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Sinitcyn P, Richards AL, Weatheritt RJ, Brademan DR, Marx H, Shishkova E, Meyer JG, Hebert AS, Westphall MS, Blencowe BJ, Cox J, Coon JJ. Global detection of human variants and isoforms by deep proteome sequencing. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1776-1786. [PMID: 36959352 PMCID: PMC10713452 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
An average shotgun proteomics experiment detects approximately 10,000 human proteins from a single sample. However, individual proteins are typically identified by peptide sequences representing a small fraction of their total amino acids. Hence, an average shotgun experiment fails to distinguish different protein variants and isoforms. Deeper proteome sequencing is therefore required for the global discovery of protein isoforms. Using six different human cell lines, six proteases, deep fractionation and three tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation methods, we identify a million unique peptides from 17,717 protein groups, with a median sequence coverage of approximately 80%. Direct comparison with RNA expression data provides evidence for the translation of most nonsynonymous variants. We have also hypothesized that undetected variants likely arise from mutation-induced protein instability. We further observe comparable detection rates for exon-exon junction peptides representing constitutive and alternative splicing events. Our dataset represents a resource for proteoform discovery and provides direct evidence that most frame-preserving alternatively spliced isoforms are translated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sinitcyn
- Computational Systems Biochemistry Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alicia L Richards
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert J Weatheritt
- EMBL Australia and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dain R Brademan
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Harald Marx
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jesse G Meyer
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexander S Hebert
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael S Westphall
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Computational Systems Biochemistry Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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2
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Chang B, Wang Z, Ren M, Yao Q, Zhao L, Zhou X. A Novel CASC15-ALK and TFG-ROS1 Fusion Observed in Uterine Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2023; 42:451-459. [PMID: 36730016 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) in the gynecologic tract occur in the uterine corpus and harbor anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK ) rearrangement. Herein, we report 1 uterine IMT case with a novel fusion involving ALK and 1 uterine IMT case with ROS1 rearrangement. The ages of the patients were 56 and 57 yr, respectively. The tumor size was 10.0 and 8.0 cm, respectively. Both patients had stage IB disease. Histologically, the 2 IMT cases had classic morphologic features and predominantly comprised bland spindle cells with hypercellular (fascicular/storiform) and hypocellular (myxoid rich) areas admixed with variably prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. Immunohistochemically, the ALK -rearranged case was positive for ALK , and the ROS1 -rearranged case was positive for ROS1 . Both cases were diffusely positive for desmin. The tumor cells were variably positive for estrogen receptor (1/2 cases, 50.0%) and progesterone receptor (1/2 cases, 50.0%). Targeted RNA sequencing revealed one case each with either a novel CASC15-ALK or TFG-ROS 1 fusion. We identified a novel ALK fusion partner CASC15 in IMT and described the first uterine IMT with a TFG-ROS1 fusion. This study improves our understanding of molecular events in IMT.
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3
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Singh S, Qin F, Kumar S, Elfman J, Lin E, Pham LP, Yang A, Li H. The landscape of chimeric RNAs in non-diseased tissues and cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1764-1778. [PMID: 31965184 PMCID: PMC7038929 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric RNAs and their encoded proteins have been traditionally viewed as unique features of neoplasia, and have been used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for multiple cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that chimeric RNAs also exist in non-cancerous cells and tissues, although large-scale, genome-wide studies of chimeric RNAs in non-diseased tissues have been scarce. Here, we explored the landscape of chimeric RNAs in 9495 non-diseased human tissue samples of 53 different tissues from the GTEx project. Further, we established means for classifying chimeric RNAs, and observed enrichment for particular classifications as more stringent filters are applied. We experimentally validated a subset of chimeric RNAs from each classification and demonstrated functional relevance of two chimeric RNAs in non-cancerous cells. Importantly, our list of chimeric RNAs in non-diseased tissues overlaps with some entries in several cancer fusion databases, raising concerns for some annotations. The data from this study provides a large repository of chimeric RNAs present in non-diseased tissues, which can be used as a control dataset to facilitate the identification of true cancer-specific chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Fujun Qin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Justin Elfman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Emily Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lam-Phong Pham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Amy Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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4
