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Boumali R, Urli L, Naim M, Soualmia F, Kinugawa K, Petropoulos I, El Amri C. Kallikrein-related peptidase's significance in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: A comprehensive survey. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00076-2. [PMID: 38608749 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias constitute an important global health challenge. Detailed understanding of the multiple molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis constitutes a clue for the management of the disease. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), a lead family of serine proteases, have emerged as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the context of AD and associated cognitive decline. Hence, KLKs were proposed to display multifaceted impacts influencing various aspects of neurodegeneration, including amyloid-beta aggregation, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction. We propose here a comprehensive survey to summarize recent findings, providing an overview of the main kallikreins implicated in AD pathophysiology namely KLK8, KLK6 and KLK7. We explore the interplay between KLKs and key AD molecular pathways, shedding light on their significance as potential biomarkers for early disease detection. We also discuss their pertinence as therapeutic targets for disease-modifying interventions to develop innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at halting or ameliorating the progression of AD and associated dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilès Boumali
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Laureline Urli
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Meriem Naim
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Feryel Soualmia
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France
| | - Kiyoka Kinugawa
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France; AP-HP, Paris, France; Charles-Foix Hospital, Functional Exploration Unit for Older Patients, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Isabelle Petropoulos
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France.
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256, CNRS-SU, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75252, Paris, France. Paris, France.
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2
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Chavarria-Smith J, Chiu CPC, Jackman JK, Yin J, Zhang J, Hackney JA, Lin WY, Tyagi T, Sun Y, Tao J, Dunlap D, Morton WD, Ghodge SV, Maun HR, Li H, Hernandez-Barry H, Loyet KM, Chen E, Liu J, Tam C, Yaspan BL, Cai H, Balazs M, Arron JR, Li J, Wittwer AJ, Pappu R, Austin CD, Lee WP, Lazarus RA, Sudhamsu J, Koerber JT, Yi T. Dual antibody inhibition of KLK5 and KLK7 for Netherton syndrome and atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabp9159. [PMID: 36516271 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp9159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a barrier that prevents water loss while keeping harmful substances from penetrating the host. The impermeable cornified layer of the stratum corneum is maintained by balancing continuous turnover driven by epidermal basal cell proliferation, suprabasal cell differentiation, and corneal shedding. The epidermal desquamation process is tightly regulated by balance of the activities of serine proteases of the Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) family and their cognate inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal type-related inhibitor (LEKTI), which is encoded by the serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 5 gene. Imbalance of proteolytic activity caused by a deficiency of LEKTI leads to excessive desquamation due to increased activities of KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 and results in Netherton syndrome (NS), a debilitating condition with an unmet clinical need. Increased activity of KLKs may also be pathological in other dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Here, we describe the discovery of inhibitory antibodies against murine KLK5 and KLK7 that could compensate for the deficiency of LEKTI in NS. These antibodies are protective in mouse models of NS and AD and, when combined, promote improved skin barrier integrity and reduced inflammation. To translate these findings, we engineered a humanized bispecific antibody capable of potent inhibition of human KLK5 and KLK7. A crystal structure of KLK5 bound to the inhibitory Fab revealed that the antibody binds distal to its active site and uses a relatively unappreciated allosteric inhibition mechanism. Treatment with the bispecific anti-KLK5/7 antibody represents a promising therapy for clinical development in NS and other inflammatory dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chavarria-Smith
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cecilia P C Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janet K Jackman
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jianping Yin
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tulika Tyagi
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janet Tao
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Debra Dunlap
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - William D Morton
- Confluence Discovery Technologies Inc., 4320 Duncan Ave, Suite 400, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Swapnil V Ghodge
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Henry R Maun
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Hernandez-Barry
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Liu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christine Tam
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brian L Yaspan
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hao Cai
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mercedesz Balazs
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Arthur J Wittwer
- Confluence Discovery Technologies Inc., 4320 Duncan Ave, Suite 400, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Rajita Pappu
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert A Lazarus
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jawahar Sudhamsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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3
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Xiang F, Wang Y, Cao C, Li Q, Deng H, Zheng J, Liu X, Tan X. The Role of Kallikrein 7 in Tumorigenesis. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2617-2631. [PMID: 34525904 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210915104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein 7 (KLK7) is a secreted serine protease with chymotrypsic protease activity. Abnormally high expression of KLK7 is closely related to the occurrence and development of various types of cancer. Therefore, KLK7 has been identified as a potential target for cancer drug development design in recent years. KLK7 mediates various biological and pathological processes in tumorigenesis, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and cell metabolism, by hydrolyzing a series of substrates such as membrane proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, and cytokines. This review mainly introduces the downstream cell signaling pathways involved in the activation of KLK7 and its substrate-related proteins. This review will not only help us to better understand the mechanisms of KLK7 in regulating biological and pathological processes of cancer cells, but also lay a solid foundation for the design of inhibitors targeting KLK7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Yueqing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Hao Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China.,The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
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4
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Li M, Srp J, Mareš M, Wlodawer A, Gustchina A. Structural studies of complexes of kallikrein 4 with wild-type and mutated forms of the Kunitz-type inhibitor BbKI. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1084-1098. [PMID: 34342281 PMCID: PMC8329858 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321006483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of BbKI, a recombinant Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from Bauhinia bauhinioides, complexed with human kallikrein 4 (KLK4) were determined at medium-to-high resolution in four crystal forms (space groups P3121, P6522, P21 and P61). Although the fold of the protein was virtually identical in all of the crystals, some significant differences were observed in the conformation of Arg64 of BbKI, the residue that occupies the S1 pocket in KLK4. Whereas this residue exhibited two orientations in the highest resolution structure (P3121), making either a canonical trypsin-like interaction with Asp189 of KLK4 or an alternate interaction, only a single alternate orientation was observed in the other three structures. A neighboring disulfide, Cys191-Cys220, was partially or fully broken in all KLK4 structures. Four variants of BbKI in which Arg64 was replaced by Met, Phe, Ala and Asp were expressed and crystallized, and their structures were determined in complex with KLK4. Structures of the Phe and Met variants complexed with bovine trypsin and of the Phe variant complexed with α-chymotrypsin were also determined. Although the inhibitory potency of these variant forms of BbKI was lowered by up to four orders of magnitude, only small changes were seen in the vicinity of the mutated residues. Therefore, a totality of subtle differences in KLK4-BbKI interactions within the fully extended interface in the structures of these variants might be responsible for the observed effect. Screening of the BbKI variants against a panel of serine proteases revealed an altered pattern of inhibitory specificity, which was shifted towards that of chymotrypsin-like proteases for the hydrophobic Phe and Met P1 substitutions. This work reports the first structures of plant Kunitz inhibitors with S1-family serine proteases other than trypsin, as well as new insights into the specificity of inhibition of medically relevant kallikreins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jaroslav Srp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alla Gustchina
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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5
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Bisyris E, Zingkou E, Kordopati GG, Matsoukas M, Magriotis PA, Pampalakis G, Sotiropoulou G. Generation of a quenched phosphonate activity-based probe for labelling the active KLK7 protease. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6834-6841. [PMID: 34308939 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01273h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein 7 (KLK7) is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease with established roles in skin diseases like the rare Netherton syndrome, an overdesquamating and inflammatory condition, but also common atopic dermatitis, and a potential drug target for these and possibly other diseases. Nevertheless, tools to determine the active KLK7 enzyme are not available. Here, a mixed alkyl aryl phosphonate quenched activity-based probe that detects the active KLK7 was developed and evaluated in vitro. This KLK7-qABP can potentially be used to monitor KLK7 activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Bisyris
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece.
