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Gao X, Li D, Zhao S, Yang D, Wu Q, Li SS, Zhang L, Chen LJ, Yang Y, Hu X. Acoustic Controllable Spatiotemporal Cell Micro-oscillation for Noninvasive Intracellular Drug Delivery. Anal Chem 2024; 96:14998-15007. [PMID: 39241035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular cargo delivery is crucial for drug evaluation, nanomedicine development, and gene therapy, in which high efficiency while maintaining cell viability is needed for downstream analysis. Here, an acoustic-mediated precise drug delivering mechanism is proposed by directly modulating cell micro-oscillation mode and membrane permeability. Through phase shifting keying-based spatiotemporal acoustic tweezers, controllable oscillating cell arrays can be achieved in shaking potentials. At the same time, continually oscillating radiation force and fluid shear stress exerted on cells effectively disturbs cellular membrane mobility and enhances permeability, thereby facilitating nanodrug entrance. In experiments, cell oscillation is tunable in frequency (10-2 to 102 Hz), shaking direction, amplitude (0 to quarter acoustic wavelength), and speed. Doxorubicin is actively delivered across cellular membranes and accumulates in inner cells, with a concentration more than 8 times that of the control group. Moreover, there is no obvious compromise in cell activity during oscillation, exhibiting excellent biocompatibility. This "dancing acoustic waves" scheme introduces a new dimension of cell manipulation in both space and time domains and an effective drug delivering strategy, offering advantages of flexibility, gentleness, and high throughput. It may advance related fields like nanobiological research, drug and nanomedicine development, and medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Gao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361012, P. R. China
- School of Physics & Technology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Zhongnan Hospital, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, P. R. China
| | - Dayang Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361012, P. R. China
| | - Shukun Zhao
- School of Physics & Technology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Zhongnan Hospital, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, P. R. China
| | - Dongyong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361012, P. R. China
| | - Sen-Sen Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361012, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Jian Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361012, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Physics & Technology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Zhongnan Hospital, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, P. R. China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361012, P. R. China
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Wan H, Xu D, Wang W, Cheng Y, Dai X, Jin X, Gao L, Zhang X, Miao B, He Q, Yan LT. Nonequilibrium Dynamic Phase Diagram for Transmembrane Transport of Active Particles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:24024-24034. [PMID: 39167054 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable push toward the biomedical applications with active particles, which have great potential to revolutionize disease diagnostics and therapy. The direct penetration of active particles through the cell membrane leads to more efficient intracellular delivery than previously considered endocytosis processes but may cause membrane disruption. Understanding fundamental behaviors of cell membranes in response to such extreme impacts by active particles is crucial to develop active particle-based biomedical technologies and manage health and safety issues in this emerging field. Unfortunately, the physical principles underlying the nonequilibrium behaviors from endocytosis to direct penetration remain elusive, and experiments are challenging. Here, we present a computed dynamic phase diagram for transmembrane transport of active particles and identify four characteristic dynamic phases in endocytosis and direct penetration according to the particle activity and membrane tension. The boundaries dividing these phases are analytically obtained with theoretical models, elucidating the nonequilibrium physics and criteria for the transition between different phases. Furthermore, we numerically and experimentally show three distinct dynamic regimes related to the interplay between necking and wrapping during the endocytosis process of active particles, which strikingly contrast the regimes for passive particles. Overall, these findings could be useful for sharpening the understanding of basic principles underlying biological issues related to the safe and efficient biomedical applications of such emerging matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Duo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xin Kang Road, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yanfang Cheng
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Yi Kuang Street 2, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaobin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xueqing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Miao
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Qiang He
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Yi Kuang Street 2, Harbin 150080, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Jinlian Street, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Li-Tang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Tong S, Niu J, Wang Z, Jiao Y, Fu Y, Li D, Pan X, Sheng N, Yan L, Min P, Chen D, Cui S, Liu Y, Lin S. The Evolution of Microfluidic-Based Drug-Loading Techniques for Cells and Their Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403422. [PMID: 39152940 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Conventional drug delivery techniques face challenges related to targeting and adverse reactions. Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in nanoparticle-based drug carriers. Nevertheless, concerns persist regarding their safety and insufficient metabolism. Employing cells and their derivatives, such as cell membranes and extracellular vesicles (EVs), as drug carriers effectively addresses the challenges associated with nanoparticle carriers. However, an essential hurdle remains in efficiently loading drugs into these carriers. With the advancement of microfluidic technology and its advantages in precise manipulation at the micro- and nanoscales, as well as minimal sample loss, it has found extensive application in the loading of drugs using cells and their derivatives, thereby fostering the development of drug-loading techniques. This paper outlines the characteristics and benefits of utilizing cells and their derivatives as drug carriers and provides an overview of current drug-loading techniques, particularly those rooted in microfluidic technology. The significant potential for microfluidic technology in targeted disease therapy through drug delivery systems employing cells and their derivatives, is foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Tong
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiaqi Niu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhitao Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yingao Jiao
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanfei Fu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dongxia Li
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinni Pan
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Nengquan Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Peiru Min
- Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shengsheng Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yanlei Liu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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Centner CS, Belott CJ, Patel RK, Menze MA, Yaddanapudi K, Kopechek JA. Biomodulatory Effects of Molecular Delivery in Human T Cells Using 3D-Printed Acoustofluidic Devices. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2024:S0301-5629(24)00256-4. [PMID: 39107206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell-based therapies have shown significant promise for treating many diseases, including cancer. Current cell therapy manufacturing processes primarily utilize viral transduction to insert genomic material into cells, which has limitations, including variable transduction efficiency and extended processing times. Non-viral transfection techniques are also limited by high variability or reduced molecular delivery efficiency. Novel 3D-printed acoustofluidic devices are in development to address these challenges by delivering biomolecules into cells within seconds via sonoporation. METHODS In this study, we assessed biological parameters that influence the ultrasound-mediated delivery of fluorescent molecules (i.e., calcein and 150 kDa FITC-Dextran) to human T cells using flow cytometry and confocal imaging. RESULTS Low cell plating densities (100,000 cells/mL) enhanced molecular delivery compared to higher cell plating densities (p < 0.001), even though cells were resuspended at equal concentrations for acoustofluidic processing. Additionally, cells in the S phase of the cell cycle had enhanced intracellular delivery compared to cells in the G2/M phase (p < 0.001) and G0/G1 phase (p < 0.01), while also maintaining higher viability compared to G0/G1 phase (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the calcium chelator (EGTA) decreased overall molecular delivery levels. Confocal imaging indicated that the actin cytoskeleton had important implications on plasma membrane recovery dynamics after sonoporation. In addition, confocal imaging indicates that acoustofluidic treatment can permeabilize the nuclear membrane, which could enable rapid intranuclear delivery of nucleic acids. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that a 3D-printed acoustofluidic device can enhance molecular delivery to human T cells, which may enable improved techniques for non-viral processing of cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S Centner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Clinton J Belott
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Riyakumari K Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Michael A Menze
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Jonathan A Kopechek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Hu T, Kumar AR, Luo Y, Tay A. Automating CAR-T Transfection with Micro and Nano-Technologies. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301300. [PMID: 38054597 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer poses a significant health challenge, with traditional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy often lacking in cell specificity and long-term curative potential. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy,utilizing genetically engineered T cells to target cancer cells, is a promising alternative. However, its high cost limits widespread application. CAR-T manufacturing process encompasses three stages: cell isolation and activation, transfection, and expansion.While the first and last stages have straightforward, commercially available automation technologies, the transfection stage lags behind. Current automated transfection relies on viral vectors or bulk electroporation, which have drawbacks such as limited cargo capacity and significant cell disturbance. Conversely, micro and nano-tool methods offer higher throughput and cargo flexibility, yet their automation remains underexplored.In this perspective, the progress in micro and nano-engineering tools for CAR-T transfection followed by a discussion to automate them is described. It is anticipated that this work can inspire the community working on micro and nano transfection techniques to examine how their protocols can be automated to align with the growing interest in automating CAR-T manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmu Hu
- Engineering Science Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Arun Rk Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yikai Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
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6
