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Friese-Hamim M, Ortiz Ruiz MJ, Bogatyrova O, Keil M, Rohdich F, Blume B, Leuthner B, Czauderna F, Hahn D, Jabs J, Jaehrling F, Heinrich T, Kellner R, Chan K, Tong AH, Wienke D, Moffat J, Blaukat A, Zenke FT. Novel Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 Inhibitor M8891 Synergizes with VEGF Receptor Inhibitors to Inhibit Tumor Growth of Renal Cell Carcinoma Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:159-173. [PMID: 37940144 PMCID: PMC10831447 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal processing by methionine aminopeptidases (MetAP) is a crucial step in the maturation of proteins during protein biosynthesis. Small-molecule inhibitors of MetAP2 have antiangiogenic and antitumoral activity. Herein, we characterize the structurally novel MetAP2 inhibitor M8891. M8891 is a potent, selective, reversible small-molecule inhibitor blocking the growth of human endothelial cells and differentially inhibiting cancer cell growth. A CRISPR genome-wide screen identified the tumor suppressor p53 and MetAP1/MetAP2 as determinants of resistance and sensitivity to pharmacologic MetAP2 inhibition. A newly identified substrate of MetAP2, translation elongation factor 1-alpha-1 (EF1a-1), served as a pharmacodynamic biomarker to follow target inhibition in cell and mouse studies. Robust angiogenesis and tumor growth inhibition was observed with M8891 monotherapy. In combination with VEGF receptor inhibitors, tumor stasis and regression occurred in patient-derived xenograft renal cell carcinoma models, particularly those that were p53 wild-type, had Von Hippel-Landau gene (VHL) loss-of-function mutations, and a mid/high MetAP1/2 expression score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Friese-Hamim
- Research Unit Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maria J. Ortiz Ruiz
- Research Unit Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Bogatyrova
- Research Unit Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marina Keil
- Research Unit Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Rohdich
- Discovery Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Beatrix Blume
- Discovery Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Birgitta Leuthner
- Discovery Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Czauderna
- Research Unit Oncology, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Diane Hahn
- Research Unit Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Jabs
- Research Unit Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Jaehrling
- Research Unit Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Timo Heinrich
- Discovery Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Roland Kellner
- Discovery Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katherine Chan
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy H.Y. Tong
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dirk Wienke
- Research Unit Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andree Blaukat
- Research Unit Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank T. Zenke
- Research Unit Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Lignet F, Friese-Hamim M, Jaehrling F, El Bawab S, Rohdich F. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Translational Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of M8891, a Potent and Reversible Inhibitor of Methionine Aminopeptidase 2. Pharm Res 2023; 40:3011-3023. [PMID: 37798538 PMCID: PMC10746753 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION M8891 is a selective and reversible inhibitor of methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2). We describe translational research to define the target pharmacokinetics (PK) of M8891 and associated pharmacodynamic (PD) levels, which were used to support efficacious dose selection in humans. METHODS In vitro and in vivo PK characteristics were investigated in animal species, and data integrated using in vitro-in vivo correlation and allometric methods to predict the clearance, volume of distribution, and absorption parameters of M8891 in humans. In parallel, inhibition of MetAP2 activity by M8891 was studied in renal cancer xenografts in mice by measuring accumulation of Met-EF1α, a substrate of MetAP2. The corresponding PD effect was described by a turnover and effect compartment model. This model was used to simulate PD at the M8891 dose showing in vivo efficacy, i.e. significant tumor growth inhibition. Simulations of M8891 PK and associated PD in humans were conducted by integrating predicted human PK parameters into the preclinical PK/PD model. RESULTS The target minimum PD level associated with efficacy was determined to be 125 µg Met-EF1α per mg protein. Integrating predicted human PK parameters into the preclinical PK/PD model defined a minimal M8891 concentration at steady-state (Ctrough) of 1500 ng/mL (3.9 µM) in humans as being required to produce the corresponding minimum target Met-EF1a level (125 µg per mg protein). CONCLUSION The defined target PK and PD levels supported the design of the clinical Phase Ia dose escalation study of M8891 (NCT03138538) and selection of the recommended Phase II dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Lignet
- Drug Discovery Technologies, the Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, 250 Frankfurter Strasse, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Manja Friese-Hamim
- Research Unit Oncology, the Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Jaehrling
- Research Unit Oncology, the Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Samer El Bawab
- Translational Medicine, the Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Translational Medicine, Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Felix Rohdich
- Drug Discovery Technologies, the Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, 250 Frankfurter Strasse, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
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Meng XL, Yuan PB, Wang XJ, Hang J, Shi XM, Zhao YY, Wei Y. The Proteome Landscape of Human Placentas for Monochorionic Twins with Selective Intrauterine Growth Restriction. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 21:1246-1259. [PMID: 37121272 PMCID: PMC11082409 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In perinatal medicine, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is one of the greatest challenges. The etiology of IUGR is multifactorial, but most cases are thought to arise from placental insufficiency. However, identifying the placental cause of IUGR can be difficult due to numerous confounding factors. Selective IUGR (sIUGR) would be a good model to investigate how impaired placentation affects fetal development, as the growth discordance between monochorionic twins cannot be explained by confounding genetic or maternal factors. Herein, we constructed and analyzed the placental proteomic profiles of IUGR twins and normal cotwins. Specifically, we identified a total of 5481 proteins, of which 233 were differentially expressed (57 up-regulated and 176 down-regulated) in IUGR twins. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that these differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) are mainly associated with cardiovascular system development and function, organismal survival, and organismal development. Notably, 34 DEPs are significantly enriched in angiogenesis, and diminished placental angiogenesis in IUGR twins has been further elaborately confirmed. Moreover, we found decreased expression of metadherin (MTDH) in the placentas of IUGR twins and demonstrated that MTDH contributes to placental angiogenesis and fetal growth in vitro. Collectively, our findings reveal the comprehensive proteomic signatures of placentas for sIUGR twins, and the DEPs identified may provide in-depth insights into the pathogenesis of placental dysfunction and subsequent impaired fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lu Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng-Bo Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue-Ju Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Hang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang-Yu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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Steinberg E, Esa R, Schwob O, Stern T, Orehov N, Zamir G, Hubert A, Panigrahy D, Benny O. Methionine aminopeptidase 2 as a potential target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:6243-6255. [PMID: 36247237 PMCID: PMC9556484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an aggressive metastatic cancer with a very low survival rate. This tumor is hypovascularized and characterized by severe hypoxic regions, yet these regions are not impeded by the oxidative stress in their microenvironment. PDA's high resilience raises the need to find new effective therapeutic targets. This study investigated the suitability of methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAp2), a metallopeptidase known to play an important role in tumor progression, as a new target for treating PDA. In our examination of patient-derived PDA tissues, we found that MetAp2 is highly expressed in metastatic regions compared with primary sites. At the cellular level, we found that the basal expression levels of MetAp2 in pancreatic cancer cells were higher than its levels in endothelial cells. Pancreatic cancer cells showed a significant suppression of proliferation in a dose-dependent manner upon exposure to TNP-470, a selective MetAp2 inhibitor. In addition, a significant reduction in glutathione (GSH) levels - known for its importance in alleviating oxidative stress - was detected in all treated cells, suggesting a possible anti-cancer activity mechanism that would be feasible for treating highly hypoxic PDA tumors. Furthermore, in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer murine model, systemic oral treatment with a MetAp2 inhibitor significantly reduced tumors' growth. Taken together, our findings indicate that MetAp2 enhances tumor sensitivity to hypoxia and may provide an effective target for treating hypoxic tumors with high expression levels of MetAp2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Steinberg
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemIsrael
| | - Rawnaq Esa
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemIsrael
| | - Ouri Schwob
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemIsrael
| | - Tal Stern
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemIsrael
| | - Natalie Orehov
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemIsrael
| | - Gideon Zamir
- Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical SchoolEin Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ayala Hubert
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical SchoolEin Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ofra Benny
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemIsrael
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Methionine aminopeptidase‑2 is a pivotal regulator of vasculogenic mimicry. Oncol Rep 2021; 47:31. [PMID: 34913067 PMCID: PMC8717127 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is the formation of a blood supply system that confers aggressive and metastatic properties to tumors and correlates with a poor prognosis in cancer patients. Thus, the inhibition of VM is considered an effective approach for cancer treatment, although such a mechanism remains poorly described. In the present study, we examined methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2), a key factor of angiogenesis, and demonstrated that it is pivotal for VM, using pharmacological and genetic approaches. Fumagillin and TNP-470, angiogenesis inhibitors that target MetAP2, significantly suppressed VM in various human cancer cell lines. We established MetAP2-knockout (KO) human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that VM was attenuated in these cells. Furthermore, re-expression of wild-type MetAP2 restored VM in the MetAP2-KO HT1080 cells, but the substitution of D251, a conserved amino acid in MetAP2, failed to rescue the VM. Collectively, our results demonstrate that MetAP2 is critical for VM in human cancer cells and suggest fumagillin and TNP-470 as potent VM-suppressing agents.