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6
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Malki Y, Martinez J, Masurier N. 1,3-Diazepine: A privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2247-2315. [PMID: 33645848 DOI: 10.1002/med.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures have been widely used as effective templates for drug discovery. While benzo-1,4-diazepine constitutes the first historical example of such a structure, the 1,3 analogue is just as rich in terms of applications in medicinal chemistry. The 1,3-diazepine moiety is present in numerous biological active compounds including natural products, and is used to design compounds displaying a large range of biological activities. It is present in the clinically used anticancer compound pentostatin, in several recent FDA approved β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., avibactam) and also in coformycin, a natural product known as a ring-expanded purine analogue displaying antiviral and anticancer activities. Several other 1,3-diazepine containing compounds have entered into clinical trials. This heterocyclic structure has been and is still widely used in medicinal chemistry to design enzyme inhibitors, GPCR ligands, and so forth. This review endeavours to highlight the main use of the 1,3-diazepine scaffold and its derivatives, and their applications in medicinal chemistry, drug design, and therapy. We will focus more particularly on the development of enzyme inhibitors incorporating this scaffold, with a strong emphasis on the molecular interactions involved in the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Malki
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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7
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Samad N, Sodunke TE, Abubakar AR, Jahan I, Sharma P, Islam S, Dutta S, Haque M. The Implications of Zinc Therapy in Combating the COVID-19 Global Pandemic. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:527-550. [PMID: 33679136 PMCID: PMC7930604 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s295377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic from COVID-19 infection has generated significant public health concerns, both health-wise and economically. There is no specific pharmacological antiviral therapeutic option to date available for COVID-19 management. Also, there is an urgent need to discover effective medicines, prevention, and control methods because of the harsh death toll from this novel coronavirus infection. Acute respiratory tract infections, significantly lower respiratory tract infections, and pneumonia are the primary cause of millions of deaths worldwide. The role of micronutrients, including trace elements, boosted the human immune system and was well established. Several vitamins such as vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate; microelement including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper; omega-3 fatty acids as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid plays essential physiological roles in promoting the immune system. Furthermore, zinc is an indispensable microelement essential for a thorough enzymatic physiological process. It also helps regulate gene-transcription such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, cell division, and cell activation in the human biological system. Subsequently, zinc, together with natural scavenger cells and neutrophils, are also involved in developing cells responsible for regulating nonspecific immunity. The modern food habit often promotes zinc deficiency; as such, quite a few COVID-19 patients presented to hospitals were frequently diagnosed as zinc deficient. Earlier studies documented that zinc deficiency predisposes patients to a viral infection such as herpes simplex, common cold, hepatitis C, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of reducing antiviral immunity. This manuscript aimed to discuss the various roles played by zinc in the management of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandeeta Samad
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abdullahi Rabiu Abubakar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, 700233, Nigeria
| | - Iffat Jahan
- Department of Physiology, Eastern Medical College, Cumilla, Bangladesh
| | - Paras Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, BVM College of Pharmacy, Gwalior, India
| | - Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Siddhartha Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mainul Haque
- The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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8
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Petrova E, Hovnanian A. Advances in understanding of Netherton syndrome and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2020.1857724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Petrova
- Laboratory of genetic skin diseases, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of genetic skin diseases, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Departement of Genetics, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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9
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Chen QY, Luo D, Seabra GM, Luesch H. Ahp-Cyclodepsipeptides as tunable inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase and kallikrein 7: Total synthesis of tutuilamide A, serine protease selectivity profile and comparison with lyngbyastatin 7. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115756. [PMID: 33002682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe the total synthesis of tutuilamide A, a potent porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) inhibitor and a representative member of the 3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone (Ahp) cyclodepsipeptide family, isolated from marine cyanobacteria. The Ahp unit serves as a pharmacophore and the adjacent 2-amino-2-butenoic acid (Abu) is a main driver of the selectivity among serine proteases. We adapted our previous convergent strategy to generate the macrocycle, common with lyngbyastatin 7 and related elastase inhibitors, and then appended the tutuilamide A-specific side chain bearing a vinyl chloride. Tutuilamide A and lyngbyastatin 7 were evaluated side by side for the inhibition of the disease-relevant human neutrophil elastase (HNE). Tutuilamide A and lyngbyastatin 7 were approximately equipotent against HNE, while tutuilamide A was previously shown to be more active against PPE compared with lyngbyastatin 7, further demonstrating that the side chain provides opportunities to not only modulate potency but also selectivity among proteases of the same function from different organisms. Profiling of tutuilamide A against mainly human serine proteases revealed high selectivity for HNE (IC50 0.73 nM) and pleiotropic activity against kallikrein 7 (KLK7, IC50 5.0 nM), without affecting other kallikreins, similarly to lyngbyastatin 7 (IC50 0.85 nM for HNE and 3.1 nM for KLK7). A comprehensive molecular docking study for elastases and KLK7 afforded deeper insight into the intricate differences between inhibitor interactions with HNE and PPE, accounting for the differential activities for both compounds. The synthesis and molecular studies serve as a proof-of-concept that the macrocyclic scaffold can be diversified to fine-tune the activity of serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Danmeng Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Gustavo M Seabra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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10
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A novel FRET peptide assay reveals efficient Helicobacter pylori HtrA inhibition through zinc and copper binding. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10563. [PMID: 32601479 PMCID: PMC7324608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) secretes the chaperone and serine protease high temperature requirement A (HtrA) that cleaves gastric epithelial cell surface proteins to disrupt the epithelial integrity and barrier function. First inhibitory lead structures have demonstrated the essential role of HtrA in H. pylori physiology and pathogenesis. Comprehensive drug discovery techniques allowing high-throughput screening are now required to develop effective compounds. Here, we designed a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide derived from a gel-based label-free proteomic approach (direct in-gel profiling of protease specificity) as a valuable substrate for H. pylori HtrA. Since serine proteases are often sensitive to metal ions, we investigated the influence of different divalent ions on the activity of HtrA. We identified Zn++ and Cu++ ions as inhibitors of H. pylori HtrA activity, as monitored by in vitro cleavage experiments using casein or E-cadherin as substrates and in the FRET peptide assay. Putative binding sites for Zn++ and Cu++ were then analyzed in thermal shift and microscale thermophoresis assays. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of novel metal ion-dependent protease inhibitors, which might help to fight bacterial infections.
