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Chen XR, Cui YZ, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Genome engineering on size reduction and complexity simplification: A review. J Adv Res 2024; 60:159-171. [PMID: 37442424 PMCID: PMC11156615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome simplification is an important topic in the field of life sciences that has attracted attention from its conception to the present day. It can help uncover the essential components of the genome and, in turn, shed light on the underlying operating principles of complex biological systems. This has made it a central focus of both basic and applied research in the life sciences. With the recent advancements in related technologies and our increasing knowledge of the genome, now is an opportune time to delve into this topic. AIM OF REVIEW Our review investigates the progress of genome simplification from two perspectives: genome size reduction and complexity simplification. In addition, we provide insights into the future development trends of genome simplification. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Reducing genome size requires eliminating non-essential elements as much as possible. This process has been facilitated by advances in genome manipulation and synthesis techniques. However, we still need a better and clearer understanding of living systems to reduce genome complexity. As there is a lack of quantitative and clearly defined standards for this task, we have opted to approach the topic from various perspectives and present our findings accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rong Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - You-Zhi Cui
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Johnson LA, Mart RJ, Allemann RK. A Photoresponsive Homing Endonuclease for Programmed DNA Cleavage. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:195-205. [PMID: 38061193 PMCID: PMC10804406 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Homing endonucleases are used in a wide range of biotechnological applications including gene editing, in gene drive systems, and for the modification of DNA structures, arrays, and prodrugs. However, controlling nuclease activity and sequence specificity remain key challenges when developing new tools. Here a photoresponsive homing endonuclease was engineered for optical control of DNA cleavage by partitioning DNA binding and nuclease domains of the monomeric homing endonuclease I-TevI into independent polypeptide chains. Use of the Aureochrome1a light-oxygen-voltage domain delivered control of dimerization with light. Illumination reduced the concentration needed to achieve 50% cleavage of the homing target site by 6-fold when compared to the dark state, resulting in an up to 9-fold difference in final yields between cleavage products. I-TevI nucleases with and without a native I-TevI zinc finger motif displayed different nuclease activity and sequence preference impacting the promiscuity of the nuclease domain. By harnessing an alternative DNA binding domain, target preference was reprogrammed only when the nuclease lacked the I-TevI zinc finger motif. This work establishes a first-generation photoresponsive platform for spatiotemporal activation of DNA cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Johnson
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff
University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, U.K.
| | | | - Rudolf K. Allemann
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff
University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, U.K.
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3
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Baugh AC, Momany C, Neidle EL. Versatility and Complexity: Common and Uncommon Facets of LysR-Type Transcriptional Regulators. Annu Rev Microbiol 2023; 77:317-339. [PMID: 37285554 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-050323-040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs) form one of the largest families of bacterial regulators. They are widely distributed and contribute to all aspects of metabolism and physiology. Most are homotetramers, with each subunit composed of an N-terminal DNA-binding domain followed by a long helix connecting to an effector-binding domain. LTTRs typically bind DNA in the presence or absence of a small-molecule ligand (effector). In response to cellular signals, conformational changes alter DNA interactions, contact with RNA polymerase, and sometimes contact with other proteins. Many are dual-function repressor-activators, although different modes of regulation may occur at multiple promoters. This review presents an update on the molecular basis of regulation, the complexity of regulatory schemes, and applications in biotechnology and medicine. The abundance of LTTRs reflects their versatility and importance. While a single regulatory model cannot describe all family members, a comparison of similarities and differences provides a framework for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Baugh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA;
| | - Cory Momany
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ellen L Neidle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA;
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4
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Alexis E, Schulte CCM, Cardelli L, Papachristodoulou A. Regulation strategies for two-output biomolecular networks. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230174. [PMID: 37528680 PMCID: PMC10394417 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Feedback control theory facilitates the development of self-regulating systems with desired performance which are predictable and insensitive to disturbances. Feedback regulatory topologies are found in many natural systems and have been of key importance in the design of reliable synthetic bio-devices operating in complex biological environments. Here, we study control schemes for biomolecular processes with two outputs of interest, expanding previously described concepts based on single-output systems. Regulation of such processes may unlock new design possibilities but can be challenging due to coupling interactions; also potential disturbances applied on one of the outputs may affect both. We therefore propose architectures for robustly manipulating the ratio/product and linear combinations of the outputs as well as each of the outputs independently. To demonstrate their characteristics, we apply these architectures to a simple process of two mutually activated biomolecular species. We also highlight the potential for experimental implementation by exploring synthetic realizations both in vivo and in vitro. This work presents an important step forward in building bio-devices capable of sophisticated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Alexis
