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Mistry JJ, Young KA, Colom Díaz PA, Maestre IF, Levine RL, Trowbridge JJ. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Senescence Induced by Dnmt3a -Mutant Hematopoietic Cells is a Targetable Mechanism Driving Clonal Hematopoiesis and Initiation of Hematologic Malignancy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.28.587254. [PMID: 38585779 PMCID: PMC10996614 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) can predispose to blood cancers due to enhanced fitness of mutant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), but the mechanisms driving this progression are not understood. We hypothesized that malignant progression is related to microenvironment-remodelling properties of CH-mutant HSPCs. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of the bone marrow microenvironment in Dnmt3a R878H/+ mice revealed signatures of cellular senescence in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Dnmt3a R878H/+ HSPCs caused MSCs to upregulate the senescence markers SA-β-gal, BCL-2, BCL-xL, Cdkn1a (p21) and Cdkn2a (p16), ex vivo and in vivo . This effect was cell contact-independent and can be replicated by IL-6 or TNFα, which are produced by Dnmt3a R878H/+ HSPCs. Depletion of senescent MSCs in vivo reduced the fitness of Dnmt3a R878H/+ hematopoietic cells and the progression of CH to myeloid neoplasms using a sequentially inducible Dnmt3a ; Npm1 -mutant model. Thus, Dnmt3a -mutant HSPCs reprogram their microenvironment via senescence induction, creating a self-reinforcing niche favoring fitness and malignant progression. Statement of Significance Mesenchymal stromal cell senescence induced by Dnmt3a -mutant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells drives clonal hematopoiesis and initiation of hematologic malignancy.
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Atilla E, Benabdellah K. The Black Hole: CAR T Cell Therapy in AML. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2713. [PMID: 37345050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite exhaustive studies, researchers have made little progress in the field of adoptive cellular therapies for relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), unlike the notable uptake for B cell malignancies. Various single antigen-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell Phase I trials have been established worldwide and have recruited approximately 100 patients. The high heterogeneity at the genetic and molecular levels within and between AML patients resembles a black hole: a great gravitational field that sucks in everything. One must consider the fact that only around 30% of patients show a response; there are, however, consequential off-tumor effects. It is obvious that a new point of view is needed to achieve more promising results. This review first introduces the unique therapeutic challenges of not only CAR T cells but also other adoptive cellular therapies in AML. Next, recent single-cell sequencing data for AML to assess somatically acquired alterations at the DNA, epigenetic, RNA, and protein levels are discussed to give a perspective on cellular heterogeneity, intercellular hierarchies, and the cellular ecosystem. Finally, promising novel strategies are summarized, including more sophisticated next-generation CAR T, TCR-T, and CAR NK therapies; the approaches with which to tailor the microenvironment and target neoantigens; and allogeneic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erden Atilla
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Health Sciences Technology Park, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Health Sciences Technology Park, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Advances in Molecular Regulation of Prostate Cancer Cells by Top Natural Products of Malaysia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1536-1567. [PMID: 36826044 PMCID: PMC9954984 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains both a global health burden and a scientific challenge. We present a review of the molecular targets driving current drug discovery to fight this disease. Moreover, the preventable nature of most PCa cases represents an opportunity for phytochemicals as chemopreventive when adequately integrated into nutritional interventions. With a renovated interest in natural remedies as a commodity and their essential role in cancer drug discovery, Malaysia is looking towards capitalizing on its mega biodiversity, which includes the oldest rainforest in the world and an estimated 1200 medicinal plants. We here explore whether the list of top Malay plants prioritized by the Malaysian government may fulfill the potential of becoming newer, sustainable sources of prostate cancer chemotherapy. These include Andrographis paniculate, Centella asiatica, Clinacanthus nutans, Eurycoma longifolia, Ficus deltoidea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Marantodes pumilum (syn. Labisia pumila), Morinda citrifolia, Orthosiphon aristatus, and Phyllanthus niruri. Our review highlights the importance of resistance factors such as Smac/DIABLO in cancer progression, the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in cancer metastasis, and the regulation of PCa cells by some promising terpenes (andrographolide, Asiatic acid, rosmarinic acid), flavonoids (isovitexin, gossypin, sinensetin), and alkylresorcinols (labisiaquinones) among others.
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Berdel AF, Koch R, Gerss J, Hentrich M, Peceny R, Bartscht T, Steffen B, Bischoff M, Spiekermann K, Angenendt L, Mikesch JH, Kewitz T, Butterfass-Bahloul T, Serve H, Lenz G, Berdel WE, Krug U, Schliemann C. A randomized phase 2 trial of nintedanib and low-dose cytarabine in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:63-72. [PMID: 36399194 PMCID: PMC9807538 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-05025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the safety and efficacy of nintedanib added to low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) in a phase 1/2 study in patients 60 years or older with newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory (r/r) AML ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. The results of the dose-finding phase 1 part have been previously published. Patients were randomized 1:1 to LDAC plus nintedanib or LDAC plus placebo stratified by AML status (newly diagnosed vs r/r). LDAC was applied subcutaneously at 20 mg twice daily on days 1 to 10. Nintedanib/placebo was orally administered twice daily on days 1 to 28 in 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Between 05/2017 and 09/2019, 31 patients were randomized and 30 were treated, before the study was terminated prematurely due to slow recruitment. Median (range) age of patients was 76 (60-84) years. Twenty-two patients (73%) had r/r AML. Median OS in patients treated with LDAC and nintedanib was 3.4 months, compared with 3.6 months in those treated in the placebo arm, with a HR adjusted for AML status of 1.19 (corresponding confirmatory adjusted 95% CI, 0.55-2.56; univariate log-rank P = 0.96). In the 22 patients with r/r AML, median OS was 3.0 months in the nintedanib and 3.6 months in the placebo arm (P = 0.36). One patient in the nintedanib and two patients in the placebo arm achieved a CR and entered maintenance treatment. Nintedanib showed no superior therapeutic activity over placebo when added to LDAC in elderly AML patients considered unfit for intensive chemotherapy. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT01488344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Raphael Koch
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Gerss
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Hentrich
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Red Cross Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Peceny
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Klinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tobias Bartscht
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Björn Steffen
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marina Bischoff
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum Idar-Oberstein, Idar-Oberstein, Germany
| | - Karsten Spiekermann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Linus Angenendt
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan-Henrik Mikesch
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Kewitz
- Centre for Clinical Trials, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Hubert Serve
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Utz Krug
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Department of Medicine, III, Hospital Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Pathogenic Mechanisms in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:1522-1534. [PMID: 36190670 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of leukemia in adults, leading to the highest number of annual leukemia-associated deaths in the USA. Although most AML patients initially enter remission following induction therapy, most eventually relapse, underscoring the unmet need for more effective therapies. In recent years, novel high-throughput sequencing techniques, and mouse and human models of disease have increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to AML. Leukemogenic mechanisms can be broadly classified into two types-cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic. Cell-intrinsic mechanisms include an array of genetic and epigenetic alterations that lead to dysregulated gene expression and function in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, leading to their increased fitness and ultimately, malignant transformation. Extrinsic mechanisms include both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stromal components of the leukemic microenvironment that interact with pre-leukemic and leukemic clones to promote their survival, self-renewal, and/or resistance to therapy. Through the individual and concerted action of these factors, pre-leukemic clones acquire the changes necessary for leukemic transformation. In addition, following therapy, specific leukemic clones are selected for that eventually re-initiate disease. Improving our understanding of these cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms will provide novel opportunities to treat AML as well as prevent the development of disease.
