health and diseases. An
understanding of these events will expose the molecular basis of REMS and its loss-associated pathophysiological changes; which are presented as a testable hypothesis for confirmation.
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Wang L, Jiang W, Lin Q, Zhang Y, Zhao C. DNA methylation regulatesgabrb2mRNA expression: developmental variations and disruptions inl-methionine-induced zebrafish with schizophrenia-like symptoms. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:702-710. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University
- Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases
| | - W. Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University
- Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases
| | - Q. Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - C. Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University
- Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases
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Cromby J, Chung E, Papadopoulos D, Talbot C. Reviewing the epigenetics of schizophrenia. J Ment Health 2016; 28:71-79. [DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2016.1207229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Chung
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | | | - Chris Talbot
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Kennedy BE, Hundert AS, Goguen D, Weaver ICG, Karten B. Presymptomatic Alterations in Amino Acid Metabolism and DNA Methylation in the Cerebellum of a Murine Model of Niemann-Pick Type C Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1582-97. [PMID: 27083515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The fatal neurodegenerative disorder Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is caused in most cases by mutations in NPC1, which encodes the late endosomal NPC1 protein. Loss of NPC1 disrupts cholesterol trafficking from late endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane, causing cholesterol accumulation in late endosomes/lysosomes. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to this cholesterol trafficking defect, but the pathogenic mechanisms through which NPC1 deficiency causes neuronal dysfunction remain largely unknown. Herein, we have investigated amino acid metabolism in cerebella of NPC1-deficient mice at different stages of NPC disease. Imbalances in amino acid metabolism were evident from increased branched chain amino acid and asparagine levels and altered expression of key enzymes of glutamine/glutamate metabolism in presymptomatic and early symptomatic NPC1-deficient cerebellum. Increased levels of several amino acid intermediates of one-carbon metabolism indicated disturbances in folate and methylation pathways. Alterations in DNA methylation were apparent in decreased expression of DNA methyltransferase 3a and methyl-5'-cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine-domain binding proteins, reduced 5-methylcytosine immunoreactivity in the molecular and Purkinje cell layers, demethylation of genome-wide repetitive LINE-1 elements, and hypermethylation in specific promoter regions of single-copy genes in NPC1-deficient cerebellum at early stages of the disease. Alterations in amino acid metabolism and epigenetic changes in the cerebellum at presymptomatic stages of NPC disease represent previously unrecognized mechanisms of NPC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amos S Hundert
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Donna Goguen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian C G Weaver
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Guidotti A, Grayson DR, Caruncho HJ. Epigenetic RELN Dysfunction in Schizophrenia and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:89. [PMID: 27092053 PMCID: PMC4820443 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
REELIN (RELN) is a large (420 kDa) glycoprotein that in adulthood is mostly synthesized in GABAergic neurons of corticolimbic structures. Upon secretion in the extracellular matrix (ECM), RELN binds to VLDL, APOE2, and α3β2 Integrin receptors located on dendritic shafts and spines of postsynaptic pyramidal neurons. Reduced levels of RELN expression in the adult brain induce cognitive impairment and dendritic spine density deficits. RELN supplementation recovers these deficits suggesting a trophic action for RELN in synaptic plasticity. We and others have shown that altered RELN expression in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar (BP) disorder patients is difficult to reconcile with classical Mendelian genetic disorders and it is instead plausible to associate these disorders with altered epigenetic homeostasis. Support for the contribution of altered epigenetic mechanisms in the down-regulation of RELN expression in corticolimbic structures of psychotic patients includes the concomitant increase of DNA-methyltransferases and the increased levels of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). It is hypothesized that these conditions lead to RELN promoter hypermethylation and a reduction in RELN protein amounts in psychotic patients. The decreased synthesis and release of RELN from GABAergic corticolimbic neurons could serve as a model to elucidate the epigenetic pathophysiological mechanisms acting at pyramidal neuron dendrites that regulate synaptic plasticity and cognition in psychotic and non-psychotic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Guidotti
- Department of Psychiatry, The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dennis R Grayson