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11
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Hanke S, Tindall CA, Pippel J, Ulbricht D, Pirotte B, Reboud-Ravaux M, Heiker JT, Sträter N. Structural Studies on the Inhibitory Binding Mode of Aromatic Coumarinic Esters to Human Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 7. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5723-5733. [PMID: 32374603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a member of the human tissue kallikreins. Its dysregulation leads to pathophysiological inflammatory processes in the skin. Furthermore, it plays a role in several types of cancer. For the treatment of KLK7-associated diseases, coumarinic esters have been developed as small-molecule enzyme inhibitors. To characterize the inhibition mode of these inhibitors, we analyzed structures of the inhibited protease by X-ray crystallography. Electron density shows the inhibitors covalently attached to His57 of the catalytic triad. This confirms the irreversible character of the inhibition process. Upon inhibitor binding, His57 undergoes an outward rotation; thus, the catalytic triad of the protease is disrupted. Besides, the halophenyl moiety of the inhibitor was absent in the final enzyme-inhibitor complex due to the hydrolysis of the ester linkage. With these results, we analyze the structural basis of KLK7 inhibition by the covalent attachment of aromatic coumarinic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hanke
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catherine A Tindall
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Pippel
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Ulbricht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Michèle Reboud-Ravaux
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Adaptation biologique et Vieillissement, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - John T Heiker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Leipzig University and University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Goettig P, Brandstetter H, Magdolen V. Surface loops of trypsin-like serine proteases as determinants of function. Biochimie 2019; 166:52-76. [PMID: 31505212 PMCID: PMC7615277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases from family S1 (clan PA) constitute the largest protease group in humans and more generally in vertebrates. The prototypes chymotrypsin, trypsin and elastase represent simple digestive proteases in the gut, where they cleave nearly any protein. Multidomain trypsin-like proteases are key players in the tightly controlled blood coagulation and complement systems, as well as related proteases that are secreted from diverse immune cells. Some serine proteases are expressed in nearly all tissues and fluids of the human body, such as the human kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases with specialization for often unique substrates and accurate timing of activity. HtrA and membrane-anchored serine proteases fulfill important physiological tasks with emerging roles in cancer. The high diversity of all family members, which share the tandem β-barrel architecture of the chymotrypsin-fold in the catalytic domain, is conferred by the large differences of eight surface loops, surrounding the active site. The length of these loops alters with insertions and deletions, resulting in remarkably different three-dimensional arrangements. In addition, metal binding sites for Na+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ serve as regulatory elements, as do N-glycosylation sites. Depending on the individual tasks of the protease, the surface loops determine substrate specificity, control the turnover and allow regulation of activation, activity and degradation by other proteins, which are often serine proteases themselves. Most intriguingly, in some serine proteases, the surface loops interact as allosteric network, partially tuned by protein co-factors. Knowledge of these subtle and complicated molecular motions may allow nowadays for new and specific pharmaceutical or medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
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13
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Thorpe JH, Edgar EV, Smith KJ, Lewell XQ, Rella M, White GV, Polyakova O, Nassau P, Walker AL, Holmes DS, Pearce AC, Wang Y, Liddle J, Hovnanian A. Evaluation of a crystallographic surrogate for kallikrein 5 in the discovery of novel inhibitors for Netherton syndrome. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:385-391. [PMID: 31045568 PMCID: PMC6497096 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x19003169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of kallikrein 5 (KLK5) has been identified as a potential strategy for treatment of the genetic skin disorder Netherton syndrome, in which loss-of-function mutations in the SPINK5 gene lead to down-regulation of the endogenous inhibitor LEKTI-1 and profound skin-barrier defects with severe allergic manifestations. To aid in the development of a medicine for this target, an X-ray crystallographic system was developed to facilitate fragment-guided chemistry and knowledge-based drug-discovery approaches. Here, the development of a surrogate crystallographic system in place of KLK5, which proved to be challenging to crystallize, is described. The biochemical robustness of the crystallographic surrogate and the suitability of the system for the study of small nonpeptidic fragments and lead-like molecules are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Thorpe
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Emma V. Edgar
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Kathrine J. Smith
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Xiao Q. Lewell
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Monika Rella
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Gemma V. White
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Oxana Polyakova
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Pamela Nassau
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Ann L. Walker
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Duncan S. Holmes
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Andrew C. Pearce
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Yichen Wang
- INSERM UMR1163 Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - John Liddle
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicinal Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, England
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR1163 Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descartes–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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14
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Kidana K, Tatebe T, Ito K, Hara N, Kakita A, Saito T, Takatori S, Ouchi Y, Ikeuchi T, Makino M, Saido TC, Akishita M, Iwatsubo T, Hori Y, Tomita T. Loss of kallikrein-related peptidase 7 exacerbates amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease model mice. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708184. [PMID: 29311134 PMCID: PMC5840542 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid‐β (Aβ) as senile plaques is one of the pathological hallmarks in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. In addition, glial activation has been found in AD brains, although the precise pathological role of astrocytes remains unclear. Here, we identified kallikrein‐related peptidase 7 (KLK7) as an astrocyte‐derived Aβ degrading enzyme. Expression of KLK7 mRNA was significantly decreased in the brains of AD patients. Ablation of Klk7 exacerbated the thioflavin S‐positive Aβ pathology in AD model mice. The expression of Klk7 was upregulated by Aβ treatment in the primary astrocyte, suggesting that Klk7 is homeostatically modulated by Aβ‐induced responses. Finally, we found that the Food and Drug Administration‐approved anti‐dementia drug memantine can increase the expression of Klk7 and Aβ degradation activity specifically in the astrocytes. These data suggest that KLK7 is an important enzyme in the degradation and clearance of deposited Aβ species by astrocytes involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwami Kidana
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Komeikai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Tatebe
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Ito
- Venture Science Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sho Takatori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ouchi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Makino
- Venture Science Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi-Sankyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Akishita
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Potent, multi-target serine protease inhibition achieved by a simplified β-sheet motif. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210842. [PMID: 30668585 PMCID: PMC6342301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of an extended β-sheet is a common substrate/inhibitor interaction at the active site of serine proteases and is an important feature of Laskowski mechanism inhibitors that present a substrate-like loop to a target protease. This loop is cleaved but subsequently relegated forming a stable inhibitor/protease complex. Laskowski inhibitors are ubiquitous in nature and are used extensively in serine protease inhibitor design. However, most studies concentrate on introducing new sidechain interactions rather than the direct contributions of the substrate-like β-sheet to enzyme inhibition. Here we report the crystal structure of an simplified β-sheet inhibitory motif within the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor (SFTI) in complex with trypsin. We show that the intramolecular hydrogen bond network of this SFTI variant (SFTI-TCTR) engages the inhibitor sidechains that would normally interact with a target protease, giving mainchain interactions a more prominent role in complex formation. Despite having reduced sidechain interactions, this SFTI variant is remarkably potent and inhibits a diverse range of serine proteases. Crystal structural analysis and molecular modelling of SFTI-TCTR complexes again indicates an interface dominated by β–sheet interactions, highlighting the importance of this motif and the adaptability of SFTI as a scaffold for inhibitor design.