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How J, Ren S, Lombardi-Story J, Bergeron M, Foster J, Amrein PC, Brunner AM, Fathi AT, Hock H, Khachatryan A, Kikuchi H, Ng MR, Moran J, Narayan R, Neuberg D, Ramos A, Som T, Vartanian M, Chen YB, Duda DG, Hobbs GS. A nonrandomized phase I and biomarker trial of regorafenib in advanced myeloid malignancies. EJHAEM 2022; 3:434-442. [PMID: 35846042 PMCID: PMC9175677 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a single-center, open-label, dose escalation, and expansion phase I trial of the antiangiogenic multikinase inhibitor regorafenib in patients with advanced myeloid neoplasms. We enrolled 16 patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). A 3 + 3 dose escalation design was used with two planned dose levels (120 or 160 mg daily) and one de-escalation level (80 mg daily). An additional 10 patients were treated on an expansion cohort. The recommended phase two dose of regorafenib was 160 mg daily, with no dose-limiting toxicities. The best overall disease response by International Working Group criteria included one partial and stable disease in 11 patients. Tissue studies indicated no change in Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation in responders. Pharmacodynamic changes in plasma VEGF, PlGF, and sVEGFR2 were detected during treatment. Baseline proinflammatory and angiogenic cytokine levels were not associated with clinical response. Single-agent regorafenib demonstrated an acceptable safety profile in relapsed/refractory myeloid malignancy patients. Most patients achieved stable disease, with modest improvements in cell counts in some MDS patients. Biomarker studies were consistent with on-target effects of regorafenib on angiogenesis. Future studies should investigate the role of regorafenib in combination therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan How
- Division of Hematology Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Siyang Ren
- Department of Data Sciences Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Jennifer Lombardi-Story
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Meghan Bergeron
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Julia Foster
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Phillip C Amrein
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Andrew M Brunner
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Amir T Fathi
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Hanno Hock
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Anna Khachatryan
- Department of Radiation Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Hiroto Kikuchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Mei Rosa Ng
- Department of Radiation Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Jenna Moran
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Rupa Narayan
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Data Sciences Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Aura Ramos
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Tina Som
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Meghan Vartanian
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Yi-Bin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Dan G Duda
- Department of Radiation Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Gabriela S Hobbs
- Department of Medical Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
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Dausinas Ni P, Basile C, Junge C, Hartman M, O’Leary HA. Hypoxia and Hematopoiesis. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-021-00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Okamoto S, Miyano K, Kitakaze K, Kato H, Yamauchi A, Kajikawa M, Itsumi M, Kawai C, Kuribayashi F. Coculture in vitro with endothelial cells induces cytarabine resistance of acute myeloid leukemia cells in a VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling-independent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 587:78-84. [PMID: 34872003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An interaction between acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and endothelial cells in the bone marrow seems to play a critical role in chemosensitivity on leukemia treatment. The endothelial niche reportedly enhances the paracrine action of the soluble secretory proteins responsible for chemoresistance in a vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) signaling pathway-dependent manner. To further investigate the contribution of VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling to the chemoresistance of AML cells, a biochemical assay system in which the AML cells were cocultured with human endothelial EA.hy926 cells in a monolayer was developed. By coculture with EA.hy926 cells, this study revealed that the AML cells resisted apoptosis induced by the anticancer drug cytarabine. SU4312, a VEGFR-2 inhibitor, attenuated VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling-dependent endothelial cell migration; thus, this inhibitor was observed to block VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling. Interestingly, this inhibitor did not reverse the chemoresistance. When VEGFR-2 was knocked out in EA.hy926 cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the cytarabine-induced apoptosis of AML cells did not significantly change compared with that of wild-type cells. Thus, coculture-induced chemoresistance appears to be independent of VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling. When the transwell, a coculturing device, separated the AML cells from the EA.hy926 cells in a monolayer, the coculture-induced chemoresistance was inhibited. Given that the migration of VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling-dependent endothelial cells is necessary for the endothelial niche formation in the bone marrow, VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling contributes to chemoresistance by mediating the niche formation process, but not to the chemoresistance of AML cells in the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan; Shuichiro Okamoto, Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Kei Miyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan; Kei Miyano, Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Kitakaze
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kato
- Second Year Medical Student in Fiscal Year of 2019, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Mizuho Kajikawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Momoe Itsumi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology Showa University School of Dentistry1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Chikage Kawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kuribayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
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Tosato G, Feng JX, Ohnuki H, Sim M. Bone marrow niches in myelodysplastic syndromes. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2021; 7. [PMID: 34746416 PMCID: PMC8570581 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2021.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic lesions within hematopoietic cell populations drive diverse hematological malignancies. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of myeloid neoplasms affecting the hematopoietic stem cells characterized by recurrent genetic abnormalities, myelodysplasia (a pathological definition of abnormal bone marrow structure), ineffective hematopoiesis resulting in blood cytopenia, and a propensity to evolve into acute myelogenous leukemia. Although there is evidence that the accumulation of a set of genetic mutations is an essential event in MDS, there is an increased appreciation of the contribution of specific microenvironments, niches, in the pathogenesis of MDS and response to treatment. In physiologic hematopoiesis, niches are critical functional units that maintain hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and regulate their maturation into mature blood cells. In MDS and other hematological malignancies, altered bone marrow niches can promote the survival and expansion of mutant hematopoietic clones and provide a shield from therapy. In this review, we focus on our understanding of the composition and function of hematopoietic niches and their role in the evolution of myeloid malignancies, with an emphasis on MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jing-Xin Feng
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hidetaka Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Minji Sim
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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VEGFR-Mediated Cytotoxic Activity of Pulicaria undulata Isolated Metabolites: A Biological Evaluation and In Silico Study. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080759. [PMID: 34440504 PMCID: PMC8398779 DOI: 10.3390/life11080759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products play a remarkable role not only in the synthesis, design, and discovery of new drugs but also as the most prominent source of drugs and bioactive substances. Adding to the search for new sources of safe innovative antitumor drugs, here we reported a phytochemical study on Pulicaria undulata which revealed promising antiangiogenic agents. Six compounds were isolated and identified as xanthoxyline (1), stigmasterol (2), oleanolic acid (3), salvigenin (4), rhamnetin (5) and dihydroquercetin-4′-methyl ether (6) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. Compound 3 and 4 are first reported in Pulicaria genus. Both the extract and isolated compounds were evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). In vivo antiproliferative activity against Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma (EAC) were also assessed. The P. undulata extract and isolates showed significant reduction in tumor weight, decreased both serum vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) levels and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) expression significantly compared to the control EAC group, suggesting an antiangiogenic activity through the inhibition of VEGF signaling. Besides, they displayed reduction in CD34 expression, confirming their antiangiogenic effect. Moreover, the potential affinity of isolated compounds to human estrogen nuclear receptor-alpha (hER-α), the most recognized modulator of VEGFR-2 expression, was virtually estimated through molecular modeling studies. The most promising activity profiles were assigned to the investigated flavonoids, compounds 4–6, as well as the alkyl-phenylketone, compound 1. Additionally, these four top active compounds showed respective high to intermediate docking scores while possessing preferential binding with hER-α critical pocket residues. Based on the provided data, these isolated compounds illustrated promising inhibitors of VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis, which could be a possible mechanism for their anticancer activity.
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The Multifaceted Roles of EGFL7 in Cancer and Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051014. [PMID: 33804387 PMCID: PMC7957479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer growth and metastasis require interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is home to many biomolecules that support the formation of new vessels and cancer growth. One of these biomolecules is epidermal growth factor-like protein-7 (EGFL7). EGFL7 alters cellular adhesion to the ECM and migratory behavior of tumor and immune cells contributing to tumor metastasis. EGFL7 is engaged in the formation of new vessels and changes in ECM stiffness. One of its binding partners on the endothelial and cancer cell surface is beta 3 integrin. Beta 3 integrin pathways are under intense investigation in search of new therapies to kill cancer cells. All these properties enable EGFL7 to contribute to drug resistance. In this review, we give insight into recent studies on EGFL7 and its engagement with beta3 integrin, a marker predicting cancer stem cells and drug resistance. Abstract Invasion of cancer cells into surrounding tissue and the vasculature is an important step for tumor progression and the establishment of distant metastasis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is home to many biomolecules that support new vessel formation and cancer growth. Endothelial cells release growth factors such as epidermal growth factor-like protein-7 (EGFL7), which contributes to the formation of the tumor vasculature. The signaling axis formed by EGFL7 and one of its receptors, beta 3 integrin, has emerged as a key mediator in the regulation of tumor metastasis and drug resistance. Here we summarize recent studies on the role of the ECM-linked angiocrine factor EGFL7 in primary tumor growth, neoangiogenesis, tumor metastasis by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, alterations in ECM rigidity, and drug resistance. We discuss its role in cellular adhesion and migration, vascular leakiness, and the anti-cancer response and provide background on its transcriptional regulation. Finally, we discuss its potential as a drug target as an anti-cancer strategy.
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Abstract
Tumor cells frequently disseminate to distant organ sites, where they encounter permissive or restrictive environments that enable them to grow and colonize or enter a dormant state. Tumor dormancy is not strictly defined, but generally describes a tumor cell that is non-proliferative or in a state of balanced equilibrium, in which the proliferation rate of the tumor cell or cells is equal to its rate of cell death. The mechanisms that regulate tumor cell entry into and exit from dormancy are poorly understood, but microenvironmental features as well as tumor cell intrinsic factors play an important role in mediating this transition. Upon homing to distant metastatic sites, tumor cells may disseminate into various niches, most frequently the perivascular, hematopoietic stem cell, or endosteal/osteogenic niche. Tumor cells sense the cytokines, growth factors, and chemo-attractants from each of these niches, and tumor cell expression of cognate ligands and receptors can determine whether a tumor cell enters or exits dormancy. In addition to the secreted factors and cell-cell interactions that regulate dormancy, the cellular milieu also impacts upon disseminated tumor cells to promote or restrain their growth in distant metastatic sites. In this chapter we will discuss the role of the osteogenic and perivascular niche on dormant tumor cells, as well as the impact of hypoxia (low oxygen tensions) and the immune system on the restriction and outgrowth of dormant, disseminated tumor cells.