- Department of Psychiatry, The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Zhou Q, Obana EA, Radomski KL, Sukumar G, Wynder C, Dalgard CL, Doughty ML. Inhibition of the histone demethylase Kdm5b promotes neurogenesis and derepresses Reln (reelin) in neural stem cells from the adult subventricular zone of mice. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:627-39. [PMID: 26739753 PMCID: PMC4750923 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of epigenetic regulators in the control of adult neurogenesis is largely undefined. We show that the histone demethylase enzyme Kdm5b (Jarid1b) negatively regulates neurogenesis from adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cells (NSCs) in culture. shRNA-mediated depletion of Kdm5b in proliferating adult NSCs decreased proliferation rates and reduced neurosphere formation in culture. When transferred to differentiation culture conditions, Kdm5b-depleted adult NSCs migrated from neurospheres with increased velocity. Whole-genome expression screening revealed widespread transcriptional changes with Kdm5b depletion, notably the up-regulation of reelin (Reln), the inhibition of steroid biosynthetic pathway component genes and the activation of genes with intracellular transport functions in cultured adult NSCs. Kdm5b depletion increased extracellular reelin concentration in the culture medium and increased phosphorylation of the downstream reelin signaling target Disabled-1 (Dab1). Sequestration of extracellular reelin with CR-50 reelin-blocking antibodies suppressed the increase in migratory velocity of Kdm5b-depleted adult NSCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Kdm5b is present at the proximal promoter of Reln, and H3K4me3 methylation was increased at this locus with Kdm5b depletion in differentiating adult NSCs. Combined the data suggest Kdm5b negatively regulates neurogenesis and represses Reln in neural stem cells from the adult SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhou
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Edwin A Obana
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Kryslaine L Radomski
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Gauthaman Sukumar
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Christopher Wynder
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Martin L Doughty
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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44
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Wang Y, Lin ZP, Zheng HZ, Zhang S, Zhang ZL, Chen Y, You YS, Yang MH. Abnormal DNA methylation in the lumbar spinal cord following chronic constriction injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 610:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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In Sickness and in Health: Perineuronal Nets and Synaptic Plasticity in Psychiatric Disorders. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:9847696. [PMID: 26839720 PMCID: PMC4709762 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9847696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly emerging evidence implicates perineuronal nets (PNNs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that compose or interact with PNNs, in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders. Studies on schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy point to the involvement of ECM molecules such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, Reelin, and matrix metalloproteases, as well as their cell surface receptors. In many of these disorders, PNN abnormalities have also been reported. In the context of the “quadripartite” synapse concept, that is, the functional unit composed of the pre- and postsynaptic terminals, glial processes, and ECM, and of the role that PNNs and ECM molecules play in regulating synaptic functions and plasticity, these findings resonate with one of the most well-replicated aspects of the pathology of psychiatric disorders, that is, synaptic abnormalities. Here we review the evidence for PNN/ECM-related pathology in these disorders, with particular emphasis on schizophrenia, and discuss the hypothesis that such pathology may significantly contribute to synaptic dysfunction.
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46
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Balasubramanian D, Deng AX, Doudney K, Hampton MB, Kennedy MA. Valproic acid exposure leads to upregulation and increased promoter histone acetylation of sepiapterin reductase in a serotonergic cell line. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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47
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da Silva VAM, Dantas MDS, Silva LADC, Carneiro JG, Schamber-Reis BLF. Testosterone Depletion Induces Demethylation of Murine Reelin Promoter CpG Dinucleotides: A Preliminary Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:286369. [PMID: 26526966 PMCID: PMC4615860 DOI: 10.1155/2015/286369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a debilitating mental disorder characterized by psychotic events, abnormal social behavior, false beliefs, and auditory hallucinations. Hypermethylation of the promoter region of reelin (RELN), a gene involved in regulation of neuronal positioning during telencephalic development, is strongly associated with low protein expression in several cortical structures and promoter hypermethylation in brain from postmortem SZ subjects. Recent experimental data suggests that testosterone is able to promote RELN demethylation, although no direct evidence of hormonal influence on reelin promoter methylation was obtained. We investigated if reduced levels of plasma testosterone in adult male mice lead to Reln promoter demethylation. Animals were administered with flutamide, an antiandrogenic compound, and reelin promoter methylation was assessed using methylationspecific PCR using bisulfite DNA from cerebellum. We found that flutamide was able to significantly lower plasma testosterone when compared to control mice, and treatment did not influence animal survival and body weight. We also show that low plasma testosterone was associated with demethylation of a cytosine residue located at -860 in reelin promoter region. These preliminary data suggest that androgenic hormones can influence cerebral reelin demethylation. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental approach directly linking testosterone depletion and RELN promoter methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Augusto Moraes da Silva
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, CESED/FCM, Avenida Senador Argemiro De Figueiredo 1901, Itararé, 58411-020 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Marília de Souza Dantas
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, CESED/FCM, Avenida Senador Argemiro De Figueiredo 1901, Itararé, 58411-020 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Agostinho de Castro Silva
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, CESED/FCM, Avenida Senador Argemiro De Figueiredo 1901, Itararé, 58411-020 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Juliana Garcia Carneiro