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16
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Li M, Srp J, Gustchina A, Dauter Z, Mares M, Wlodawer A. Crystal structures of the complex of a kallikrein inhibitor from Bauhinia bauhinioides with trypsin and modeling of kallikrein complexes. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:56-69. [PMID: 30644845 PMCID: PMC6333282 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318016492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of a recombinant Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from Bauhinia bauhinioides (BbKI) complexed with bovine trypsin were determined in two crystal forms. The crystal structure with the L55R mutant of BbKI was determined in space group P64 at 1.94 Å resolution and that with native BbKI in the monoclinic space group P21 at 3.95 Å resolution. The asymmetric unit of the latter crystals contained 44 independent complexes, thus representing one of the largest numbers of independent objects deposited in the Protein Data Bank. Additionally, the structure of the complex with native BbKI was determined at 2.0 Å resolution from P64 crystals isomorphous to those of the mutant. Since BbKI has previously been found to be a potent inhibitor of the trypsin-like plasma kallikrein, it was also tested against several tissue kallikreins. It was found that BbKI is a potent inhibitor of human tissue kallikrein 4 (KLK4) and the chymotrypsin-like human tissue kallikrein 7 (KLK7). Structures of BbKI complexed with the catalytic domain of human plasma kallikrein were modeled, as well as those with KLK4 and KLK7, and the structures were analyzed in order to identify the interactions that are responsible for inhibitory potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jaroslav Srp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alla Gustchina
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zbigniew Dauter
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Michael Mares
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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17
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Zinc in Keratinocytes and Langerhans Cells: Relevance to the Epidermal Homeostasis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5404093. [PMID: 30622978 PMCID: PMC6304883 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5404093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin, the epidermis is continuously exposed to various kinds of external substances and stimuli. Therefore, epidermal barriers are crucial for providing protection, safeguarding health, and regulating water balance by maintaining skin homeostasis. Disruption of the epidermal barrier allows external substances and stimuli to invade or stimulate the epidermal cells, leading to the elicitation of skin inflammation. The major components of the epidermal barrier are the stratum corneum (SC) and tight junctions (TJs). The presence of zinc in the epidermis promotes epidermal homeostasis; hence, this study reviewed the role of zinc in the formation and function of the SC and TJs. Langerhans cells (LCs) are one of the antigen-presenting cells found in the epidermis. They form TJs with adjacent keratinocytes (KCs), capture external antigens, and induce antigen-specific immune reactions. Thus, the function of zinc in LCs was examined in this review. We also summarized the general knowledge of zinc and zinc transporters in the epidermis with updated findings.
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18
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Murafuji H, Muto T, Goto M, Imajo S, Sugawara H, Oyama Y, Minamitsuji Y, Miyazaki S, Murai K, Fujioka H. Discovery and structure-activity relationship of imidazolinylindole derivatives as kallikrein 7 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:334-338. [PMID: 30522951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of imidazolinylindole derivatives were discovered as novel kallikrein 7 (KLK7, stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme) inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies led to the identification of potent human KLK7 inhibitors. By further modification of the benzenesulfonyl moiety to overcome species differences in inhibitory activity, potent inhibitors against both human and mouse KLK7 were identified. Furthermore, the complex structure of 25 with mouse KLK7 could explain the SAR and the cause of the species differences in inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Murafuji
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd, 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Muto
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd, 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Megumi Goto
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd, 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Seiichi Imajo
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd, 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hajime Sugawara
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd, 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Oyama
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd, 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Minamitsuji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuji Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichi Murai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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19
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Kahler U, Fuchs JE, Goettig P, Liedl KR. An unexpected switch in peptide binding mode: from simulation to substrate specificity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 36:4072-4084. [PMID: 29210603 PMCID: PMC6334781 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1407674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A ten microsecond molecular dynamics simulation of a kallikrein-related peptidase 7 peptide complex revealed an unexpected change in binding mode. After more than two microseconds unrestrained sampling we observe a spontaneous transition of the binding pose including a 180° rotation around the P1 residue. Subsequently, the substrate peptide occupies the prime side region rather than the cognate non-prime side in a stable conformation. We characterize the unexpected binding mode in terms of contacts, solvent-accessible surface area, molecular interactions and energetic properties. We compare the new pose to inhibitor-bound structures of kallikreins with occupied prime side and find that a similar orientation is adopted. Finally, we apply in silico mutagenesis based on the alternative peptide binding position to explore the prime side specificity of kallikrein-related peptidase 7 and compare it to available experimental data. Our study provides the first microsecond time scale simulation data on a kallikrein protease and shows previously unexplored prime side interactions. Therefore, we expect our study to advance the rational design of inhibitors targeting kallikrein-related peptidase 7, an emerging drug target involved in several skin diseases as well as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Kahler
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 82, InnsbruckA-6020, Austria
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 82, InnsbruckA-6020, Austria
| | - Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, SalzburgA-5020, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University Innsbruck, Innrain 82, InnsbruckA-6020, Austria
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20
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Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 is a potential target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12894-12906. [PMID: 29560118 PMCID: PMC5849182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with very poor prognosis, and the five-year survival rate of the patients is less than 5% after diagnosis. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) belong to a serine protease family with 15 members that play important roles in cellular physiological behavior and diseases. The high expression level of KLK7 in pancreatic cancer tissues is considered to be a marker for the poor prognosis of this disease. In this work, we set out to investigate whether KLK7 could be a target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were designed and constructed in lentivirus to knock down KLK7 in pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1, and the real time cellular analysis (RTCA) was used to evaluate cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities. Small molecules inhibiting KLK7 were discovered by computer-aided drug screening and used to inhibit PANC-1 cells. Our results confirmed that KLK7 is significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer tissue, and knocking down or inhibiting KLK7 efficiently inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. This study suggested that KLK7 could be a potential chemotherapy target for treatment of pancreatic cancer, which would provide us a novel strategy for the treatment of this disease.
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21
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Molecular Mechanisms of Vaspin Action - From Adipose Tissue to Skin and Bone, from Blood Vessels to the Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1111:159-188. [PMID: 30051323 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin) or SERPINA12 according to the serpin nomenclature was identified together with other genes and gene products that were specifically expressed or overexpressed in the intra-abdominal or visceral adipose tissue (AT) of the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat. These rats spontaneously develop visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and -glycemia, as well as hypertension and thus represent a well suited animal model of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.The follow-up study reporting the cloning, expression and functional characterization of vaspin suggested the great and promising potential of this molecule to counteract obesity induced insulin resistance and inflammation and has since initiated over 300 publications, clinical and experimental, that have contributed to uncover the multifaceted functions and molecular mechanisms of vaspin action not only in the adipose, but in many different cells, tissues and organs. This review will give an update on mechanistic and structural aspects of vaspin with a focus on its serpin function, the physiology and regulation of vaspin expression, and will summarize the latest on vaspin function in various tissues such as the different adipose tissue depots as well as the vasculature, skin, bone and the brain.