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Carolin C. M. Schulte
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Luca Cardelli
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
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5
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Landau LM, Kagan JC. Beyond natural biology: rewiring cellular networks to study innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102349. [PMID: 37269786 PMCID: PMC10526630 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Within immune cells, microbial and self-ligands trigger pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to nucleate and activate the signaling organelles of the immune system. Much work in this area has derived from observational biology of natural innate immune signaling. More recently, synthetic biology approaches have been used to rewire and study innate immune networks. By utilizing controllable chemical or optogenetic inputs, rearranging protein building blocks, or engineering signal recording circuits, synthetic biology-based techniques complement and inform studies of natural immune pathway operation. In this review, we describe recent synthetic biology-based approaches that have uncovered new insights into PRR signaling, virus-host interactions, and systemic cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Landau
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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6
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An B, Wang Y, Huang Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Xun D, Church GM, Dai Z, Yi X, Tang TC, Zhong C. Engineered Living Materials For Sustainability. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2349-2419. [PMID: 36512650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in synthetic biology and materials science have given rise to a new form of materials, namely engineered living materials (ELMs), which are composed of living matter or cell communities embedded in self-regenerating matrices of their own or artificial scaffolds. Like natural materials such as bone, wood, and skin, ELMs, which possess the functional capabilities of living organisms, can grow, self-organize, and self-repair when needed. They also spontaneously perform programmed biological functions upon sensing external cues. Currently, ELMs show promise for green energy production, bioremediation, disease treatment, and fabricating advanced smart materials. This review first introduces the dynamic features of natural living systems and their potential for developing novel materials. We then summarize the recent research progress on living materials and emerging design strategies from both synthetic biology and materials science perspectives. Finally, we discuss the positive impacts of living materials on promoting sustainability and key future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin An
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanyi Wang
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuzhu Liu
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongmin Xun
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - George M Church
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States
| | - Zhuojun Dai
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tzu-Chieh Tang
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States
| | - Chao Zhong
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Construction and In Vitro Evaluation of a Tumor Acidic pH-Targeting Drug Delivery System Based on Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Bacterial Ghosts. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090433. [PMID: 36134979 PMCID: PMC9495381 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic nanocarriers are a promising therapeutic delivery strategy. However, these systems are often hampered by inherent disadvantages such as strong biotoxicity and poor biocompatibility. To overcome these issues, biological carriers with commonly used chemotherapy drugs have been developed. In this work, engineered bacterial ghosts (BGs) originated from probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) were devised to specifically target acidic extracellular environments of tumor tissue. To improve the production efficiency and safety, a novel lysis protein E from phage α3 was applied to produce EcN BGs under high growth densities in high quality. In addition, the acidity-triggered rational membrane (ATRAM) peptides were displayed in EcN BGs to facilitate specific cancer cell internalization within the acidic tumor microenvironment before drug release. In conclusion, the engineered EcN BGs offer a promising means for bionic bacteria construction for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy.
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8
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Decorated bacteria and the application in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114443. [PMID: 35817214 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of living bacteria either as therapeutic agents or drug carriers has shown great potential in treating a multitude of intractable diseases. However, cells are often fragile to unfriendly environmental stressors and limited by inadequately therapeutic responses, leading to unwanted cell death and a decline in treatment efficacy. Surface decoration of bacteria has emerged as a simple yet useful strategy that not only confers bacteria with extra capacity to resist environmental threats but also endows them with exogenous characteristics that are neither inherent nor naturally achievable. In this review, we systematically introduce the advancements of physicochemical and biological technologies for surface modification of bacteria, especially the single-cell surface decoration strategies of individual bacteria. We highlight the recent progress on surface decoration that aims to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of therapeutic bacterial agents and also to achieve enhanced and targeted delivery of conventional drugs. The promises along with challenges of surface-decorated bacteria as drug delivery systems for applications in cancer therapy, intestinal disease treatment, bioimaging, and diagnosis are further discussed with respect to future clinical translation. This review offers an overview of the advances of decorated bacteria for drug delivery applications and would contribute to the development of the next generation of advanced bacterial-based therapies.