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Kourentzi K, Crum M, Patil U, Prebisch A, Chavan D, Vu B, Zeng Z, Litvinov D, Zu Y, Willson RC. Recombinant expression, characterization, and quantification in human cancer cell lines of the Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma-characteristic NPM-ALK fusion protein. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5078. [PMID: 32193476 PMCID: PMC7081362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive T-cell lymphoma most commonly seen in children and young adults. The majority of pediatric ALCLs are associated with the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation which fuses the Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) gene with the Nucleophosmin (NPM) gene. The NPM-ALK fusion protein is a constitutively-active tyrosine kinase, and plays a major role in tumor pathogenesis. In an effort to advance novel diagnostic approaches and the understanding of the function of this fusion protein in cancer cells, we expressed in E. coli, purified and characterized human NPM-ALK fusion protein to be used as a standard for estimating expression levels in cultured human ALCL cells, a key tool in ALCL pathobiology research. We estimated that NPM-ALK fusion protein is expressed at substantial levels in both Karpas 299 and SU-DHL-1 cells (ca. 4-6 million molecules or 0.5-0.7 pg protein per cell; based on our in-house developed NPM-ALK ELISA; LOD of 40 pM) as compared to the ubiquitous β-actin protein (ca. 64 million molecules or 4.5 pg per lymphocyte). We also compared NPM-ALK/ β-actin ratios determined by ELISA to those independently determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis and showed that the two methods are in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Mary Crum
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Ujwal Patil
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Ana Prebisch
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Dimple Chavan
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Binh Vu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Zihua Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dmitri Litvinov
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Richard C Willson
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud ITESM, Monterrey, Mexico.
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5
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Mesaros EF, Angeles TS, Albom MS, Wagner JC, Aimone LD, Wan W, Lu L, Huang Z, Olsen M, Kordwitz E, Haltiwanger RC, Landis AJ, Cheng M, Ruggeri BA, Ator MA, Dorsey BD, Ott GR. Piperidine-3,4-diol and piperidine-3-ol derivatives of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine as inhibitors of anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1047-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kong X, Pan P, Li D, Tian S, Li Y, Hou T. Importance of protein flexibility in ranking inhibitor affinities: modeling the binding mechanisms of piperidine carboxamides as Type I1/2 ALK inhibitors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6098-113. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05440g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has gained increased attention as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of various cancers, especially non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Kong
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Peichen Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Sheng Tian
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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7
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ALK: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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8
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Sun H, Xing X, Li J, Zhou F, Chen Y, He Y, Li W, Wei G, Chang X, Jia J, Li Y, Xie L. Identification of gene fusions from human lung cancer mass spectrometry data. BMC Genomics 2013; 14 Suppl 8:S5. [PMID: 24564548 PMCID: PMC4042237 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-s8-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technology has been applied to identify proteins, as an ultimate approach to confirm the original genome annotation. To be able to identify gene fusion proteins, a special database containing peptides that cross over gene fusion breakpoints is needed. Methods It is impractical to construct a database that includes all possible fusion peptides originated from potential breakpoints. Focusing on 6259 reported and predicted gene fusion pairs from ChimerDB 2.0 and Cancer Gene Census, we for the first time created a database CanProFu that comprehensively annotates fusion peptides formed by exon-exon linkage between these pairing genes. Results Applying this database to mass spectrometry datasets of 40 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples and 39 normal lung samples with stringent searching criteria, we were able to identify 19 unique fusion peptides characterizing gene fusion events. Among them 11 gene fusion events were only found in NSCLC samples. And also, 4 alternative splicing events were characterized in cancerous or normal lung samples. Conclusions The database and workflow in this work can be flexibly applied to other MS/MS based human cancer experiments to detect gene fusions as potential disease biomarkers or drug targets.