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Nehru S, Vergaelen M, Hoogenboom R, Sundaramurthy A. Echogenic Gold Nanorod Incorporated Hybrid Poly(2-oxazoline) Nanocapsules for Real-Time Ultrasound/Fluorescent Imaging and Targeted Cancer Theranostics. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4471-4485. [PMID: 38887037 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, various nanocarrier systems have been explored to enhance the targeting of cancer cells by improving the ligand-receptor interactions between the nanocarrier and cancer cells for selective cancer cell imaging and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. Herein, we report multifunctional hydrogen-bonded multilayer nanocapsules functionalized with both folic acid-derived quantum dots (FAQDs) and gold nanorods (AuNRs) for targeted cancer therapy and cancer cell imaging using fluorescence microscopy and medical-range ultrasound imaging systems. The encapsulation efficiency of nanocapsules was found to be 49% for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The release percentage reached a plateau at 37% after 1 h at pH 7.4 and increased to 57% after 3 h when the release pH was decreased to pH 5.5 (i.e., the pH of the tumor environment). Under ultrasound irradiation, the release was significantly accelerated, with a total release of 52% and 68% after only 6 min at pH 7.4 and pH 5.5, respectively. While the sonoporation process plays an important role in anticancer activity experiments under ultrasound exposure by generating temporary pores, the targeting ability of FAQDs brings the capsules closer to the cell membrane and improves the cellular uptake of the released drug, thereby increasing local drug concentration. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments with HCT-116 and HEp-2 cells demonstrated anticancer activities of 96% and 98%, respectively. The nanocapsules showed enhanced ultrasound scattering signal intensity and bright spots under ultrasound exposure, most likely caused by high scattering ability and internal reflections of preloaded AuNRs in the interior structure of the nanocapsules. Hence, the demonstrated nanocapsule system not only has the potential to be used as an integrated system for early- stage detection and treatment of cancer cells but also has the ability for live tracking and imaging of cancer cells while undergoing treatment with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangamithra Nehru
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
- Biomaterials Research Laboratory (BMRL), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Maarten Vergaelen
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy
- Biomaterials Research Laboratory (BMRL), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
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Zhu X, Shi Z, Mao Y, Lächelt U, Huang R. Cell Membrane Perforation: Patterns, Mechanisms and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310605. [PMID: 38344881 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell membrane is crucial for the cellular activities, and any disruption to it may affect the cells. It is demonstrated that cell membrane perforation is associated with some biological processes like programmed cell death (PCD) and infection of pathogens. Specific developments make it a promising technique to perforate the cell membrane controllably and precisely. The pores on the cell membrane provide direct pathways for the entry and exit of substances, and can also cause cell death, which means reasonable utilization of cell membrane perforation is able to assist intracellular delivery, eliminate diseased or cancerous cells, and bring about other benefits. This review classifies the patterns of cell membrane perforation based on the mechanisms into 1) physical patterns, 2) biological patterns, and 3) chemical patterns, introduces the characterization methods and then summarizes the functions according to the characteristics of reversible and irreversible pores, with the aim of providing a comprehensive summary of the knowledge related to cell membrane perforation and enlightening broad applications in biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Huashan Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Huashan Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Liu X, Rong N, Tian Z, Rich J, Niu L, Li P, Huang L, Dong Y, Zhou W, Zhang P, Chen Y, Wang C, Meng L, Huang TJ, Zheng H. Acoustothermal transfection for cell therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1855. [PMID: 38630814 PMCID: PMC11023511 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Transfected stem cells and T cells are promising in personalized cell therapy and immunotherapy against various diseases. However, existing transfection techniques face a fundamental trade-off between transfection efficiency and cell viability; achieving both simultaneously remains a substantial challenge. This study presents an acoustothermal transfection method that leverages acoustic and thermal effects on cells to enhance the permeability of both the cell membrane and nuclear envelope to achieve safe, efficient, and high-throughput transfection of primary T cells and stem cells. With this method, two types of plasmids were simultaneously delivered into the nuclei of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with efficiencies of 89.6 ± 1.2%. CXCR4-transfected MSCs could efficiently target cerebral ischemia sites in vivo and reduce the infarct volume in mice. Our acoustothermal transfection method addresses a key bottleneck in balancing the transfection efficiency and cell viability, which can become a powerful tool in the future for cellular and gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ning Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lili Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pengqi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Laixin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yankai Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yizhao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Congzhi Wang
- National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, 385 Mintang Road, Shenzhen 518131, China
| | - Long Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hairong Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, China
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9
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Wu Y, Gai J, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Liu Y. Acoustofluidic Actuation of Living Cells. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:466. [PMID: 38675277 PMCID: PMC11052308 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Acoutofluidics is an increasingly developing and maturing technical discipline. With the advantages of being label-free, non-contact, bio-friendly, high-resolution, and remote-controllable, it is very suitable for the operation of living cells. After decades of fundamental laboratory research, its technical principles have become increasingly clear, and its manufacturing technology has gradually become popularized. Presently, various imaginative applications continue to emerge and are constantly being improved. Here, we introduce the development of acoustofluidic actuation technology from the perspective of related manipulation applications on living cells. Among them, we focus on the main development directions such as acoustofluidic sorting, acoustofluidic tissue engineering, acoustofluidic microscopy, and acoustofluidic biophysical therapy. This review aims to provide a concise summary of the current state of research and bridge past developments with future directions, offering researchers a comprehensive overview and sparking innovation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA;
| | - Junyang Gai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA;
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA;
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10
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Vachon P, Merugu S, Sharma J, Lal A, Ng EJ, Koh Y, Lee JEY, Lee C. Cavity-agnostic acoustofluidic manipulations enabled by guided flexural waves on a membrane acoustic waveguide actuator. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:33. [PMID: 38463549 PMCID: PMC10920796 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This article presents an in-depth exploration of the acoustofluidic capabilities of guided flexural waves (GFWs) generated by a membrane acoustic waveguide actuator (MAWA). By harnessing the potential of GFWs, cavity-agnostic advanced particle manipulation functions are achieved, unlocking new avenues for microfluidic systems and lab-on-a-chip development. The localized acoustofluidic effects of GFWs arising from the evanescent nature of the acoustic fields they induce inside a liquid medium are numerically investigated to highlight their unique and promising characteristics. Unlike traditional acoustofluidic technologies, the GFWs propagating on the MAWA's membrane waveguide allow for cavity-agnostic particle manipulation, irrespective of the resonant properties of the fluidic chamber. Moreover, the acoustofluidic functions enabled by the device depend on the flexural mode populating the active region of the membrane waveguide. Experimental demonstrations using two types of particles include in-sessile-droplet particle transport, mixing, and spatial separation based on particle diameter, along with streaming-induced counter-flow virtual channel generation in microfluidic PDMS channels. These experiments emphasize the versatility and potential applications of the MAWA as a microfluidic platform targeted at lab-on-a-chip development and showcase the MAWA's compatibility with existing microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vachon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srinivas Merugu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jaibir Sharma
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amit Lal
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- SonicMEMS Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Eldwin J. Ng
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yul Koh
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua E.-Y. Lee
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW Australia
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Sevenler D, Toner M. High throughput intracellular delivery by viscoelastic mechanoporation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:115. [PMID: 38167490 PMCID: PMC10762167 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Brief pulses of electric field (electroporation) and/or tensile stress (mechanoporation) have been used to reversibly permeabilize the plasma membrane of mammalian cells and deliver materials to the cytosol. However, electroporation can be harmful to cells, while efficient mechanoporation strategies have not been scalable due to the use of narrow constrictions or needles which are susceptible to clogging. Here we report a high throughput approach to mechanoporation in which the plasma membrane is stretched and reversibly permeabilized by viscoelastic fluid forces within a microfluidic chip without surface contact. Biomolecules are delivered directly to the cytosol within seconds at a throughput exceeding 250 million cells per minute. Viscoelastic mechanoporation is compatible with a variety of biomolecules including proteins, RNA, and CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes, as well as a range of cell types including HEK293T cells and primary T cells. Altogether, viscoelastic mechanoporation appears feasible for contact-free permeabilization and delivery of biomolecules to mammalian cells ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin Sevenler
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Shriners Children's, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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12