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22
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Murafuji H, Sakai H, Goto M, Imajo S, Sugawara H, Muto T. Discovery and structure-activity relationship study of 1,3,6-trisubstituted 1,4-diazepane-7-ones as novel human kallikrein 7 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5272-5276. [PMID: 29102227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1, composed of a 1,3,6-trisubstituted 1,4-diazepane-7-one, was discovered as a novel human kallikrein 7 (KLK7, stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme, SCCE) inhibitor, and its derivatives were synthesized and evaluated. Structure-activity relationship studies of the amidoxime unit and benzoic acid part of this new scaffold led to the identification of 25 and 34, which were more potent than the hit compound, 1. The X-ray co-crystal structure of compound 25 and human KLK7 revealed the characteristic interactions and enabled explanations of the structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Murafuji
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Megumi Goto
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Seiichi Imajo
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hajime Sugawara
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Muto
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
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23
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Silva LM, Clements JA. Mass spectrometry based proteomics analyses in kallikrein-related peptidase research: implications for cancer research and therapy. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:1119-1130. [PMID: 29025353 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1389637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a family of serine peptidases that are deregulated in numerous pathological conditions, with a multitude of KLK-mediated functional roles implicated in the progression of cancer. Advances in multidimensional mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics have facilitated the quantitative measurement of deregulated KLK expression in cancer, identifying certain KLKs, as well as their substrates, as potential cancer biomarkers. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss how these approaches have been utilized for KLK biomarker discovery and unbiased substrate determination in complex protein pools that mimic the in vivo extracellular microenvironment. Expert commentary: Although a limited number of studies have been performed, the quantity of information generated has greatly improved our understanding of the functional roles of KLKs in cancer progression. In addition, these data suggest additional means through which deregulated KLK expression may be targeted in cancer treatment, highlighting the potential therapeutic value of these state-of-the-art MS-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Munasinghage Silva
- a Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch , National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Judith Ann Clements
- b School of Biomedical Sciences , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute , Woolloongabba , Australia
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Silva LM, Stoll T, Kryza T, Stephens CR, Hastie ML, Irving-Rodgers HF, Dong Y, Gorman JJ, Clements JA. Mass spectrometry-based determination of Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) cleavage preferences and subsite dependency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6789. [PMID: 28754951 PMCID: PMC5533777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleavage preferences of Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) have previously been delineated using synthetic peptide libraries of fixed length, or single protein chains and have suggested that KLK7 exerts a chymotryptic-like cleavage preference. Due to the short length of the peptides utilised, only a limited number of subsites have however been assessed. To determine the subsite preferences of KLK7 in a global setting, we used a mass spectrometry (MS)-based in-depth proteomics approach that utilises human proteome-derived peptide libraries of varying length, termed Proteomic Identification of protease Cleavage Sites (PICS). Consistent with previous findings, KLK7 was found to exert chymotryptic-like cleavage preferences. KLK7 subsite preferences were also characterised in the P2-P2′ region, demonstrating a preference for hydrophobic residues in the non-prime and hydrophilic residues in the prime subsites. Interestingly, single catalytic triad mutant KLK7 (mKLK7; S195A) also showed residual catalytic activity (kcat/KM = 7.93 × 102 s−1M−1). Catalytic inactivity of KLK7 was however achieved by additional mutation in this region (D102N). In addition to characterising the cleavage preferences of KLK7, our data thereby also suggests that the use of double catalytic triad mutants should be employed as more appropriate negative controls in future investigations of KLK7, especially when highly sensitive MS-based approaches are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Munasinghage Silva
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.,Proteases and Tissue Remodelling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Science, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Stoll
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Carson Ryan Stephens
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Marcus Lachlan Hastie
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Helen Frances Irving-Rodgers
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Ying Dong
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jeffrey John Gorman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Judith Ann Clements
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) and School of Biomedical Sciences at the Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
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Biochemical and functional characterization of the human tissue kallikrein 9. Biochem J 2017; 474:2417-2433. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein 9 (KLK9) is a member of the kallikrein-related family of proteases. Despite its known expression profile, much less is known about the functional roles of this protease and its implications in normal physiology and disease. We present here the first data on the biochemical characterization of KLK9, investigate parameters that affect its enzymatic activity (such as inhibitors) and provide preliminary insights into its putative substrates. We show that mature KLK9 is a glycosylated chymotrypsin-like enzyme with strong preference for tyrosine over phenylalanine at the P1 cleavage position. The enzyme activity is enhanced by Mg2+ and Ca2+, but is reversibly attenuated by Zn2+. KLK9 is inhibited in vitro by many naturally occurring or synthetic protease inhibitors. Using a combination of degradomic and substrate specificity assays, we identified candidate KLK9 substrates in two different epithelial cell lines [the non-tumorigenic human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) and the tumorigenic tongue squamous carcinoma cells (SCC9)]. Two potential KLK9 substrates [KLK10 and midkine (MDK)] were subjected to further validation. Taken together, our data delineate some functional and biochemical properties of KLK9 for future elucidation of the role of this enzyme in health and disease.
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Debela M, Magdolen V, Bode W, Brandstetter H, Goettig P. Structural basis for the Zn2+ inhibition of the zymogen-like kallikrein-related peptidase 10. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1251-1264. [PMID: 27611765 PMCID: PMC5551965 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although kallikrein-related peptidase 10 (KLK10) is expressed in a variety of human tissues and body fluids, knowledge of its physiological functions is fragmentary. Similarly, the pathophysiology of KLK10 in cancer is not well understood. In some cancer types, a role as tumor suppressor has been suggested, while in others elevated expression is associated with poor patient prognosis. Active human KLK10 exhibits a unique, three residue longer N-terminus with respect to other serine proteases and an extended 99-loop nearly as long as in tissue kallikrein KLK1. Crystal structures of recombinant ligand-free KLK10 and a Zn2+ bound form explain to some extent the mixed trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like substrate specificity. Zn2+-inhibition of KLK10 appears to be based on a unique mechanism, which involves direct binding and blocking of the catalytic triad. Since the disordered N-terminus and several loops adopt a zymogen-like conformation, the active protease conformation is very likely induced by interaction with the substrate, in particular at the S1 subsite and at the unusual Ser193 as part of the oxyanion hole. The KLK10 structures indicate that the N-terminus, the nearby 75-, 148-, and the 99-loops are connected in an allosteric network, which is present in other trypsin-like serine proteases with several variations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Wolfram Bode
