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Larsen PP, Féart C, Pais de Barros JP, Merle BMJ, Gayraud L, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF, Delcourt C. Association of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with a Blood Biomarker of Lipopolysaccharide, a Gut Bacterial Proinflammatory Toxin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:47. [PMID: 38032336 PMCID: PMC10691392 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress are major drivers of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent proinflammatory toxin originating from gut bacteria. We assessed the association of a blood biomarker of LPS exposure with incident AMD. Methods The Alienor Study is a prospective population-based study, including 963 residents of Bordeaux (France), aged 73 years or more at baseline. Esterified 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) were measured from blood samples as a proxy of LPS burden. AMD was graded from color retinal photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography, performed every two years from 2006 to 2017. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations of between esterified 3-OH FAs, using 722 eyes at risk for incident early AMD and 981 eyes at risk for incident advanced AMD. Results Higher esterified 3-OH FAs were associated with incident early AMD after adjusting for age and gender (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.21 for 1 standard deviation [SD] increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.45; P = 0.04) but not with incident advanced AMD (HR = 1.03 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 0.73-1.45; P = 0.86). These associations remained stable after multivariate adjustment and imputation for missing covariates (early AMD HR = 1.22 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 1.01-1.46; P = 0.04; advanced AMD HR = 0.98 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 0.69-1.38; P = 0.91). Conclusions This study evidenced an association between higher esterified 3-OH FAs and incident early AMD, suggesting that exposure to LPS may be involved in the early pathophysiological processes of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laure Gayraud
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delyfer
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France
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2
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Landau LM, Kagan JC. Beyond natural biology: rewiring cellular networks to study innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102349. [PMID: 37269786 PMCID: PMC10526630 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Within immune cells, microbial and self-ligands trigger pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to nucleate and activate the signaling organelles of the immune system. Much work in this area has derived from observational biology of natural innate immune signaling. More recently, synthetic biology approaches have been used to rewire and study innate immune networks. By utilizing controllable chemical or optogenetic inputs, rearranging protein building blocks, or engineering signal recording circuits, synthetic biology-based techniques complement and inform studies of natural immune pathway operation. In this review, we describe recent synthetic biology-based approaches that have uncovered new insights into PRR signaling, virus-host interactions, and systemic cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Landau
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Ma Y, Du Y, Yang J, He Q, Wang H, Lin X. Anti-inflammatory effect of Irisin on LPS-stimulated macrophages through inhibition of MAPK pathway. Physiol Res 2023; 72:235-249. [PMID: 37159857 PMCID: PMC10226406 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of irisin on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages through inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. A network pharmacology-based approach, combined with molecular docking and in vitro validation were performed to identify the biological activity, key targets, and potential pharmacological mechanisms of irisin against LPS-induced inflammation. By matching 100 potential genes of irisin with 1893 ulcerative colitis (UC) related genes, 51 common genes were obtained. Using protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) and component-target network analysis,10 core genes of irisin on UC were further identified. The results of gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the molecular mechanisms of irisin on UC were mainly related to major enrichment in the categories of response to xenobiotic stimulus, response to the drug, and negative regulation of gene expression. Molecular docking results showed good binding activity for almost all core component targets. More importantly, MTT assay and flow cytometry results showed that LPS-induced cytotoxicity was reversed by irisin, after coincubation with irisin, the level of IL-12 and IL-23 decreased in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Irisin pretreatment significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT and increased the expression of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma. LPS-induced enhancement of phagocytosis and cell clearance were reversed by irisin pretreatment. Irisin ameliorated LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and this protective effect may be mediated through the MAPK pathway. These findings confirmed our prediction that irisin plays an anti-inflammatory role in LPS-induced inflammation via the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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4
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Wang J, Liao L, Chen Y, Chen L, Lai Z, Zhang L. A MODIFIED SURGICAL SEPSIS MODEL SATISFYING SEPSIS-3 AND HAVING HIGH CONSISTENCY OF MORTALITY. Shock 2023; 59:673-683. [PMID: 36821415 PMCID: PMC10082063 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background : Cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) is currently considered the criterion standard model of sepsis; however, there are some deficiencies, such as low clinical relevance, inconsistency in severity grading, and an unknown proportion of CLP animals meeting the requirements of sepsis-3. Methods : Adult rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: modified CLP (M-CLP) group, CLP group, and sham group. The vital organ function of rats was evaluated 24 hours postoperatively by blood pressure, behavioral testing, histopathology, and blood test. Cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and T-cell suppression was assessed by flow cytometry. The stability of the model was evaluated by comparing the survival rates of repeated experiments in all groups from day 1 to day 14. Results : More rats in the M-CLP group met Sepsis-3 criteria than those in the CLP group 24 hours postoperatively (53.1% vs. 21.9%, P = 0.01). Rats in the M-CLP group developed more serious hepatic, pulmonary, and renal dysfunction. Similar to human sepsis, rats in the M-CLP group demonstrated more serious immunosuppression and systemic inflammation compared with the CLP group. In addition, disease development and severity, which was indicated by the stable survival rates of model animals, were more stable in the M-CLP group. Conclusions : More rats could meet Sepsis-3 criteria with this novel surgical procedure, which may reduce the number of animals needed in preclinical sepsis experiments. This stable M-CLP model may contribute to the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lianming Liao
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan City, China
| | - Liji Chen
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongmeng Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangcheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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5
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Viens AL, Timmer KD, Alexander NJ, Barghout R, Milosevic J, Hopke A, Atallah NJ, Scherer AK, Sykes DB, Irimia D, Mansour MK. TLR Signaling Rescues Fungicidal Activity in Syk-Deficient Neutrophils. J Immunol 2022; 208:1664-1674. [PMID: 35277418 PMCID: PMC8976732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An impaired neutrophil response to pathogenic fungi puts patients at risk for fungal infections with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Acquired neutrophil dysfunction in the setting of iatrogenic immune modulators can include the inhibition of critical kinases such as spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). In this study, we used an established system of conditionally immortalized mouse neutrophil progenitors to investigate the ability to augment Syk-deficient neutrophil function against Candida albicans with TLR agonist signaling. LPS, a known immunomodulatory molecule derived from Gram-negative bacteria, was capable of rescuing effector functions of Syk-deficient neutrophils, which are known to have poor fungicidal activity against Candida species. LPS priming of Syk-deficient mouse neutrophils demonstrates partial rescue of fungicidal activity, including phagocytosis, degranulation, and neutrophil swarming, but not reactive oxygen species production against C. albicans, in part due to c-Fos activation. Similarly, LPS priming of human neutrophils rescues fungicidal activity in the presence of pharmacologic inhibition of Syk and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), both critical kinases in the innate immune response to fungi. In vivo, neutropenic mice were reconstituted with wild-type or Syk-deficient neutrophils and challenged i.p. with C. albicans. In this model, LPS improved wild-type neutrophil homing to the fungal challenge, although Syk-deficient neutrophils did not persist in vivo, speaking to its crucial role on in vivo persistence. Taken together, we identify TLR signaling as an alternate activation pathway capable of partially restoring neutrophil effector function against Candida in a Syk-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Viens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;