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Huang Y, Liu C, Feng Q, Sun J. Microfluidic synthesis of nanomaterials for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:1610-1627. [PMID: 37723984 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanomaterials has progressed dramatically over the past decades with important contributions to the biomedical area. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, such as the size and structure, can be controlled through manipulation of mass and heat transfer conditions during synthesis. In particular, microfluidic systems with rapid mixing and precise fluid control are ideal platforms for creating appropriate synthesis conditions. One notable example of microfluidics-based synthesis is the development of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based mRNA vaccines with accelerated clinical translation and robust efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to LNPs, microfluidic systems have been adopted for the controlled synthesis of a broad range of nanomaterials. In this review, we introduce the fundamental principles of microfluidic technologies including flow field- and multiple field-based methods for fabricating nanoparticles, and discuss their applications in the biomedical field. We conclude this review by outlining several major challenges and future directions in the implementation of microfluidic synthesis of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiashu Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Bismuth M, Eck M, Ilovitsh T. Nanobubble-mediated cancer cell sonoporation using low-frequency ultrasound. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17899-17909. [PMID: 37899700 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound insonation of microbubbles can form transient pores in cell membranes that enable the delivery of non-permeable extracellular molecules to the cells. Reducing the size of microbubble contrast agents to the nanometer range could facilitate cancer sonoporation. This size reduction can enhance the extravasation of nanobubbles into tumors after an intravenous injection, thus providing a noninvasive sonoporation platform. However, drug delivery efficacy depends on the oscillations of the bubbles, the ultrasound parameters and the size of the target compared to the membrane pores. The formation of large pores is advantageous for the delivery of large molecules, however the small size of the nanobubbles limit the bioeffects when operating near the nanobubble resonance frequency at the MHz range. Here, we show that by coupling nanobubbles with 250 kHz low frequency ultrasound, high amplitude oscillations can be achieved, which facilitate low energy sonoporation of cancer cells. This is beneficial both for increasing the uptake of a specific molecule and to improve large molecule delivery. The method was optimized for the delivery of four fluorescent molecules ranging in size from 1.2 to 70 kDa to breast cancer cells, while comparing the results to targeted microbubbles. Depending on the fluorescent molecule size, the optimal ultrasound peak negative pressure was found to range between 300 and 500 kPa. Increasing the pressure to 800 kPa reduced the fraction of fluorescent cells for all molecules sizes. The optimal uptake for the smaller molecule size of 4 kDa resulted in a fraction of 19.9 ± 1.8% of fluorescent cells, whereas delivery of 20 kDa and 70 kDa molecules yielded 14 ± 0.8% and 4.1 ± 1.1%, respectively. These values were similar to targeted microbubble-mediated sonoporation, suggesting that nanobubbles can serve as noninvasive sonoporation agents with a similar potency, and at a reduced bubble size. The nanobubbles effectively reduced cell viability and may thus potentially reduce the tumor burden, which is crucial for the success of cancer treatment. This method provides a non-invasive and low-energy tumor sonoporation theranostic platform, which can be combined with other therapies to maximize the therapeutic benefits of cancer treatment or be harnessed in gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Bismuth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Michal Eck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Tali Ilovitsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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14
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Hinnekens C, De Smedt SC, Fraire JC, Braeckmans K. Non-viral engineering of NK cells. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108212. [PMID: 37454745 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed great progress in the field of adoptive cell therapies, with the authorization of Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel) in 2017 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a crucial stepstone. Since then, five more CAR-T therapies have been approved for the treatment of hematological malignancies. While this is a great step forward to treating several types of blood cancers, CAR-T cell therapies are still associated with severe side-effects such as Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD), cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. Because of this, there has been continued interest in Natural Killer cells which avoid these side-effects while offering the possibility to generate allogeneic cell therapies. Similar to T-cells, NK cells can be genetically modified to improve their therapeutic efficacy in a variety of ways. In contrast to T cells, viral transduction of NK cells remains inefficient and induces cytotoxic effects. Viral vectors also require a lengthy and expensive product development process and are accompanied by certain risks such as insertional mutagenesis. Therefore, non-viral transfection technologies are avidly being developed aimed at addressing these shortcomings of viral vectors. In this review we will present an overview of the potential of NK cells in cancer immunotherapies and the non-viral transfection technologies that have been explored to engineer them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hinnekens
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Murugesan R, Karuppusamy KV, Marepally S, Thangavel S. Current approaches and potential challenges in the delivery of gene editing cargos into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1148693. [PMID: 37780116 PMCID: PMC10540692 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1148693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in gene delivery and editing have expanded the applications of autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for the treatment of monogenic and acquired diseases. The gene editing toolbox is growing, and the ability to achieve gene editing with mRNA or protein delivered intracellularly by vehicles, such as electroporation and nanoparticles, has highlighted the potential of gene editing in HSPCs. Ongoing phase I/II clinical trials with gene-edited HSPCs for β-hemoglobinopathies provide hope for treating monogenic diseases. The development of safe and efficient gene editing reagents and their delivery into hard-to-transfect HSPCs have been critical drivers in the rapid translation of HSPC gene editing into clinical studies. This review article summarizes the available payloads and delivery vehicles for gene editing HSPCs and their potential impact on therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Murugesan
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Karthik V. Karuppusamy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Srujan Marepally
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanabhavan Thangavel
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Frost I, Mendoza AM, Chiou TT, Kim P, Aizenberg J, Kohn DB, De Oliveira SN, Weiss PS, Jonas SJ. Fluorinated Silane-Modified Filtroporation Devices Enable Gene Knockout in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41299-41309. [PMID: 37616579 PMCID: PMC10485797 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery technologies that are cost-effective, non-cytotoxic, efficient, and cargo-agnostic are needed to enable the manufacturing of cell-based therapies as well as gene manipulation for research applications. Current technologies capable of delivering large cargoes, such as plasmids and CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), are plagued with high costs and/or cytotoxicity and often require substantial specialized equipment and reagents, which may not be available in resource-limited settings. Here, we report an intracellular delivery technology that can be assembled from materials available in most research laboratories, thus democratizing access to intracellular delivery for researchers and clinicians in low-resource areas of the world. These filtroporation devices permeabilize cells by pulling them through the pores of a cell culture insert by the application of vacuum available in biosafety cabinets. In a format that costs less than $10 in materials per experiment, we demonstrate the delivery of fluorescently labeled dextran, expression plasmids, and RNPs for gene knockout to Jurkat cells and human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations with delivery efficiencies of up to 40% for RNP knockout and viabilities of >80%. We show that functionalizing the surfaces of the filters with fluorinated silane moieties further enhances the delivery efficiency. These devices are capable of processing 500,000 to 4 million cells per experiment, and when combined with a 3D-printed vacuum application chamber, this throughput can be straightforwardly increased 6-12-fold in parallel experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaura
M. Frost
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- UCLA
Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Mendoza
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tzu-Ting Chiou
- Department
of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Philseok Kim
- John A. Paulson
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Donald B. Kohn
- Department
of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli
and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Satiro N. De Oliveira
- Department
of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven J. Jonas
- Department
of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli
and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Children’s
Discovery and Innovation Institute, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
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17
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Hur J, Kim H, Kim U, Kim GB, Kim J, Joo B, Cho D, Lee DS, Chung AJ. Genetically Stable and Scalable Nanoengineering of Human Primary T Cells via Cell Mechanoporation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7341-7349. [PMID: 37506062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Effective tumor regression has been observed with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells; however, the development of an affordable, safe, and effective CAR-T cell treatment remains a challenge. One of the major obstacles is that the suboptimal genetic modification of T cells reduces their yield and antitumor activity, necessitating the development of a next-generation T cell engineering approach. In this study, we developed a nonviral T cell nanoengineering system that allows highly efficient delivery of diverse functional nanomaterials into primary human T cells in a genetically stable and scalable manner. Our platform leverages the unique cell deformation and restoration process induced by the intrinsic inertial flow in a microchannel to create nanopores in the cellular membrane for macromolecule internalization, leading to effective transfection with high scalability and viability. The proposed approach demonstrates considerable potential as a practical alternative technique for improving the current CAR-T cell manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Hur
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Uijin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Beom Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- MxT Biotech, Seoul 04785, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Duck Cho
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram J Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- MxT Biotech, Seoul 04785, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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18