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Proteinase Research Group, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Masurier N, Arama DP, El Amri C, Lisowski V. Inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidases: An overview. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:655-683. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Masurier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Dominique P. Arama
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256; Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology; Paris France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
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Riley BT, Ilyichova O, Costa MGS, Porebski BT, de Veer SJ, Swedberg JE, Kass I, Harris JM, Hoke DE, Buckle AM. Direct and indirect mechanisms of KLK4 inhibition revealed by structure and dynamics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35385. [PMID: 27767076 PMCID: PMC5073354 DOI: 10.1038/srep35385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family of proteases is involved in many aspects of human health and disease. One member of this family, KLK4, has been implicated in cancer development and metastasis. Understanding mechanisms of inactivation are critical to developing selective KLK4 inhibitors. We have determined the X-ray crystal structures of KLK4 in complex with both sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) and a rationally designed SFTI-1 derivative to atomic (~1 Å) resolution, as well as with bound nickel. These structures offer a structural rationalization for the potency and selectivity of these inhibitors, and together with MD simulation and computational analysis, reveal a dynamic pathway between the metal binding exosite and the active site, providing key details of a previously proposed allosteric mode of inhibition. Collectively, this work provides insight into both direct and indirect mechanisms of inhibition for KLK4 that have broad implications for the enzymology of the serine protease superfamily, and may potentially be exploited for the design of therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake T Riley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Olga Ilyichova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mauricio G S Costa
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Benjamin T Porebski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Itamar Kass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - David E Hoke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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de Veer SJ, Ukolova SS, Munro CA, Swedberg JE, Buckle AM, Harris JM. Mechanism-based selection of a potent kallikrein-related peptidase 7 inhibitor from a versatile library based on the sunflower trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1. Biopolymers 2016; 100:510-8. [PMID: 24078181 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Potent and specific enzyme inhibition is a key goal in the development of therapeutic inhibitors targeting proteolytic activity. The backbone-cyclized peptide, Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor (SFTI-1) affords a scaffold that can be engineered to achieve both these aims. SFTI-1's mechanism of inhibition is unusual in that it shows fast-on/slow-off kinetics driven by cleavage and religation of a scissile bond. This phenomenon was used to select a nanomolar inhibitor of kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) from a versatile library of SFTI variants with diversity tailored to exploit distinctive surfaces present in the active site of serine proteases. Inhibitor selection was achieved through the use of size exclusion chromatography to separate protease/inhibitor complexes from unbound inhibitors followed by inhibitor identification according to molecular mass ascertained by mass spectrometry. This approach identified a single dominant inhibitor species with molecular weight of 1562.4 Da, which is consistent with the SFTI variant SFTI-WCTF. Once synthesized individually this inhibitor showed an IC50 of 173.9 ± 7.6 nM against chromogenic substrates and could block protein proteolysis. Molecular modeling analysis suggested that selection of SFTI-WCTF was driven by specific aromatic interactions and stabilized by an enhanced internal hydrogen bonding network. This approach provides a robust and rapid route to inhibitor selection and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
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Guerrero JL, O’Malley MA, Daugherty PS. Intracellular FRET-based Screen for Redesigning the Specificity of Secreted Proteases. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:961-70. [PMID: 26730612 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are attractive as therapeutics given their ability to catalytically activate or inactivate their targets. However, therapeutic use of proteases is limited by insufficient substrate specificity, since off-target activity can induce undesired side-effects. In addition, few methods exist to enhance the activity and specificity of human proteases, analogous to methods for antibody engineering. Given this need, a general methodology termed protease evolution via cleavage of an intracellular substrate (PrECISE) was developed to enable engineering of human protease activity and specificity toward an arbitrary peptide target. PrECISE relies on coexpression of a protease and a peptide substrate exhibiting Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) within the endoplasmic reticulum of yeast. Use of the FRET reporter substrate enabled screening large protease libraries using fluorescence activated cell sorting for the activity of interest. To evolve a human protease that selectively cleaves within the central hydrophobic core (KLVF↓F↓AED) of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, PrECISE was applied to human kallikrein 7, a protease with Aβ cleavage activity but broad selectivity, with a strong preference for tyrosine (Y) at P1. This method yielded a protease variant which displayed up to 30-fold improvements in Aβ selectivity mediated by a reduction in activity toward substrates containing tyrosine. Additionally, the increased selectivity of the variant led to reduced toxicity toward PC12 neuronal-like cells and 16-1000-fold improved resistance to wild-type inhibitors. PrECISE thus provides a powerful high-throughput capability to redesign human proteases for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Guerrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michelle A. O’Malley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Patrick S. Daugherty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Avgeris M, Scorilas A. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) as emerging therapeutic targets: focus on prostate cancer and skin pathologies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:801-18. [PMID: 26941073 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1147560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue kallikrein and the kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) constitute a family of 15 homologous secreted serine proteases with trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like activities, which participate in a broad spectrum of physiological procedures. Deregulated expression and/or activation of the majority of the family members have been reported in several human diseases, thereby making KLKs ideal targets for therapeutic intervention. AREAS COVERED In the present review, we summarize the role of KLKs in normal human physiology and pathology, focusing on prostate cancer and skin diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advances in the development of KLK-based therapies. A great number of diverse engineered KLKs inhibitors with improved potency, selectivity and immunogenicity have been synthesized by redesigning examples that are endogenous and naturally occurring. Moreover, encouraging results have been documented using KLKs-based vaccines and immunotherapies, as well as KLKs-mediated activation of pro-drugs. Finally, KLKs-targeting aptamers and KLKs-based imaging tools represent novel approaches towards the exploitation of KLKs' therapeutic value. EXPERT OPINION The central/critical roles of KLK family in several human pathologies highlight KLKs as attractive molecular targets for developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritis Avgeris
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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32
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Kallikreins - The melting pot of activity and function. Biochimie 2015; 122:270-82. [PMID: 26408415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome, are secreted serine proteases with diverse expression patterns and physiological roles. Because of the broad spectrum of processes that are modulated by kallikreins, these proteases are the subject of extensive investigations. This review brings together basic information about the biochemical properties affecting enzymatic activity, with highlights on post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation. Additionally, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the physiological functions of KLKs in major human organs and outline recent discoveries pertinent to the involvement of kallikreins in cell signaling and in viral infections. Despite the current depth of knowledge of these enzymes, many questions regarding the roles of kallikreins in health and disease remain unanswered.