| | - Kyle D Timmer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Rana Barghout
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Jelena Milosevic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alex Hopke
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA; and
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Natalie J Atallah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Allison K Scherer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA; and
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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6
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Temiz Artmann A, Kurulgan Demirci E, Fırat IS, Oflaz H, Artmann GM. Recombinant Activated Protein C (rhAPC) Affects Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mechanical Compliance Changes and Beat Frequency of mESC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Monolayers. Shock 2022; 57:544-552. [PMID: 34416756 PMCID: PMC8906254 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic cardiomyopathy increases mortality by 70% to 90% and results in mechanical dysfunction of cells. METHODS Here, we created a LPS-induced in-vitro sepsis model with mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (mESC-CM) using the CellDrum technology which simultaneously measures mechanical compliance and beat frequency of mESCs. Visualization of reactive oxygen species (ROS), actin stress fibers, and mRNA quantification of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) before/after LPS incubation were used for method validation. Since activated protein C (APC) has cardioprotective effects, samples were treated with human recombinant APC (rhAPC) with/-out LPS predamage to demonstrate the application in therapeutic studies. RESULTS Twelve hours LPS treatment (5 μg/mL) increased ROS and decreased actin stress fiber density and significantly downregulated EPCR and PAR1 compared to control samples (0.26, 0.39-fold respectively). rhAPC application (5 μg/mL, 12 h) decreased ROS and recovered actin density, EPCR, and PAR1 levels were significantly upregulated compared to LPS predamaged samples (4.79, 3.49-fold respectively). The beat frequencies were significantly decreased after 6- (86%) and 12 h (73%) of LPS application. Mechanical compliance of monolayers significantly increased in a time-dependent manner, up to eight times upon 12-h LPS incubation compared to controls. rhAPC incubation increased the beat frequency by 127% (6h-LPS) and 123% (12h-LPS) and decreased mechanical compliance by 68% (12h-LPS) compared to LPS predamaged samples. CONCLUSION LPS-induced contraction dysfunction and the reversal effects of rhAPC were successfully assessed by the mechanical properties of mESC-CMs. The CellDrum technology proved a decent tool to simulate sepsis in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegül Temiz Artmann
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Eylem Kurulgan Demirci
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, Campus Gulbahce, URLA, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ipek Seda Fırat
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Hakan Oflaz
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gerhard M. Artmann
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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7
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Kotsuka M, Hashimoto Y, Nakatake R, Okuyama T, Hatta M, Yoshida T, Okumura T, Nishizawa M, Kaibori M, Sekimoto M. Omeprazole Increases Survival Through the Inhibition of Inflammatory Mediaters in Two Rat Sepsis Models. Shock 2022; 57:444-456. [PMID: 34923545 PMCID: PMC8868211 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omeprazole (OMZ) is a proton pump inhibitor that is used to reduce gastric acid secretion, but little is known about its possible liver protective effects. This study investigated whether OMZ has beneficial effects in rat septic models of LPS-induced liver injury after D-galactosamine (GalN) treatment and 70% hepatectomy (PH), and to determine the mechanisms of OMZ in an in vitro model of liver injury. METHODS In the in vivo models, the effects of OMZ were examined 1 h before treatments in both models on survival, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, histopathological analysis, and proinflammatory mediator expression in the liver and serum. In the in vitro model, primary cultured rat hepatocytes were treated with IL-1β in the presence or absence of OMZ. The influence of OMZ on nitric oxide (NO) product and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction and on the associated signaling pathway was analyzed. RESULTS OMZ increased survival and decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha, iNOS, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA expression, and increased IL-10 mRNA expression in the livers of both GaIN/LPS- and PH/LPS-treated rats. Necrosis and apoptosis were inhibited by OMZ in GaIN/LPS rats, but OMZ had no effects on necrosis in PH/LPS rats. OMZ inhibited iNOS induction partially through suppression of NF-κB signaling in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS OMZ inhibited the induction of several inflammatory mediators, resulting in the prevention of LPS-induced liver injury after GalN liver failure and PH, although OMZ showed different doses and mechanisms in the two models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Kotsuka
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka Japan
| | - Yuki Hashimoto
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka Japan
| | - Richi Nakatake
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hatta
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka Japan
| | - Terufumi Yoshida
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Okumura
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishizawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masaki Kaibori
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka Japan
| | - Mitsugu Sekimoto
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka Japan
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Routy JP, Royston L, Isnard S. Aging With Grace for People Living With HIV: Strategies to Overcome Leaky Gut and Cytomegalovirus Coinfection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:S29-S33. [PMID: 35015743 PMCID: PMC8751289 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The intestinal epithelial layer acts as a mechanical and functional barrier between the intraluminal microbiota and the immunologically active submucosa. A progressive loss of gut barrier function (leaky gut) leads to enhanced translocation of microbial products, which in turn contributes as endotoxins to inflammaging. Th17 T cell represents the main immune sentinels in the gut epithelium, preventing aggression from commensal and pathogenic microbes. As HIV infection deeply affects gut Th17 function and increases gut permeability, microbial translocation occurs at high level in people living with HIV (PLWH) and has been associated with the development of non-AIDS comorbidities. Although the inflammatory role of endotoxins like lipopolysaccharide produced by Gram-negative bacteria is well-established, fungal products such as β-D-glucan emerge as new contributors. In addition, PLWH are more frequently infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV) than the general population. CMV infection is a well-described accelerator of immune aging, through the induction of expansion of dysfunctional CD8 T-cells as well as through enhancement of gut microbial translocation. We critically review immune mechanisms related to bacterial and fungal translocation, with a focus on the contribution of CMV coinfection in PLWH. Improving gut barrier dysfunction, microbial composition, and reducing microbial translocation constitute emerging strategies for the prevention and treatment of HIV-associated inflammation and may be relevant for age-related inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Léna Royston
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)/Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hopistal of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)/Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