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Shi H, Li XY, Chen Y, Zhang X, Wu Y, Wang ZX, Chen PH, Dai HQ, Feng J, Chatterjee S, Li ZJ, Huang XW, Wei HQ, Wang J, Lu GD, Zhou J. Quercetin Induces Apoptosis via Downregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Akt Signaling Pathway in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:534171. [PMID: 33362534 PMCID: PMC7758733 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.534171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive haematological malignancy characterized by highly proliferative accumulation of immature and dysfunctional myeloid cells. Quercetin (Qu), one kind of flavonoid, exhibits anti-cancer property in multiple types of solid tumor, but its effect on acute myeloid leukemia is less studied, and the underlying mechanisms still largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the specific target and potential mechanism of quercetin-induced cell death in AML. First, we found that quercetin induces cell death in the form of apoptosis, which was caspase dependent. Second, we found that quercetin-induced apoptosis depends on the decrease of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and Bcl-2 proteins. With quantitative chemical proteomics, we observed the downregulation of VEGFR2 and PI3K/Akt signaling in quercetin-treated cells. Consistently, cell studies also identified that VEGFR2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are involved in the action of quercetin on mitochondria and Bcl-2 proteins. The decrease of MMP and cell death could be rescued when PI3K/Akt signaling is activated, suggesting that VEGFR2 and PI3K/Akt exert as upstream regulators for quercetin effect on apoptosis induction in AML cells. In conclusion, our findings from this study provide convincing evidence that quercetin induces cell death via downregulation of VEGF/Akt signaling pathways and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Shi
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center and the Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Pan-Hong Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hui-Qi Dai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ji Feng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Sayantan Chatterjee
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hong-Qiao Wei
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center and the Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of High-incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education of China, Nanning, China.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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14
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Ruan Y, Kim HN, Ogana H, Kim YM. Wnt Signaling in Leukemia and Its Bone Marrow Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176247. [PMID: 32872365 PMCID: PMC7503842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is an aggressive hematologic neoplastic disease. Therapy-resistant leukemic stem cells (LSCs) may contribute to the relapse of the disease. LSCs are thought to be protected in the leukemia microenvironment, mainly consisting of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC), endothelial cells, and osteoblasts. Canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways play a critical role in the maintenance of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and LSCs. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of Wnt signaling in leukemia and its microenvironment and provide information on the currently available strategies for targeting Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (Y.R.); (H.N.K.); (H.O.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hye Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (Y.R.); (H.N.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Heather Ogana
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (Y.R.); (H.N.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (Y.R.); (H.N.K.); (H.O.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Pievani A, Biondi M, Tomasoni C, Biondi A, Serafini M. Location First: Targeting Acute Myeloid Leukemia Within Its Niche. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1513. [PMID: 32443460 PMCID: PMC7290711 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research and development of new treatments, acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-backbone therapy has remained essentially unchanged over the last decades and is frequently associated with poor outcomes. Eradicating the leukemic stem cells (LSCs) is the ultimate challenge in the treatment of AML. Emerging evidence suggests that AML remodels the bone marrow (BM) niche into a leukemia-permissive microenvironment while suppressing normal hematopoiesis. The mechanism of stromal-mediated protection of leukemic cells in the BM is complex and involves many adhesion molecules, chemokines, and cytokines. Targeting these factors may represent a valuable approach to complement existing therapies and overcome microenvironment-mediated drug resistance. Some strategies for dislodging LSCs and leukemic blasts from their protective niche have already been tested in patients and are in different phases of the process of clinical development. Other strategies, such as targeting the stromal cells remodeling processes, remain at pre-clinical stages. Development of humanized xenograft mouse models, which overcome the mismatch between human leukemia cells and the mouse BM niche, is required to generate physiologically relevant, patient-specific human niches in mice that can be used to unravel the role of human AML microenvironment and to carry out preclinical studies for the development of new targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pievani
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Marta Biondi
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Chiara Tomasoni
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.P.); (M.B.); (C.T.)
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16
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Méndez-Ferrer S, Bonnet D, Steensma DP, Hasserjian RP, Ghobrial IM, Gribben JG, Andreeff M, Krause DS. Bone marrow niches in haematological malignancies. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:285-298. [PMID: 32112045 PMCID: PMC9912977 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Haematological malignancies were previously thought to be driven solely by genetic or epigenetic lesions within haematopoietic cells. However, the niches that maintain and regulate daily production of blood and immune cells are now increasingly being recognized as having an important role in the pathogenesis and chemoresistance of haematological malignancies. Within haematopoietic cells, the accumulation of a small number of recurrent mutations initiates malignancy. Concomitantly, specific alterations of the niches, which support haematopoietic stem cells and their progeny, can act as predisposition events, facilitating mutant haematopoietic cell survival and expansion as well as contributing to malignancy progression and providing protection of malignant cells from chemotherapy, ultimately leading to relapse. In this Perspective, we summarize our current understanding of the composition and function of the specialized haematopoietic niches of the bone marrow during health and disease. We discuss disease mechanisms (rather than malignancy subtypes) to provide a comprehensive description of key niche-associated pathways that are shared across multiple haematological malignancies. These mechanisms include primary driver mutations in bone marrow niche cells, changes associated with increased hypoxia, angiogenesis and inflammation as well as metabolic reprogramming by stromal niche cells. Consequently, remodelling of bone marrow niches can facilitate immune evasion and activation of survival pathways favouring malignant haematopoietic cell maintenance, defence against excessive reactive oxygen species and protection from chemotherapy. Lastly, we suggest guidelines for the handling and biobanking of patient samples and analysis of the niche to ensure that basic research identifying therapeutic targets can be more efficiently translated to the clinic. The hope is that integrating knowledge of how bone marrow niches contribute to haematological disease predisposition, initiation, progression and response to therapy into future clinical practice will likely improve the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - David P Steensma
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Center for Prevention of Progression of Blood Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert P Hasserjian
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Center for Prevention of Progression of Blood Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniela S Krause
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Pasquier J, Ghiabi P, Chouchane L, Razzouk K, Rafii S, Rafii A. Angiocrine endothelium: from physiology to cancer. J Transl Med 2020; 18:52. [PMID: 32014047 PMCID: PMC6998193 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of cancer as a cell-autonomous disease has been challenged by the wealth of knowledge gathered in the past decades on the importance of tumor microenvironment (TM) in cancer progression and metastasis. The significance of endothelial cells (ECs) in this scenario was initially attributed to their role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis that is critical for tumor initiation and growth. Nevertheless, the identification of endothelial-derived angiocrine factors illustrated an alternative non-angiogenic function of ECs contributing to both physiological and pathological tissue development. Gene expression profiling studies have demonstrated distinctive expression patterns in tumor-associated endothelial cells that imply a bilateral crosstalk between tumor and its endothelium. Recently, some of the molecular determinants of this reciprocal interaction have been identified which are considered as potential targets for developing novel anti-angiocrine therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pasquier
- Nice Breast Institute, 57 bld de la Californie, 06000, Nice, France.
- Stem Cell & Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Pegah Ghiabi
- Stem Cell & Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Genetic Medicine and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kais Razzouk
- Nice Breast Institute, 57 bld de la Californie, 06000, Nice, France
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Arash Rafii
- Nice Breast Institute, 57 bld de la Californie, 06000, Nice, France
- Stem Cell & Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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18
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Synergy Between Low Dose Metronomic Chemotherapy and the pH-centered Approach Against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215438. [PMID: 31683667 PMCID: PMC6862380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low dose metronomic chemotherapy (MC) is becoming a mainstream treatment for cancer in veterinary medicine. Its mechanism of action is anti-angiogenesis by lowering vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and increasing trombospondin-1 (TSP1). It has also been adopted as a compassionate treatment in very advanced human cancer. However, one of the main limitations of this therapy is its short-term effectiveness: 6 to 12 months, after which resistance develops. pH-centered cancer treatment (pHT) has been proposed as a complementary therapy in cancer, but it has not been adopted or tested as a mainstream protocol, in spite of existing evidence of its advantages and benefits. Many of the factors directly or indirectly involved in MC and anti-angiogenic treatment resistance are appropriately antagonized by pHT. This led to the testing of an association between these two treatments. Preliminary evidence indicates that the association of MC and pHT has the ability to reduce anti-angiogenic treatment limitations and develop synergistic anti-cancer effects. This review will describe each of these treatments and will analyze the fundamentals of their synergy.