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33
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Yu Y, Prassas I, Dimitromanolakis A, Diamandis EP. Novel Biological Substrates of Human Kallikrein 7 Identified through Degradomics. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17762-17775. [PMID: 26032414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a group of serine proteases widely expressed in various tissues and involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Although our understanding of the pathophysiological roles of most KLKs has blossomed in recent years, identification of the direct endogenous substrates of human KLKs remains an unmet objective. In this study we employed a degradomics approach to systemically investigate the endogenous substrates of KLK7 in an effort to understand the molecular pathways underlying KLK7 action in skin. We identified several previously known as well as novel protein substrates. Our most promising candidates were further validated with the use of targeted quantitative proteomics (selected reaction monitoring methods) and in vitro recombinant protein digestion assays. Our study revealed midkine, CYR61, and tenascin-C as endogenous substrates for KLK7. Interestingly, some of these substrates (e.g. midkine) were prone to proteolytic cleavage only by KLK7 (and not by other skin-associated KLKs), whereas others (e.g. CYR61 and tenascin-C) could be digested by several KLKs. Furthermore, using melanoma cell line, we show that KLK7-mediated cleavage of midkine results in an overall reduction in the pro-proliferative and pro-migratory effect of midkine. An inverse relation between KLK7 and midkine is also observed in human melanoma tissues. In summary, our degradomics approach revealed three novel endogenous substrates for KLK7, which may shed more light on the pathobiological roles of KLK7 in human skin. Similar substrate screening approaches could be applied for the discovery of biological substrates of other protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | | | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
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Prassas I, Eissa A, Poda G, Diamandis EP. Unleashing the therapeutic potential of human kallikrein-related serine proteases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:183-202. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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35
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Arama DP, Soualmia F, Lisowski V, Longevial JF, Bosc E, Maillard LT, Martinez J, Masurier N, El Amri C. Pyrido-imidazodiazepinones as a new class of reversible inhibitors of human kallikrein 7. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:202-13. [PMID: 25682203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue kallikrein-7 (KLK7) is a chymotryptic serine protease member of tissue kallikrein family. KLK7 is involved in skin homeostasis and inflammation. Excess of KLK7 activity is also associated with tumor metastasis processes, especially in ovarian carcinomas, prostatic and pancreatic cancers. Development of Kallikrein 7 inhibitors is thus of great interest in oncology but also for treating skin diseases. Most of the developed synthetic inhibitors present several drawbacks such as poor selectivity and unsuitable physico-chemical properties for in vivo use. Recently, we described a practical sequence for the synthesis of imidazopyridine-fused [1,3]-diazepines. Here, we report the identification of pyrido-imidazodiazepinone core as a new potential scaffold to develop selective and competitive inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidase 7. Structure-activity relationships (SAR), inhibition mechanisms and selectivity as well as cytotoxicity against selected cancer cell lines were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique P Arama
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Feryel Soualmia
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-François Longevial
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Elodie Bosc
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic T Maillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Tan X, Soualmia F, Furio L, Renard JF, Kempen I, Qin L, Pagano M, Pirotte B, El Amri C, Hovnanian A, Reboud-Ravaux M. Toward the first class of suicide inhibitors of kallikreins involved in skin diseases. J Med Chem 2014; 58:598-612. [PMID: 25489658 DOI: 10.1021/jm500988d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of kallikreins 5 and 7, and possibly kallikrein 14 and matriptase, (that initiates the kallikrein proteolytic cascade) constitutes an innovative way to treat some skin diseases such as Netherton syndrome. We present here the inhibitory properties of coumarin-3-carboxylate derivatives against these enzymes. Our small collection of these versatile organic compounds was enriched by newly synthesized derivatives in order to obtain molecules selective against one, two, three enzymes or acting on the four ones. We evidenced a series of compounds with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. A suicide mechanism was observed against kallikrein 7 whereas the inactivation was either definitive (suicide type) or transient for kallikreins 5 and 14, and matriptase. Most of these potent inhibitors were devoid of cytotoxicity toward healthy human keratinocytes. In situ zymography investigations on skin sections from human kallikrein 5 transgenic mouse revealed significant reduction of the global proteolytic activity by several compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine , 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
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37
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Ishida-Yamamoto A, Igawa S. The biology and regulation of corneodesmosomes. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:477-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Oliveira JR, Bertolin TC, Andrade D, Oliveira LCG, Kondo MY, Santos JAN, Blaber M, Juliano L, Severino B, Caliendo G, Santagada V, Juliano MA. Specificity studies on Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) and effects of osmolytes and glycosaminoglycans on its peptidase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:73-83. [PMID: 25448018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
KLK7 substrate specificity was evaluated by families of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides derived from Abz-KLFSSK-Q-EDDnp (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid and Q-EDDnp=glutaminyl-N-[2,4-dinitrophenyl] ethylenediamine), by one bead-one peptide FRET peptide library in PEGA resin, and by the FRET peptide libraries Abz-GXX-Z-XX-Q-EDDnp (Z and X are fixed and random natural amino acids, respectively). KLK7 hydrolyzed preferentially F, Y or M, and its S1' and S2' subsites showed selectivity for hydrophilic amino acids, particularly R and K. This set of specificities was confirmed by the efficient kininogenase activity of KLK7 on Abz-MISLM(↓)KRPPGFSPF(↓)RSSRI-NH2 ((↓)indicates cleavage), hydrolysis of somatostatin and substance P and inhibition by kallistatin. The peptide Abz-NLY(↓)RVE-Q-EDDnp is the best synthetic substrate so far described for KLK7 [kcat/Km=455 (mMs)(-1)] that was designed from the KLK7 substrate specificity analysis. It is noteworthy that the NLYRVE sequence is present in human semaphorin 6B. KLK7 is activated by GAGs, inhibited by neutral salts, and activated by high concentration of kosmotropic salt. Pyroglutamic acid inhibited KLK7 (Ki=33mM) and is present in skin moisturizing factor (124mM). The KLK7 specificity described here and elsewhere reflects its participation in patho-physiological events in skin, the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, where KLK7 is significantly expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Bertolin
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Andrade
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian C G Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Y Kondo
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge A N Santos
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais, Câmpus Inconfidentes, Brazil
| | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‟Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‟Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‟Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Skala W, Utzschneider DT, Magdolen V, Debela M, Guo S, Craik CS, Brandstetter H, Goettig P. Structure-function analyses of human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 establish the 99-loop as master regulator of activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34267-83. [PMID: 25326387 PMCID: PMC4256358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.598201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2) is a tryptic serine protease predominantly expressed in prostatic tissue and secreted into prostatic fluid, a major component of seminal fluid. Most likely it activates and complements chymotryptic KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen) in cleaving seminal clotting proteins, resulting in sperm liquefaction. KLK2 belongs to the “classical” KLKs 1–3, which share an extended 99- or kallikrein loop near their non-primed substrate binding site. Here, we report the 1.9 Å crystal structures of two KLK2-small molecule inhibitor complexes. In both structures discontinuous electron density for the 99-loop indicates that this loop is largely disordered. We provide evidence that the 99-loop is responsible for two biochemical peculiarities of KLK2, i.e. reversible inhibition by micromolar Zn2+ concentrations and permanent inactivation by autocatalytic cleavage. Indeed, several 99-loop mutants of KLK2 displayed an altered susceptibility to Zn2+, which located the Zn2+ binding site at the 99-loop/active site interface. In addition, we identified an autolysis site between residues 95e and 95f in the 99-loop, whose elimination prevented the mature enzyme from limited autolysis and irreversible inactivation. An exhaustive comparison of KLK2 with related structures revealed that in the KLK family the 99-, 148-, and 220-loop exist in open and closed conformations, allowing or preventing substrate access, which extends the concept of conformational selection in trypsin-related proteases. Taken together, our novel biochemical and structural data on KLK2 identify its 99-loop as a key player in activity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Skala
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mekdes Debela
- Max-Planck-Institut for Biochemistry, Proteinase Research Group, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany, and
| | - Shihui Guo
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Goettig
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria,