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Niu H, Zhao P, Sun W. Biomaterials for chimeric antigen receptor T cell engineering. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:1-13. [PMID: 37137403 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells have achieved breakthrough efficacies against hematological malignancies, but their unsatisfactory efficacies in solid tumors limit their applications. The prohibitively high prices further restrict their access to broader populations. Novel strategies are urgently needed to address these challenges, and engineering biomaterials can be one promising approach. The established process for manufacturing CAR-T cells involves multiple steps, and biomaterials can help simplify or improve several of them. In this review, we cover recent progress in engineering biomaterials for producing or stimulating CAR-T cells. We focus on the engineering of non-viral gene delivery nanoparticles for transducing CAR into T cells ex vivo/in vitro or in vivo. We also dive into the engineering of nano-/microparticles or implantable scaffolds for local delivery or stimulation of CAR-T cells. These biomaterial-based strategies can potentially change the way CAR-T cells are manufactured, significantly reducing their cost. Modulating the tumor microenvironment with the biomaterials can also considerably enhance the efficacy of CAR-T cells in solid tumors. We pay special attention to progress made in the past five years, and perspectives on future challenges and opportunities are also discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapies have revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy with genetically engineered tumor recognition. They are also promising for treating many other diseases. However, the widespread application of CAR-T cell therapy has been hampered by the high manufacturing cost. Poor penetration of CAR-T cells into solid tissues further restricted their use. While biological strategies have been explored to improve CAR-T cell therapies, such as identifying new cancer targets or integrating smart CARs, biomaterial engineering provides alternative strategies toward better CAR-T cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in engineering biomaterials for CAR-T cell improvement. Biomaterials ranging from nano-, micro-, and macro-scales have been developed to assist CAR-T cell manufacturing and formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqing Niu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Penghui Zhao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Born Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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19
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Isenmann M, Stoddart MJ, Schmelzeisen R, Gross C, Della Bella E, Rothweiler RM. Basic Principles of RNA Interference: Nucleic Acid Types and In Vitro Intracellular Delivery Methods. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1321. [PMID: 37512632 PMCID: PMC10383872 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1989, RNA interference (RNAi) has become a widely used tool for the in vitro downregulation of specific gene expression in molecular biological research. This basically involves a complementary RNA that binds a target sequence to affect its transcription or translation process. Currently, various small RNAs, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), small hairpin RNA (shRNA), and PIWI interacting RNA (piRNA), are available for application on in vitro cell culture, to regulate the cells' gene expression by mimicking the endogenous RNAi-machinery. In addition, several biochemical, physical, and viral methods have been established to deliver these RNAs into the cell or nucleus. Since each RNA and each delivery method entail different off-target effects, limitations, and compatibilities, it is crucial to understand their basic mode of action. This review is intended to provide an overview of different nucleic acids and delivery methods for planning, interpreting, and troubleshooting of RNAi experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Isenmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Martin James Stoddart
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Schmelzeisen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gross
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Della Bella
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - René Marcel Rothweiler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
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20
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Rad IJ, Chapman L, Tupally KR, Veidt M, Al-Sadiq H, Sullivan R, Parekh HS. A systematic review of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery to the eye and critical insights to facilitate a timely path to the clinic. Theranostics 2023; 13:3582-3638. [PMID: 37441595 PMCID: PMC10334839 DOI: 10.7150/thno.82884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound has long been identified as a promising, non-invasive modality for improving ocular drug delivery across a range of indications. Yet, with 20 years of learnings behind us, clinical translation remains limited. To help address this, and in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, the various mechanisms of ultrasound-mediated ocular drug delivery have been appraised, ranging from first principles to emergent applications spanning both ex vivo and in vivo models. The heterogeneity of study methods precluded meta-analysis, however an extensive characterisation of the included studies allowed for semi-quantitative and qualitative assessments. Methods: In this review, we reflected on study quality of reporting, and risk of bias (RoB) using the latest Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE 2.0) guidelines, alongside the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) RoB tools. Literature studies from 2002 to 2022 were initially characterised according to methods of ultrasound application, ultrasound parameters applied, animal models employed, as well as safety and efficacy assessments. This exercise contributed to developing a comprehensive understanding of the current state of play within ultrasound-mediated ocular drug delivery. The results were then synthesised and processed into a guide to aid future study design, with the goal of improving the reliability of data, and to support efficient and timely translation to the clinic. Results: Key attributes identified as hindering translation included: poor reporting quality and high RoB, skewed use of animals unrepresentative of the human eye, and the over reliance of reductionist safety assessments. Ex vivo modelling studies were often unable to have comprehensive safety assessments performed on them, which are imperative to determining treatment safety, and represent a pre-requisite for clinical translation. Conclusion: With the use of our synthesised guide, and a thorough understanding of the underlying physicochemical interactions between ultrasound and ocular biology provided herein, this review offers a firm foundation on which future studies should ideally be built, such that ultrasound-mediated ocular drug delivery can be translated from concept to the coalface where it can provide immense clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Rad
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke Chapman
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Martin Veidt
- The University of Queensland, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hussain Al-Sadiq
- Al-Asala University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Sullivan
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Harendra S Parekh
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Xie L, Wang J, Song L, Jiang T, Yan F. Cell-cycle dependent nuclear gene delivery enhances the effects of E-cadherin against tumor invasion and metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:182. [PMID: 37150786 PMCID: PMC10164743 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery is the process by which foreign DNA is transferred to host cells, released from intracellular vesicles, and transported to the nuclei for transcription. This process is frequently inefficient and difficult to control spatiotemporally. We developed a gene delivery strategy that uses ultrasound to directly deliver plasmid DNA into nuclei via gas vesicles (GVs)-based intracellular cavitation. pDNA-binding GVs can be taken up by cells and cause intracellular cavitation when exposed to acoustic irradiation and delivering their pDNA payloads into nuclei. Importantly, GVs can remain stable in the cytoplasm in the absence of acoustic irradiation, allowing for temporally controlled nuclear gene delivery. We were able to achieve spatiotemporal control of E-cadherin nuclear gene delivery in this manner, demonstrating its efficacy in tumor invasion and metastasis inhibition. Interestingly, we discovered that nuclear gene delivery of E-cadherin during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in C6 tumor cells inhibited tumor invasion and metastasis more effectively than during the G1 and S phases. The gene delivery of E-cadherin at the G2/M phase resulted in significantly lower expression of Fam50a, which reduced Fam50a/Runx2 interaction and led to reduced transactivation of MMP13, an important factor for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as observed in a molecular mechanism assay. Thus, using remote acoustic control of intracellular cavitation of pDNA-GVs, we developed a high spatiotemporally controllable gene delivery strategy and achieved stronger tumor invasion and metastasis inhibition effects by delivering the E-cadherin gene at the G2/M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liming Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Tianan Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Fei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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22
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Sevenler D, Toner M. High throughput intracellular delivery by viscoelastic mechanoporation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.538131. [PMID: 37163007 PMCID: PMC10168280 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Brief and intense electric fields (electroporation) and/or tensile stresses (mechanoporation) have been used to temporarily permeabilize the plasma membrane of mammalian cells for the purpose of delivering materials to the cytosol. However, electroporation can be harmful to cells, while efficient mechanoporation strategies have not been scalable due to the use of narrow constrictions or needles which are susceptible to clogging. Here we report a method of mechanoporation in which cells were stretched and permeabilized by viscoelastic flow forces without surface contact. Inertio-elastic cell focusing aligned cells to the center of the device, avoiding direct contact with walls and enabling efficient (95%) intracellular delivery to over 200 million cells per minute. Functional biomolecules such as proteins, RNA, and ribonucleoprotein complexes were successfully delivered to Jurkat cells. Efficient intracellular delivery to HEK293T cells and primary activated T cells was also demonstrated. Contact-free mechanoporation using viscoelastic fluid forces appears to be feasible method for efficient and high throughput intracellular delivery of biomolecules to mammalian cells ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin Sevenler
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Hu Y, Wei J, Shen Y, Chen S, Chen X. Barrier-breaking effects of ultrasonic cavitation for drug delivery and biomarker release. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 94:106346. [PMID: 36870921 PMCID: PMC10040969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, emerging evidence has demonstrated that cavitation actually creates important bidirectional channels on biological barriers for both intratumoral drug delivery and extratumoral biomarker release. To promote the barrier-breaking effects of cavitation for both therapy and diagnosis, we first reviewed recent technical advances of ultrasound and its contrast agents (microbubbles, nanodroplets, and gas-stabilizing nanoparticles) and then reported the newly-revealed cavitation physical details. In particular, we summarized five types of cellular responses of cavitation in breaking the plasma membrane (membrane retraction, sonoporation, endocytosis/exocytosis, blebbing and apoptosis) and compared the vascular cavitation effects of three different types of ultrasound contrast agents in breaking the blood-tumor barrier and tumor microenvironment. Moreover, we highlighted the current achievements of the barrier-breaking effects of cavitation in mediating drug delivery and biomarker release. We emphasized that the precise induction of a specific cavitation effect for barrier-breaking was still challenged by the complex combination of multiple acoustic and non-acoustic cavitation parameters. Therefore, we provided the cutting-edge in-situ cavitation imaging and feedback control methods and suggested the development of an international cavitation quantification standard for the clinical guidance of cavitation-mediated barrier-breaking effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Jianpeng Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Siping Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China; National-regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China.