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19
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Nagabhishek SN, Madan Kumar A, B. S, Balakrishnan A, Katakia YT, Chatterjee S, Nagasundaram N. A marine sponge associated fungal metabolite monacolin X suppresses angiogenesis by down regulating VEGFR2 signaling. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26646-26667. [PMID: 35528587 PMCID: PMC9070443 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05262c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of global death and there is an urgent need for the development of cancer treatment; targeting VEGFR2 could be one of the promising therapies. In the present study, previously isolated marine fungal metabolite monacolin X, suppresses in vitro angiogenic characteristics such as proliferation, migration, adhesion, invasion and tube formation of HUVECs when stimulated by VEGF, at a non-toxic concentration. Monacolin X downregulated VEGFR2, PKCα and PKCη mRNA expression. Further, monacolin X inhibited in vivo angiogenesis in CAM assay, vascular sprouting in aortic ring, decreased ISV and SIV length and diameter in Tg (Kdr:EGFP)/ko1 zebrafish embryos. Monacolin X showed reduced protein expression of pVEGFR2, pAKT1, pMAPKAPK2, pFAK and pERK1 in breast cancer lines and in DMBA induced mammary carcinoma in SD rats showed tumor regression and anti-angiogenesis ability via decrease pVEGFR2 and pAKT1 protein expression. In silico studies also revealed monacolin X ability to bind to crucial amino acid Cys 919 in the active site of VEGFR2 suggesting it to be a potent VEGFR2 inhibitor. Cancer is one of the leading causes of global deaths and there is an urgent need for the development cancer treatment; targeting VEGFR2 could be one of the promising therapies.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpu Natesh Nagabhishek
- Cancer Biology Lab
- Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology
- Chennai-600 119
- India
| | - Arumugam Madan Kumar
- Cancer Biology Lab
- Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology
- Chennai-600 119
- India
| | - Sambhavi B.
- Department of Genetics
- Dr ALM PGIBMS University of Madras Taramani
- Chennai
- India
| | | | - Yash T. Katakia
- Vascular Biology Lab
- AU-KBC Research Centre
- Department of Biotechnology
- Anna University
- Chennai
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Vascular Biology Lab
- AU-KBC Research Centre
- Department of Biotechnology
- Anna University
- Chennai
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20
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Lee SE, Lee JY, Han AR, Hwang HS, Min WS, Kim HJ. Effect of High VEGF-C mRNA Expression on Achievement of Complete Remission in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:567-574. [PMID: 29544089 PMCID: PMC5854918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is known to be expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts, the relevance of VEGF-C in the clinical setting remains to be fully explored. We examined the effect of VEGF-C on achievement of complete remission (CR) in adult de novo AML and immune cell population profiles according to VEGF-C mRNA expression. In comparison of VEGF-C expression between the no-CR and CR groups, the CR group showed a trend toward higher levels of plasma VEGF-C (P = .088), whereas mRNA expression of VEGF-C was downregulated (P = .008). Next, patients with continuous data for VEGF-C were divided into two groups (low vs. high) by a ROC curve analysis. The low- versus high-level groups for plasma VEGF-C (RR of 0.20, P = .030), mRNA expression of VEGF-C (RR of 18.75, P = .003), and the ratio of plasma level to mRNA expression (RR of 0.05, P = .007) were potential predictors of CR on univariate analysis. After adjusting for potential clinical factors including genetic group, multivariate analyses revealed that high VEGF-C mRNA expression was an independent risk factor for failure of induction chemotherapy. Furthermore, patients with high VEGF-C mRNA expression had a lower frequency of NKT and CD8+ cells and showed a trend for a lower frequency of NK cells. These results suggest that interruption of VEGF-C signaling might be a potential therapeutic target for antileukemic treatment in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
| | - A-Reum Han
- Leukemia Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Hwang
- Leukemia Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Min
- Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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21
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Huang J, Lu Z, Xiao Y, He B, Pan C, Zhou X, Xu N, Liu X. Inhibition of Siah2 Ubiquitin Ligase by Vitamin K3 Attenuates Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Chemo-Resistance in Hypoxic Microenvironment. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:727-735. [PMID: 29400343 PMCID: PMC5810368 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hypoxic microenvironment is associated with resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and a poor prognosis in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah2 plays a vital role in the regulation of hypoxia response, as well as in leukemogenesis. However, the role of Siah2 in CML resistance is unclear, and it is unknown whether vitaminK3 (a Siah2 inhibitor) can improve the chemo-sensitivity of CML cells in a hypoxic microenvironment. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of Siah2 was detected in CML patients (CML-CP and CML-BC), K562 cells, and K562-imatinib-resistant cells (K562-R cells). We measured the expression of PHD3, HIF-1α, and VEGF in both cell lines under normoxia and hypoxic conditions, and the degree of leukemic sensitivity to imatinib and VitaminK3 were evaluated. RESULTS Siah2 was overexpressed in CML-BC patients (n=9) as compared to CML-CP patients (n=13). Similarly, K562-imatinib-resistant cells (K562-R cells) showed a significantly higher expression of Siah2 as compared to K562 cells in a hypoxic microenvironment. Compared to normoxia, under hypoxic conditions, both cell lines had lower PHD3, higher HIF-1α, and higher VEGF expression. Additionally, Vitamin K3 (an inhibitor of Siah2) reversed these changes and promoted a higher degree of leukemic sensitivity to imatinib. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the Siah2-PHD3- HIF-1α-VEGF axis is an important hypoxic signaling pathway in a leukemic microenvironment. An inhibitor of Siah2, combined with TKIs, might be a promising therapy for relapsing and refractory CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Huang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Hematology, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Ziyuan Lu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yajuan Xiao
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Bolin He
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Chengyun Pan
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Na Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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22
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Mourah S, Porcher R, Lescaille G, Rousselot P, Podgorniak MP, Labarchède G, Naïmi B, Medioni J, Dombret H, Calvo F. Quantification of VEGF Isoforms and VEGFR Transcripts by qRT-PCR and Their Significance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 24:22-31. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080902400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are known to play an important role in normal and pathological hematopoiesis but the prognostic impact of VEGF isoform transcripts in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been addressed. We conducted a single-institution prospective study to analyze the impact of these angiogenic factors and the expression of their receptors on the survival of adult patients newly diagnosed with AML. We investigated the levels of VEGF transcript isoforms VEGF121, -145, -165, -189 and -206 and their receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 67 consecutive AML patients at diagnosis. VEGF total protein was measured for comparison with mRNA levels in PBMCs. The VEGF121 splice variant transcript in AML PBMCs was significantly higher than in the normal controls. VEGF transcripts were quantified in all samples while its protein was detected in 42/67 (63%) of AML samples. High levels of VEGF121, VEGF165 transcripts and VEGF protein in AML were significantly related to a worse prognosis when analyzing overall survival (p<0.0001, p=0.019 and p=0.012, respectively) or event-free survival (p<0.0001, p=0.010 and p=0.047) using univariate analysis. In multivariable analysis only VEGF121 expression remained an independent prognostic factor for either event-free survival or overall survival [aHR=8.83 (3.48–22.4), p<0.0001, and aHR=9.52 (3.41–26.6), p<0.0001]. No prognostic value was observed for the other isoforms and the two receptors. Our findings show that the level of VEGF121 mRNA in circulating cells from AML patients is a strong independent prognostic parameter, which could be useful in the management of unselected AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Mourah
- INSERM U716, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris
| | | | | | - Philippe Rousselot
- Service Clinique des Maladies du Sang, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris
| | | | | | - Benyoussef Naïmi
- INSERM U716, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris
| | - Jacques Medioni
- Centre d'investigation clinique (CIC 9504), INSERM/AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris - France
| | - Hervé Dombret
- Service Clinique des Maladies du Sang, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris
| | - Fabien Calvo
- INSERM U716, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris
- Centre d'investigation clinique (CIC 9504), INSERM/AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris - France
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23
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Kedem A, Aelion-Brauer A, Guo P, Wen D, Ding BS, Lis R, Cheng D, Sandler VM, Rafii S, Rosenwaks Z. Activated ovarian endothelial cells promote early follicular development and survival. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:64. [PMID: 28927438 PMCID: PMC5605973 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New data suggests that endothelial cells (ECs) elaborate essential “angiocrine factors”. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of activated ovarian endothelial cells in early in-vitro follicular development. Methods Mouse ovarian ECs were isolated using magnetic cell sorting or by FACS and cultured in serum free media. After a constitutive activation of the Akt pathway was initiated, early follicles (50–150 um) were mechanically isolated from 8-day-old mice and co-cultured with these activated ovarian endothelial cells (AOEC) (n = 32), gel (n = 24) or within matrigel (n = 27) in serum free media for 14 days. Follicular growth, survival and function were assessed. Results After 6 passages, flow cytometry showed 93% of cells grown in serum-free culture were VE-cadherin positive, CD-31 positive and CD 45 negative, matching the known EC profile. Beginning on day 4 of culture, we observed significantly higher follicular and oocyte growth rates in follicles co-cultured with AOECs compared with follicles on gel or matrigel. After 14 days of culture, 73% of primary follicles and 83% of secondary follicles co-cultured with AOEC survived, whereas the majority of follicles cultured on gel or matrigel underwent atresia. Conclusions This is the first report of successful isolation and culture of ovarian ECs. We suggest that co-culture with activated ovarian ECs promotes early follicular development and survival. This model is a novel platform for the in vitro maturation of early follicles and for the future exploration of endothelial-follicular communication. Capsule In vitro development of early follicles necessitates a complex interplay of growth factors and signals required for development. Endothelial cells (ECs) may elaborate essential “angiocrine factors” involved in organ regeneration. We demonstrate that co-culture with ovarian ECs enables culture of primary and early secondary mouse ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Kedem
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Ansary Stem Cell Center for Regenerative Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA.