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9
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Pei L, Garfinkel M, Schmidt M. Bottlenecks and opportunities for synthetic biology biosafety standards. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2175. [PMID: 35449163 PMCID: PMC9023567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pei
- Biofaction KG, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Lim B, Yin Y, Ye H, Cui Z, Papachristodoulou A, Huang WE. Reprogramming Synthetic Cells for Targeted Cancer Therapy. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1349-1360. [PMID: 35255684 PMCID: PMC9084601 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Advances
in synthetic biology enable the reprogramming of bacteria
as smart agents to specifically target tumors and locally release
anticancer drugs in a highly controlled manner. However, the bench-to-bedside
translation of engineered bacteria is often impeded by genetic instability
and the potential risk of uncontrollable replication of engineered
bacteria inside the patient. SimCells (simple cells) are chromosome-free
bacteria controlled by designed gene circuits, which can bypass the
interference of the native gene network in bacteria and eliminate
the risk of bacterial uncontrolled growth. Here, we describe the reprogramming
of SimCells and mini-SimCells to serve as “safe and live drugs”
for targeted cancer therapy. We engineer SimCells to display nanobodies
on the surface for the binding of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA),
which is an important biomarker found commonly in colorectal cancer
cells. We show that SimCells and mini-SimCells with surface display
of anti-CEA nanobody can specifically bind CEA-expressing Caco2 cancer
cells in vitro while leaving the non-CEA-expressing
SW80 cancer cells untouched. These cancer-targeting SimCells and mini-SimCells
induced cancer cell death in vitro by compromising
the plasma membrane of cancer cells. The cancer-killing effect can
be further enhanced by an aspirin/salicylate inducible gene circuit
that converts salicylate into catechol, a potent anticancer. This
work highlights the potential of SimCells and mini-SimCells for targeted
cancer therapy and lays the foundation for the application of synthetic
biology to medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Lim
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ Oxford, U.K
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ Oxford, U.K
| | - Yutong Yin
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ Oxford, U.K
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ Oxford, U.K
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ Oxford, U.K
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ Oxford, U.K
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ Oxford, U.K
| | | | - Wei E. Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ Oxford, U.K
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11
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Pantoja Angles A, Valle-Pérez AU, Hauser C, Mahfouz MM. Microbial Biocontainment Systems for Clinical, Agricultural, and Industrial Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:830200. [PMID: 35186907 PMCID: PMC8847691 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.830200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many applications of synthetic biology require biological systems in engineered microbes to be delivered into diverse environments, such as for in situ bioremediation, biosensing, and applications in medicine and agriculture. To avoid harming the target system (whether that is a farm field or the human gut), such applications require microbial biocontainment systems (MBSs) that inhibit the proliferation of engineered microbes. In the past decade, diverse molecular strategies have been implemented to develop MBSs that tightly control the proliferation of engineered microbes; this has enabled medical, industrial, and agricultural applications in which biological processes can be executed in situ. The customization of MBSs also facilitate the integration of sensing modules for which different compounds can be produced and delivered upon changes in environmental conditions. These achievements have accelerated the generation of novel microbial systems capable of responding to external stimuli with limited interference from the environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the current approaches used for MBSs, with a specific focus on applications that have an immediate impact on multiple fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Pantoja Angles
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander U. Valle-Pérez
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Charlotte Hauser
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Magdy M. Mahfouz, ; Charlotte Hauser,
| | - Magdy M. Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Magdy M. Mahfouz, ; Charlotte Hauser,
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12
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Pantoja Angles A, Ali Z, Mahfouz M. CS-Cells: A CRISPR-Cas12 DNA Device to Generate Chromosome-Shredded Cells for Efficient and Safe Molecular Biomanufacturing. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:430-440. [PMID: 34978812 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology holds great promise for translating ideas into products to address the grand challenges facing humanity. Molecular biomanufacturing is an emerging technology that facilitates the production of key products of value, including therapeutics and select chemical compounds. Current biomanufacturing technologies require improvements to overcome limiting factors, including efficient production, cost, and safe release; therefore, developing optimum chassis for biomolecular manufacturing is of great interest for enabling diverse synthetic biology applications. Here, we harnessed the power of the CRISPR-Cas12 system to design, build, and test a DNA device for genome shredding, which fragments the native genome to enable the conversion of bacterial cells into nonreplicative, biosynthetically active, and programmable molecular biomanufacturing chassis. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated the efficient production of green fluorescent protein and violacein, an antimicrobial and antitumorigenic compound. Our CRISPR-Cas12-based chromosome-shredder DNA device has built-in biocontainment features providing a roadmap for the conversion of any bacterial cell into a chromosome-shredded chassis amenable to high-efficiency molecular biomanufacturing, thereby enabling exciting and diverse biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Pantoja Angles