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Puthia M, Tanner L, Petruk G, Schmidtchen A. Experimental Model of Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Endotoxin. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:141-148. [PMID: 35774232 PMCID: PMC9239546 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is characterized by a dysregulated and excessive inflammatory response and, in severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome. We have recently demonstrated a previously unknown high-affinity interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leading to the boosting of inflammation. Here we present a mouse inflammation model employing the coadministration of aerosolized S protein together with LPS to the lungs. Using NF-κB-RE-Luc reporter and C57BL/6 mice followed by combinations of bioimaging, cytokine, chemokine, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and histochemistry analyses, we show that the model yields severe pulmonary inflammation and a cytokine profile similar to that observed in COVID-19. Therefore, the model offers utility for analyses of the pathophysiological features of COVID-19 and the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Puthia
- Division
of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden,
| | - Lloyd Tanner
- Division
of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ganna Petruk
- Division
of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- Division
of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden,Bispebjerg
Hospital, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dando SJ, Kazanis R, McMenamin PG. Myeloid Cells in the Mouse Retina and Uveal Tract Respond Differently to Systemic Inflammatory Stimuli. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:10. [PMID: 34379096 PMCID: PMC8363776 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In spite of clear differences in tissue function and significance to ocular disease, little is known about how immune responses differ between the retina and uveal tract. To this end we compared the effects of acute systemic inflammation on myeloid cells within the mouse retina, iris-ciliary body, and choroid. Methods Systemic inflammation was induced in Cx3cr1gfp/gfp and CD11c-eYFP Crb1wt/wtmice by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vivo fundus imaging was performed at two, 24, and 48 hours after LPS, and ocular tissue wholemounts were immunostained and studied by confocal microscopy. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the expression of activation markers (MHC class II, CD80, CD86) on myeloid cell populations at 24 hours. For functional studies, retinal microglia were isolated from LPS-exposed mice and cocultured with naïve OT-II CD4+ T-cells and ovalbumin peptide. T-cell proliferation was measured by flow cytometry and cytokine assays. Results Systemic LPS altered the density and morphology of retinal microglia; however, retinal microglia did not upregulate antigen presentation markers and failed to stimulate naïve CD4+ T-cell proliferation in vitro. In contrast, uveal tract myeloid cells displayed a phenotype consistent with late-activated antigen-presenting cells at 24 hours. Systemic LPS induced remodeling of myeloid populations within the uveal tract, particularly in the choroid, where dendritic cells were partially displaced by macrophages at 24 hours. Conclusions The disparate myeloid cell responses in the retina and uveal tract after systemic LPS highlight differential regulation of innate immunity within these tissue environments, observations that underpin and advance our understanding of ocular immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Dando
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Renee Kazanis
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Paul G. McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Trevelin SC, Sag CM, Zhang M, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha TM, dos Santos CX, Sawyer G, Murray T, Brewer A, Laurindo FRM, Protti A, Lopes LR, Ivetic A, Cunha FQ, Shah AM. Endothelial Nox2 Limits Systemic Inflammation and Hypotension in Endotoxemia by Controlling Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 4. Shock 2021; 56:268-277. [PMID: 34276040 PMCID: PMC8284354 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Leukocyte Nox2 is recognized to have a fundamental microbicidal function in sepsis but the specific role of Nox2 in endothelial cells (EC) remains poorly elucidated. Here, we tested the hypothesis that endothelial Nox2 participates in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammation and hypotension induced by LPS. LPS was injected intravenously in mice with Tie2-targeted deficiency or transgenic overexpression of Nox2. Mice with Tie2-targeted Nox2 deficiency had increased circulating levels of TNF-α, enhanced numbers of neutrophils trapped in lungs, and aggravated hypotension after LPS injection, as compared to control LPS-injected animals. In contrast, Tie2-driven Nox2 overexpression attenuated inflammation and prevented the hypotension induced by LPS. Because Tie2-Cre targets both EC and myeloid cells we generated bone marrow chimeric mice with Nox2 deletion restricted to leukocytes or ECs. Mice deficient in Nox2 either in leukocytes or ECs had reduced LPS-induced neutrophil trapping in the lungs and lower plasma TNF-α levels as compared to control LPS-injected mice. However, the pronounced hypotensive response to LPS was present only in mice with EC-specific Nox2 deletion. Experiments in vitro with human vein or aortic endothelial cells (HUVEC and HAEC, respectively) treated with LPS revealed that EC Nox2 controls NF-κB activation and the transcription of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is the recognition receptor for LPS. In conclusion, these results suggest that endothelial Nox2 limits NF-κB activation and TLR4 expression, which in turn attenuates the severity of hypotension and systemic inflammation induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cellone Trevelin
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Can Martin Sag
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Min Zhang
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Célio Xavier dos Santos
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Greta Sawyer
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Thomas Murray
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Alison Brewer
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | | | - Andrea Protti
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Lucia Rossetti Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aleksandar Ivetic
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Ajay M. Shah
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
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13
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Hetemäki I, Jian C, Laakso S, Mäkitie O, Pajari AM, de Vos WM, Arstila TP, Salonen A. Fecal Bacteria Implicated in Biofilm Production Are Enriched and Associate to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668219. [PMID: 34367134 PMCID: PMC8339580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds and Aims APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms remains incompletely understood and involves multiple factors, with autoimmunity being the most common underlying cause. Patients with APECED have increased immune responses against gut commensals. Our objective was to evaluate whether the intestinal microbiota composition, predicted functions or fungal abundance differ between Finnish patients with APECED and healthy controls, and whether these associate to the patients' clinical phenotype and gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods DNA was isolated from fecal samples from 15 patients with APECED (median age 46.4 years) together with 15 samples from body mass index matched healthy controls. DNA samples were subjected to analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics using the PICRUSt2 algorithm, and quantitative PCR for fungi. Extensive correlations of the microbiota with patient characteristics were determined. Results Analysis of gut microbiota indicated that both alpha- and beta-diversity were altered in patients with APECED compared to healthy controls. The fraction of Faecalibacterium was reduced in patients with APECED while that of Atopobium spp. and several gram-negative genera previously implicated in biofilm formation, e.g. Veillonella, Prevotella, Megasphaera and Heamophilus, were increased in parallel to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in imputed metagenomics. The differences in gut microbiota were linked to patient characteristics, especially the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions Gut microbiota of patients with APECED is altered and enriched with predominantly gram-negative bacterial taxa that may promote biofilm formation and lead to increased exposure to LPS in the patients. The most pronounced alterations in the microbiota were associated with more severe gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iivo Hetemäki
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ching Jian
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saila Laakso
- Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical and Molecular Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical and Molecular Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Maria Pajari
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - T. Petteri Arstila