| | - Anate Aelion-Brauer
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Peipei Guo
- Ansary Stem Cell Center for Regenerative Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Duancheng Wen
- Ansary Stem Cell Center for Regenerative Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Ansary Stem Cell Center for Regenerative Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Raphael Lis
- Ansary Stem Cell Center for Regenerative Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Du Cheng
- Ansary Stem Cell Center for Regenerative Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Vladislav M Sandler
- Ansary Stem Cell Center for Regenerative Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Center for Regenerative Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Zev Rosenwaks
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Ansary Stem Cell Center for Regenerative Medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
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24
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Yu X, Li W, Deng Q, You S, Liu H, Peng S, Liu X, Lu J, Luo X, Yang L, Tang M, Weng X, Yi W, Liu W, Wu S, Ding Z, Feng T, Zhou J, Fan J, Bode AM, Dong Z, Liu J, Cao Y. Neoalbaconol inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth by suppressing EGFR-mediated VEGF production. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1414-1426. [PMID: 27996164 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neoalbaconol, derived from Albatrellus confluens, shows anti-cancer activities in the previously study, but its role in angiogenesis is unknown. Here, we determined whether neoalbaconol could attenuate angiogenesis and how does it occur. Data demonstrated that neoalbaconol could inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells and induce apoptosis. Also, neoalbaconol suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary-like tube formation in vitro and reduced tumor angiogenesis in vivo. VEGF receptor activation and the downstream signal transduction cascades activation were inhibited by neoalbaconol. Additionally, neoalbaconol blocked EGFR-mediated VEGF production. EGFR overexpression reversed the neoalbaconol-induced VEGF reduction, confirming the importance of the EGFR inhibition in anti-angiogenesis of neoalbaconol. Furthermore, neoalbaconol inhibited tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis in a breast cancer xenograft model in vivo. Taken together, these results indicate that neoalbaconol could inhibit tumor angiogenesis and growth through direct suppression effects on vascular endothelial cells and reduction of proangiogenic factors in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Department of radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Qipan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Shuo You
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haidan Liu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songling Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jingchen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Xinxian Weng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Shengqi Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Zhihui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Jikai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Carcinogenesis and Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
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Bray LJ, Binner M, Körner Y, von Bonin M, Bornhäuser M, Werner C. A three-dimensional ex vivo tri-culture model mimics cell-cell interactions between acute myeloid leukemia and the vascular niche. Haematologica 2017; 102:1215-1226. [PMID: 28360147 PMCID: PMC5566030 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.157883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo studies of human disease, such as acute myeloid leukemia, are generally limited to the analysis of two-dimensional cultures which often misinterpret the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics and other treatments. Here we show that matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive hydrogels prepared from poly(ethylene glycol) and heparin functionalized with adhesion ligands and pro-angiogenic factors can be instrumental to produce robust three-dimensional culture models, allowing for the analysis of acute myeloid leukemia development and response to treatment. We evaluated the growth of four leukemia cell lines, KG1a, MOLM13, MV4-11 and OCI-AML3, as well as samples from patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Furthermore, endothelial cells and mesenchymal stromal cells were co-seeded to mimic the vascular niche for acute myeloid leukemia cells. Greater drug resistance to daunorubicin and cytarabine was demonstrated in three-dimensional cultures and in vascular co-cultures when compared with two-dimensional suspension cultures, opening the way for drug combination studies. Application of the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) inhibitor, AMD3100, induced mobilization of the acute myeloid leukemia cells from the vascular networks. These findings indicate that the three-dimensional tri-culture model provides a specialized platform for the investigation of cell-cell interactions, addressing a key challenge of current testing models. This ex vivo system allows for personalized analysis of the responses of patients’ cells, providing new insights into the development of acute myeloid leukemia and therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Bray
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Germany .,Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcus Binner
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Germany
| | - Yvonne Körner
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Germany
| | - Malte von Bonin
- Universitätsklinikum Carl-Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Saxony, Germany.,German Cancer Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Universitätsklinikum Carl-Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Saxony, Germany.,German Cancer Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Germany
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26
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Simon T, Gagliano T, Giamas G. Direct Effects of Anti-Angiogenic Therapies on Tumor Cells: VEGF Signaling. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:282-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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miR-125b promotes MLL-AF9-driven murine acute myeloid leukemia involving a VEGFA-mediated non-cell-intrinsic mechanism. Blood 2017; 129:1491-1502. [PMID: 28053194 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-721027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cell-enriched miR-125 family microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of hematopoiesis. Overexpression of miR-125a or miR-125b is frequent in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and the overexpression of these miRNAs in mice leads to expansion of hematopoietic stem cells accompanied by perturbed hematopoiesis with mostly myeloproliferative phenotypes. However, whether and how miR-125 family miRNAs cooperate with known AML oncogenes in vivo, and how the resultant leukemia is dependent on miR-125 overexpression, are not well understood. We modeled the frequent co-occurrence of miR-125b overexpression and MLL translocations by examining functional cooperation between miR-125b and MLL-AF9 By generating a knock-in mouse model in which miR-125b overexpression is controlled by doxycycline induction, we demonstrated that miR-125b significantly enhances MLL-AF9-driven AML in vivo, and the resultant leukemia is partially dependent on continued overexpression of miR-125b Surprisingly, miR-125b promotes AML cell expansion and suppresses apoptosis involving a non-cell-intrinsic mechanism. MiR-125b expression enhances VEGFA expression and production from leukemia cells, in part by suppressing TET2 Recombinant VEGFA recapitulates the leukemia-promoting effects of miR-125b, whereas knockdown of VEGFA or inhibition of VEGF receptor 2 abolishes the effects of miR-125b In addition, significant correlation between miR-125b and VEGFA expression is observed in human AMLs. Our data reveal cooperative and dependent relationships between miR-125b and the MLL oncogene in AML leukemogenesis, and demonstrate a miR-125b-TET2-VEGFA pathway in mediating non-cell-intrinsic leukemia-promoting effects by an oncogenic miRNA.
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29
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Tvedt TH, Nepstad I, Bruserud Ø. Antileukemic effects of midostaurin in acute myeloid leukemia - the possible importance of multikinase inhibition in leukemic as well as nonleukemic stromal cells. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 26:343-355. [PMID: 28001095 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1275564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Midostaurin is a multikinase inhibitor that inhibits receptor tyrosine kinases (Flt3, CD117/c-kit, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) as well as non-receptor tyrosine kinases (Frg, Src, Syk, Protein kinase C). Combination of midostaurin with conventional intensive chemotherapy followed by one year maintenance monotherapy was recently reported to improve the survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with Flt3 mutations. Areas covered: Relevant publications were identified through literature searches in the PubMed database. We searched for (i) original articles describing the results from clinical studies; (ii) published articles describing the importance of midostaurin-inhibited kinases for leukemogenesis and chemosensitivity. Expert opinion: Midostaurin monotherapy is well tolerated, combined with conventional chemotherapy gastrointestinal toxicity increases significantly. Midostaurin alters anthracycline pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, its antileukemic effects may not only be mediated through Flt3 inhibition alone; the inhibition of other kinases may also be important for the overall antileukemic effect. Midostaurin may then have direct effects on the leukemic cells but also indirect antileukemic effects through inhibition of the AML-supporting effects of neighboring stromal cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. Midostaurin may thus be used in combination with intensive chemotherapy, as maintenance treatment or as disease-stabilizing treatment for elderly unfit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Henrik Tvedt
- a Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Ina Nepstad
- b Section for Hematology , Institute of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- a Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway.,b Section for Hematology , Institute of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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30
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Abstract
Research in the last few years has revealed a sophisticated interaction network between multiple bone marrow cells that regulate different hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) properties such as proliferation, differentiation, localization, and self-renewal during homeostasis. These mechanisms are essential to keep the physiological HSC numbers in check and interfere with malignant progression. In addition to the identification of multiple mutations and chromosomal aberrations driving the progression of myeloid malignancies, alterations in the niche compartment recently gained attention for contributing to disease progression. Leukemic cells can remodel the niche into a permissive environment favoring leukemic stem cell expansion over normal HSC maintenance, and evidence is accumulating that certain niche alterations can even induce leukemic transformation. Relapse after chemotherapy is still a major challenge during treatment of myeloid malignancies, and cure is only rarely achieved. Recent progress in understanding the niche-imposed chemoresistance mechanisms will likely contribute to the improvement of current therapeutic strategies. This article discusses the role of different niche cells and their stage- and disease-specific roles during progression of myeloid malignancies and in response to chemotherapy.