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Goya Grocin A, Kallemeijn WW, Tate EW. Targeting methionine aminopeptidase 2 in cancer, obesity, and autoimmunity. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:870-882. [PMID: 34446297 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For over three decades, methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) has been a tentative drug target for the treatment of cancer, obesity, and autoimmune diseases. Currently, no MetAP2 inhibitors (MetAP2i) have reached the clinic yet, despite considerable investment by major pharmaceutical companies. Here, we summarize the key series of MetAP2i developed to date and discuss their clinical development, progress, and issues. We coalesce the currently disparate knowledge regarding MetAP2i mechanism of action and discuss discrepancies across varied studies. Finally, we highlight the current knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to enable successful development of MetAP2 inhibitors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Goya Grocin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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MetAP2 inhibition modifies hemoglobin S to delay polymerization and improves blood flow in sickle cell disease. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1388-1402. [PMID: 33661300 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with hemolysis, vascular inflammation, and organ damage. Affected patients experience chronic painful vaso-occlusive events requiring hospitalization. Hypoxia-induced polymerization of sickle hemoglobin S (HbS) contributes to sickling of red blood cells (RBCs) and disease pathophysiology. Dilution of HbS with nonsickling hemoglobin or hemoglobin with increased oxygen affinity, such as fetal hemoglobin or HbS bound to aromatic aldehydes, is clinically beneficial in decreasing polymerization. We investigated a novel alternate approach to modify HbS and decrease polymerization by inhibiting methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), which cleaves the initiator methionine (iMet) from Val1 of α-globin and βS-globin. Kinetic studies with MetAP2 show that βS-globin is a fivefold better substrate than α-globin. Knockdown of MetAP2 in human umbilical cord blood-derived erythroid progenitor 2 cells shows more extensive modification of α-globin than β-globin, consistent with kinetic data. Treatment of human erythroid cells in vitro or Townes SCD mice in vivo with selective MetAP2 inhibitors extensively modifies both globins with N-terminal iMet and acetylated iMet. HbS modification by MetAP2 inhibition increases oxygen affinity, as measured by decreased oxygen tension at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated. Acetyl-iMet modification on βS-globin delays HbS polymerization under hypoxia. MetAP2 inhibitor-treated Townes mice reach 50% total HbS modification, significantly increasing the affinity of RBCs for oxygen, increasing whole blood single-cell RBC oxygen saturation, and decreasing fractional flow velocity losses in blood rheology under decreased oxygen pressures. Crystal structures of modified HbS variants show stabilization of the nonpolymerizing high O2-affinity R2 state, explaining modified HbS antisickling activity. Further study of MetAP2 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target for SCD is warranted.
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The Role of Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 in Lymphangiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145148. [PMID: 32708166 PMCID: PMC7403956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the metastasis process, tumor cells invade the blood circulatory system directly from venous capillaries or indirectly via lymphatic vessels. Understanding the relative contribution of each pathway and identifying the molecular targets that affect both processes is critical for reducing cancer spread. Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAp2) is an intracellular enzyme known to modulate angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the additional role of MetAp2 in lymphangiogenesis. A histological staining of tumors from human breast-cancer donors was performed in order to detect the level and the localization of MetAp2 and lymphatic capillaries. The basal enzymatic level and activity in vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells were compared, followed by loss of function studies determining the role of MetAp2 in lymphangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The results from the histological analyses of the tumor tissues revealed a high MetAp2 expression, with detectable sites of co-localization with lymphatic capillaries. We showed slightly reduced levels of the MetAp2 enzyme and MetAp2 mRNA expression and activity in primary lymphatic cells when compared to the vascular endothelial cells. The genetic and biochemical manipulation of MetAp2 confirmed the dual activity of the enzyme in both vascular and lymphatic remodulation in cell function assays and in a zebrafish model. We found that cancer-related lymphangiogenesis is inhibited in murine models following MetAp2 inhibition treatment. Taken together, our study provides an indication that MetAp2 is a significant contributor to lymphangiogenesis and carries a dual role in both vascular and lymphatic capillary formation. Our data suggests that MetAp2 inhibitors can be effectively used as anti-metastatic broad-spectrum drugs.
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He WP, Guo YY, Yang GP, Lai HL, Sun TT, Zhang ZW, Ouyang LL, Zheng Y, Tian LM, Li XH, You ZS, Xie D, Yang GF. CHD1L promotes EOC cell invasiveness and metastasis via the regulation of METAP2. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2387-2395. [PMID: 32922205 PMCID: PMC7484650 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.48615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1-like (CHD1L) gene has been proposed to play an oncogenic role in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Previously we reported that CHD1L overexpression is significantly associated with the metastasis proceeding of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), and may predict a poor prognosis in EOC patients. However, the potential oncogenic mechanisms by which CHD1L acts in EOC remain unclear. To elucidate the oncogenic function of CHD1L, we carried out a series of in vitro assays, with effects of CHD1L ectogenic overexpression and silencing being determined in EOC cell lines (HO8910, A2780 and ES2). Real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses were used to identify potential downstream targets of CHD1L in the process of EOC invasion and metastasis. In ovarian carcinoma HO8910 cell lines, ectopic overexpression of CHD1L substantially induced the invasive and metastasis ability of the cancer cells in vitro. In contrast, knockdown of CHD1L using shRNA inhibited cell invasion in vitro in ovarian carcinoma A2780 and ES2 cell lines. We also demonstrated that methionyl aminopeptidase 2 (METAP2) was a downstream target of CHD1L in EOC, and we found a significant, positive correlation between the expression of CHD1L and METAP2 in EOC tissues (P<0.05). Our findings indicate that CHD1L plays a potential role in the inducement of EOC cancer cell invasion and/or metastasis via the regulation of METAP2 expression and suggests that CHD1L inhibition may provide a potential target for therapeutic intervention in human EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Peng He
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Yun Guo
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Ping Yang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Lai
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Sun
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zu-Wei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Long Ouyang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ming Tian
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Shan You
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Fen Yang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan Road II, 510080 Guangzhou, China
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MetAP1 and MetAP2 drive cell selectivity for a potent anti-cancer agent in synergy, by controlling glutathione redox state. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63306-63323. [PMID: 27542228 PMCID: PMC5325365 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumagillin and its derivatives are therapeutically useful because they can decrease cancer progression. The specific molecular target of fumagillin is methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), one of the two MetAPs present in the cytosol. MetAPs catalyze N-terminal methionine excision (NME), an essential pathway of cotranslational protein maturation. To date, it remains unclear the respective contribution of MetAP1 and MetAP2 to the NME process in vivo and why MetAP2 inhibition causes cell cycle arrest only in a subset of cells. Here, we performed a global characterization of the N-terminal methionine excision pathway and the inhibition of MetAP2 by fumagillin in a number of lines, including cancer cell lines. Large-scale N-terminus profiling in cells responsive and unresponsive to fumagillin treatment revealed that both MetAPs were required in vivo for M[VT]X-targets and, possibly, for lower-level M[G]X-targets. Interestingly, we found that the responsiveness of the cell lines to fumagillin was correlated with the ability of the cells to modulate their glutathione homeostasis. Indeed, alterations to glutathione status were observed in fumagillin-sensitive cells but not in cells unresponsive to this agent. Proteo-transcriptomic analyses revealed that both MetAP1 and MetAP2 accumulated in a cell-specific manner and that cell sensitivity to fumagillin was related to the levels of these MetAPs, particularly MetAP1. We suggest that MetAP1 levels could be routinely checked in several types of tumor and used as a prognostic marker for predicting the response to treatments inhibiting MetAP2.