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9
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Alquati S, Gira FA, Bartoli V, Contini S, Corradi D. Low-grade myofibroblastic proliferations of the urinary bladder. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137:1117-28. [PMID: 23899070 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0326-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Myofibroblastic proliferations of the urinary bladder, which share some similarities with nodular fasciitis, were first reported in 1980. Since then, they have had several designations, the most frequently used being inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Based on both histopathologic and prognostic grounds, some authors prefer the term pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation, at least for some of the proliferations. These same scientists also assimilate the so-called postoperative spindle cell nodules with the pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferations. Little is known about these low-grade myofibroblastic proliferations. OBJECTIVES To review the literature about low-grade myofibroblastic proliferations occurring in the urinary bladder. DATA SOURCES Textbooks and literature review. We obtained most of the clinicopathologic peculiarities from a patient population composed of the most-relevant, previously reported cases. CONCLUSIONS The low-grade myofibroblastic proliferations of the urinary bladder are rare lesions affecting males more often than they do females. The most-common signs and symptoms are hematuria and dysuria. Histopathologically, they are spindle cell proliferations in a loose myxoid stroma, even though compact proliferations or hypocellular fibrous patterns can be found. Immunohistochemistry is quite nonspecific, except for ALK-1 positivity (20%-89%). Fluorescence in situ hybridization has demonstrated clonal genetic aberrations involving the ALK gene in 50% to 60% of cases. After surgery, only 6% of patients experience local recurrence, without metastases or deaths from the disease. Malignant transformation has been reported exceptionally. These myofibroblastic proliferations are probably part of a continuum with, at one end, benign pseudosarcomatous proliferations and, at the opposite end, more-aggressive lesions. Because of the frequently indolent clinical course, aggressive treatment would be unjustified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alquati
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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10
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ALK as a paradigm of oncogenic promiscuity: different mechanisms of activation and different fusion partners drive tumors of different lineages. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:357-73. [PMID: 24091028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase protein implicated in a variety of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Since the identification of the ALK gene in 1994 as the target of the t(2;5) chromosomal translocation in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK has been proven a remarkably promiscuous oncogene. ALK contributes to the development of a notable assortment of tumor types from different lineages, including hematolymphoid, mesenchymal, epithelial and neural tumors, through a variety of genetic mechanisms: gene fusions, activating point mutations, and gene amplification. Recent developments led to significant diagnostic and therapeutic advances, including efficient diagnostic tests and ALK-targeting agents readily available in the clinical setting. This review addresses some therapeutic considerations of ALK-targeted agents and the biologic implications of ALK oncogenic promiscuity, but the main points discussed are: 1) the variety of mechanisms that result in activation of the ALK oncogene, with emphasis on the promiscuous partnerships demonstrated in chromosomal rearrangements; 2) the diversity of tumor types of different lineages in which ALK has been implicated as a pathogenic driver; and 3) the different diagnostic tests available to identify ALK-driven tumors, and their respective indications.
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11
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El-Gamal MI, Oh CH. Design and Synthesis of an Anticancer Diarylurea Derivative with Multiple-Kinase Inhibitory Effect. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.5.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Mesaros EF, Thieu TV, Wells GJ, Zificsak CA, Wagner JC, Breslin HJ, Tripathy R, Diebold JL, McHugh RJ, Wohler AT, Quail MR, Wan W, Lu L, Huang Z, Albom MS, Angeles TS, Wells-Knecht KJ, Aimone LD, Cheng M, Ator MA, Ott GR, Dorsey BD. Strategies to Mitigate the Bioactivation of 2-Anilino-7-Aryl-Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines: Identification of Orally Bioavailable, Efficacious ALK Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 55:115-25. [PMID: 22141319 DOI: 10.1021/jm2010767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugen F. Mesaros
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Tho V. Thieu
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Gregory J. Wells
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Craig A. Zificsak
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Jason C. Wagner
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Henry J. Breslin
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Rabindranath Tripathy
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - James L. Diebold
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Robert J. McHugh
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Ashley T. Wohler
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Matthew R. Quail
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Weihua Wan
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Lihui Lu
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Zeqi Huang
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Mark S. Albom
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Thelma S. Angeles
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Kevin J. Wells-Knecht
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Lisa D. Aimone
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Mangeng Cheng
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Mark A. Ator
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Gregory R. Ott
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
| | - Bruce D. Dorsey
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United
States
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13
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Breslin HJ, Lane BM, Ott GR, Ghose AK, Angeles TS, Albom MS, Cheng M, Wan W, Haltiwanger RC, Wells-Knecht KJ, Dorsey BD. Design, Synthesis, and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) Inhibitory Activity for a Novel Series of 2,4,8,22-Tetraazatetracyclo[14.3.1.13,7.19,13]docosa-1(20),3(22),4,6,9(21),10,12,16,18-nonaene Macrocycles. J Med Chem 2011; 55:449-64. [PMID: 22172029 DOI: 10.1021/jm201333e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry J. Breslin
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Brandon M. Lane
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Gregory R. Ott
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Arup K. Ghose
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Thelma S. Angeles
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Mark S. Albom
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Mangeng Cheng
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Weihua Wan
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - R. Curtis Haltiwanger
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Kevin J. Wells-Knecht
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
| | - Bruce D. Dorsey
- Cephalon, Inc., 145 Brandywine
Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380-4245, United States
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Abstract
Aggressive T-cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies of mature T and natural killer cells, many of which have recently been identified as distinct entities in the classification of non-Hodgkin lymphomas according to the World Health Organization. Owing in part to a limited understanding of the molecular features and pathogenesis of many of these disorders, treatment strategies using conventional lymphoma regimens have been used, with generally inferior outcomes. Recent data are now emerging from gene expression profiling and molecular analysis of tumors, which has led to development of novel, targeted therapeutic strategies and has provided a basis for more accurate diagnosis and prognostic characterization.