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31
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Shahrabi S, Rezaeeyan H, Ahmadzadeh A, Shahjahani M, Saki N. Bone Marrow Blood Vessels: Normal and Neoplastic Niche. Oncol Rev 2016; 10:306. [PMID: 27994770 PMCID: PMC5136754 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2016.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are among the most important factors in the transport of materials such as nutrients and oxygen. This study will review the role of blood vessels in normal bone marrow hematopoiesis as well as pathological conditions like leukemia and metastasis. Relevant literature was identified by a Pubmed search (1992-2016) of English-language papers using the terms bone marrow, leukemia, metastasis, and vessel. Given that blood vessels are conduits for the transfer of nutrients, they create a favorable situation for cancer cells and cause their growth and development. On the other hand, blood vessels protect leukemia cells against chemotherapy drugs. Finally, it may be concluded that the vessels are an important factor in the development of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Shahrabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Rezaeeyan
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadzadeh
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Schliemann C, Gerss J, Wiebe S, Mikesch JH, Knoblauch N, Sauer T, Angenendt L, Kewitz T, Urban M, Butterfass-Bahloul T, Edemir S, Vehring K, Müller-Tidow C, Berdel WE, Krug U. A Phase I Dose Escalation Study of the Triple Angiokinase Inhibitor Nintedanib Combined with Low-Dose Cytarabine in Elderly Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164499. [PMID: 27716819 PMCID: PMC5055288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nintedanib (BIBF 1120), a potent multikinase inhibitor of VEGFR-1/-2/-3, FGFR-1/-2/-3 and PDGFR-α/-β, exerts growth inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects in myeloid leukemic cells, especially when used in combination with cytarabine. This phase I study evaluated nintedanib in combination with low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) in elderly patients with untreated or relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) ineligible for intensive chemotherapy in a 3+3 design. Nintedanib (dose levels 100, 150, and 200 mg orally twice daily) and LDAC (20 mg subcutaneous injection twice daily for 10 days) were administered in 28-day cycles. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as non-hematological severe adverse reaction CTC grade ≥ 4 with possible or definite relationship to nintedanib. Between April 2012 and October 2013, 13 patients (median age 73 [range: 62-86] years) were enrolled. One patient did not receive study medication and was replaced. Nine (69%) patients had relapsed or refractory disease and 6 (46%) patients had unfavorable cytogenetics. The most frequently reported treatment-related adverse events (AE) were gastrointestinal events. Twelve SAEs irrespective of relatedness were reported. Two SUSARs were observed, one fatal hypercalcemia and one fatal gastrointestinal infection. Two patients (17%) with relapsed AML achieved a complete remission (one CR, one CRi) and bone marrow blast reductions without fulfilling PR criteria were observed in 3 patients (25%). One-year overall survival was 33%. Nintedanib combined with LDAC shows an adequate safety profile and survival data are promising in a difficult-to-treat patient population. Continuation of this trial with a phase II recommended dose of 2 x 200 mg nintedanib in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase II study is planned. The trial is registered to EudraCT as 2011-001086-41. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01488344.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joachim Gerss
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wiebe
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan-Henrik Mikesch
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicola Knoblauch
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tim Sauer
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linus Angenendt
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tobias Kewitz
- Centre for Clinical Trials, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marc Urban
- Centre for Clinical Trials, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Edemir
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Vehring
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Utz Krug
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Falcon BL, Chintharlapalli S, Uhlik MT, Pytowski B. Antagonist antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) as anti-angiogenic agents. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:204-25. [PMID: 27288725 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of numerous signaling pathways in endothelial and mesangial cells results in exquisite control of the process of physiological angiogenesis, with a central role played by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and its cognate ligands. However, deregulated angiogenesis participates in numerous pathological processes. Excessive activation of VEGFR-2 has been found to mediate tissue-damaging vascular changes as well as the induction of blood vessel expansion to support the growth of solid tumors. Consequently, therapeutic intervention aimed at inhibiting the VEGFR-2 pathway has become a mainstay of treatment in cancer and retinal diseases. In this review, we introduce the concepts of physiological and pathological angiogenesis, the crucial role played by the VEGFR-2 pathway in these processes, and the various inhibitors of its activity that have entered the clinical practice. We primarily focus on the development of ramucirumab, the antagonist monoclonal antibody (mAb) that inhibits VEGFR-2 and has recently been approved for use in patients with gastric, colorectal, and lung cancers. We examine in-depth the pre-clinical studies using DC101, the mAb to mouse VEGFR-2, which provided a conceptual foundation for the role of VEGFR-2 in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Finally, we discuss further clinical development of ramucirumab and the future of targeting the VEGF pathway for the treatment of cancer.
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Zhang L, Zhao W, Liang C, Yi X, Pei Y, Lin Y, He J, Li W. VEGFR-1 targeted DNAzyme via transcatheter arterial delivery influences tumor vasculature assessed through dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1339-44. [PMID: 27431919 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNAzymes are synthetic single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides that bind and cleave target mRNA in a sequence-specific manner. Although the therapeutic potential has been demonstrated in both preclinical and clinical settings, the efficient delivery and in vivo assessment of the DNAzyme efficacy remain the vital unsolved issue. In the present study, we examined the feasibility of using transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) strategy to deliver a DNAzyme targeting VEGFR-1 and monitoring its effect on tumor angiogenesis in vivo via dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). In a rabbit liver cancer model (VX2), we showed that the DNAzyme was efficiently delivered into the tumor by TACE. DCE-MRI revealed that the VEGFR-1-targeted DNAzyme affected the tumor vasculature through inhibiting VEGFR-1 expression in vivo, which was reflected by a reduction of Ktrans and Kep, the parameters of tumor microvascular permeability. Our findings offer an efficient strategy of delivery and assessment of the VEGFR-1 DNAzyme, and further demonstrate the feasibility of DNAzyme for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Hospital of Finance and Commerce, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yi
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yigang Pei
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yiting Lin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jiang He
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Bernasconi P, Farina M, Boni M, Dambruoso I, Calvello C. Therapeutically targeting SELF-reinforcing leukemic niches in acute myeloid leukemia: A worthy endeavor? Am J Hematol 2016; 91:507-17. [PMID: 26822317 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A tight relationship between the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) population and the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment has been convincingly established. The AML clone contains leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that compete with normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for niche occupancy and remodel the niche; whereas, the BM microenvironment might promote AML development and progression not only through hypoxia and homing/adhesion molecules, but also through genetic defects. Although it is still unknown whether the niche influences treatment results or contains any potential target for treatment, this dynamic AML-niche interaction might be a promising therapeutic objective to significantly improve the AML cure rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernasconi
- Division of Hematology; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Mirko Farina
- Division of Hematology; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Marina Boni
- Division of Hematology; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Irene Dambruoso
- Division of Hematology; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Celeste Calvello
- Division of Hematology; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
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Saha S, Ghosh M, Dutta SK. Role of metabolic modulator Bet-CA in altering mitochondrial hyperpolarization to suppress cancer associated angiogenesis and metastasis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23552. [PMID: 27003027 PMCID: PMC4802328 DOI: 10.1038/srep23552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors characteristically reflect a metabolic switching from glucose oxidation to glycolysis that plays a fundamental role in angiogenesis and metastasis to facilitate aggressive tumor outcomes. Hyperpolarized mitochondrial membrane potential is a manifestation of malignant cells that compromise the intrinsic pathways of apoptosis and confer a suitable niche to promote the cancer associated hallmark traits. We have previously reported that co-drug Bet-CA selectively targets cancer cells by inducing metabolic catastrophe without a manifest in toxicity. Here we report that the same molecule at a relatively lower concentration deregulates the cardinal phenotypes associated with angiogenesis and metastasis. In mice syngeneic 4T1 breast cancer model, Bet-CA exhibited effective abrogation of angiogenesis and concomitantly obliterated lung metastasis consistent with altered mitochondrial bioenergetics. Furthermore, Bet-CA significantly lowered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and obviated matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2/9) production directly to the criterion where abrogation of autocrine VEGF/VEGFR2 signalling loop was documented. In vitro studies anticipatedly documented the role of Bet-CA in inhibiting actin remodeling, lamellipodia formation and cell membrane ruffling to constitutively suppress cell motility and invasion. Results comprehensively postulate that Bet-CA, a mitochondria targeting metabolic modulator may serve as an excellent candidate for combating angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchandrima Saha