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Han J, Tang Y, Lu M, Hua H. Comprehensive comparison of MetAP2 tissue and cellular expression pattern in lean and obese rodents. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:565-577. [PMID: 30319281 PMCID: PMC6167978 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s171109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) cleaves the initiator methionine from nascent peptides during translation. In both preclinical and clinical studies, the pharmacological inhibition of MetAP2 in obese subjects results in the suppression of food intake and body weight loss. However, the mechanism of action of body weight loss caused by MetAP2 inhibition remains to be elucidated, and the sites of action by pharmacological MetAP2 inhibition remain unknown. METHODS In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the MetAP2 expression pattern in mice was performed. RESULTS Except for the relatively low expression in adipose tissues, MetAP2 protein was well-expressed in tissues important for metabolism, including liver, whole brain, skeletal muscle and intestine tissues. In comparison to lean mice, MetAP2 mRNA level was elevated in the intestines of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. At the cellular level, MetAP2 exhibited a distinct high expression in central and peripheral neurons, as well as in epithelial cells lining both the small intestine and colon. In the liver of lean mice, MetAP2 protein exhibited punctate staining, which was enriched in zone three hepatocytes surrounding the central veins. In contrast, MetAP2 expression was diffuse in the liver of DIO mice. Furthermore, MetAP2 was highly expressed in immune cells that infiltrated DIO livers. CONCLUSION Overall, these results delineate the MetAP2 expression at both tissue and cellular levels and highlight the altered MetAP2 expression under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Yang Tang
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Mingjian Lu
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Haiqing Hua
- Lilly China Research and Development Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, ,
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Lin M, Zhang X, Jia B, Guan S. Suppression of glioblastoma growth and angiogenesis through molecular targeting of methionine aminopeptidase-2. J Neurooncol 2017; 136:243-254. [PMID: 29116484 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) have been pharmacologically linked to cell growth, angiogenesis, and tumor progression, which make it an attractive target for cancer therapy. We investigated MetAP2's biological role in glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive tumor characterized by massive neovascularization. We examined the effect of anti-MetAP2 RNA interference on proliferation and angiogenesis in GBM cell line. The biological effects of MetAP2 knockdown were assessed by comparing the proliferation, tumorigenecity, and angiogenesis of parental cells and MetAP2 knockdown cells. We generated MetAP2 knockdown cells using lentiviral short hairpin RNAs against MetAP2 in SNB19 GBM cells, which normally express high levels of MetAP2. MetAP2 knockdown cells were less proliferative and less tumorigenic when compared to the parental cells. MetAP2 knockdown decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Decreased VEGF expression in MetAP2 knockdown cells correlated very well with decreased vessel formation in a tube formation assay. We showed that VEGF suppression in MetAP2 knockdown cells was mediated by the von Hippel-Lindau protein. In in vivo animal studies using an intracranial SNB19 tumor model, MetAP2 knockdown also reduced the tumor growth rate and angiogenesis, which in turn prolonged the survival of mice in xenograft model. Our results show that MetAP2 regulates angiogenesis in GBM and identify MetAP2-specific substrates that may serve as candidates for clinical assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510089, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Jia
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, 382 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Guan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, 382 Wai Huan Dong Road, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Embryonic vascular disruption adverse outcomes: Linking high throughput signaling signatures with functional consequences. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 71:16-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Ellis-Hutchings RG, Settivari RS, McCoy AT, Kleinstreuer N, Franzosa J, Knudsen TB, Carney EW. Embryonic vascular disruption adverse outcomes: Linking high throughput signaling signatures with functional consequences. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 70:82-96. [PMID: 28527947 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic vascular disruption is an important adverse outcome pathway (AOP) as chemical disruption of cardiovascular development induces broad prenatal defects. High throughput screening (HTS) assays aid AOP development although linking in vitro data to in vivo apical endpoints remains challenging. This study evaluated two anti-angiogenic agents, 5HPP-33 and TNP-470, across the ToxCastDB HTS assay platform and anchored the results to complex in vitro functional assays: the rat aortic explant assay (AEA), rat whole embryo culture (WEC), and the zebrafish embryotoxicity (ZET) assay. Both were identified as putative vascular disruptive compounds (pVDCs) in ToxCastDB and disrupted angiogenesis and embryogenesis in the functional assays. Differences were observed in potency and adverse effects: 5HPP-33 was embryolethal (WEC and ZET); TNP-470 produced caudal defects at lower concentrations. This study demonstrates how a tiered approach using HTS signatures and complex functional in vitro assays might be used to prioritize further in vivo developmental toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Ellis-Hutchings
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, United States.
| | - Raja S Settivari
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Alene T McCoy
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Jill Franzosa
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Edward W Carney
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, United States
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15
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Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic that contributes to a number of health complications including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacotherapeutic strategies to treat obesity are urgently needed. Research over the past two decades has increased substantially our knowledge of central and peripheral mechanisms underlying homeostatic energy balance. Homeostatic mechanisms involve multiple components including neuronal circuits, some originating in hypothalamus and brain stem, as well as peripherally-derived satiety, hunger and adiposity signals that modulate neural activity and regulate eating behavior. Dysregulation of one or more of these homeostatic components results in obesity. Coincident with obesity, reward mechanisms that regulate hedonic aspects of food intake override the homeostatic regulation of eating. In addition to functional interactions between homeostatic and reward systems in the regulation of food intake, homeostatic signals have the ability to alter vulnerability to drug abuse. Regarding the treatment of obesity, pharmacological monotherapies primarily focus on a single protein target. FDA-approved monotherapy options include phentermine (Adipex-P®), orlistat (Xenical®), lorcaserin (Belviq®) and liraglutide (Saxenda®). However, monotherapies have limited efficacy, in part due to the recruitment of alternate and counter-regulatory pathways. Consequently, a multi-target approach may provide greater benefit. Recently, two combination products have been approved by the FDA to treat obesity, including phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia®) and naltrexone/bupropion (Contrave®). The current review provides an overview of homeostatic and reward mechanisms that regulate energy balance, potential therapeutic targets for obesity and current treatment options, including some candidate therapeutics in clinical development. Finally, challenges in anti-obesity drug development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Narayanaswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Linda P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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16
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Novel reversible methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) inhibitors based on purine and related bicyclic templates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:551-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Elfers CT, Roth CL. Robust Reductions of Excess Weight and Hyperphagia by Beloranib in Rat Models of Genetic and Hypothalamic Obesity. Endocrinology 2017; 158:41-55. [PMID: 27849360 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic lesions or deficient melanocortin (MC) signaling via MC4 receptor (MC4r) mutations often lead to hyperphagia and severe treatment-resistant obesity. We tested the methionine aminopeptidase 2-inhibitor beloranib (ZGN-440) in 2 male rat models of obesity, one modeling hypothalamic obesity with a combined medial hypothalamic lesion (CMHL) and the other modeling a monogenic form of obesity with MC4r mutations (MC4r knockout [MC4rKO]). In CMHL rats (age 3 months), postsurgery excess weight gain was significantly inhibited (ZGN-440, 0.2 ± 0.7 g/d; vehicle, 3.8 ± 0.6 g/d; P < 0.001) during 12 days of ZGN-440 treatment (0.1 mg/kg daily subcutaneously) together with a 30% reduction of daily food intake vs vehicle injection. In addition, ZGN-440 treatment improved glucose tolerance and reduced plasma insulin, and circulating levels of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone were increased. Serum lipid levels did not differ significantly in ZGN-440-treated vs vehicle-treated rats. Similar results were found in MC4rKO rats: ZGN-440 treatment (14-21 d) was associated with significant reductions of body weight gain (MC4rKO, -1.7 ± 0.6 vs 2.8 ± 0.4 g/d; lean wild-type controls, -0.7 ± 0.2 vs 1.7 ± 0.7 g/d; ZGN-440 vs vehicle, respectively), reduction of food intake (MC4rKO, -28%; lean controls, -7.5%), and insulin resistance, whereas circulating levels of interleukin-1β did not change. In both obesity models, body temperature and locomotor activity were not affected by ZGN-440 treatment. In conclusion, the robust reduction of body weight in response to ZGN-440 observed in rats with severe obesity is related to a strong reduction of food intake that is likely related to changes in the central regulation of feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton T Elfers