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Tan X, Furio L, Reboud-Ravaux M, Villoutreix BO, Hovnanian A, El Amri C. 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives as transient inactivators of kallikreins involved in skin diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4547-51. [PMID: 23849879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe here 1,2,4-triazoles derivatives identified as transient inactivators acting at the nanomolar level on human kallikreins (hK5, hK7 and hK14) and matriptase. Both the nature of the targeted enzymes and structural variations of the inhibitors influence the life-times of acyl-enzymes. These nonpeptidic, transient and low-molecular-weight inhibitors were found to be noncytotoxic against healthy human keratinocytes. These molecules may be useful to counteract dysregulated proteolytic cascades observed in dermatological disorders such as Netherton syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Enzymologie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle, UR4, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités (UPMC), Case Courrier 256, 7, Quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Abstract
Zinc(II) ions are catalytic, structural, and regulatory cofactors in proteins. In contrast to painstakingly collecting the pieces by isolating and characterizing zinc proteins, 'omics' approaches are now allowing us to tease out information about zinc proteins from genomes and to piece together the information to a broader knowledge and appreciation of the role of zinc in biology. Estimates for the number of zinc proteins in the human genome and in genomes of other organisms have been derived from a bioinformatics approach: mining sequence databases for homologies of known zinc-coordination motifs with characteristic ligand signatures for metal binding and combining this information with the knowledge about metal-binding domains of proteins. This approach resulted in an impressive number of almost 3000 human zinc proteins and made major contributions to our understanding of the composition of the zinc proteome and the functions of zinc proteins. However, the impact of zinc on protein science is even greater. Predictions do not include yet undiscovered ligand signatures, coordination environments that employ complex binding patterns with nonsequential binding of ligands and ligand bridges, zinc/protein interactions at protein interfaces, and transient interactions of zinc(II) ions with proteins that are not known to be zinc proteins. All this information and recent discoveries of how cellular zinc is controlled and how zinc(II) ions function as signaling ions add an hitherto unrecognized dimension to the zinc proteome of multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Zinc proteomics employs a combination of approaches from different disciplines, such as bioinformatics, biology, inorganic biochemistry, and significantly, analytical and structural chemistry. It provides crucial large-scale datasets for interpreting the roles of zinc in health and disease at both a molecular and a global, systems biology, level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Maret
- King's College London, School of Medicine, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Metal Metabolism Group, London, SE1 9NH, UK,
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Stratum corneum proteases and dry skin conditions. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:217-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Jefferson T, Auf dem Keller U, Bellac C, Metz VV, Broder C, Hedrich J, Ohler A, Maier W, Magdolen V, Sterchi E, Bond JS, Jayakumar A, Traupe H, Chalaris A, Rose-John S, Pietrzik CU, Postina R, Overall CM, Becker-Pauly C. The substrate degradome of meprin metalloproteases reveals an unexpected proteolytic link between meprin β and ADAM10. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:309-33. [PMID: 22940918 PMCID: PMC3535375 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo roles of meprin metalloproteases in pathophysiological conditions remain elusive. Substrates define protease roles. Therefore, to identify natural substrates for human meprin α and β we employed TAILS (terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates), a proteomics approach that enriches for N-terminal peptides of proteins and cleavage fragments. Of the 151 new extracellular substrates we identified, it was notable that ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain-containing protein 10)-the constitutive α-secretase-is activated by meprin β through cleavage of the propeptide. To validate this cleavage event, we expressed recombinant proADAM10 and after preincubation with meprin β, this resulted in significantly elevated ADAM10 activity. Cellular expression in murine primary fibroblasts confirmed activation. Other novel substrates including extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors and inhibitors were validated by western analyses and enzyme activity assays with Edman sequencing confirming the exact cleavage sites identified by TAILS. Cleavages in vivo were confirmed by comparing wild-type and meprin(-/-) mice. Our finding of cystatin C, elafin and fetuin-A as substrates and natural inhibitors for meprins reveal new mechanisms in the regulation of protease activity important for understanding pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Jefferson
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Caliendo G, Santagada V, Perissutti E, Severino B, Fiorino F, Frecentese F, Juliano L. Kallikrein protease activated receptor (PAR) axis: an attractive target for drug development. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6669-86. [PMID: 22607152 DOI: 10.1021/jm300407t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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Pluripotentialities of a quenched fluorescent peptide substrate library: enzymatic detection, characterization, and isoenzymes differentiation. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Härkönen HH, Mattsson JM, Määttä JAE, Stenman UH, Koistinen H, Matero S, Windshügel B, Poso A, Lahtela-Kakkonen M. The discovery of compounds that stimulate the activity of kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3). ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2170-8. [PMID: 21953896 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), also known as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), is the most useful biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa). KLK3 is suggested to play a role in regulating cancer growth through anti-angiogenic activity in vivo and in vitro. This feature, together with its specificity for prostate tissue, makes KLK3 an intriguing target for the design of new therapies for PCa. 3D pharmacophores for KLK3-stimulating compounds were generated based on peptides that bind specifically to KLK3 and increase its enzymatic activity. As a result of pharmacophore-based virtual screening, four small, drug-like compounds with affinity for KLK3 were discovered and validated by capillary differential scanning calorimetry. One of the compounds also stimulated the activity of KLK3, and is therefore the first published small molecule with such an activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna H Härkönen
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Zhao H, Dong Y, Quan J, Smith R, Lam A, Weinstein S, Clements J, Johnson NW, Gao J. Correlation of the expression of human kallikrein-related peptidases 4 and 7 with the prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2011; 33:566-72. [PMID: 20665732 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very few articles have been written about the expression of kallikreins (KLK4 and KLK7) in oral cancers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine and report on their prognostic potential. METHODS Eighty archival blocks of primary oral cancers were sectioned and stained for KLK4 and KLK7 by immunohistochemistry. The percentage and the intensity of malignant keratinocyte staining were correlated with patient survival using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Both kallikreins were expressed strongly in the majority of tumor cells in 68 of 80 cases: these were mostly moderately or poorly differentiated neoplasms. Staining was particularly intense at the infiltrating front. Patients with intense staining had significantly shorter overall survival (p < .05). CONCLUSION This is the first observation on the patient survival influenced by kallikrein expression in oral carcinoma. The findings are consistent with those for carcinomas at other sites, in particular the prostate and ovary. KLK4 and/or KLK7 immunohistochemistry seems to have diagnostic and prognostic potential in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, School of Dentistry and Oral Health, and School of Medicine, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Sukhwal A, Bhattacharyya M, Vishveshwara S. Network approach for capturing ligand-induced subtle global changes in protein structures. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:429-39. [PMID: 21543845 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911007062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-induced conformational changes in proteins are of immense functional relevance. It is a major challenge to elucidate the network of amino acids that are responsible for the percolation of ligand-induced conformational changes to distal regions in the protein from a global perspective. Functionally important subtle conformational changes (at the level of side-chain noncovalent interactions) upon ligand binding or as a result of environmental variations are also elusive in conventional studies such as those using root-mean-square deviations (r.m.s.d.s). In this article, the network representation of protein structures and their analyses provides an efficient tool to capture these variations (both drastic and subtle) in atomistic detail in a global milieu. A generalized graph theoretical metric, using network parameters such as cliques and/or communities, is used to determine similarities or differences between structures in a rigorous manner. The ligand-induced global rewiring in the protein structures is also quantified in terms of network parameters. Thus, a judicious use of graph theory in the context of protein structures can provide meaningful insights into global structural reorganizations upon perturbation and can also be helpful for rigorous structural comparison. Data sets for the present study include high-resolution crystal structures of serine proteases from the S1A family and are probed to quantify the ligand-induced subtle structural variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Sukhwal
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Involvement of corneodesmosome degradation and lamellar granule transportation in the desquamation process. Med Mol Morphol 2011; 44:1-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-010-0513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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