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24
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Rasouli R, Villegas KM, Tabrizian M. Acoustofluidics - changing paradigm in tissue engineering, therapeutics development, and biosensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1300-1338. [PMID: 36806847 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For more than 70 years, acoustic waves have been used to screen, diagnose, and treat patients in hundreds of medical devices. The biocompatible nature of acoustic waves, their non-invasive and contactless operation, and their compatibility with wide visualization techniques are just a few of the many features that lead to the clinical success of sound-powered devices. The development of microelectromechanical systems and fabrication technologies in the past two decades reignited the spark of acoustics in the discovery of unique microscale bio applications. Acoustofluidics, the combination of acoustic waves and fluid mechanics in the nano and micro-realm, allowed researchers to access high-resolution and controllable manipulation and sensing tools for particle separation, isolation and enrichment, patterning of cells and bioparticles, fluid handling, and point of care biosensing strategies. This versatility and attractiveness of acoustofluidics have led to the rapid expansion of platforms and methods, making it also challenging for users to select the best acoustic technology. Depending on the setup, acoustic devices can offer a diverse level of biocompatibility, throughput, versatility, and sensitivity, where each of these considerations can become the design priority based on the application. In this paper, we aim to overview the recent advancements of acoustofluidics in the multifaceted fields of regenerative medicine, therapeutic development, and diagnosis and provide researchers with the necessary information needed to choose the best-suited acoustic technology for their application. Moreover, the effect of acoustofluidic systems on phenotypic behavior of living organisms are investigated. The review starts with a brief explanation of acoustofluidic principles, the different working mechanisms, and the advantages or challenges of commonly used platforms based on the state-of-the-art design features of acoustofluidic technologies. Finally, we present an outlook of potential trends, the areas to be explored, and the challenges that need to be overcome in developing acoustofluidic platforms that can echo the clinical success of conventional ultrasound-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rasouli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Karina Martinez Villegas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Alhmoud H, Alkhaled M, Kaynak BE, Hanay MS. Leveraging the elastic deformability of polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic channels for efficient intracellular delivery. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:714-726. [PMID: 36472226 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of microfluidic based cell therapeutics systems, the need arises for compact, modular, and microfluidics-compatible intracellular delivery platforms with small footprints and minimal operational requirements. Physical deformation of cells passing through a constriction in a microfluidic channel has been shown to create transient membrane perturbations that allow passive diffusion of materials from the outside to the interior of the cell. This mechanical approach to intracellular delivery is simple to implement and fits the criteria outlined above. However, available microfluidic platforms that operate through this mechanism are traditionally constructed from rigid channels with fixed dimensions that suffer from irreversible clogging and incompatibility with larger size distributions of cells. Here we report a flexible and elastically deformable microfluidic channel, and we leverage this elasticity to dynamically generate temporary constrictions with any given size within the channel width parameters. Additionally, clogging is prevented by increasing the size of the constriction momentarily to allow clogs to pass. By tuning the size of the constriction appropriately, we show the successful delivery of GFP-coding plasmids to the interior of three mammalian cell lines and fluorescent gold nanoparticles to HEK293 FT cells all the while maintaining a high cell viability rate. We also demonstrate the device capabilities by systematically identifying the optimum constriction size that maximizes the intracellular delivery efficiency of FITC-dextran for three different cell lines. This development will no doubt lead to miniaturized intracellular delivery microfluidic components that can be easily integrated into larger lab-on-a-chip systems for future cell modification devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Alhmoud
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohammed Alkhaled
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Batuhan E Kaynak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Selim Hanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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26
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Li Y, Chen X, Lv C, Cheng Y. Ethane groups modified DNA nanopores to prolong the dwell time on live cell membranes for transmembrane transport. Front Chem 2023; 11:1148699. [PMID: 36926382 PMCID: PMC10011181 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1148699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport, mostly relying on biological channels, is crucial for the metabolic processes of live cells including sensing, signaling, cellular communicating and molecular transport. Artificial biomimetic channels offer excellent opportunities for studying the mechanisms of the metabolic processes of live cells and promote the applications of gene transfection, drug delivery, and regulations of cellular communications. DNA nanopores can be designed flexibly and operated easily while maintaining good biocompatibility, offering a good candidate for applications in basic research. However, because of the small size and good biocompatibility of DNA nanopores, it is still difficult to form stable channels on the plasma membrane of live cells by DNA nanopores. As a result, it significantly limits the applications of DNA nanopores in vivo. Thus, in this work, we have constructed ethane-phosphorothioate (PPT) groups modified DNA nanopores (E-DNA nanopores) to simulate biological channels for the transmembrane transport of small molecules. The E-DNA nanopores were found to be more hydrophobic and stable to anchor at the plasma membrane of live cells for a longer time window for subsequent transmembrane transport after the modification of ethane-PPT groups. The membrane-spanning E-DNA nanopores with a longer dwell time window could inspire the design of new DNA nanostructures and expand their biological applications including biosensing and sequencing, construction of artificial cells and regulation of transmembrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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27
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Centner CS, Moore JT, Baxter ME, Yaddanapudi K, Bates PJ, Kopechek JA. Comparison of Acoustofluidic and Static Systems for Ultrasound-Mediated Molecular Delivery to T Lymphocytes. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:90-105. [PMID: 36241589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-flow acoustofluidic technologies can potentially improve processing of T lymphocytes for cell therapies by addressing the limitations with viral and non-viral delivery methods. The objective of this study was to assess the intracellular delivery efficiency with acoustofluidic treatment compared with that of static ultrasound treatment. Optimization of parameters in acoustofluidic and static configurations was performed by assessing intracellular delivery of a fluorescent compound (calcein) in viable human Jurkat T lymphocytes. Ultrasound pressure and the concentration of cationic phospholipid-coated microbubbles influenced calcein delivery in both systems. In the static system, a treatment time of 45 s increased molecular delivery compared with 0-30 s (p < 0.01). Refined parameters were used to assess molecular delivery of small and large compounds (0.6-kDa calcein and 150-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, respectively) after ultrasound treatment with the acoustofluidic or static systems. Molecular delivery was similar with refined parameters for acoustofluidic treatment and static treatment (p > 0.05), even though acoustofluidic treatment had lower microbubble concentration (24 μg/mL vs. 94 μg/mL) and shorter treatment time (∼2-3 s vs. 45 s). This study indicates that the acoustofluidic system can significantly enhance intracellular molecular delivery, which could potentially enable acoustofluidic cell transfection during continuous flow processing for manufacture of cell therapies or other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S Centner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - John T Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mary E Baxter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Paula J Bates
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kopechek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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28
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Yasukuni R, Koyanagi A, Tanaka Y, Okano K, Hosokawa Y. Cell viability assessment associated with a contact of gas bubbles produced by femtosecond laser breakdown in cell culture media. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19001. [PMID: 36347928 PMCID: PMC9643501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High intensity near infrared femtosecond laser is a promising tool for three-dimensional processing of biological materials. During the processing of cells and tissues, long lasting gas bubbles randomly appeared around the laser focal point, however physicochemical and mechanical effects of the gas bubbles has not been emphasized. This paper presents characteristic behaviors of the gas bubbles and their contact effects on cell viability. High-speed imaging of the gas bubble formation with various additives in physiological medium confirms that the gas bubble consists of dissolved air, and amphipathic proteins stabilize the bubble surface. This surface protective layer inhibits interactions of gas bubbles and cell membranes. Consequently, the gas bubble contact does not cause critical effects on cell viability. On the other hands, burst of gas bubbles stimulated by an impact of femtosecond laser induced cavitation can lead to liquid jet flow that might cause serious mechanical damages on cells. These results provide insights for the parameter of biological tissue processing with intense fs laser pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yasukuni
- grid.419937.10000 0000 8498 289XDepartment of Electronics and Information Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, 535-8585 Japan
| | - Akari Koyanagi
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tanaka
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Kazunori Okano
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- grid.260493.a0000 0000 9227 2257Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 Japan
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29
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Orosco J, Friend J. Modeling fast acoustic streaming: Steady-state and transient flow solutions. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:045101. [PMID: 36397528 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.045101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, acoustic streaming is assumed to be a steady-state, relatively slow fluid response to passing acoustic waves. This assumption, the so-called slow streaming assumption, was made over a century ago by Lord Rayleigh. It produces a tractable asymptotic perturbation analysis from the nonlinear governing equations, separating the acoustic field from the acoustic streaming that it generates. Unfortunately, this assumption is often invalid in the modern microacoustofluidics context, where the fluid flow and acoustic particle velocities are comparable. Despite this issue, the assumption is still widely used today, as there is no suitable alternative. We describe a mathematical method to supplant the classic approach and properly treat the spatiotemporal scale disparities present between the acoustics and remaining fluid dynamics. The method is applied in this work to well-known problems of semi-infinite extent defined by the Navier-Stokes equations, and preserves unsteady fluid behavior driven by the acoustic wave. The separation of the governing equations between the fast (acoustic) and slow (hydrodynamic) spatiotemporal scales are shown to naturally arise from the intrinsic properties of the fluid under forcing, not by arbitrary assumption beforehand. Solution of the unsteady streaming field equations provides physical insight into observed temporal evolution of bulk streaming flows that, to date, have not been modeled. A Burgers equation is derived from our method to represent unsteady flow. By then assuming steady flow, a Riccati equation is found to represent it. Solving these equations produces direct, concise insight into the nonlinearity of the acoustic streaming phenomenon alongside an absolute, universal upper bound of 50% for the energy efficiency in transducing acoustic energy input to the acoustic streaming energy output. Rigorous validation with respect to experimental and theoretical results from the classic literature is presented to connect this work to past efforts by many authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Orosco