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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13
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14
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Belkin S, Wang B. Sense and sensibility: of synthetic biology and the redesign of bioreporter circuits. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:103-106. [PMID: 34689402 PMCID: PMC8719829 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shimshon Belkin
- Institute of Life Sciencesthe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Baojun Wang
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
- Hangzhou Innovation Center and College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311200China
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15
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Ye Z, Liang L, Lu H, Shen Y, Zhou W, Li Y. Nanotechnology-Employed Bacteria-Based Delivery Strategy for Enhanced Anticancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:8069-8086. [PMID: 34934313 PMCID: PMC8684392 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s329855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and their derivatives (membrane vesicles, MVs) exhibit great advantages for targeting hypoxic tumor cores, strong penetration ability and activating immune responses, holding great potential as auspicious candidates for therapeutic and drug-delivery applications. However, the safety issues and low therapeutic efficiency by single administration still need to be solved. To further optimize their performance and to utilize their natural abilities, scientists have strived to modify bacteria with new moieties on their surface while preserving their advantages. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of a non-genetic engineering modification strategy that can be used to optimize the bacteria with nanomaterials and the design strategy that can be used to optimize MVs for better targeted therapy. Here, the advantages and disadvantages of these processes and their applicability for the development of bacteria-related delivery system as antitumor therapeutic agents are discussed. The prospect and the challenges of the above targeted delivery system are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Liang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huazhen Lu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Wan X, Saltepe B, Yu L, Wang B. Programming living sensors for environment, health and biomanufacturing. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2334-2342. [PMID: 33960658 PMCID: PMC8601174 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology offers new tools and capabilities of engineering cells with desired functions for example as new biosensing platforms leveraging engineered microbes. In the last two decades, bacterial cells have been programmed to sense and respond to various input cues for versatile purposes including environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis and adaptive biomanufacturing. Despite demonstrated proof-of-concept success in the laboratory, the real-world applications of microbial sensors have been restricted due to certain technical and societal limitations. Yet, most limitations can be addressed by new technological developments in synthetic biology such as circuit design, biocontainment and machine learning. Here, we summarize the latest advances in synthetic biology and discuss how they could accelerate the development, enhance the performance and address the present limitations of microbial sensors to facilitate their use in the field. We view that programmable living sensors are promising sensing platforms to achieve sustainable, affordable and easy-to-use on-site detection in diverse settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wan
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
- Hangzhou Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311200China
| | - Behide Saltepe
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
| | - Luyang Yu
- The Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Engineering BiologyInternational CampusZhejiang UniversityHaining314400China
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Baojun Wang
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
- Hangzhou Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311200China
- The Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Engineering BiologyInternational CampusZhejiang UniversityHaining314400China
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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17