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101; and
| | - Christian L Roth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101; and
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
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18
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Ochiya T, Takenaga K, Asagiri M, Nakano K, Satoh H, Watanabe T, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Endo H. Efficient inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and growth by a synthetic peptide blocking S100A4-methionine aminopeptidase 2 interaction. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:15008. [PMID: 26029719 PMCID: PMC4445002 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The prometastatic calcium-binding protein, S100A4, is expressed in endothelial cells, and its downregulation markedly suppresses tumor angiogenesis in a xenograft cancer model. Given that endothelial S100A4 can be a molecular target for inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, we addressed here whether synthetic peptide capable of blocking S100A4-effector protein interaction could be a novel antiangiogenic agent. To examine this hypothesis, we focused on the S100A4-binding domain of methionine aminopeptidase 2, an effector protein, which plays a role in endothelial cell growth. Overexpression of the domain in mouse endothelial MSS31 cells reduced DNA synthesis, and the corresponding synthetic peptide (named NBD) indeed interacted with S100A4 and inhibited capillary formation in vitro and new blood vessel formation in vivo. Intriguingly, a single intra-tumor administration of the NBD peptide in human prostate cancer xenografts significantly reduced vascularity, resulting in tumor regression. Mechanistically, the NBD peptide enhanced assembly of nonmuscle myosin IIA filaments along with Ser1943 phosphorylation, stimulated formation of focal adhesions without phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, and provoked G1/S arrest of the cell cycle. Altogether, the NBD peptide is a potent inhibitor for tumor angiogenesis, and is the first example of an anticancer peptide drug developed on the basis of an endothelial S100A4-targeted strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keizo Takenaga
- Department of Life Science, Shimane University School of Medicine , Izumo, Japan
| | - Masataka Asagiri
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Nakano
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Satoh
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hideya Endo
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Joharapurkar AA, Dhanesha NA, Jain MR. Inhibition of the methionine aminopeptidase 2 enzyme for the treatment of obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014; 7:73-84. [PMID: 24611021 PMCID: PMC3944999 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s56924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly doubled since 1980. Obesity is the result of interactions among the environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and human behavior. Even modest weight reduction in obese patients provides beneficial health outcomes. For effective weight reduction, a drug should either increase energy expenditure or decrease energy intake without causing serious adverse effects. To overcome lack of efficacy and central nervous system related side effects, exploitation of the peripheral mechanism of anti-obesity action is needed. Inhibition of pathological angiogenesis in adipose tissue is one such peripheral mechanism that has attracted the attention of researchers in this area. Although originally developed as anti-cancer agents, methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP2) inhibitors induce significant and sustained weight reduction. Here, we review preclinical and clinical pharmacology of MetAP2 inhibitors. Beloranib is a prototype MetAP2 inhibitor, and currently in advanced clinical trials for the treatment of obesity. Clinical data of beloranib indicate that MetAP2 inhibitors could be a future treatment option for weight reduction without serious adverse effects. Further clinical data from Phase III trials will add to our growing knowledge of MetAP2 inhibitor potential for anti-obesity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
- Correspondence: Amit A Joharapurkar, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India, Tel + 91 271 766 5555, Fax + 91 271 766 5155, Email
| | - Nirav A Dhanesha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
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20
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Hughes TE, Kim DD, Marjason J, Proietto J, Whitehead JP, Vath JE. Ascending dose-controlled trial of beloranib, a novel obesity treatment for safety, tolerability, and weight loss in obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1782-8. [PMID: 23512440 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the safety and tolerability of beloranib, a fumagillin-class methionine aminopetidase-2 (MetAP2) inhibitor, in obese women over 4 weeks. DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-one obese (mean BMI 38 kg/m2) women were randomized to intravenous 0.1, 0.3, or 0.9 mg/m2 beloranib or placebo twice weekly for 4 weeks (N = 7, 6, 9, and 9). RESULTS The most frequent AEs were headache, infusion site injury, nausea, and diarrhea. Nausea and infusion site injury occurred more with beloranib than placebo. The most common reason for discontinuation was loss of venous access. There were no clinically significant abnormal laboratory findings. In subjects completing 4 weeks, median weight loss with 0.9 mg/m2 beloranib was -3.8 kg (95% CI -5.1, -0.9; N = 8) versus -0.6 kg with placebo (-4.5, -0.1; N = 6). Weight change for 0.1 and 0.3 mg/m2 beloranib was similar to placebo. Beloranib (0.9 mg/m2) was associated with a significant 42 and 18% reduction in triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, as well as improvement in C-reactive protein and reduced sense of hunger. Changes in β-hydroxybutyrate, adiponectin, leptin, and fibroblast growth factor-21 were consistent with the putative mechanism of MetAP2 inhibition. Glucose and blood pressure were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Beloranib treatment was well tolerated and associated with rapid weight loss and improvements in lipids, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin.
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21
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Zhang F, Bhat S, Gabelli SB, Chen X, Miller MS, Nacev BA, Cheng YL, Meyers DJ, Tenney K, Shim JS, Crews P, Amzel LM, Ma D, Liu JO. Pyridinylquinazolines selectively inhibit human methionine aminopeptidase-1 in cells. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3996-4016. [PMID: 23634668 DOI: 10.1021/jm400227z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs), which remove the initiator methionine from nascent peptides, are essential in all organisms. While MetAP2 has been demonstrated to be a therapeutic target for inhibiting angiogenesis in mammals, MetAP1 seems to be vital for cell proliferation. Our earlier efforts identified two structural classes of human MetAP1 (HsMetAP1)-selective inhibitors (1-4), but all of them failed to inhibit cellular HsMetAP1. Using Mn(II) or Zn(II) to activate HsMetAP1, we found that 1-4 could only effectively inhibit purified HsMetAP1 in the presence of physiologically unachievable concentrations of Co(II). In an effort to seek Co(II)-independent inhibitors, a novel structural class containing a 2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinazoline core has been discovered. Many compounds in this class potently and selectively inhibited HsMetAP1 without Co(II). Subsequently, we demonstrated that 11j, an auxiliary metal-dependent inhibitor, effectively inhibited HsMetAP1 in primary cells. This is the first report that an HsMetAP1-selective inhibitor is effective against its target in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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22
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Zhang P, Yang X, Zhang F, Gabelli SB, Wang R, Zhang Y, Bhat S, Chen X, Furlani M, Amzel LM, Liu JO, Ma D. Pyridinylpyrimidines selectively inhibit human methionine aminopeptidase-1. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2600-17. [PMID: 23507151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular protein synthesis is initiated with methionine in eukaryotes with few exceptions. Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) which catalyze the process of N-terminal methionine excision are essential for all organisms. In mammals, type 2 MetAP (MetAP2) is known to be important for angiogenesis, while type 1 MetAP (MetAP1) has been shown to play a pivotal role in cell proliferation. Our previous high-throughput screening of a commercial compound library uncovered a novel class of inhibitors for both human MetAP1 (HsMetAP1) and human MetAP2 (HsMetAP2). This class of inhibitors contains a pyridinylpyrimidine core. To understand the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and to search for analogues of 2 with greater potency and higher HsMetAP1-selectivity, a total of 58 analogues were acquired through either commercial source or by in-house synthesis and their inhibitory activities against HsMetAP1 and HsMetAP2 were determined. Through this systematic medicinal chemistry analysis, we have identified (1) 5-chloro-6-methyl-2-pyridin-2-ylpyrimidine as the minimum element for the inhibition of HsMetAP1; (2) 5'-chloro as the favored substituent on the pyridine ring for the enhanced potency against HsMetAP1; and (3) long C4 side chains as the essentials for higher HsMetAP1-selectivity. At the end of our SAR campaign, 25b, 25c, 26d and 30a-30c are among the most selective and potent inhibitors of purified HsMetAP1 reported to date. In addition, we also performed crystallographic analysis of one representative inhibitor (26d) in complex with N-terminally truncated HsMetAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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23