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC0411, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - James Friend
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MC0411, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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30
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Foley RA, Sims RA, Duggan EC, Olmedo JK, Ma R, Jonas SJ. Delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 system for engineering gene therapies: Recent cargo and delivery approaches for clinical translation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:973326. [PMID: 36225598 PMCID: PMC9549251 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.973326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) has transformed our ability to edit the human genome selectively. This technology has quickly become the most standardized and reproducible gene editing tool available. Catalyzing rapid advances in biomedical research and genetic engineering, the CRISPR/Cas9 system offers great potential to provide diagnostic and therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of currently incurable single-gene and more complex human diseases. However, significant barriers to the clinical application of CRISPR/Cas9 remain. While in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo gene editing has been demonstrated extensively in a laboratory setting, the translation to clinical studies is currently limited by shortfalls in the precision, scalability, and efficiency of delivering CRISPR/Cas9-associated reagents to their intended therapeutic targets. To overcome these challenges, recent advancements manipulate both the delivery cargo and vehicles used to transport CRISPR/Cas9 reagents. With the choice of cargo informing the delivery vehicle, both must be optimized for precision and efficiency. This review aims to summarize current bioengineering approaches to applying CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tools towards the development of emerging cellular therapeutics, focusing on its two main engineerable components: the delivery vehicle and the gene editing cargo it carries. The contemporary barriers to biomedical applications are discussed within the context of key considerations to be made in the optimization of CRISPR/Cas9 for widespread clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Foley
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruby A. Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily C. Duggan
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica K. Olmedo
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Steven J. Jonas
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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31
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Lin L, Dang H, Zhu R, Liu Y, You H. Effects of Side Profile on Acoustic Streaming by Oscillating Microstructures in Channel. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13091439. [PMID: 36144062 PMCID: PMC9504731 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In microchannels, microstructure-induced acoustic streaming can be achieved at low frequencies, providing simple platforms for biomedicine and microfluidic manipulation. Nowadays, microstructures are generally fabricated by photolithography or soft photolithography. Existing studies mainly focused on the projection plane, while ignoring the side profile including microstructure's sidewall and channel's upper wall. Based on the perturbation theory, the article focuses on the effect of microstructure's sidewall errors caused by machining and the viscous dissipation of upper wall on the streaming. We discovered that the side profile parameters, particularly the gap (gap g between the top of the structure and the upper wall of the channel), have a significant impact on the maximum velocity, mode, and effective area of the streaming.To broaden the applicability, we investigated boundary layer thickness parameters including frequency and viscosity. Under different thickness parameters, the effects of side profile parameters on the streaming are similar. But the maximum streaming velocity is proportional to the frequency squared and inversely proportional to the viscosity. Besides, the ratio factor θ of the maximum streaming velocity to the vibration velocity is affected by the side profile parameter gap g and sidewall profile angle α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Haojie Dang
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Rongxin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hui You
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
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32
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Bogatyr V, Biebricher AS, Bergamaschi G, Peterman EJG, Wuite GJL. Quantitative Acoustophoresis. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:341-354. [PMID: 35996438 PMCID: PMC9389611 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Studying cellular
mechanics allows important insights into its
cytoskeletal composition, developmental stage, and health. While many
force spectroscopy assays exist that allow probing of mechanics of
bioparticles, most of them require immobilization of and direct contact
with the particle and can only measure a single particle at a time.
Here, we introduce quantitative acoustophoresis (QAP) as a simple
alternative that uses an acoustic standing wave field to directly
determine cellular compressibility and density of many cells simultaneously
in a contact-free manner. First, using polymeric spheres of different
sizes and materials, we verify that our assay data follow the standard
acoustic theory with great accuracy. We furthermore verify that our
technique not only is able to measure compressibilities of living
cells but can also sense an artificial cytoskeleton inside a biomimetic
vesicle. We finally provide a thorough discussion about the expected
accuracy our approach provides. To conclude, we show that compared
to existing methods, our QAP assay provides a simple yet powerful
alternative to study the mechanics of biological and biomimetic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Bogatyr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Physics of Living Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas S. Biebricher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Physics of Living Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Bergamaschi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Physics of Living Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J. G. Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Physics of Living Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J. L. Wuite
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Physics of Living Systems, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
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Kida H, Feril LB, Irie Y, Endo H, Itaka K, Tachibana K. Influence of Nanobubble Size Distribution on Ultrasound-Mediated Plasmid DNA and Messenger RNA Gene Delivery. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:855495. [PMID: 35721213 PMCID: PMC9198282 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.855495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanobubbles (NBs) for ultrasound-mediated gene therapy has recently attracted much attention. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of different NB size distribution to the efficiency of gene delivery into cells. In this study, various size of albumin stabilized sub-micron bubbles were examined in an in vitro ultrasound (1 MHz) irradiation setup in the aim to compare and optimize gene transfer efficiency. Results with pDNA showed that gene transfer efficiency in the presence of NB size of 254.7 ± 3.8 nm was 2.5 fold greater than those with 187.3 ± 4.8 nm. Similarly, carrier-free mRNA transfer efficiency increased in the same conditions. It is suggested that NB size greater than 200 nm contributed more to the delivery of genes into the cytoplasm with ultrasound. Although further experiments are needed to understand the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon, the present results offer valuable information in optimizing of NB for future ultrasound-mediate gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kida
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Loreto B Feril
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Irie
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Endo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiji Itaka
- Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuro Tachibana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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He S, Pang W, Wu X, Yang Y, Li W, Qi H, Yang K, Duan X, Wang Y. Bidirectional Regulation of Cell Mechanical Motion via a Gold Nanorods-Acoustic Streaming System. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8427-8439. [PMID: 35549089 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell mechanical motion is a key physiological process that relies on the dynamics of actin filaments. Herein, a localized shear-force system based on gigahertz acoustic streaming (AS) is proposed, which can simultaneously realize intracellular delivery and cellular mechanical regulation. The results demonstrate that gold nanorods (AuNRs) can be delivered into the cytoplasm and even the nuclei of cancer and normal cells within a few minutes by AS stimulation. The delivery efficiency of AS stimulation is four times higher than that of endocytosis. Moreover, AS can effectively promote cytoskeleton assembly, regulate cell stiffness and change cell morphology. Since the inhibitory effect of AuNRs on cytoskeleton assembly, this AuNRs-AS system is able to inhibit or promote cell mechanical motion in a controlled manner by regulating the mechanical properties of cells. The bidirectional regulation of cell motion is further verified via scratch experiments, in which AuNRs-treated cells recover their motion ability through AS stimulation. In particular, the results of AuNRs-AS mechanical regulation on cell are related to the intrinsic properties of cell lines, revealing to more obvious effects on the cells with higher motor capacities. In summary, this acoustic technology has shown superiorities in controllable cell-motion manipulation, indicating its potential in building a multifunctional, integrated cytomechanics regulation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Field RD, Jakus MA, Chen X, Human K, Zhao X, Chitnis PV, Sia SK. Ultrasound-Responsive Aqueous Two-Phase Microcapsules for On-Demand Drug Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116515. [PMID: 35233907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditional implanted drug delivery systems cannot easily change their release profile in real time to respond to physiological changes. Here we present a microfluidic aqueous two-phase system to generate microcapsules that can release drugs on demand as triggered by focused ultrasound (FUS). The biphasic microcapsules are made of hydrogels with an outer phase of mixed molecular weight (MW) poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate that mitigates premature payload release and an inner phase of high MW dextran with payload that breaks down in response to FUS. Compound release from microcapsules could be triggered as desired; 0.4 μg of payload was released across 16 on-demand steps over days. We detected broadband acoustic signals amidst low heating, suggesting inertial cavitation as a key mechanism for payload release. Overall, FUS-responsive microcapsules are a biocompatible and wirelessly triggerable structure for on-demand drug delivery over days to weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Field
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Margaret A Jakus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kelia Human
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Parag V Chitnis
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Samuel K Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
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36
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Applications of Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Delivery in Regenerative Medicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9050190. [PMID: 35621468 PMCID: PMC9137703 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9050190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the capability of non-viral gene delivery systems to induce tissue regeneration is a continued effort as the current use of viral vectors can present with significant limitations. Despite initially showing lower gene transfection and gene expression efficiencies, non-viral delivery methods continue to be optimized to match that of their viral counterparts. Ultrasound-mediated gene transfer, referred to as sonoporation, occurs by the induction of transient membrane permeabilization and has been found to significantly increase the uptake and expression of DNA in cells across many organ systems. In addition, it offers a more favorable safety profile compared to other non-viral delivery methods. Studies have shown that microbubble-enhanced sonoporation can elicit significant tissue regeneration in both ectopic and disease models, including bone and vascular tissue regeneration. Despite this, no clinical trials on the use of sonoporation for tissue regeneration have been conducted, although current clinical trials using sonoporation for other indications suggest that the method is safe for use in the clinical setting. In this review, we describe the pre-clinical studies conducted thus far on the use of sonoporation for tissue regeneration. Further, the various techniques used to increase the effectiveness and duration of sonoporation-induced gene transfer, as well as the obstacles that may be currently hindering clinical translation, are explored.