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Salonen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Velissaris D, Zareifopoulos N, Karamouzos V, Karanikolas E, Pierrakos C, Koniari I, Karanikolas M. Presepsin as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Sepsis. Cureus 2021; 13:e15019. [PMID: 34150378 PMCID: PMC8202808 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a condition characterized by high morbidity and mortality which is commonly encountered in an emergency and critical care setting. Despite a substantial body of research, the ideal biomarker for the diagnosis and prognostic stratification of septic patients remains unknown. This review aimed to summarize the publications referring to the validity of the biomarker presepsin when used for the detection, monitoring and prognosis in patients suffering with sepsis. This work is a narrative review based on a PubMed/Medline search conducted in order to identify all relevant publications referring to the use of presepsin in sepsis. Search was not limited by year of publication so all articles archived in the database would be retrieved. No article from before 2010 was identified. A total of 57 publications of the last decade were included, all of which support the use of presepsin as a biomarker for the assessment of septic patients. It has been used alone or in combination with commonly used biomarkers in the evaluation of patients with sepsis in settings such as the emergency department and the intensive care unit. It is useful in the initial workup of patients with suspected sepsis in the emergency setting and may be a predictive factor of mortality and the most severe complication of sepsis. Presepsin seems to be a valuable tool for the laboratory workup of sepsis, especially when used in conjunction with other biomarkers and clinical rating scores with an established role in this population. Further research is needed to evaluate the clinical implications of utilizing presepsin measurements in the workup of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Velissaris
- Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, GRC
| | - Nicholas Zareifopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital of Nikaia, Piraeus "Agios Panteleimon", Athens, GRC.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras School of Health Sciences, Patras, GRC
| | | | | | - Charalampos Pierrakos
- Intensive Care Unit, Brugmann University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BEL
| | - Ioanna Koniari
- Department of Electrophysiology and Device, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, GBR
| | - Menelaos Karanikolas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
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15
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Wong E, Xu F, Joffre J, Nguyen N, Wilhelmsen K, Hellman J. ERK1/2 Has Divergent Roles in LPS-Induced Microvascular Endothelial Cell Cytokine Production and Permeability. Shock 2021; 55:349-356. [PMID: 32826812 PMCID: PMC8139579 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Endothelial cells play a major role in inflammatory responses to infection and sterile injury. Endothelial cells express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and are activated by LPS to express inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and to undergo functional changes, including increased permeability. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) mediates pro-inflammatory signaling in monocytes and macrophages, but the role of ERK1/2 in LPS-induced activation of microvascular endothelial cells has not been defined. We therefore studied the role of ERK1/2 in LPS-induced inflammatory activation and permeability of primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC). Inhibition of ERK1/2 augmented LPS-induced IL-6 and vascular cell adhesion protein (VCAM-1) production by HMVEC. ERK1/2 siRNA knockdown also augmented IL-6 production by LPS-treated HMVEC. Conversely, ERK1/2 inhibition abrogated permeability and restored cell-cell junctions of LPS-treated HMVEC. Consistent with the previously described pro-inflammatory role for ERK1/2 in leukocytes, inhibition of ERK1/2 reduced LPS-induced cytokine/chemokine production by primary human monocytes. Our study identifies a complex role for ERK1/2 in TLR4-activation of HMVEC, independent of myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD88) and TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. The activation of ERK1/2 limits LPS-induced IL-6 production by HMVEC, while at the same time promoting HMVEC permeability. Conversely, ERK1/2 activation promotes IL-6 production by human monocytes. Our results suggest that ERK1/2 may play an important role in the nuanced regulation of endothelial cell inflammation and vascular permeability in sepsis and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, California, 94143
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Fengyun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Jérémie Joffre
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - Nina Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Kevin Wilhelmsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
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16
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Eustaquio Do Imperio G, Lye P, Bloise E, Matthews SG. Function of Multidrug Resistance Transporters is Disrupted by Infection Mimics in Human Brain Endothelial Cells. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1860616. [PMID: 33427563 PMCID: PMC8078541 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1860616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) modulate the distribution of drugs and toxins across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Animal studies reported that infection-induced disruption of these transporters in the developing BBB impairs fetal brain protection. However, the impact of infection mimics on P-gp/BCRP function in human brain endothelium is less well understood. We hypothesized that Toll-like receptor ligands mimicking bacterial and viral infection would modify the expression and function of P-gp and BCRP in human brain endothelial cells (BECs). Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) were challenged with bacterial [Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and viral-mimics [polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) or single-stranded RNA (ssRNA)], or pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon gamma (IFN)-ɣ. P-gp and BCRP function was assessed after 4 or 24 h, using Calcein-AM and Chlorin-6 assays, respectively. Western blot and qPCR quantified P-gp/ABCB1 and BCRP/ABCG2 expression following treatments. Infection mimics are potent modulators of drug transporters in human BECs in vitro. LPS and PolyI:C increased, while ssRNA exposure reduced P-gp activity. In contrast, LPS and PolyI:C decreased, while ssRNA increased BCRP activity (P < .05). There was little correlation between drug transporter function, gene expression and total protein level. Altered plasma membrane BCRP may suggest modified intracellular trafficking induced by infection in human BECs. Bacterial and viral infection mimics modify P-gp and BCRP transport function in human BECs, in vitro. This knowledge may contribute and have important implications for human brain protection and possible altered biodistribution of drugs and xenobiotics in the brain following exposure to TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phetcharawan Lye
- Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Enrrico Bloise
- Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stephen G Matthews
- Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Moghadam F, LeGraw R, Velazquez JJ, Yeo NC, Xu C, Park J, Chavez A, Ebrahimkhani MR, Kiani S. Synthetic immunomodulation with a CRISPR super-repressor in vivo. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1143-1154. [PMID: 32884147 PMCID: PMC7480217 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transient modulation of the genes involved in immunity, without exerting a permanent change in the DNA code, can be an effective strategy to modulate the course of many inflammatory conditions. CRISPR-Cas9 technology represents a promising platform for achieving this goal. Truncation of guide RNA (gRNA) from the 5' end enables the application of a nuclease competent Cas9 protein for transcriptional modulation of genes, allowing multifunctionality of CRISPR. Here, we introduce an enhanced CRISPR-based transcriptional repressor to reprogram immune homeostasis in vivo. In this repressor system, two transcriptional repressors-heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1a) and Krüppel-associated box (KRAB)-are fused to the MS2 coat protein and subsequently recruited by gRNA aptamer binding to a nuclease competent CRISPR complex containing truncated gRNAs. With the enhanced repressor, we demonstrate transcriptional repression of the Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88) gene in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that this strategy can efficiently downregulate Myd88 expression in lung, blood and bone marrow of Cas9 transgenic mice that receive systemic injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)2/1-carrying truncated gRNAs targeting Myd88 and the MS2-HP1a-KRAB cassette. This downregulation is accompanied by changes in downstream signalling elements such as TNF-α and ICAM-1. Myd88 repression leads to a decrease in immunoglobulin G (IgG) production against AAV2/1 and AAV2/9 and this strategy modulates the IgG response against AAV cargos. It improves the efficiency of a subsequent AAV9/CRISPR treatment for repression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a gene that, when repressed, can lower blood cholesterol levels. We also demonstrate that CRISPR-mediated Myd88 repression can act as a prophylactic measure against septicaemia in both Cas9 transgenic and C57BL/6J mice. When delivered by nanoparticles, this repressor can serve as a therapeutic modality to influence the course of septicaemia. Collectively, we report that CRISPR-mediated repression of endogenous Myd88 can effectively modulate the host immune response against AAV-mediated gene therapy and influence the course of septicaemia. The ability to control Myd88 transcript levels using a CRISPR-based synthetic repressor can be an effective strategy for AAV-based CRISPR therapies, as this pathway serves as a key node in the induction of humoral immunity against AAV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Moghadam