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Savvidis C, Koutsilieris M. Circadian rhythm disruption in cancer biology. Mol Med 2012; 18:1249-60. [PMID: 22811066 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms show universally a 24-h oscillation pattern in metabolic, physiological and behavioral functions of almost all species. This pattern is due to a fundamental adaptation to the rotation of Earth around its own axis. Molecular mechanisms of generation of circadian rhythms organize a biochemical network in suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral tissues, building cell autonomous clock pacemakers. Rhythmicity is observed in transcriptional expression of a wide range of clock-controlled genes that regulate a variety of normal cell functions, such as cell division and proliferation. Desynchrony of this rhythmicity seems to be implicated in several pathologic conditions, including tumorigenesis and progression of cancer. In 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) categorized "shiftwork that involves circadian disruption [as] probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A in the IARC classification system of carcinogenic potency of an agentagent) (Painting, Firefighting, and Shiftwork; IARC; 2007). This review discusses the potential relation between disruptions of normal circadian rhythms with genetic driving machinery of cancer. Elucidation of the role of clockwork disruption, such as exposure to light at night and sleep disruption, in cancer biology could be important in developing new targeted anticancer therapies, optimizing individualized chronotherapy and modifying lighting environment in workplaces or homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Savvidis
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hippocration General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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24
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Xu W, Lu JP, Ye QZ. Structural analysis of bengamide derivatives as inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidases. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8021-7. [PMID: 22913487 DOI: 10.1021/jm3008695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural-product-derived bengamides possess potent antiproliferative activity and target human methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) for their cellular effects. Several derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as MetAP inhibitors. Here, we present four new X-ray structures of human MetAP1 in complex with the inhibitors. Together with the previous structures of bengamide derivatives with human MetAP2 and tubercular MtMetAP1c, analysis of the interactions of these inhibitors at the active site provides structural basis for further modification of these bengamide inhibitors for improved potency and selectivity as anticancer and antibacterial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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25
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Abstract
The number of possible small organic molecules of different structure is virtually limitless. One of the main goals of chemical biologists is to identify, from this "chemical space", entities that affect biological processes or systems in a specific manner. This can lead to a better understanding of the regulation and components of various biological machineries, as well as provide insights into efficacious therapeutic targets and drug candidates. However, the challenges confronting chemical biologists are multiple. How do we efficiently identify compounds that possess desirable activities without unwanted off-target effects? Once a candidate compound has been found, how do we determine its mode of action? In this Prospects piece, we call attention to recent studies using embryonic and larval zebrafish to illustrate the breadth and depth of questions in chemical biology that may be addressed using this model, and hope that they can serve as catalysts for future investigational ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Taneli Helenius
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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26
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Sundberg TB, Darricarrere N, Cirone P, Li X, McDonald L, Mei X, Westlake CJ, Slusarski DC, Beynon RJ, Crews CM. Disruption of Wnt planar cell polarity signaling by aberrant accumulation of the MetAP-2 substrate Rab37. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1300-11. [PMID: 22035799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Identification of methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) as the molecular target of the antiangiogenic compound TNP-470 has sparked interest in N-terminal Met excision's (NME) role in endothelial cell biology. In this regard, we recently demonstrated that MetAP-2 inhibition suppresses Wnt planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling and that endothelial cells depend on this pathway for normal function. Despite this advance, the substrate(s) whose activity is altered upon MetAP-2 inhibition, resulting in loss of Wnt PCP signaling, is not known. Here we identify the small G protein Rab37 as a MetAP-2-specific substrate that accumulates in the presence of TNP-470. A functional role for aberrant Rab37 accumulation in TNP-470's mode of action is demonstrated using a Rab37 point mutant that is resistant to NME, because expression of this mutant phenocopies the effects of MetAP-2 inhibition on Wnt PCP signaling-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Sundberg
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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27
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Bienvenut WV, Sumpton D, Martinez A, Lilla S, Espagne C, Meinnel T, Giglione C. Comparative large scale characterization of plant versus mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-α-acetylation features. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.015131. [PMID: 22223895 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
N-terminal modifications play a major role in the fate of proteins in terms of activity, stability, or subcellular compartmentalization. Such modifications remain poorly described and badly characterized in proteomic studies, and only a few comparison studies among organisms have been made available so far. Recent advances in the field now allow the enrichment and selection of N-terminal peptides in the course of proteome-wide mass spectrometry analyses. These targeted approaches unravel as a result the extent and nature of the protein N-terminal modifications. Here, we aimed at studying such modifications in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to compare these results with those obtained from a human sample analyzed in parallel. We applied large scale analysis to compile robust conclusions on both data sets. Our data show strong convergence of the characterized modifications especially for protein N-terminal methionine excision, co-translational N-α-acetylation, or N-myristoylation between animal and plant kingdoms. Because of the convergence of both the substrates and the N-α-acetylation machinery, it was possible to identify the N-acetyltransferases involved in such modifications for a small number of model plants. Finally, a high proportion of nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins feature post-translational N-α-acetylation of the mature protein after removal of the transit peptide. Unlike animals, plants feature in a dedicated pathway for post-translational acetylation of organelle-targeted proteins. The corresponding machinery is yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy V Bienvenut
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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28
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Abstract
In a chemical screening, we tested the antiangiogenic effects of fumagillin derivatives and identified fumagillin as an inhibitor of definitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish embryos. Fumagillin is known to target methionine aminopeptidase II (MetAP2), an enzyme whose function in hematopoiesis is unknown. We investigated the role of MetAP2 in hematopoiesis by using zebrafish embryo and human umbilical cord blood models. Zebrafish metap2 was expressed ubiquitously during early embryogenesis and later in the somitic region, the caudal hematopoietic tissue, and pronephric duct. metap2 was inhibited by morpholino and fumagillin treatment, resulting in increased mpo expression at 18 hours postfertilization and reduced c-myb expression along the ventral wall of dorsal aorta at 36 hours postfertilization. It also disrupted intersegmental vessels in Tg(fli1:gfp) embryos without affecting development of major axial vasculatures. Inhibition of MetAP2 in CB CD34(+) cells by fumagillin had no effect on overall clonogenic activity but significantly reduced their engraftment into immunodeficient nonobese diabetes/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. metap2 knock-down in zebrafish and inhibition by fumagillin in zebrafish and human CB CD34(+) cells inhibited Calmodulin Kinase II activity and induced ERK phosphorylation. This study demonstrated a hitherto-undescribed role of MetAP2 in definitive hematopoiesis and a possible link to noncanonical Wnt and ERK signaling.