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Field RD, Jakus MA, Chen X, Human K, Zhao X, Chitnis PV, Sia SK. Ultrasound‐Responsive Aqueous Two‐Phase Microcapsules for On‐Demand Drug Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Field
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Margaret A. Jakus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Kelia Human
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Parag V. Chitnis
- Department of Bioengineering George Mason University 4400 University Drive Fairfax VA 22030 USA
| | - Samuel K. Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York NY 10027 USA
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38
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Liu X, Zhang W, Farooq U, Rong N, Shi J, Pang N, Xu L, Niu L, Meng L. Rapid cell pairing and fusion based on oscillating bubbles within an acoustofluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:921-927. [PMID: 35137756 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell fusion is an essential event in many biological processes and has gained increasing attention in the field of biotechnology. In this study, we demonstrate an effective and convenient strategy for cell capture, pairing, and fusion based on oscillating bubbles within an acoustofluidic device. Multirectangular structures of the same size were fabricated at the sidewall of polydimethylsiloxane to generate monodisperse microbubbles. These microbubbles oscillated with a similar amplitude under single-frequency acoustic excitation. Cells were simultaneously captured and paired on the surface of the oscillating bubbles within 40 ms, and the efficiency reached approximately 90%. Homotypic or heterotypic cell membrane fusion was achieved within 15 and 20 min, respectively. More importantly, the homotypic fused cells enabled migration and proliferation at 24 h, indicating that the important biological functions were not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Liu
- College of Medicine and Biological information engineering, Northeastern University, Liaoning 110819, China.
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Umar Farooq
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Ning Rong
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Jingyao Shi
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Na Pang
- College of Medicine and Biological information engineering, Northeastern University, Liaoning 110819, China.
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Lisheng Xu
- College of Medicine and Biological information engineering, Northeastern University, Liaoning 110819, China.
| | - Lili Niu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Long Meng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong 518055, China.
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Tian F, Cai L, Liu C, Sun J. Microfluidic technologies for nanoparticle formation. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:512-529. [PMID: 35048096 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional nanoparticles (NPs) hold immense promise in diverse fields due to their unique biological, chemical, and physical properties associated with size or morphology. Microfluidic technologies featuring precise fluid manipulation have become versatile toolkits for manufacturing NPs in a highly controlled manner with low batch-to-batch variability. In this review, we present the fundamentals of microfluidic fabrication strategies, including mixing-, droplet-, and multiple field-based microfluidic methods. We highlight the formation of functional NPs using these microfluidic reactors, with an emphasis on lipid NPs, polymer NPs, lipid-polymer hybrid NPs, supramolecular NPs, metal and metal-oxide NPs, metal-organic framework NPs, covalent organic framework NPs, quantum dots, perovskite nanocrystals, biomimetic NPs, etc. we discuss future directions in microfluidic fabrication for accelerated development of functional NPs, such as device parallelization for large-scale NP production, highly efficient optimization of NP formulations, and AI-guided design of multi-step microfluidic reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiashu Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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40
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Pourabed A, Brenker J, Younas T, He L, Alan T. A Lotus shaped acoustofluidic mixer: High throughput homogenisation of liquids in 2 ms using hydrodynamically coupled resonators. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 83:105936. [PMID: 35144192 PMCID: PMC8841882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an acoustically actuated microfluidic mixer that uses an array of hydrodynamically coupled resonators to rapidly homogenise liquid solutions and synthesise nanoparticles. The system relies on 8 identical oscillating cantilevers that are equally spaced on the perimeter of a circular well, through which the liquid solutions are introduced. When an oscillatory electrical signal is applied to a piezoelectric transducer attached to the device, the cantilevers start resonating. Due to the close proximity between the cantilevers, their circular arrangement and the liquid medium in which they are immersed, the vibration of each cantilever affects the response of its neighbours. The streaming fields and shearing rates resulting from the oscillating structures were characterised. It was shown that the system can be used to effectively mix fluids at flow rates up to 1400 µl.min-1 in time scales as low as 2 ms. The rapid mixing time is especially advantageous for nanoparticle synthesis, which is demonstrated by synthesising Poly lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles with 52.2 nm size and PDI of 0.44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Pourabed
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason Brenker
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tayyaba Younas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lizhong He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tuncay Alan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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41
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Li C, Xiao Z, Yuan H, Zhang Y, Pang D, Tang X, Li M, Ouyang H. TERT Promoter Revertant Mutation Inhibits Melanoma Growth through Intrinsic Apoptosis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010141. [PMID: 35053139 PMCID: PMC8773187 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary TERT -146 C>T frequently occurs in many cancer cells. Research targeting the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter contributes to a better understanding of cancer development and treatment. Many conventional cancer treatments aim to develop new drugs targeting TERT. Here, for TERT -146 we converted T to C. The proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma cells in vitro, and the growth of the tumor in vivo were inhibited. Moreover, the downregulated protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) indicated that the TERT promoter revertant mutation abrogated the inhibitory effect of mutant TERT on apoptosis. These data elucidated the relationship between the TERT promoter revertant mutations and apoptosis for the first time, and also implied that TERT -146 may be a causal mutation of melanoma. This study provides a new insight into the TERT promoter revertant mutations and apoptosis. The TERT promoter provides preliminary validation of the potential tumor treatment. Abstract Human telomerase is a specialized DNA polymerase whose catalytic core includes both TERT and human telomerase RNA (hTR). Telomerase in humans, which is silent in most somatic cells, is activated to maintain the telomere length (TEL) in various types of cancer cells, including melanoma. In the vast majority of tumor cells, the TERT promoter is mutated to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Here, we exploited NG-ABEmax to revert TERT -146 T to -146 C in melanoma, and successfully obtained TERT promoter revertant mutant cells. These TERT revertant mutant cells exhibited significant growth inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, A375−146C/C cells exhibited telomere shortening and the downregulation of TERT at both the transcription and protein levels, and migration and invasion were inhibited. In addition, TERT promoter revertant mutation abrogated the inhibitory effect of mutant TERT on apoptosis via B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), ultimately leading to cell death. Collectively, the results of our work demonstrate that reverting mutations in the TERT promoter is a potential therapeutic option for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.X.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (D.P.); (X.T.)
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.X.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (D.P.); (X.T.)
| | - Chang Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.X.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (D.P.); (X.T.)
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.X.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (D.P.); (X.T.)
| | - Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.X.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (D.P.); (X.T.)
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.X.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (D.P.); (X.T.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401123, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.X.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (D.P.); (X.T.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401123, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China
| | - Mengjing Li
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.X.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (D.P.); (X.T.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401123, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (H.O.); Tel.: +86-0431-87836175 (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.X.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (D.P.); (X.T.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401123, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (H.O.); Tel.: +86-0431-87836175 (H.O.)