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan LeGraw
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jeremy J Velazquez
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nan Cher Yeo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Precision Medicine Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Park
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alejandro Chavez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mo R Ebrahimkhani
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Samira Kiani
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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18
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Lee D, Jayaraman A, Sang-Il Kwon J. Identification of a time-varying intracellular signalling model through data clustering and parameter selection: application to NF-[inline-formula removed]B signalling pathway induced by LPS in the presence of BFA. IET Syst Biol 2019; 13:169-179. [PMID: 31318334 PMCID: PMC8687386 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2018.5079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing a model for a signalling pathway requires several iterations of experimentation and model refinement to obtain an accurate model. However, the implementation of such an approach to model a signalling pathway induced by a poorly-known stimulus can become labour intensive because only limited information on the pathway is available beforehand to formulate an initial model. Therefore, a large number of iterations are required since the initial model is likely to be erroneous. In this work, a numerical scheme is proposed to construct a time-varying model for a signalling pathway induced by a poorly-known stimulus when its nominal model is available in the literature. Here, the nominal model refers to one that describes the signalling dynamics under a well-characterised stimulus. First, global sensitivity analysis is implemented on the nominal model to identify the most important parameters, which are assumed to be piecewise constants. Second, measurement data are clustered to determine temporal subdomains where the parameters take different values. Finally, a least-squares problem is solved to estimate the parameter values in each temporal subdomain. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated by developing a time-varying model for NF-[inline-formula removed]B signalling dynamics induced by lipopolysaccharide in the presence of brefeldin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongheon Lee
- Texas A&M Energy Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joseph Sang-Il Kwon
- Texas A&M Energy Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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19
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Aglas L, Gilles S, Bauer R, Huber S, Araujo GR, Mueller G, Scheiblhofer S, Amisi M, Dang HH, Briza P, Bohle B, Horejs-Hoeck J, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Ferreira F. Context matters: T H2 polarization resulting from pollen composition and not from protein-intrinsic allergenicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:984-987.e6. [PMID: 29782896 PMCID: PMC6129402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Over 100 million people worldwide suffer from birch pollen allergy. However, identification of molecular determinants driving Th2-biased allergic sensitization to Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen, remains elusive. Objective Here, we examined whether Bet v 1 or the pollen matrix is responsible for activation of antigen-presenting cells and the subsequent Th2 polarization, relevant in the process of allergic sensitization. Methods The allergenicity of Bet v 1 and of birch pollen extract (BPE) was addressed by stimulation of murine and human dendritic cells and by in vivo monitoring of Th2 polarization. Further, Bet v 1 was depleted from BPE by immunoprecipitation in order to analyze its involvement in the occurrence of a Th2 response. Results The allergen alone did neither stimulate dendritic cells in vitro nor induced Th2 polarization in vivo, even in the presence of the natural LPS concentration determined in the BPE. In contrast, BPE was shown to activate dendritic cells and strongly promoted a Th2 polarization. Even upon immunization with Bet v 1-depleted BPE the amount of induced Th2 cells remained unaltered. Conclusion This finding indicates that the Th2-polarizing potential of BPE is Bet v 1 independent; therefore, sensitization to Bet v 1 is induced by an as-yet-undetermined pollen compound or mechanism in the pollen environment. These data suggest that sensitization is not exclusively linked to the intrinsic properties of individual proteins. These findings are relevant in understanding allergic sensitization towards pollen allergens and might pave the way for future prophylactic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany; CK CARE Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Renate Bauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sara Huber
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Galber R Araujo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Geoffrey Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Marie Amisi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany; CK CARE Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Hieu-Hoa Dang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany; CK CARE Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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20
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Etheredge AJ, Manji K, Kellogg M, Tran H, Liu E, McDonald CM, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Fawzi W, Bellinger D, Gewirtz AT, Duggan CP. Markers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Are Associated With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Tanzanian Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66:953-9. [PMID: 29613921 DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to enteropathogens may result in environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a subclinical condition associated with poor child growth. Growth faltering is strongly associated with poor neurodevelopment, and occurs during sensitive periods of postnatal brain development. We investigated the role of novel EED biomarkers, systemic inflammation, and micronutrient status on neurodevelopment in Tanzanian children. METHODS Non-stunted subjects with 6-week and 6-month blood samples and neurodevelopmental measures (n = 107) were included in this study. Samples were tested for biomarkers of gastrointestinal function (citrulline, antibodies to lipopolysaccharide, and flagellin), micronutrient status (iron, retinol binding protein [RBP], and vitamin D), systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP] and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein), and growth (insulin-like growth factor and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3). RESULTS Cognitive scores at 15 months were associated with higher concentrations of 6-month anti-lipopolysaccharide IgG (β = 1.95, P = 0.02), anti-flagellin IgA (β = 2.41, P = 0.04), and IgG (β = 2.99, P = 0.009). Higher receptive language scores were positively associated with anti-flagellin IgG (β = 0.95, P = 0.05), and receptive language and gross motor scores were positively associated with citrulline at 6 months (β = 0.09, P = 0.02; β = 0.10, P = 0.03, respectively). Gross motor scores were positively associated with RBP at 6 months (β = 1.70, P = 0.03). Markers of systemic inflammation were not significantly associated with neurodevelopment. CONCLUSIONS Plasma citrulline, a marker of gastrointestinal mucosal surface area, and vitamin A status were associated with higher gross motor development scores. Novel markers for EED, but not inflammation, were positively associated with cognitive scores, suggesting a possible mechanistic pathway involving immune response and neuroprotection.