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Kanudia P, Mittal M, Kumaran S, Chakraborti PK. Amino-terminal extension present in the methionine aminopeptidase type 1c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is indispensible for its activity. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:35. [PMID: 21729287 PMCID: PMC3154147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) is a ubiquitous enzyme in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which catalyzes co-translational removal of N-terminal methionine from elongating polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. It specifically removes the terminal methionine in all organisms, if the penultimate residue is non-bulky and uncharged. The MetAP action for exclusion of N-terminal methionine is mandatory in 50-70% of nascent proteins. Such an activity is required for proper sub cellular localization, additional processing and eventually for the degradation of proteins. Results We cloned genes encoding two such metalloproteases (MtMetAP1a and MtMetAP1c) present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and expressed them as histidine-tagged proteins in Escherichia coli. Although they have different substrate preferences, for Met-Ala-Ser, we found, MtMetAP1c had significantly high enzyme turnover rate as opposed to MtMetAP1a. Circular dichroism spectroscopic studies as well as monitoring of enzyme activity indicated high temperature stability (up to 50°C) of MtMetAP1a compared to that of the MtMetAP1c. Modelling of MtMetAP1a based on MtMetAP1c crystal structure revealed the distinct spatial arrangements of identical active site amino acid residues and their mutations affected the enzymatic activities of both the proteins. Strikingly, we observed that 40 amino acid long N-terminal extension of MtMetAP1c, compared to its other family members, contributes towards the activity and stability of this enzyme, which has never been reported for any methionine aminopeptidase. Furthermore, mutational analysis revealed that Val-18 and Pro-19 of MtMetAP1c are crucial for its enzymatic activity. Consistent with this observation, molecular dynamic simulation studies of wild-type and these variants strongly suggest their involvement in maintaining active site conformation of MtMetAP1c. Conclusion Our findings unequivocally emphasized that N-terminal extension of MtMetAP1c contributes towards the functionality of the enzyme presumably by regulating active site residues through "action-at-a-distance" mechanism and we for the first time are reporting this unique function of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Kanudia
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160 036, India
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Hines J, Ju R, Dutschman GE, Cheng YC, Crews CM. Reversal of TNP-470-induced endothelial cell growth arrest by guanine and guanine nucleosides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:729-38. [PMID: 20571059 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of action of TNP-470 [O-(chloroacetyl-carbamoyl) fumagillol], which potently and selectively inhibits the proliferation of endothelial cells, is incompletely understood. Previous studies have established its binding protein and the most distal effector of its growth arrest activity as methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP-2) and p21(WAF1/CIP1), respectively. However, the mechanistic steps between these two effectors have not been identified. We have found that addition of exogenous guanine and guanine-containing nucleosides to culture medium will completely reverse the cytostatic effect of TNP-470 on both cultured bovine aortic and mouse pulmonary endothelial cells. Western blotting showed that supplementation with exogenous guanosine reverses the induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1) by TNP-470. This "rescue" by guanine/guanosine was abolished when the guanine salvage pathway of nucleotide biosynthesis was inhibited with Immucillin H, suggesting that TNP-470 might reduce de novo guanine synthesis in endothelial cells. However, an analysis of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo guanine synthesis and target of the antiangiogenic drug mycophenolic acid, showed no TNP-470-induced changes. Curiously, quantitation of cellular nucleotides confirmed that GTP levels were not reduced after TNP-470 treatment. Addition of guanosine at the start of G(1) phase causes a doubling in GTP levels that persists to the G(1)/S phase transition, where commitment to TNP-470 growth arrest occurs. Thus, guanine rescue involves an augmentation of cellular GTP beyond physiological levels rather than a restoration of a drug-induced GTP deficit. Determining the mechanism whereby this causes restoration of endothelial cell proliferation is an ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hines
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
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Olaleye O, Raghunand TR, Bhat S, He J, Tyagi S, Lamichhane G, Gu P, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Grosset J, Bishai WR, Liu JO. Methionine aminopeptidases from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as novel antimycobacterial targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:86-97. [PMID: 20142044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) is a metalloprotease that removes the N-terminal methionine during protein synthesis. To assess the importance of the two MetAPs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we overexpressed and purified each of the MetAPs to near homogeneity and showed that both were active as MetAP enzymes in vitro. We screened a library of 175,000 compounds against MtMetAP1c and identified 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone class of compounds as inhibitors of both MtMetAPs. It was found that the MtMetAP inhibitors were active against replicating and aged nongrowing M. tuberculosis. Overexpression of either MtMetAP1a or MtMetAP1c in M. tuberculosis conferred resistance of bacterial cells to the inhibitors. Moreover, knockdown of MtMetAP1a, but not MtMetAP1c, resulted in decreased viability of M. tuberculosis. These results suggest that MtMetAP1a is a promising target for developing antituberculosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omonike Olaleye
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Cheng KW, Wong CC, Wang M, He QY, Chen F. Identification and characterization of molecular targets of natural products by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:126-155. [PMID: 19319922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural products, and their derivatives and mimics, have contributed to the development of important therapeutics to combat diseases such as infections and cancers over the past decades. The value of natural products to modern drug discovery is still considerable. However, its development is hampered by a lack of a mechanistic understanding of their molecular action, as opposed to the emerging molecule-targeted therapeutics that are tailored to a specific protein target(s). Recent advances in the mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches have the potential to offer unprecedented insights into the molecular action of natural products. Chemical proteomics is established as an invaluable tool for the identification of protein targets of natural products. Small-molecule affinity selection combined with mass spectrometry is a successful strategy to "fish" cellular targets from the entire proteome. Mass spectrometry-based profiling of protein expression is also routinely employed to elucidate molecular pathways involved in the therapeutic and possible toxicological responses upon treatment with natural products. In addition, mass spectrometry is increasingly utilized to probe structural aspects of natural products-protein interactions. Limited proteolysis, photoaffinity labeling, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange in conjunction with mass spectrometry are sensitive and high-throughput strategies that provide low-resolution structural information of non-covalent natural product-protein complexes. In this review, we provide an overview on the applications of mass spectrometry-based techniques in the identification and characterization of natural product-protein interactions, and we describe how these applications might revolutionize natural product-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wing Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Olaleye OA, Bishai WR, Liu JO. Targeting the role of N-terminal methionine processing enzymes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89 Suppl 1:S55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(09)70013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Frottin F, Espagne C, Traverso JA, Mauve C, Valot B, Lelarge-Trouverie C, Zivy M, Noctor G, Meinnel T, Giglione C. Cotranslational proteolysis dominates glutathione homeostasis to support proper growth and development. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3296-314. [PMID: 19855051 PMCID: PMC2782297 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.069757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The earliest proteolytic event affecting most proteins is the excision of the initiating Met (NME). This is an essential and ubiquitous cotranslational process tightly regulated in all eukaryotes. Currently, the effects of NME on unknown complex cellular networks and the ways in which its inhibition leads to developmental defects and cell growth arrest remain poorly understood. Here, we provide insight into the earliest molecular mechanisms associated with the inhibition of the NME process in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that the developmental defects induced by NME inhibition are caused by an increase in cellular proteolytic activity, primarily induced by an increase in the number of proteins targeted for rapid degradation. This deregulation drives, through the increase of the free amino acids pool, a perturbation of the glutathione homeostasis, which corresponds to the earliest limiting, reversible step promoting the phenotype. We demonstrate that these effects are universally conserved and that the reestablishment of the appropriate glutathione status restores growth and proper development in various organisms. Finally, we describe a novel integrated model in which NME, protein N-alpha-acylation, proteolysis, and glutathione homeostasis operate in a sequentially regulated mechanism that directs both growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Frottin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Unité Propre de Recherche2355, Protein Maturation, Cell Fate, and Therapeutics, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Christelle Espagne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Unité Propre de Recherche2355, Protein Maturation, Cell Fate, and Therapeutics, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - José A. Traverso
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Unité Propre de Recherche2355, Protein Maturation, Cell Fate, and Therapeutics, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Caroline Mauve
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Benoît Valot
- Université Paris-Sud, Plateforme de Protéomique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-Sud/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Plateforme de Protéomique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plateforme de Protéomique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Caroline Lelarge-Trouverie