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15
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Kinney MC, Higgins RA, Medina EA. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: twenty-five years of discovery. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:19-43. [PMID: 21204709 DOI: 10.5858/2010-0507-rar.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The year 2010 commemorates the 25th year since the seminal publication by Karl Lennert and Harald Stein and others in Kiel, West Germany, describing an unusual large cell lymphoma now known as anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Investigators at many universities and hospitals worldwide have contributed to our current in-depth understanding of this unique peripheral T-cell lymphoma, which in its systemic form, principally occurs in children and young adults. OBJECTIVE To summarize our current knowledge of the clinical and pathologic features of systemic and primary cutaneous ALCL. Particular emphasis is given to the biology and pathogenesis of ALCL. DATA SOURCES Search of the medical literature (Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE: 1950 to Present [National Library of Medicine]) and more than 20 years of diagnostic experience were used as the source of data for review. CONCLUSIONS Based on immunostaining for activation antigen CD30 and the presence of dysregulation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (2p23), the diagnosis of ALCL has become relatively straightforward for most patients. Major strides have been made during the last decade in our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of ALCL. Constitutive NPM-ALK signaling has been shown to drive oncogenesis via an intricate network of redundant and interacting pathways that regulate cell proliferation, cell fate, and cytoskeletal modeling. Nevertheless, pathomechanistic, therapeutic, and diagnostic challenges remain that should be resolved as we embark on the next generation of discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha C Kinney
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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16
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Novel 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[d]azepine derivatives of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine, selective and orally bioavailable ALK inhibitors with antitumor efficacy in ALCL mouse models. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:463-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Mariño-Enríquez A, Ou WB, Weldon CB, Fletcher JA, Pérez-Atayde AR. ALK rearrangement in sickle cell trait-associated renal medullary carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 50:146-53. [PMID: 21213368 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal Medullary Carcinoma (RMC) is an aggressive malignancy that affects young black individuals with sickle cell trait. No effective treatment is available, resulting in an ominous clinical course, with overall survival averaging less than four months. We report rearrangement of the ALK receptor tyrosine kinase in a pediatric case of RMC harboring a t(2;10)(p23;q22) translocation. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic evaluation identified a novel ALK oncoprotein in which the cytoskeletal protein vinculin (VCL) was fused to the ALK kinase domain. The resulting VCL-ALK fusion does not contain known self-association domains, but includes the talin binding domains of vinculin. We demonstrate coprecipitation of strongly tyrosine phosphorylated talins with the VCL-ALK oncoprotein, suggesting that ALK oncogenic crossphosphorylation is mediated by interactions between neighboring VCL-ALK proteins on a talin scaffold. This report widens the spectrum of ALK-related tumors and ALK fusion partners, and provides a rationale for treating RMC with targeted ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Mariño-Enríquez
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
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18
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SAW: a method to identify splicing events from RNA-Seq data based on splicing fingerprints. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12047. [PMID: 20706591 PMCID: PMC2919401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Splicing event identification is one of the most important issues in the comprehensive analysis of transcription profile. Recent development of next-generation sequencing technology has generated an extensive profile of alternative splicing. However, while many of these splicing events are between exons that are relatively close on genome sequences, reads generated by RNA-Seq are not limited to alternative splicing between close exons but occur in virtually all splicing events. In this work, a novel method, SAW, was proposed for the identification of all splicing events based on short reads from RNA-Seq. It was observed that short reads not in known gene models are actually absent words from known gene sequences. An efficient method to filter and cluster these short reads by fingerprint fragments of splicing events without aligning short reads to genome sequences was developed. Additionally, the possible splicing sites were also determined without alignment against genome sequences. A consensus sequence was then generated for each short read cluster, which was then aligned to the genome sequences. Results demonstrated that this method could identify more than 90% of the known splicing events with a very low false discovery rate, as well as accurately identify, a number of novel splicing events between distant exons.