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represent a heterogeneous group of lung diseases which continues to have a high morbidity and mortality. The molecular pathogenesis of ALI is being better defined; however, because of the complex nature of the disease molecular therapies have yet to be developed. Here we use a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced mouse model of acute septic lung injury to delineate the role of exosomes in the inflammatory response. Using this model, we were able to show that mice that are exposed to intraperitoneal LPS secrete exosomes in Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from the lungs that are packaged with miRNA and cytokines which regulate inflammatory response. Further using a co-culture model system, we show that exosomes released from macrophages disrupt expression of tight junction proteins in bronchial epithelial cells. These results suggest that 1) cross talk between innate immune and structural cells through the exosomal shuttling contribute to the inflammatory response and disruption of the structural barrier and 2) targeting these miRNAs may provide a novel platform to treat ALI and ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Yuan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta VAMC; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University
| | | | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta VAMC; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University;
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22
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Wang WJ, Cheng MH, Lin JH, Weng CS. Effect of a rosmarinic acid supplemented hemodialysis fluid on inflammation of human vascular endothelial cells. Braz J Med Biol Res 2017; 50:e6145. [PMID: 29069222 PMCID: PMC5649864 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation and repetitive damage of vascular endothelia by incompatible dialysis system are probable causes of cardiovascular disease in patients on dialysis. The present study aimed to assess in vitro biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory effect of hemodialysis fluid supplemented with rosmarinic acid (RA) using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVECs (5×106 cells/mL) were pre-exposed to 1 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and incubated with RA-supplemented hemodialysis fluid (HDF). Cytotoxicity was assessed qualitatively by morphologic assessment and quantitatively by MTT assay. Expressions of proinflammatory mediators were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR and production of NO was quantified. Phosphorylation of AKT and nuclear localization of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were examined using western blotting. Exposure of HUVECs to RA-supplemented HDF had no influence on morphology and viability. Inhibition of proinflammatory mediator production in HUVECs by RA supplementation to HDF was significant in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure to RA-supplemented HDF resulted in a decrease in nitric oxide synthase expression and reduction of NO production in LPS-stimulated HUVECs. RA supplementation of HDF suppressed Akt activation in LPS-stimulated HUVECs. In addition, the level of cellular IκB was increased in parallel to a reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB in LPS-induced endothelial cells. Our results suggest that RA-supplemented HDF is biocompatible and significantly suppressed inflammation induced in endothelial cells. In this respect, the use of HDF supplemented with RA could alleviate inflammation and improve long-term treatment of patients with renal failure on dialysis. Further clinical studies are required to confirm the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-J. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - M-H. Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, TaoYuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - J-H. Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - C-S. Weng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan
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23
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Zhao R, Liu Y, Wang H, Yang J, Niu W, Fan S, Xiong W, Ma J, Li X, Phillips JB, Tan M, Qiu Y, Li G, Zhou M. BRD7 plays an anti-inflammatory role during early acute inflammation by inhibiting activation of the NF-кB signaling pathway. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:830-841. [PMID: 27374794 PMCID: PMC5649105 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown a strong association between tumor-suppressor genes and inflammation. However, the role of BRD7 as a novel tumor suppressor in inflammation remains unknown. In this study, by observing BRD7 knockout mice for 6-12 months, we discovered that compared with BRD7+/+ mice, BRD7-/- mice were more prone to inflammation, such as external inflammation and abdominal abscess. By using mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cells from the BRD7 knockout mouse, an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MEF cell line was established. The mRNA levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were significantly increased in BRD7-/- MEF cells compared with BRD7+/+ MEF cells after LPS stimulation for 1 or 6 h. In addition, the cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB; p65) and an increased NF-κB reporter activity were observed in BRD7-/- MEF cells at the 1 h time point but not at the 6 h time point. Furthermore, an in vivo dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis model was created. As expected, the disease activity index (DAI) value was significantly increased in the BRD7-/- mice after DSS treatment for 1-5 days, which was demonstrated by the presence of a significantly shorter colon, splenomegaly and tissue damage. Moreover, higher expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, p65, CXCL-1 and iNOS, and an increased level of NF-κB (p65) nuclear translocation were also found in the DSS-treated BRD7-/- mice. These findings suggest that BRD7 has an anti-inflammatory role during early acute inflammation by inhibiting activation of the NF-кB signaling pathway, which provides evidence to aid in understanding the therapeutic effects of BRD7 on inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhao
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yukun Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Heran Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Weihong Niu
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Joshua B Phillips
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Yuanzheng Qiu
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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Baranova IN, Souza ACP, Bocharov AV, Vishnyakova TG, Hu X, Vaisman BL, Amar MJ, Chen Z, Kost Y, Remaley AT, Patterson AP, Yuen PST, Star RA, Eggerman TL. Human SR-BI and SR-BII Potentiate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Acute Liver and Kidney Injury in Mice. J Immunol 2016; 196:3135-47. [PMID: 26936883 PMCID: PMC4856165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The class B scavenger receptors BI (SR-BI) and BII (SR-BII) are high-density lipoprotein receptors that recognize various pathogens, including bacteria and their products. It has been reported that SR-BI/II null mice are more sensitive than normal mice to endotoxin-induced inflammation and sepsis. Because the SR-BI/II knockout model demonstrates multiple immune and metabolic disorders, we investigated the role of each receptor in the LPS-induced inflammatory response and tissue damage using transgenic mice with pLiv-11-directed expression of human SR-BI (hSR-BI) or human SR-BII (hSR-BII). At 6 h after i.p. LPS injection, transgenic hSR-BI and hSR-BII mice demonstrated markedly higher serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and 2- to 3-fold increased expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the liver and kidney, compared with wild-type (WT) mice. LPS-stimulated inducible NO synthase expression was 3- to 6-fold higher in the liver and kidney of both transgenic strains, although serum NO levels were similar in all mice. Despite the lower high-density lipoprotein plasma levels, both transgenic strains responded to LPS by a 5-fold increase of plasma corticosterone levels, which were only moderately lower than in WT animals. LPS treatment resulted in MAPK activation in tissues of all mice; however, the strongest response was detected for hepatic extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 and kidney JNK of both transgenic mice. Histological examination of hepatic and renal tissue from LPS-challenged mice revealed more injury in hSR-BII, but not hSR-BI, transgenic mice versus WT controls. Our findings demonstrate that hSR-BII, and to a lesser extent hSR-BI, significantly increase LPS-induced inflammation and contribute to LPS-induced tissue injury in the liver and kidney, two major organs susceptible to LPS toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Baranova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ana C P Souza
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexander V Bocharov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Tatyana G Vishnyakova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xuzhen Hu
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Boris L Vaisman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yana Kost
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan T Remaley
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Amy P Patterson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert A Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas L Eggerman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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25
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Catorce MN, Gevorkian G. LPS-induced Murine Neuroinflammation Model: Main Features and Suitability for Pre-clinical Assessment of Nutraceuticals. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:155-64. [PMID: 26639457 PMCID: PMC4825946 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151204122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important feature in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer´s disease (AD), Parkinson´s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Based on current knowledge in the field, suggesting that targeting peripheral inflammation could be a promising additional treatment/prevention approach for neurodegenerative diseases, drugs and natural products with anti-inflammatory properties have been evaluated in animal models of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide an extensive analysis of one of the most important and widely-used animal models of peripherally induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration - lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, and address the data reproducibility in published research. We also summarize briefly basic features of various natural products, nutraceuticals, with known anti-inflammatory effects and present an overview of data on their therapeutic potential for reducing neuroinflammation in LPS-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, Mexico DF, CP 04510, Mexico.