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Chen XJ, Wang B, Thompson IP, Huang WE. Rational Design and Characterization of Nitric Oxide Biosensors in E. coli Nissle 1917 and Mini SimCells. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2566-2578. [PMID: 34551261 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important disease biomarker found in many chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers. A well-characterized nitric sensing system is useful to aid the rapid development of bacteria therapy and synthetic biology. In this work, we engineered a set of NO-responsive biosensors based on the PnorV promoter and its NorR regulator in the norRVW operon; the circuits were characterized and optimized in probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and mini SimCells (minicells containing designed gene circuits for specific tasks). Interestingly, the expression level of NorR displayed an inverse correlation to the PnorV promoter activation, as a strong expression of the NorR regulator resulted in a low amplitude of NO-inducible gene expression. This could be explained by a competitive binding mechanism where the activated and inactivated NorR competitively bind to the same site on the PnorV promoter. To overcome such issues, the NO induction performance was further improved by making a positive feedback loop that fine-tuned the level of NorR. In addition, by examining two integration host factor (IHF) binding sites of the PnorV promoter, we demonstrated that the deletion of the second IHF site increased the maximum signal output by 25% (500 μM DETA/NO) with no notable increase in the basal expression level. The optimized NO-sensing gene circuit in anucleate mini SimCells exhibited increased robustness against external fluctuation in medium composition. The NO detection limit of the optimized gene circuit pPnorVβ was also improved from 25.6 to 1.3 nM in mini SimCells. Moreover, lyophilized mini SimCells can maintain function for over 2 months. Hence, SimCell-based NO biosensors could be used as safe sensor chassis for synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu J. Chen
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Baojun Wang
- Hangzhou Innovation Center and College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, G20 Roger Land Building, The Kingʼs Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
- ZJU-UoE Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Ian P. Thompson
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Wei E. Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
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Li Z, Wang Y, Liu J, Rawding P, Bu J, Hong S, Hu Q. Chemically and Biologically Engineered Bacteria-Based Delivery Systems for Emerging Diagnosis and Advanced Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102580. [PMID: 34347325 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are one of the main groups of organisms, which dynamically and closely participate in human health and disease development. With the integration of chemical biotechnology, bacteria have been utilized as an emerging delivery system for various biomedical applications. Given the unique features of bacteria such as their intrinsic biocompatibility and motility, bacteria-based delivery systems have drawn wide interest in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, kidney failure, and hyperammonemia. Notably, at the interface of chemical biotechnology and bacteria, many research opportunities have been initiated, opening a promising frontier in biomedical application. Herein, the current synergy of chemical biotechnology and bacteria, the design principles for bacteria-based delivery systems, the microbial modulation, and the clinical translation are reviewed, with a special focus on the emerging advances in diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoting Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Yixin Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Piper Rawding
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Jiyoon Bu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison (UW-Madison), Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
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19
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20
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Stracy M, Schweizer J, Sherratt DJ, Kapanidis AN, Uphoff S, Lesterlin C. Transient non-specific DNA binding dominates the target search of bacterial DNA-binding proteins. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1499-1514.e6. [PMID: 33621478 PMCID: PMC8022225 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite their diverse biochemical characteristics and functions, all DNA-binding proteins share the ability to accurately locate their target sites among the vast excess of non-target DNA. Toward identifying universal mechanisms of the target search, we used single-molecule tracking of 11 diverse DNA-binding proteins in living Escherichia coli. The mobility of these proteins during the target search was dictated by DNA interactions rather than by their molecular weights. By generating cells devoid of all chromosomal DNA, we discovered that the nucleoid is not a physical barrier for protein diffusion but significantly slows the motion of DNA-binding proteins through frequent short-lived DNA interactions. The representative DNA-binding proteins (irrespective of their size, concentration, or function) spend the majority (58%–99%) of their search time bound to DNA and occupy as much as ∼30% of the chromosomal DNA at any time. Chromosome crowding likely has important implications for the function of all DNA-binding proteins. Protein motion was compared between unperturbed cells and DNA-free cells Protein mobility was dictated by DNA interactions rather than molecular weight The nucleoid is not a physical barrier for protein diffusion The proteins studied spend most (58%–99%) of their search time bound to DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Stracy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Jakob Schweizer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David J Sherratt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Achillefs N Kapanidis
- Biological Physics Research Group, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Stephan Uphoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Christian Lesterlin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB), Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, UMR5086, 69007 Lyon, France.