- Drug Development Diagnostic and Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Monisankar Ghosh
- Drug Development Diagnostic and Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Samir Kumar Dutta
- Drug Development Diagnostic and Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
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Han Y, Wang X, Wang B, Jiang G. The progress of angiogenic factors in the development of leukemias. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2016; 5:6-16. [PMID: 26989643 PMCID: PMC4761589 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2015.01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic factors have been demonstrated to play important roles in modulating angiogenesis of solid tumors. Recently, accumulating studies extensively indicated that some angiogenic factors widely exist in malignant cells of hematologic malignancy, which regulated the expression of a number of genes that were involved in abnormal proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of these cells. With deep research of angiogenic factors, its expression, function and regulatory mechanism were gradually elucidated, and some of them were related to the development and prognosis of leukemia, or provide more possible strategies for treatment of patients with leukemia. Herein, we summarize the progress in study of some important angiogenic factors and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Ji'nan University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xidi Wang
- Laboratory Department, People's Hospital of Zhangqiu City, Zhangqiu, Shandong, China
| | - Bingping Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Guosheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Guosheng Jiang, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NO.18877 of Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, China. E-mail:
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Grivas N, Goussia A, Stefanou D, Giannakis D. Microvascular density and immunohistochemical expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 in benign prostatic hyperplasia, high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer. Cent European J Urol 2016; 69:63-71. [PMID: 27123329 PMCID: PMC4846728 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2016.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of our study was to determine and compare angiogenesis in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostate cancer (Pca). Moreover, we evaluated its role as a prognostic factor for Pca. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined 39, 12 and 51 samples of BPH, HGPIN and Pca, respectively. Immunohistochemical methods were applied in order to evaluate the expression of VEGF and its receptors (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2), while microvascular density (MVD) was determined using CD105. In Pca samples, we recorded stage, differentiation, perineural invasion, adjuvant radiotherapy and their correlation with angiogenesis. RESULTS 225 The expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 was significantly higher in Pca than compared to BPH (p <0.001, p <0.001 and p <0.001, respectively) and HGPIN (p <0.001, p <0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively), while there was no difference between BPH and HGPIN. MVD was higher in Pca compared to BPH (p <0.001) and HGPIN (p <0.01), while there was no difference between BPH and HGPIN. VEGF expression and MVD were significantly greater in Pca samples with poor differentiation (p = 0.044 and p = 0.038, respectively) and perineural invasion (p <0.001 and p = 0.019, respectively), while overexpression of VEGF was associated with advanced pathological stage (p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS Angiogenesis is more prominent in Pca than in BPH and HGPIN, while there is no difference between BPH and HGPIN. Pharmaceutical inhibition of angiogenesis could be a valuable therapeutic option for Pca in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Grivas
- Hatzikosta General Hospital, Department of Urology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna Goussia
- Department of Pathology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stefanou
- Department of Pathology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Giannakis
- Department of Urology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
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Goncalves KA, Hu GF. Mechanism and Function of Angiogenin in Hematopoietic Malignancy. ZHONGGUO SHENG WU HUA XUE YU FEN ZI SHENG WU XUE BAO = CHINESE JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 31:1267-1275. [PMID: 26877599 PMCID: PMC4750500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenic factors have been widely implicated in the formation and progression of solid tumors. A number of angiogenic mediators have been recently appreciated as having equivalent function in non-solid tumors, such as leukemia. One such factor, angiogenin (ANG), promotes tumor cell growth and angiogenesis in solid cancers; however its precise function(s) in hematological disorders are not fully understood. This review summarizes current knowledge of the function and therapeutic potential of angiogenic factors, with particular emphasis on the role and hypothesized mechanism of ANG in a non-solid tumor setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guo-Fu Hu
- Corresponding author ; Tel: 617-636-4776
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PML-RARa modulates the vascular signature of extracellular vesicles released by acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Angiogenesis 2015; 19:25-38. [PMID: 26374632 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-015-9486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation is believed to impact the vascular phenotype and microenvironment in cancer, at least in part, through mechanisms involving extracellular vesicles (EVs). We explored these questions in the context of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (NB4) expressing oncogenic fusion protein, PML-RARa and exquisitely sensitive to its clinically used antagonist, the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). We report that NB4 cells produce considerable numbers of EVs, which are readily taken up by cultured endothelial cells triggering their increased survival. NB4 EVs contain PML-RARa transcript, but no detectable protein, which is also absent in endothelial cells upon the vesicle uptake, thereby precluding an active intercellular trafficking of this oncogene in this setting. ATRA treatment changes the emission profile of NB4-related EVs resulting in preponderance of smaller vesicles, an effect that occurs in parallel with the onset of cellular differentiation. ATRA also increases IL-8 mRNA and protein content in NB4 cells and their EVs, while decreasing the levels of VEGF and tissue factor (TF). Endothelial cell uptake of NB4-derived EVs renders these cells more TF-positive and procoagulant, and this effect is diminished by pre-treatment of EV donor cells with ATRA. Profiling angiogenesis-related transcripts in intact and ATRA-treated APL cells and their EVs reveals multiple differences attributable to cellular responses and EV molecular packaging. These observations point to the potential significance of changes in the angiogenic signature and activity associated with EVs released from tumor cells subjected to targeted therapy.
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Endothelial cell derived angiocrine support of acute myeloid leukemia targeted by receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition. Leuk Res 2015; 39:984-9. [PMID: 26189107 PMCID: PMC9234949 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), refractory disease is a major challenge and the leukemia microenvironment may harbor refractory disease. Human AML cell lines KG-1 and HL-60 expressed receptors also found on endothelial cells (ECs) such as VEGFRs, PDGFRs, and cKit. When human AML cells were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and primary bone marrow endothelial cell (BMECs), the AML cells were more resistant to cytarabine chemotherapy, even in transwell co-culture suggesting angiocrine regulation. Primary BMECs secreted significantly increased levels of VEGF-A and PDGF-AB after exposure to cytarabine. Pazopanib, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (RTKI) of VEGFRs, PDGFRs, and cKit, removed EC protection of AML cells and enhanced AML cell sensitivity to cytarabine. Xenograft modeling showed significant regression of AML cells and abrogation of BM hypervascularity in RTKI treated cohorts. Together, these results show direct cytotoxicity of RTKIs on AML cells and reversal of EC protection. Combining RTKIs with chemotherapy may serve as promising therapeutic strategy for patients with AML.
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Lee SH, Jeong D, Han YS, Baek MJ. Pivotal role of vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor angiogenesis. Ann Surg Treat Res 2015; 89:1-8. [PMID: 26131438 PMCID: PMC4481026 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2015.89.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The shaping of new blood vessels is a significant event in cancer growth and metastasis. Therefore, the molecular system of cancer angiogenesis has garnered considerable interest in cancer research. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor pathway are recognized as the key regulators of the angiogenic process. Activation of the VEGF/VEGF-receptor pathway initiates signaling cascades that promote endothelial cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Recently, VEGF was shown to play a role in the recruitment of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells to neovascularization sites. The role of VEGF in promoting tumor angiogenesis and the occurrence of human cancers has led to the rational design and development of agents that selectively target this pathway. Moreover, these anti-VEGF/VEGF receptor agents show therapeutic potential by inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth in preclinical models. In this review, we summarize the role of the VEGF pathway during tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dongjun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Han
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moo Jun Baek
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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MDI 301 suppresses myeloid leukemia cell growth in vitro and in vivo without the toxicity associated with all-trans retinoic acid therapy. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:763-73. [PMID: 26010252 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MDI 301 is a novel 9-cis retinoic acid derivative in which the terminal carboxylic acid group has been replaced by a picolinate ester. MDI 301, a retinoic acid receptor-α - agonist, suppressed the growth of several human myeloid leukemia cell lines (HL60, NB4, OCI-M2, and K562) in vitro and induced cell-substrate adhesion in conjunction with upregulation of CD11b. Tumor growth in HL60-injected athymic nude mice was reduced. In vitro, MDI 301 was comparable to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) whereas in vivo, MDI 301 was slightly more efficacious than ATRA. Most importantly, unlike what was found with ATRA treatment, MDI 301 did not induce a cytokine response in the treated animals and the severe inflammatory changes and systemic toxicity seen with ATRA did not occur. A retinoid with these characteristics might be valuable in the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia, or, perhaps, other forms of myeloid leukemia.