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19
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Swaney DL, Wenger CD, Coon JJ. Value of using multiple proteases for large-scale mass spectrometry-based proteomics. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1323-9. [PMID: 20113005 DOI: 10.1021/pr900863u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale protein sequencing methods rely on enzymatic digestion of complex protein mixtures to generate a collection of peptides for mass spectrometric analysis. Here we examine the use of multiple proteases (trypsin, LysC, ArgC, AspN, and GluC) to improve both protein identification and characterization in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a data-dependent, decision tree-based algorithm to tailor MS(2) fragmentation method to peptide precursor, we identified 92 095 unique peptides (609 665 total) mapping to 3908 proteins at a 1% false discovery rate (FDR). These results were a significant improvement upon data from a single protease digest (trypsin) - 27 822 unique peptides corresponding to 3313 proteins. The additional 595 protein identifications were mainly from those at low abundances (i.e., < 1000 copies/cell); sequence coverage for these proteins was likewise improved nearly 3-fold. We demonstrate that large portions of the proteome are simply inaccessible following digestion with a single protease and that multiple proteases, rather than technical replicates, provide a direct route to increase both protein identifications and proteome sequence coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Swaney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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20
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Han X, Aslanian A, Yates JR. Mass spectrometry for proteomics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 12:483-90. [PMID: 18718552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been widely used to analyze biological samples and has evolved into an indispensable tool for proteomics research. Our desire to understand the proteome has led to new technologies that push the boundary of mass spectrometry capabilities, which in return has allowed mass spectrometry to address an ever-increasing array of biological questions. The recent development of a novel mass spectrometer (Orbitrap) and new dissociation methods such as electron-transfer dissociation has made possible the exciting new areas of proteomic application. Although bottom-up proteomics (analysis of proteolytic peptide mixtures) remains the workhorse for proteomic analysis, middle-down and top-down strategies (analysis of longer peptides and intact proteins, respectively) should allow more complete characterization of protein isoforms and post-translational modifications. Finally, stable isotope labeling strategies have transformed mass spectrometry from merely descriptive to a tool for measuring dynamic changes in protein expression, interaction, and modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Han
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrev Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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21
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The enzymatic activity of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase is enhanced by NPM-ALK: new insights in ALK-mediated pathogenesis and the treatment of ALCL. Blood 2008; 113:2776-90. [PMID: 18845790 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-06-161018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma represents a subset of neoplasms caused by translocations that juxtapose the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) to dimerization partners. The constitutive activation of ALK fusion proteins leads to cellular transformation through a complex signaling network. To elucidate the ALK pathways sustaining lymphomagenesis and tumor maintenance, we analyzed the tyrosine-kinase protein profiles of ALK-positive cell lines using 2 complementary proteomic-based approaches, taking advantage of a specific ALK RNA interference (RNAi) or cell-permeable inhibitors. A well-defined set of ALK-associated tyrosine phosphopeptides, including metabolic enzymes, kinases, ribosomal and cytoskeletal proteins, was identified. Validation studies confirmed that vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase (ATIC) associated with nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK, and their phosphorylation required ALK activity. ATIC phosphorylation was documented in cell lines and primary tumors carrying ALK proteins and other tyrosine kinases, including TPR-Met and wild type c-Met. Functional analyses revealed that ALK-mediated ATIC phosphorylation enhanced its enzymatic activity, dampening the methotrexate-mediated transformylase activity inhibition. These findings demonstrate that proteomic approaches in well-controlled experimental settings allow the definition of informative proteomic profiles and the discovery of novel ALK downstream players that contribute to the maintenance of the neoplastic phenotype. Prediction of tumor responses to methotrexate may justify specific molecular-based chemotherapy.