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- Université Paris-Sud, Plateforme de Protéomique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paris-Sud/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Plateforme de Protéomique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plateforme de Protéomique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche87, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Unité Propre de Recherche2355, Protein Maturation, Cell Fate, and Therapeutics, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Unité Propre de Recherche2355, Protein Maturation, Cell Fate, and Therapeutics, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Datta B. Roles of P67/MetAP2 as a tumor suppressor. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:281-92. [PMID: 19716858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A precise balance between growth promoting signals and growth inhibitory signals plays important roles in the maintenance of healthy mammalian cells. Any deregulation of this critical balance converts normal cells into abnormal or cancerous cells. Several macromolecules are being identified and characterized that are involved in the regulation of cell signaling pathways that connect to the cell cycle and thus they play roles as tumor promoters or tumor suppressors. In situ tumor formation needs active angiogenesis, a process that generates new blood vessels from existing ones either by splitting or sprouting. Several small molecule inhibitors and proteins have been identified as inhibitors of angiogenesis. One such protein, p67/MetAP2 also known as methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), has been shown to bind covalently to fumagillin and its derivatives that have anti-angiogenic activity. In addition to fumagillin or its derivatives, several other small molecule inhibitors of p67/MetAP2 have been recently identified and some of these drugs are in phase III trials for cancer therapy. Although molecular details of actions toward tumor suppression by these drugs are largely unknown, a significant progress has been made to understand the structure-function relationship of p67/MetAP2 and its roles in the maintenance of the levels of phosphorylation of the proportional, variant-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2 proportional, variant) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). In this article, roles of p67/MetAP2 in the suppression of cancer development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bansidhar Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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Brahn E, Schoettler N, Lee S, Banquerigo ML. Involution of collagen-induced arthritis with an angiogenesis inhibitor, PPI-2458. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:615-24. [PMID: 19218530 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.148478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pannus formation, in both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), is angiogenesis-dependent. PPI-2458 [(1R)-1-carbamoyl-2-methyl]-carbamic acid-(3R,3S,5S, 6R)-5-methoxy-4-[(2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)oxiranyl]-1-oxaspiro(2*5)oct-6-yl ester], a new fumagillin derivative known to inhibit methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP-2) and endothelial proliferation at the late G(1) phase, was evaluated in CIA rats to study its potential to involute synovitis. Arthritic syngeneic LOU rats received either a vehicle control or various dosages of oral, intravenous, or subcutaneous PPI-2458. Plasma samples were analyzed to determine a pharmacokinetic profile of PPI-2458, and whole blood was evaluated by flow cytometry to assess the effect on lymphocyte subsets. At 15 mg/kg i.v., 30 mg/kg s.c., or 100 mg/kg p.o., there was a significant reduction in clinical severity scores (p < 0.001) and blinded radiographic scores (p < 0.001) compared with vehicle control groups. Structural damage was virtually eliminated with PPI-2458. Continuous inhibition of MetAP-2 was needed to maintain benefits, although pannus involution could be achieved with the inhibitor when escape flares occurred. Pharmacokinetic analysis after a single p.o. dose showed a rapid T(max) value of 15 min followed by biphasic elimination (t(1/2), approximately 20 min and t(1/2), approximately 5 h) and an estimated oral bioavailability of approximately 15%. Flow cytometry revealed a dose-dependent decrease in white blood cells and lymphocytes manifested as decreases in circulating CD3+ T cells and natural killer cells. PPI-2458, however, did not seem to be immunosuppressive, as determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity or IgG antibody assays. These studies indicate that the MetAP-2 inhibitor PPI-2458 can regress established CIA and that angiogenic mechanisms might be important targets in the treatment of other pannus-mediated diseases such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Brahn
- Division of Rheumatology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA.
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Stevanovic J, Stanimirovic Z, Radakovic M, Stojic V. In vitro evaluation of the clastogenicity of fumagillin. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:594-601. [PMID: 18613037 DOI: 10.1002/em.20409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fumagillin, an antibiotic compound produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, is effective against microsporidia and various Amoeba species, but is also toxic when administered systemically to mammals. Furthermore, a recent in vivo study by Stanimirovic Z et al. 2007: (Mutat Res 628:1-10) indicated genotoxic effects of fumagillin. The aim of the present study was to investigate and explain the clastogenic effects of fumagillin (in the form of fumagillin dicyclohexylamine salt) on human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro by sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), chromosome aberrations (CA), and micronucleus (MN) tests. The mitotic index (MI), proliferation index (PI), and nuclear division index (NDI) were calculated to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of fumagillin. Five concentrations of fumagillin (0.34, 0.68, 1.02, 3.07, and 9.20 microg/ml) were applied to lymphocyte cultures. All the tested concentrations of fumagillin increased the frequency of SCE per cell significantly (P < 0.001 or P < 0.01) compared with the negative control. A significant (P < 0.001) increase in frequency of structural CA was observed at the three highest concentrations in comparison with the negative control. In addition, the three highest test concentrations increased MN formation and decreased MI, PI, and NDI significantly compared with the negative control. The present results indicate that fumagillin is clastogenic and cytotoxic to cultured human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jevrosima Stevanovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Danilova N, Sakamoto KM, Lin S. p53 family in development. Mech Dev 2008; 125:919-31. [PMID: 18835440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 family network is a unique cellular processor that integrates information from various pathways and determines cellular choices between proliferation, replication arrest/repair, differentiation, senescence, or apoptosis. The most studied role of the p53 family is the regulation of stress response and tumor suppression. By removing damaged cells from the proliferating pool, p53 family members preserve the integrity of the genome. In addition to this well recognized role, recent data implicate the p53 protein family in a broader role of controlling cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Members of the p53 protein family with opposing activity perform coordination of these processes. Imbalance of p53 protein family may contribute to a significant proportion of congenital developmental abnormalities in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Danilova
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, BSRB 454, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
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Cirone P, Lin S, Griesbach HL, Zhang Y, Slusarski DC, Crews CM. A role for planar cell polarity signaling in angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2008; 11:347-60. [PMID: 18798004 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-008-9116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is a highly conserved signaling cascade that coordinates both epithelial and axonal morphogenic movements during development. Angiogenesis also involves the growth and migration of polarized cells, although the mechanisms underlying their intercellular communication are poorly understood. Here, using cell culture assays, we demonstrate that inhibition of PCP signaling disrupts endothelial cell growth, polarity, and migration, all of which can be rescued through downstream activation of this pathway by expression of either Daam-1, Diversin or Inversin. Silencing of either Dvl2 or Prickle suppressed endothelial cell proliferation. Moreover, loss of p53 rescues endothelial cell growth arrest but not the migration inhibition caused by PCP disruption. In addition, we show that the zebrafish Wnt5 mutant (pipetail (ppt)), which has impaired PCP signaling, displays vascular developmental defects. These findings reveal a potential role for PCP signaling in the coordinated assembly of endothelial cells into vascular structures and have important implications for vascular remodeling in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cirone
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, Kline Biology Tower, P.O. Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
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Ectopic expression of methionine aminopeptidase-2 causes cell transformation and stimulates proliferation. Oncogene 2008; 27:3967-76. [PMID: 18264137 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2) processes N-terminal methionine from nascent cellular proteins. Inhibition of MetAP2 has been shown to block angiogenesis and suppress tumor growth in preclinical tumor models. However, the biological role of MetAP2 in cancer is not well understood. We examined the effect of three distinct chemical classes of MetAP2 inhibitors on the growth of a panel of human cancer cells in vitro. All MetAP2 inhibitors caused inhibition of tumor cell growth in both anchorage-dependent and, particularly, in anchorage-independent manner. These data prompted us to examine the possible roles of MetAP2 in cancers. Ectopic expression of MetAP2 in NIH-3T3 cells caused transformation, evidenced by the formation of foci in monolayer culture and growth of large colonies in soft agar. Overexpression of MetAP2 in an immortalized bronchial epithelial cell line NL20 accelerated growth. These phenotypes induced by the overexpression of MetAP2 were reversed by the treatment with MetAP2 inhibitors, indicating that the catalytic function of MetAP2 was essential. Accordingly, overexpression of a catalytically inactive MetAP2 resulted in growth retardation of HT1080 tumor cells, suggesting a dominant-negative role of the inactive MetAP2 mutant. Finally, we analysed the expression of MetAP2 in patient cancer samples by immunohistochemistry. Moderate-to-high staining was identified in the majority of breast, colon, lung, ovarian and prostate carcinomas examined. These data suggest that MetAP2 plays an important role in tumor cell growth and may contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Abstract
The roles of growth factors such as angiopoietin (Ang) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in angiogenesis have been known for some time, yet we have just an incipient appreciation for the contribution of Wnts to this process. Cellular proliferation and polarity, apoptosis, branching morphogenesis, inductive processes, and the maintenance of stem cells in an undifferentiated, proliferative state are all regulated by Wnt signaling. The development and maintenance of vascular structures are dependent on all these processes, and their orchestration has, to some extent, been revealed in studies of VEGF and Ang receptors. Recent evidence links the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway to proper vascular growth in mammals but our knowledge of Wnt function in the vasculature is rudimentary. Further insight into vascular development and the process of angiogenesis depends on evaluating the function of novel endothelial regulatory pathways such as Wnt/Frizzled signaling.