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Choi IK, Shin H, Oh E, Yoo JY, Hwang JK, Shin K, Yu DC, Yun CO. Potent and long-term antiangiogenic efficacy mediated by FP3-expressing oncolytic adenovirus. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2253-69. [PMID: 25944623 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Various ways to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key facilitator in tumor angiogenesis, are being developed to treat cancer. The soluble VEGF decoy receptor (FP3), due to its high affinity to VEGF, is a highly effective and promising strategy to disrupt VEGF signaling pathway. Despite potential advantage and potent therapeutic efficacy, its employment has been limited by very poor in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. To address this challenge, we designed a novel oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) expressing FP3 (RdB/FP3). To demonstrate the VEGF-specific nature of RdB/FP3, replication-incompetent Ad expressing FP3 (dE1/FP3) was also generated. dE1/FP3 was highly effective in reducing VEGF expression and functionally elicited an antiangiogeneic effect. Furthermore, RdB/FP3 exhibited a potent antitumor effect compared with RdB or recombinant FP3. Consistent with these data, RdB/FP3 was shown to greatly decrease VEGF expression level and vessel density and increase apoptosis in both tumor endothelial and tumor cells, verifying potent suppressive effects of RdB/FP3 on VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis in vivo. Importantly, the therapeutic mechanism of antitumor effect mediated by RdB/FP3 is associated with prolonged VEGF silencing efficacy and enhanced oncolysis via cancer cell-specific replication of oncolytic Ad. Taken together, RdB/FP3 provides a new promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of cancer and angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kyu Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyewon Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eonju Oh
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Kyu Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungsub Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - De-Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Song Y, Tan Y, Liu L, Wang Q, Zhu J, Liu M. Levels of bone marrow microvessel density are crucial for evaluating the status of acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:211-215. [PMID: 26171001 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of bone marrow microvessel density (BM-MVD) in the evaluation of the status of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The levels of serum and bone marrow vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and BM-MVD in 28 patients with AML, 10 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 10 patients with anemia and 14 patients with AML that achieved complete remission for six months (AML-DFS) subsequent to chemotherapy were determined by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. The levels of serum VEGF in patients with hematological disorders were significantly increased compared with the levels in the healthy controls. The levels of BM VEGF and BM-MVD in AML patients were significantly higher compared with the levels in the patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or anemia. Following chemotherapy, the levels of serum VEGF significantly increased and the levels of BM VEGF decreased in the AML patients, regardless of their therapeutic responses, compared with the levels prior to treatment. By contrast, the levels of BM-MVD in the AML patients were significantly reduced in the patients that completely recovered from AML (AML-DFS group), compared with those in other groups. The present data indicate that the levels of BM-MVD are valuable for evaluating the status of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Song
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Oncology, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Lee WS, Pyun BJ, Kim SW, Shim SR, Nam JR, Yoo JY, Jin Y, Jin J, Kwon YG, Yun CO, Nam DH, Oh K, Lee DS, Lee SH, Yoo JS. TTAC-0001, a human monoclonal antibody targeting VEGFR-2/KDR, blocks tumor angiogenesis. MAbs 2015; 7:957-68. [PMID: 25942475 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1045168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is one of the most important processes for cancer cell survival, tumor growth and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor, particularly VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2, or kinase insert domain-containing receptor, KDR), play critical roles in tumor-associated angiogenesis. We developed TTAC-0001, a human monoclonal antibody against VEGFR-2/KDR from a fully human naïve single-chain variable fragment phage library. TTAC-0001 was selected as a lead candidate based on its affinity, ligand binding inhibition and inhibition of VEGFR-2 signal in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). TTAC-0001 inhibited binding of VEGF-C and VEGF-D to VEGFR-2 in addition to VEGF-A. It binds on the N-terminal regions of domain 2 and domain 3 of VEGFR-2. It could inhibit the phosphorylation of VEGFR-2/KDR and ERK induced by VEGF in HUVEC. TTAC-0001 also inhibited VEGF-mediated endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro, as well as ex vivo vessel sprouting from rat aortic rings and neovascularization in mouse matrigel model in vivo. Our data indicates that TTAC-0001 blocks the binding of VEGFs to VEGFR-2/KDR and inhibits VEGFR-induced signaling pathways and angiogenesis. Therefore, these data strongly support the further development of TTAC-0001 as an anti-cancer agent in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weon Sup Lee
- a PharmAbcine, Inc. , #402; DaejeonBioventure Town; Jeonmin-dong; Yusung-gu; Daejeon , Korea
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VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in lip carcinogenesis and its association with microvessel density. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7285-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Daft PG, Yang Y, Napierala D, Zayzafoon M. The growth and aggressive behavior of human osteosarcoma is regulated by a CaMKII-controlled autocrine VEGF signaling mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121568. [PMID: 25860662 PMCID: PMC4393114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a hyperproliferative malignant tumor that requires a high vascular density to maintain its large volume. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays a crucial role in angiogenesis and acts as a paracrine and autocrine agent affecting both endothelial and tumor cells. The alpha-Ca2+/Calmodulin kinase two (α-CaMKII) protein is an important regulator of OS growth. Here, we investigate the role of α-CaMKII-induced VEGF in the growth and tumorigenicity of OS. We show that the pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of α-CaMKII results in decreases in VEGF gene expression (50%) and protein secretion (55%), while α- CaMKII overexpression increases VEGF gene expression (250%) and protein secretion (1,200%). We show that aggressive OS cells (143B) express high levels of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and respond to exogenous VEGF (100nm) by increasing intracellular calcium (30%). This response is ameliorated by the VEGFR inhibitor CBO-P11, suggesting that secreted VEGF results in autocrine stimulated α-CaMKII activation. Furthermore, we show that VEGF and α-CaMKII inhibition decreases the transactivation of the HIF-1α and AP-1 reporter constructs. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay shows significantly decreased binding of HIF-1α and AP-1 to their responsive elements in the VEGF promoter. These data suggest that α-CaMKII regulates VEGF transcription by controlling HIF-1α and AP-1 transcriptional activities. Finally, CBO-P11, KN-93 (CaMKII inhibitor) and combination therapy significantly reduced tumor burden in vivo. Our results suggest that VEGF-induced OS tumor growth is controlled by CaMKII and dual therapy by CaMKII and VEGF inhibitors could be a promising therapy against this devastating adolescent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Daft
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dobrawa Napierala
- Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Majd Zayzafoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Activation of the vascular niche supports leukemic progression and resistance to chemotherapy. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:976-986.e3. [PMID: 25179751 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the intricate cellular components of the bone marrow microenvironment can lead to the discovery of novel extrinsic factors that are responsible for the initiation and progression of leukemic disease. We have shown that endothelial cells (ECs) provide a fertile niche that allows for the propagation of primitive and aggressive leukemic clones. Activation of the ECs by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A provides cues that enable leukemic cells to proliferate at higher rates and also increases the adhesion of leukemia to ECs. Vascular endothelial growth factor A-activated ECs decrease the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents to target leukemic cells. Inhibiting VEGF-dependent activation of ECs by blocking their signaling through VEGF receptor 2 increases the susceptibility of leukemic cells to chemotherapy. Therefore, the development of drugs that target the activation state of the vascular niche could prove to be an effective adjuvant therapy in combination with chemotherapeutic agents.
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50
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Luo X, Feng M, Zhu X, Li Y, Fei J, Zhang Y. VEGF depletion enhances bcr-abl-specific sensitivity of arsenic trioxide in chronic myelogenous leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 18:334-40. [PMID: 24129092 DOI: 10.1179/1607845413y.0000000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of resistance to imatinib mesylate may partly depend on high bcr-abl expression levels or point mutation(s). Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has bcr-abl suppressing activity in vitro, without cross-resistance to imatinib. Meanwhile, bcr-abl also induces expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is associated with tumor-related angiogenesis and is involved in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) pathogenesis. Here, we investigated ways to improve ATO activity in CML by modulating cellular VEGF levels. K562 and primary CML cells were transfected with a VEGF antisense sequence. Cell viability and survival were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and trypan blue exclusion assays. Apoptotic cells were detected by flow cytometry following annexin V and propidium iodide staining. The results showed that VEGF depletion effectively promotes enhanced ATO antileukemic activity by repressing bcr-abl protein levels. These data provide a rationale for the clinical development of optimized ATO-based regimens that incorporate VEGF modulator for CML treatment.
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