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22
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Rodriguez FJ, Gamez JD, Vrana JA, Theis JD, Giannini C, Scheithauer BW, Parisi JE, Lucchinetti CF, Pendlebury WW, Bergen HR, Dogan A. Immunoglobulin derived depositions in the nervous system: novel mass spectrometry application for protein characterization in formalin-fixed tissues. J Transl Med 2008; 88:1024-37. [PMID: 18711355 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinaceous deposits are occasionally encountered in surgically obtained biopsies of the nervous system. Some of these are amyloidomas, although the precise nature of other cases remains uncertain. We studied 13 cases of proteinaceous aggregates in clinical specimens of the nervous system. Proteins contained within laser microdissected areas of interest were identified from tryptic peptide sequences by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Immunohistochemical studies for immunoglobulin heavy and light chains and amyloidogenic proteins were performed in all cases. Histologically, the cases were classified into three groups: 'proteinaceous deposit not otherwise specified' (PDNOS) (n=6), amyloidoma (n=5), or 'intracellular crystals' (n=2). LC-MS/MS demonstrated the presence of lambda, but not kappa, light chain as well as serum amyloid P in all amyloidomas. lambda-Light-chain immunostaining was noted in amyloid (n=5), although demonstrable monotypic lymphoplasmacytic cells were seen in only one case. Conversely, in PDNOS kappa, but not lambda, was evident in five cases, both light chains being present in a single case. In three cases of PDNOS, a low-grade B-cell lymphoma consistent with marginal zone lymphoma was present in the brain specimen (n=2) or spleen (n=1). Lastly, in the 'intracellular crystals' group, the crystals were present within CD68+ macrophages in one case wherein kappa-light chain was found by LC-MS/MS only; the pathology was consistent with crystal-storing histiocytosis. In the second case, the crystals contained immunoglobulin G within CD138+ plasma cells. Our results show that proteinaceous deposits in the nervous system contain immunoglobulin components and LC-MS/MS accurately identifies the content of these deposits in clinical biopsy specimens. LC-MS/MS represents a novel application for characterization of these deposits and is of diagnostic utility in addition to standard immunohistochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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23
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Patel AS, Murphy KM, Hawkins AL, Cohen JS, Long PP, Perlman EJ, Griffin CA. RANBP2 and CLTC are involved in ALK rearrangements in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 176:107-14. [PMID: 17656252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are rare soft tissue tumors occurring primarily in children and young adults. ALK gene rearrangements have been identified in this neoplasm, with fusion of the ALK gene at 2p23 to a number of different partner genes. Metaphase cytogenetic analyses of these tumors have been relatively few, however, and may help to identify additional variant partners. We report on an IMT from a 2-year-old boy with a karyotype of 45,XY,der(2)inv(2)(p23q12)del(2)(p11.1p11.2),-22. FISH showed ALK-RANBP2 fusion in this tumor. The breakpoint was cloned and the fusion was confirmed, making this the third reported case of IMT with ALK-RANBP2 fusion. In addition, we identified the ALK fusion partner in a previously reported IMT with t(2;17)(p23;q23) as CLTC, a gene reported to be involved in four other IMTs, and showed that the breakpoint involved a novel ALK-CLTC fusion. FISH evaluation of nine other IMTs identified CLTC as the fusion partner in one additional case, but RANBP2 was not involved in the remaining eight IMTs, suggesting that the variant partners involved in ALK rearrangements in IMTs are diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita S Patel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Park SB-202, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore MD 21287, USA
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24
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Bashir A, Volik S, Collins C, Bafna V, Raphael BJ. Evaluation of paired-end sequencing strategies for detection of genome rearrangements in cancer. PLoS Comput Biol 2008; 4:e1000051. [PMID: 18404202 PMCID: PMC2278375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired-end sequencing is emerging as a key technique for assessing genome rearrangements and structural variation on a genome-wide scale. This technique is particularly useful for detecting copy-neutral rearrangements, such as inversions and translocations, which are common in cancer and can produce novel fusion genes. We address the question of how much sequencing is required to detect rearrangement breakpoints and to localize them precisely using both theoretical models and simulation. We derive a formula for the probability that a fusion gene exists in a cancer genome given a collection of paired-end sequences from this genome. We use this formula to compute fusion gene probabilities in several breast cancer samples, and we find that we are able to accurately predict fusion genes in these samples with a relatively small number of fragments of large size. We further demonstrate how the ability to detect fusion genes depends on the distribution of gene lengths, and we evaluate how different parameters of a sequencing strategy impact breakpoint detection, breakpoint localization, and fusion gene detection, even in the presence of errors that suggest false rearrangements. These results will be useful in calibrating future cancer sequencing efforts, particularly large-scale studies of many cancer genomes that are enabled by next-generation sequencing