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Correlation of tumor growth suppression and methionine aminopetidase-2 activity blockade using an orally active inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1838-43. [PMID: 18252827 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708766105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This laboratory and others have shown that agents that inhibit the in vitro catalytic activity of methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2) are effective in blocking angiogenesis and tumor growth in preclinical models. However, these prototype MetAP2 inhibitors are clearly not optimized for therapeutic use in the clinic. We have discovered an orally active class of MetAP2 inhibitors, the anthranilic acid sulfonamides exemplified by A-800141, which is highly specific for MetAP2. This orally bioavailable inhibitor exhibits an antiangiogenesis effect and a broad anticancer activity in a variety of tumor xenografts including B cell lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and prostate and colon carcinomas, either as a single agent or in combination with cytotoxic agents. We also have developed a biomarker assay to evaluate in vivo MetAP2 inhibition in circulating mononuclear cells and in tumors. This biomarker assay is based on the N-terminal methionine status of the MetAP2-specific substrate GAPDH in these cells. In cell cultures in vitro, the sulfonamide MetAP2 inhibitor A-800141 caused the formation of GAPDH variants with an unprocessed N-terminal methionine. A-800141 blocked tumor growth and MetAP2 activity in a similar dose-response in mouse models, demonstrating the antitumor effects seen for A-800141 are causally connected to MetAP2 inhibition in vivo. The sulfonamide MetAP2 inhibitor and GAPDH biomarker in circulating leukocytes may be used for the development of a cancer treatment.
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Chui J, Girolamo ND, Wakefield D, Coroneo MT. The Pathogenesis of Pterygium: Current Concepts and Their Therapeutic Implications. Ocul Surf 2008; 6:24-43. [DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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TNP-470: The Resurrection of the First Synthetic Angiogenesis Inhibitor. Angiogenesis 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71518-6_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hu X, Dang Y, Tenney K, Crews P, Tsai CW, Sixt KM, Cole PA, Liu JO. Regulation of c-Src nonreceptor tyrosine kinase activity by bengamide A through inhibition of methionine aminopeptidases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:764-74. [PMID: 17656313 PMCID: PMC3165037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) remove the N-terminal initiator methionine during protein synthesis, a prerequisite step for N-terminal myristoylation. N-myristoylation of proto-oncogene c-Src is essential for its membrane association and proper signal transduction. We used bengamides, a family of general MetAP inhibitors, to understand the downstream physiological functions of MetAPs. c-Src from bengamide A-treated cells retained its N-terminal methionine and suffered a decrease in N-terminal myristoylation, which was accompanied by a shift of its subcellular distribution from the plasma membrane to the cytosol. Furthermore, bengamide A decreased the tyrosine kinase activities of c-Src both in vitro and in vivo and eventually delayed cell-cycle progression through G(2)/M. Thus, c-Src is a physiologically relevant substrate for MetAPs whose dysfunction is likely to account for the cell-cycle effects of MetAP inhibitors including bengamide A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Karen Tenney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Phillip Crews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Chiawei W. Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Katherine M. Sixt
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Philip A. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21205
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21205
- Correspondence: Dr. Jun O. Liu, , (410)-955-4619
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Hannig G. Team work in protein processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:732-4. [PMID: 17656307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MetAP substrates and their physiological roles have remained elusive. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Hu and colleagues [1] employ a small molecule approach to study the impact of MetAP inhibition on the molecular regulation and cellular functions of the proto-oncogene c-Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hannig
- Zafgen, 890 Winter Street, Suite 320, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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Pucheault M. Natural products: chemical instruments to apprehend biological symphony. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 6:424-32. [PMID: 18219406 DOI: 10.1039/b713022h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As a striking variety of biological activities are elicited by natural products, these chemicals have been used for decades to study biological phenomena. Understanding how these products interfere with normal cell functions at a molecular level led to a wide range of discoveries including new signaling pathways and proteins. Moreover, as natural products often act as chemical inhibitors, such studies often allow the identification of their binding partners as relevant targets for drug design. This article aims to emphasize how natural products or engineered analogs can be used as chemical tools to apprehend some biological problems from the point of view of a chemical biologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Pucheault
- CPM UMR 6510, CNRS, Case 1003-Campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes, 1-35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
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Zhang Y, Yeh JR, Mara A, Ju R, Hines JF, Cirone P, Griesbach HL, Schneider I, Slusarski DC, Holley SA, Crews CM. A chemical and genetic approach to the mode of action of fumagillin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:1001-9. [PMID: 16984890 PMCID: PMC2583369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous mode of action studies identified methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP-2) as the target of the antiangiogenic natural product fumagillin and its drug candidate analog, TNP-470. We report here that TNP-470-mediated MetAP-2 inhibition blocks noncanonical Wnt signaling, which plays a critical role in development, cell differentiation, and tumorigenesis. Consistent with this finding, antisense MetAP-2 morpholino oligonucleotide injection in zebrafish embryos phenocopies gastrulation defects seen in noncanonical Wnt5 loss-of-function zebrafish mutants. MetAP-2 inhibition or depletion blocks signaling downstream of the Wnt receptor Frizzled, but upstream of Calmodulin-dependent Kinase II, RhoA, and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase. Moreover, we demonstrate that TNP-470 does not block the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Thus, TNP-470 selectively regulates noncanonical over canonical Wnt signaling and provides a unique means to explore and dissect the biological systems mediated by these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Jing Ruey Yeh
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Andrew Mara
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Rong Ju
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - John F. Hines
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Pasquale Cirone
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Hilary L. Griesbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Igor Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Diane C. Slusarski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Scott A. Holley
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Correspondence:
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Hu X, Addlagatta A, Lu J, Matthews BW, Liu JO. Elucidation of the function of type 1 human methionine aminopeptidase during cell cycle progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:18148-53. [PMID: 17114291 PMCID: PMC1838721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608389103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of the N-terminal initiator methionine is an essential cellular process conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The enzymes that remove N-terminal methionine are known as methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs). Human MetAP2 has been shown to be required for the proliferation of endothelial cells and angiogenesis. The physiological function of MetAP1, however, has remained elusive. In this report we demonstrate that a family of inhibitors with a core structure of pyridine-2-carboxylic acid previously developed for the bacterial and yeast MetAP1 is also specific for human MetAP1 (HsMetAP1), as confirmed by both enzymatic assay and high-resolution x-ray crystallography. Treatment of tumor cell lines with the MetAP1-specific inhibitors led to an accumulation of cells in the G(2)/M phase, suggesting that HsMetAP1 may play an important role in G(2)/M phase transition. Overexpression of HsMetAP1, but not HsMetAP2, conferred resistance of cells to the inhibitors, and the inhibitors caused retention of N-terminal methionine of a known MetAP substrate, suggesting that HsMetAP1 is the cellular target for the inhibitors. In addition, when HsMetAP1 was knocked down by gene-specific siRNA, cells exhibited slower progression during G(2)/M phase, a phenotype similar to cells treated with MetAP1 inhibitors. Importantly, MetAP1 inhibitors were able to induce apoptosis of leukemia cell lines, presumably as a consequence of their interference with the G(2)/M phase checkpoint. Together, these results suggest that MetAP1 plays an important role in G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle and that it may serve as a promising target for the discovery and development of new anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- *Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and
| | - Anthony Addlagatta
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229
| | - Jun Lu
- *Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and
| | - Brian W. Matthews
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Jun O. Liu
- *Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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