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26
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Jiang TT, Chaturvedi V, Ertelt JM, Xin L, Clark DR, Kinder JM, Way SS. Commensal enteric bacteria lipopolysaccharide impairs host defense against disseminated Candida albicans fungal infection. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:886-95. [PMID: 25492473 PMCID: PMC4465067 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Commensal enteric bacteria maintain systemic immune responsiveness that protects against disseminated or localized infection in extra-intestinal tissues caused by pathogenic microbes. However, as shifts in infection susceptibility after commensal bacteria eradication have primarily been probed using viruses, the broader applicability to other pathogen types remains undefined. In sharp contrast to diminished antiviral immunity, we show commensal bacteria eradication bolsters protection against disseminated Candida albicans fungal infection. Enhanced antifungal immunity reflects more robust systemic expansion of Ly6G(hi)Ly6C(int) neutrophils, and their mobilization into infected tissues among antibiotic-treated compared with commensal bacteria-replete control mice. Reciprocally, depletion of neutrophils from expanded levels or intestinal lipopolysaccharide reconstitution overrides the antifungal protective benefits conferred by commensal bacteria eradication. This discordance in antifungal compared with antiviral immunity highlights intrinsic differences in how commensal bacteria control responsiveness for specific immune cell subsets, because pathogen-specific CD8(+) T cells that protect against viruses were suppressed similarly after C. albicans and influenza A virus infection. Thus, positive calibration of antiviral immunity by commensal bacteria is counterbalanced by restrained activation of other immune components that confer antifungal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony T. Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Vandana Chaturvedi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James M. Ertelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lijun Xin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dayna R. Clark
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Kinder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,for correspondence, Dr. Sing Sing Way 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7017 Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Phone, 513-636-7603 Fax, 513-636-7655
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27
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Kang NJ, Han SC, Kang GJ, Koo DH, Koh YS, Hyun JW, Lee NH, Ko MH, Kang HK, Yoo ES. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol inhibits interleukin-6 production by regulating NF-κB, STAT5 and SOCS1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2141-57. [PMID: 25871292 PMCID: PMC4413204 DOI: 10.3390/md13042141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) is a phlorotannin compound isolated from Ishige okamuarae, a brown alga. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and action mechanism of DPHC in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that DPHC strongly reduces the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), but not that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced by LPS. DPHC (12.5 and 100 μM) suppressed the phosphorylation and the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB (NF-κB), a central signaling molecule in the inflammation process induced by LPS. The suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is a negative feedback regulator of Janus kinase (Jak)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling. In this study, DPHC inhibited STAT5 expression and upregulated that of SOCS1 at a concentration of 100 μM. Furthermore, N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) (a specific NF-κB inhibitor) and JI (a specific Jak2 inhibitor) reduced the production of IL-6, but not that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These findings demonstrate that DPHC inhibits IL-6 production via the downregulation of NF-κB and Jak2-STAT5 pathway and upregulation of SOCS1.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/isolation & purification
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/prevention & control
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/administration & dosage
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/isolation & purification
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Pacific Ocean
- Phaeophyceae/chemistry
- Phaeophyceae/growth & development
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Republic of Korea
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/agonists
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/genetics
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Jin Kang
- Department of Biomedicine & Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Sang-Chul Han
- Department of Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Gyeoung-Jin Kang
- Department of Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hwan Koo
- Department of Biomedicine & Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Young-Sang Koh
- Department of Biomedicine & Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Jin-Won Hyun
- Department of Biomedicine & Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Nam-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Mi-Hee Ko
- Jeju Biodiversity Research Institute (JBRI), JejuTechnopark (JTP), Jeju 690-787, Korea.
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Biomedicine & Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
| | - Eun-Sook Yoo
- Department of Biomedicine & Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Korea.