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Rich J, Tian Z, Huang TJ. Sonoporation: Past, Present, and Future. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2100885. [PMID: 35399914 PMCID: PMC8992730 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A surge of research in intracellular delivery technologies is underway with the increased innovations in cell-based therapies and cell reprogramming. Particularly, physical cell membrane permeabilization techniques are highlighted as the leading technologies because of their unique features, including versatility, independence of cargo properties, and high-throughput delivery that is critical for providing the desired cell quantity for cell-based therapies. Amongst the physical permeabilization methods, sonoporation holds great promise and has been demonstrated for delivering a variety of functional cargos, such as biomolecular drugs, proteins, and plasmids, to various cells including cancer, immune, and stem cells. However, traditional bubble-based sonoporation methods usually require special contrast agents. Bubble-based sonoporation methods also have high chances of inducing irreversible damage to critical cell components, lowering the cell viability, and reducing the effectiveness of delivered cargos. To overcome these limitations, several novel non-bubble-based sonoporation mechanisms are under development. This review will cover both the bubble-based and non-bubble-based sonoporation mechanisms being employed for intracellular delivery, the technologies being investigated to overcome the limitations of traditional platforms, as well as perspectives on the future sonoporation mechanisms, technologies, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Zagoskin AA, Zakharova MV, Nagornykh MO. Structural Elements of DNA and RNA Eukaryotic Expression Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Genome Editor Delivery. Mol Biol 2022; 56:950-962. [PMCID: PMC9735121 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322060218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene editing with programmable nucleases opens new perspectives in important practice areas, such as healthcare and agriculture. The most challenging problem for the safe and effective therapeutic use of gene editing technologies is the proper delivery and expression of gene editors in cells and tissues of different organisms. Virus-based and nonviral systems can be used for the successful delivery of gene editors. Here we have reviewed structural elements of nonviral DNA- and RNA-based expression vectors for gene editing and delivery methods in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Zagoskin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - M. V. Zakharova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - M. O. Nagornykh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia ,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, 354349 Sochi, Russia
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44
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Aghaamoo M, Chen Y, Li X, Garg N, Jiang R, Yun JT, Lee AP. High-Throughput and Dosage-Controlled Intracellular Delivery of Large Cargos by an Acoustic-Electric Micro-Vortices Platform. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102021. [PMID: 34716688 PMCID: PMC8728830 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput non-viral intracellular delivery platform is introduced for the transfection of large cargos with dosage-control. This platform, termed Acoustic-Electric Shear Orbiting Poration (AESOP), optimizes the delivery of intended cargo sizes with poration of the cell membranes via mechanical shear followed by the modulated expansion of these nanopores via electric field. Furthermore, AESOP utilizes acoustic microstreaming vortices wherein up to millions of cells are trapped and mixed uniformly with exogenous cargos, enabling the delivery of cargos into cells with targeted dosages. Intracellular delivery of a wide range of molecule sizes (<1 kDa to 2 MDa) with high efficiency (>90%), cell viability (>80%), and uniform dosages (<60% coefficient of variation (CV)) simultaneously into 1 million cells min-1 per single chip is demonstrated. AESOP is successfully applied to two gene editing applications that require the delivery of large plasmids: i) enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) plasmid (6.1 kbp) transfection, and ii) clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9-mediated gene knockout using a 9.3 kbp plasmid DNA encoding Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA). Compared to alternative platforms, this platform offers dosage-controlled intracellular delivery of large plasmids simultaneously to large populations of cells while maintaining cell viability at comparable delivery efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Yu‐Hsi Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Ruoyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Jeremy Tian‐Hao Yun
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Palo Alto Senior High SchoolPalo AltoCA94301USA
| | - Abraham Phillip Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
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Wang Z, Rich J, Hao N, Gu Y, Chen C, Yang S, Zhang P, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidics for simultaneous nanoparticle-based drug loading and exosome encapsulation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:45. [PMID: 35498337 PMCID: PMC9051122 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarrier and exosome encapsulation has been found to significantly increase the efficacy of targeted drug delivery while also minimizing unwanted side effects. However, the development of exosome-encapsulated drug nanocarriers is limited by low drug loading efficiencies and/or complex, time-consuming drug loading processes. Herein, we have developed an acoustofluidic device that simultaneously performs both drug loading and exosome encapsulation. By synergistically leveraging the acoustic radiation force, acoustic microstreaming, and shear stresses in a rotating droplet, the concentration, and fusion of exosomes, drugs, and porous silica nanoparticles is achieved. The final product consists of drug-loaded silica nanocarriers that are encased within an exosomal membrane. The drug loading efficiency is significantly improved, with nearly 30% of the free drug (e.g., doxorubicin) molecules loaded into the nanocarriers. Furthermore, this acoustofluidic drug loading system circumvents the need for complex chemical modification, allowing drug loading and encapsulation to be completed within a matter of minutes. These exosome-encapsulated nanocarriers exhibit excellent efficiency in intracellular transport and are capable of significantly inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. By utilizing physical forces to rapidly generate hybrid nanocarriers, this acoustofluidic drug loading platform wields the potential to significantly impact innovation in both drug delivery research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Nanjing Hao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Yuyang Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Chuyi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Peiran Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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Centner CS, Moore JT, Baxter ME, Long ZT, Miller JM, Kovatsenko ES, Xie B, Menze MA, Berson RE, Bates PJ, Yaddanapudi K, Kopechek JA. Acoustofluidic-mediated molecular delivery to human T cells with a three-dimensional-printed flow chamber. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:4534. [PMID: 34972278 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have garnered significant interest to treat cancer and other diseases. Acoustofluidic technologies are in development to improve cell therapy manufacturing by facilitating rapid molecular delivery across the plasma membrane via ultrasound and microbubbles (MBs). In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) printed acoustofluidic device was used to deliver a fluorescent molecule, calcein, to human T cells. Intracellular delivery of calcein was assessed after varying parameters such as MB face charge, MB concentration, flow channel geometry, ultrasound pressure, and delivery time point after ultrasound treatment. MBs with a cationic surface charge caused statistically significant increases in calcein delivery during acoustofluidic treatment compared to MBs with a neutral surface charge (p < 0.001). Calcein delivery was significantly higher with a concentric spiral channel geometry compared to a rectilinear channel geometry (p < 0.001). Additionally, calcein delivery was significantly enhanced at increased ultrasound pressures of 5.1 MPa compared to lower ultrasound pressures between 0-3.8 MPa (p < 0.001). These results demonstrate that a 3D-printed acoustofluidic device can significantly enhance intracellular delivery of biomolecules to T cells, which may be a viable approach to advance cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S Centner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - John T Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Mary E Baxter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Zachary T Long
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Jacob M Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Xie
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Michael A Menze
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - R Eric Berson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Paula J Bates
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kopechek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Advances in engineering and synthetic biology toward improved therapeutic immune cells. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Novotny J, Lenshof A, Laurell T. Acoustofluidic platforms for particle manipulation. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:804-818. [PMID: 34719049 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in acoustics for microfluidic applications. This field, commonly known as acoustofluidics involves the interaction of ultrasonic standing waves with fluids and dispersed microparticles. The combination of microfluidics and the so-called acoustic standing waves (ASWs) led to the development of integrated systems for contact-less on-chip cell and particle manipulation where it is possible to move and spatially localize these particles based on the different acoustophysical properties. While it was initially suggested that the acoustic forces could be harmful to the cells and could impact cell viability, proliferation, or function via phenotypic or even genotypic changes, further studies disproved such claims. This review is summarizing some interesting applications of acoustofluidics in the manipulations of biomaterials, such as cells or subcellular vesicles, in works published mainly within the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Novotny
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Lenshof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Zhao SK, Hu XJ, Zhu JM, Luo ZY, Liang L, Yang DY, Chen YL, Chen LF, Zheng YJ, Hu QH, Zheng JJ, Guo SS, Cheng YX, Zhou FL, Yang Y. On-chip rapid drug screening of leukemia cells by acoustic streaming. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4005-4015. [PMID: 34476431 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00684c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and personalized single-cell drug screening testing plays an essential role in acute myeloid leukemia drug combination chemotherapy. Conventional chemotherapeutic drug screening is a time-consuming process because of the natural resistance of cell membranes to drugs, and there are still great challenges related to using technologies that change membrane permeability such as sonoporation in high-throughput and precise single-cell drug screening with minimal damage. In this study, we proposed an acoustic streaming-based non-invasive single-cell drug screening acceleration method, using high-frequency acoustic waves (>10 MHz) in a concentration gradient microfluidic device. High-frequency acoustics leads to increased difficulties in inducing cavitation and generates acoustic streaming around each single cell. Therefore, single-cell membrane permeability is non-invasively increased by the acoustic pressure and acoustic streaming-induced shear force, which significantly improves the drug uptake process. In the experiment, single human myeloid leukemia mononuclear (THP-1) cells were trapped by triangle cell traps in concentration gradient chips with different cytarabine (Ara-C) drug concentrations. Due to this dual acoustic effect, the drugs affect cell viability in less than 30 min, which is faster than traditional methods (usually more than 24 h). This dual acoustic effect-based drug delivery strategy has the potential to save time and reduce the cost of drug screening, when combined with microfluidic technology for multi-concentration drug screening. This strategy offers enormous potential for use in multiple drug screening or efficient drug combination screening in individualized/personalized treatments, which can greatly improve efficiency and reduce costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Kun Zhao
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xue-Jia Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jiao-Meng Zhu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zi-Yi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Hefei 241000, China
| | - Dong-Yong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yan-Ling Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Long-Fei Chen
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ya-Jing Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Qing-Hao Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zheng
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shi-Shang Guo
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yan-Xiang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Fu-Ling Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Ultrasound-Enabled Therapeutic Delivery and Regenerative Medicine: Physical and Biological Perspectives. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4371-4387. [PMID: 34460238 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of ultrasound in medicine and biological sciences is expanding rapidly beyond its use in conventional diagnostic imaging. Numerous studies have reported the effects of ultrasound on cellular and tissue physiology. Advances in instrumentation and electronics have enabled successful in vivo applications of therapeutic ultrasound. Despite path breaking advances in understanding the biophysical and biological mechanisms at both microscopic and macroscopic scales, there remain substantial gaps. With the progression of research in this area, it is important to take stock of the current understanding of the field and to highlight important areas for future work. We present herein key developments in the biological applications of ultrasound especially in the context of nanoparticle delivery, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. We conclude with a brief perspective on the current promise, limitations, and future directions for interfacing ultrasound technology with biological systems, which could provide guidance for future investigations in this interdisciplinary area.
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