technologies. Cancer is driven by genomic mutations that can range from single nucleotide changes to chromosomal aberrations that rearrange large pieces of DNA. Often, these chromosomal aberrations disrupt a gene sequence, and even fuse the sequences of two genes, producing a “fusion gene.” Fusion genes have been identified as key participants in the development of several types of cancer. Using genome-sequencing technology it is now possible to identify chromosomal aberrations genome-wide and at high resolution. In this paper, we address the question of how much sequencing is required to detect a chromosomal aberration and to determine the location of the aberration precisely enough to identify if a fusion gene is created by this aberration. We derive a mathematical formula that accurately predicts a number of fusion genes in a breast cancer sequencing study. We also demonstrate how the ability to detect chromosomal aberrations and fusion genes depends on both the size of the fusion gene and the parameters of the genome sequencing strategy that is used. These results will be useful in calibrating future cancer sequencing efforts, especially those using next-generation sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bashir
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AB); (BJR)
| | - Stanislav Volik
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Colin Collins
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Raphael
- Department of Computer Science and Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AB); (BJR)
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25
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Chiarle R, Voena C, Ambrogio C, Piva R, Inghirami G. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase in the pathogenesis of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:11-23. [PMID: 18097461 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases are involved in the pathogenesis of most cancers. However, few tyrosine kinases have been shown to have a well-defined pathogenetic role in lymphomas. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is the oncogene of most anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL), driving transformation through many molecular mechanisms. In this Review, we will analyse how translocations or deregulated expression of ALK contribute to oncogenesis and how recent genetic or pharmacological tools, aimed at neutralizing its activity, can represent the basis for the design of powerful combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Chiarle
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), University of Torino, Via Santena 7, 10126, Italy.
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26
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Tropomyosins as interpreters of the signalling environment to regulate the local cytoskeleton. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 18:35-44. [PMID: 17942320 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A key regulator of cell morphology is the actin cytoskeleton and it has long been appreciated that the cytoskeleton is characteristically altered in cancer. Actin is organized into polymeric structures with distinct dynamics which in turn participate in a wide variety of cell processes including adhesion, migration, cell division and apoptosis. Despite displaying an altered actin cytoskeleton, transformed cells retain--and in many cases increase--their ability to adhere, move, divide and respond to apoptotic stimuli. Thus cancer cells maintain responsive actin cytoskeletons. Actin dynamics are regulated by numerous actin-binding proteins and chief among these are the tropomyosins which are core components of the microfilament. Recent advances in genomic and proteomic profiling confirm that Tm expression profiles are profoundly changed in transformed cells. It is therefore timely to review the role of Tms in the regulation of actin dynamics that pertain to crucial phenotypic changes in cancer. In this review we discuss how actin filaments containing different Tm isoforms respond to the activation of cell signalling pathways and consider the implications of this for cancer progression and therapy.
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Lim MS, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ. Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomic Studies of Human Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:1787-98. [PMID: 16785248 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r600005-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant lymphomas are a diverse group of malignant neoplasms that arise as a result of a complex interplay of multiple factors including genetic aberrations, immunosuppression, and exposure to noxious agents such as ionizing radiation and chemical agents. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive T-lineage lymphoma harboring chromosomal translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase. The most common translocation in ALCL is the t(2;5)(p23;q35). This results in the formation of a chimeric fusion kinase, nucleophosmin/ALK. Nucleophosmin/ALK activates numerous downstream signaling pathways resulting in enhanced survival and proliferation. Using a variety of mass spectrometry-driven proteomic strategies, we have studied several aspects of the ALCL proteome. In this review, we provide a summary of mass spectrometry-based proteomic studies that expands the current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of ALCL and provides the basis for the identification of biomarkers and targets for novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lim
- Department of Pathology and Associated Regional and University Pathologists Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA.
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