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, CESED/FCM, Avenida Senador Argemiro De Figueiredo 1901, Itararé, 58411-020 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Bruno Luiz Fonseca Schamber-Reis
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, CESED/FCM, Avenida Senador Argemiro De Figueiredo 1901, Itararé, 58411-020 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
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48
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Backlund L, Wei YB, Martinsson L, Melas PA, Liu JJ, Mu N, Östenson CG, Ekström TJ, Schalling M, Lavebratt C. Mood Stabilizers and the Influence on Global Leukocyte DNA Methylation in Bipolar Disorder. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:76-81. [PMID: 27602359 DOI: 10.1159/000430867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the relationship between treatments for bipolar disorder (BD), their therapeutic responses and the DNA methylation status. We investigated whether global DNA methylation levels differ between healthy controls and bipolar patients under different treatments. Global DNA methylation was measured in leukocyte DNA from bipolar patients under lithium monotherapy (n = 29) or combination therapy (n = 32) and from healthy controls (n = 26). Lithium response was assessed using the Alda scale. Lithium in monotherapy was associated with hypomethylation (F = 4.63, p = 0.036). Lithium + valproate showed a hypermethylated pattern compared to lithium alone (F = 7.27, p = 0.011). Lithium response was not associated with DNA methylation levels. These data suggest that the choice of treatment in BD may lead to different levels of global DNA methylation. However, further research is needed to understand its clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Backlund
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ya Bin Wei
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philippe A Melas
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jia Jia Liu
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ninni Mu
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas J Ekström
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Schalling
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Luscher B, Fuchs T. GABAergic control of depression-related brain states. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2015; 73:97-144. [PMID: 25637439 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The GABAergic deficit hypothesis of major depressive disorders (MDDs) posits that reduced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in brain, impaired function of GABAergic interneurons, altered expression and function of GABA(A) receptors, and changes in GABAergic transmission dictated by altered chloride homeostasis can contribute to the etiology of MDD. Conversely, the hypothesis posits that the efficacy of currently used antidepressants is determined by their ability to enhance GABAergic neurotransmission. We here provide an update for corresponding evidence from studies of patients and preclinical animal models of depression. In addition, we propose an explanation for the continued lack of genetic evidence that explains the considerable heritability of MDD. Lastly, we discuss how alterations in GABAergic transmission are integral to other hypotheses of MDD that emphasize (i) the role of monoaminergic deficits, (ii) stress-based etiologies, (iii) neurotrophic deficits, and (iv) the neurotoxic and neural circuit-impairing consequences of chronic excesses of glutamate. We propose that altered GABAergic transmission serves as a common denominator of MDD that can account for all these other hypotheses and that plays a causal and common role in diverse mechanistic etiologies of depressive brain states and in the mechanism of action of current antidepressant drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Luscher
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Thomas Fuchs
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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50
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Prenatal maternal immune activation causes epigenetic differences in adolescent mouse brain. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e434. [PMID: 25180573 PMCID: PMC4203009 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Epigenetic changes can be induced by environmental exposures such as inflammation. Here we tested the hypothesis that prenatal inflammation, a recognized risk factor for schizophrenia and related neurodevelopmental conditions, alters DNA methylation in key brain regions linked to schizophrenia, namely the dopamine rich striatum and endocrine regulatory centre, the hypothalamus. DNA methylation across highly repetitive elements (long interspersed element 1 (LINE1) and intracisternal A-particles (IAPs)) were used to proxy global DNA methylation. We also investigated the Mecp2 gene because it regulates transcription of LINE1 and has a known association with neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain tissue was harvested from 6 week old offspring of mice exposed to the viral analog PolyI:C or saline on gestation day 9. We used Sequenom EpiTYPER assay to quantitatively analyze differences in DNA methylation at IAPs, LINE1 elements and the promoter region of Mecp2. In the hypothalamus, prenatal exposure to PolyI:C caused significant global DNA hypomethylation (t=2.44, P=0.019, PolyI:C mean 69.67%, saline mean 70.19%), especially in females, and significant hypomethylation of the promoter region of Mecp2, (t=3.32, P=0.002; PolyI:C mean 26.57%, saline mean 34.63%). IAP methylation was unaltered. DNA methylation in the striatum was not significantly altered. This study provides the first experimental evidence that exposure to inflammation during prenatal life is associated with epigenetic changes, including Mecp2 promoter hypomethylation. This suggests that environmental and genetic risk factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders may act upon similar pathways. This is important because epigenetic changes are potentially modifiable and their investigation may open new avenues for treatment.
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