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Loo YS, Bose RJ, McCarthy JR, Mat Azmi ID, Madheswaran T. Biomimetic bacterial and viral-based nanovesicles for drug delivery, theranostics, and vaccine applications. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:902-915. [PMID: 33383213 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Smart nanocarriers obtained from bacteria and viruses offer excellent biomimetic properties which has led to significant research into the creation of advanced biomimetic materials. Their versatile biomimicry has application as biosensors, biomedical scaffolds, immobilization, diagnostics, and targeted or personalized treatments. The inherent natural traits of biomimetic and bioinspired bacteria- and virus-derived nanovesicles show potential for their use in clinical vaccines and novel therapeutic drug delivery systems. The past few decades have seen significant progress in the bioengineering of bacteria and viruses to manipulate and enhance their therapeutic benefits. From a pharmaceutical perspective, biomimetics enable the safe integration of naturally occurring bacteria and virus particles to achieve high, stable rates of cellular transfection/infection and prolonged circulation times. In addition, biomimetic technologies can overcome safety concerns associated with live-attenuated and inactivated whole bacteria or viruses. In this review, we provide an update on the utilization of bacterial and viral particles as drug delivery systems, theranostic carriers, and vaccine/immunomodulation modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shan Loo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajendran Jc Bose
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA
| | - Jason R McCarthy
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA
| | - Intan Diana Mat Azmi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University, No. 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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de Lorenzo V, Krasnogor N, Schmidt M. For the sake of the Bioeconomy: define what a Synthetic Biology Chassis is! N Biotechnol 2020; 60:44-51. [PMID: 32889152 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At the onset of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the role of synthetic biology (SynBio) as a fuel for the bioeconomy requires clarification of the terms typically adopted by this growing scientific-technical field. The concept of the chassis as a defined, reusable biological frame where non-native components can be plugged in and out to create new functionalities lies at the boundary between frontline bioengineering and more traditional recombinant DNA technology. As synthetic biology leaves academic laboratories and starts penetrating industrial and environmental realms regulatory agencies demand clear definitions and descriptions of SynBio constituents, processes and products. In this article, the state of the ongoing discussion on what is a chassis is reviewed, a non-equivocal nomenclature for the jargon used is proposed and objective criteria are recommended for distinguishing SynBio agents from traditional GMOs. The use of genomic barcodes as unique identifiers is strongly advocated. Finally the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida is shown as an example of the roadmap that one environmental isolate may go through to become a bona fide SynBio chassis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor de Lorenzo
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Natalio Krasnogor
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex Biosystems (ICOS) research group, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5TG UK
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Li Z, Wang H, Ding D, Liu Y, Fang H, Chang Z, Chen T, Zhang D. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of chemicals derived from the shikimate pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 47:525-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The shikimate pathway is indispensable for the biosynthesis of natural products with aromatic moieties. These products have wide current and potential applications in food, cosmetics and medicine, and consequently have great commercial value. However, compounds extracted from various plants or synthesized from petrochemicals no longer satisfy the requirements of contemporary industries. As a result, an increasing number of studies has focused on this pathway to enable the biotechnological manufacture of natural products, especially in E. coli. Furthermore, the development of synthetic biology, systems metabolic engineering and high flux screening techniques has also contributed to improving the biosynthesis of high-value compounds based on the shikimate pathway. Here, we review approaches based on a combination of traditional and new metabolic engineering strategies to increase the metabolic flux of the shikimate pathway. In addition, applications of this optimized pathway to produce aromatic amino acids and a range of natural products is also elaborated. Finally, this review sums up the opportunities and challenges facing this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- grid.33763.32 0000 0004 1761 2484 Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
| | - Huiying Wang
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
| | - Dongqin Ding
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.410726.6 0000 0004 1797 8419 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
| | - Yongfei Liu
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
| | - Huan Fang
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
| | - Zhishuai Chang
- grid.33763.32 0000 0004 1761 2484 Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Tao Chen
- grid.33763.32 0000 0004 1761 2484 Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences 300308 Tianjin China
- grid.410726.6 0000 0004 1797 8419 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
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Vavitsas K. Could cells without genomes become the new synthetic biology chassis? Synth Biol (Oxf) 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Vavitsas
- Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens 15784, Greece
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