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28
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Hopp SC, Royer SE, D’Angelo HM, Kaercher RM, Fisher DA, Wenk GL. Differential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of L-type voltage dependent calcium channel and ryanodine receptor antagonists in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:35-44. [PMID: 25318607 PMCID: PMC4336597 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and degeneration of catecholaminergic brainstem nuclei occur early in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Neuroinflammation increases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species which can alter neuronal calcium (Ca(+2)) homoeostasis via L-type voltage dependent calcium channels (L-VDCCs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs). Alterations in Ca(+2) channel activity in the SN and LC can lead to disruption of normal pacemaking activity in these areas, contributing to behavioral deficits. Here, we utilized an in vivo model of chronic neuroinflammation: rats were infused intraventricularly with a continuous small dose (0.25 μg/h) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) for 28 days. Rats were treated with either the L-VDCC antagonist nimodipine or the RyR antagonist dantrolene. LPS-infused rats had significant motor deficits in the accelerating rotarod task as well as abnormal behavioral agitation in the forced swim task and open field. Corresponding with these behavioral deficits, LPS-infused rats also had significant increases in microglia activation and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and locus coeruleus (LC). Treatment with nimodipine or dantrolene normalized LPS-induced abnormalities in the rotarod and forced swim, restored the number of TH-immunoreactive cells in the LC, and significantly reduced microglia activation in the SNpc. Only nimodipine significantly reduced microglia activation in the LC, and neither drug increased TH immunoreactivity in the SNpc. These findings demonstrate that the Ca(+2) dysregulation in the LC and SN brainstem nuclei is differentially altered by chronic neuroinflammation. Overall, targeting Ca + 2 dysregulation may be an important target for ameliorating neurodegeneration in the SNpc and LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Hopp
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sarah E. Royer
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gary L. Wenk
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Fu SP, Wang JF, Xue WJ, Liu HM, Liu BR, Zeng YL, Li SN, Huang BX, Lv QK, Wang W, Liu JX. Anti-inflammatory effects of BHBA in both in vivo and in vitro Parkinson's disease models are mediated by GPR109A-dependent mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:9. [PMID: 25595674 PMCID: PMC4310035 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays an important role in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Excessively activated microglia produce several pro-inflammatory enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to damage to surrounding neurons and eventually inducing neurodegeneration. Therefore, the inhibition of microglial overactivation may be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent the further progression of PD. β-Hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) has been shown to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in BV-2 cells and to protect dopaminergic neurons in previous studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, in this study, we further investigated this mechanism in LPS-induced in vivo and in vitro PD models. METHODS For the in vitro experiments, primary mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures were pretreated with BHBA and stimulated with LPS. [(3)H]dopamine (DA) uptake, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons and morphological analysis were evaluated and analyzed in primary mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures. In vivo, microglial activation and the injury of dopaminergic neurons were induced by LPS intranigral injection, and the effects of BHBA treatment on microglial activation and the survival ratio and function of dopaminergic neurons were investigated. Four our in vitro mechanistic experiment, primary microglial cells were pretreated with BHBA and stimulated with LPS; the cells were then assessed for the responses of pro-inflammatory enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the NF-κB signaling pathway was evaluated and analyzed. RESULTS We found that BHBA concentration-dependently attenuated the LPS-induced decrease in [(3)H]DA uptake and loss of TH-ir neurons in the primary mesencephalic neuron/glia mixed culture. BHBA treatment significantly improved the motor dysfunction of the PD model rats induced by intranigral injection of LPS, and this beneficial effect of BHBA was attributed to the inhibition of microglial overactivation and the protection of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Our in vitro mechanistic study revealed that the inhibitory effect of BHBA on microglia was mediated by G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and involved the NF-κB signaling pathway, causing the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzyme (iNOS and COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) production. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the present study supports the effectiveness of BHBA in protecting dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Peng Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Jian-Fa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, P R China.
| | - Wen-Jing Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Bing-run Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Ya-Long Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Su-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Bing-Xu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Qing-Kang Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, P R China.
| | - Ju-Xiong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P R China.
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Mastronardi CA, Paz-Filho G, Zanoni M, Molano-González N, Arcos-Burgos M, Licinio J, Wong ML. Temporal gene expression in the hippocampus and peripheral organs to endotoxin-induced systemic inflammatory response in caspase-1-deficient mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:263-73. [PMID: 25633245 PMCID: PMC4710542 DOI: 10.1159/000368310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caspase-1 (casp1), a key protease involved in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), controls the brain expression of a set of eight genes: Nos2 and Ptgs2 (nitric oxide synthase 2 and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, two inducible enzymes), Cxcl1 and Cxcl10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 and ligand 10), Tgtp and Gbp2 (T cell-specific GTPase 1 and guanylate-binding protein 2, two GTPases), Adamts1 (a disintegrin-like and metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 1, a metalloprotease) and Il1rn (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist). Our objective was to ascertain whether casp1 also controlled the peripheral expression of these genes and, if so, to compare their central versus peripheral patterns of gene expression in immune and endocrine tissues during SIRS. METHODS Wild-type (wt) and casp1 knockout (casp1(-/-)) mice were injected with either saline or a high dose of endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 800 μg/mice i.p.). Saline-injected mice were immediately euthanized after injection, whereas LPS-injected mice were sacrificed 6 and 12 h after LPS administration. Hippocampal, splenic and adrenal gene expressions were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS Overall, casp1(-/-) mice showed a lower inflammatory response than wt mice. The expression levels of powerful proinflammatory factors such as Nos2 and Ptgs2 was reduced in casp1(-/-) mice. Moreover, a hierarchical clustering analysis aimed at studying patterns of gene coexpression revealed large alterations in the hippocampal pattern of casp1(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, the expression of Adamts1 was increased in the hippocampus and adrenals of casp1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS The resilience of casp1(-/-) mice to SIRS lethality is associated with a lower inflammatory response, loss of hippocampal gene coexpression patterns, and increased hippocampal Adamts1 gene expression. The latter might be beneficial for casp1(-/-) mice, since ADAMTS1 is likely to play a role in neuronal plasticity. The mechanisms described here may help the development of either novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets against SIRS/sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Alberto Mastronardi
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gilberto Paz-Filho
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Martina Zanoni
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicolas Molano-González
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Julio Licinio
- Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Chang CC, Duann YF, Yen TL, Chen YY, Jayakumar T, Ong ET, Sheu JR. Andrographolide, a Novel NF-κB Inhibitor, Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Cerebral Endothelial Cell Inflammation. Acta Cardiol Sin 2014; 30:308-315. [PMID: 27122804 PMCID: PMC4804993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and cerebral endothelial cell (CEC) dysfunction contribute significantly in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, inhibition of these cellular events would be by candidate agents for treating these diseases. In the present study, the mechanism of anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of andrographolides, a novel nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, was investigated in VSMC and CEC cells. METHODS VSMCs and CECs were isolated from rat artery and mouse brain, respectively, and cultured before experimentation. The effect of andro on platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) induced VSMC cell proliferation was evaluated by cell number, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The expression of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and the effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Andro significantly inhibited PDGF-BB (10 ng/ml) induced cell proliferation in a concentration (20-100 μM) dependent manner, which may be due to reducing the expression of ERK1/2, and by inhibiting the expression of PCNA. Andro also remarkably diminished LPS-induced iNOS and COX2 expression. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that the effects of andro against VSMCs proliferation and CECs dysfunction may represent a promising approach for treatment of vascular diseases. KEY WORDS Andrographolide; CECs; COX2/iNOS; ERK/PCNA; LPS; PDGF-BB; VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chien Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Cathay General Hospital
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
| | - Yeh-Fang Duann
- Graduate Institute of Engineering Technology, National Taipei University of Technology
| | - Ting-Lin Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mohanram H, Bhattacharjya S. β-Boomerang Antimicrobial and Antiendotoxic Peptides: Lipidation and Disulfide Bond Effects on Activity and Structure. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:482-501. [PMID: 24756162 PMCID: PMC4014704 DOI: 10.3390/ph7040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and endotoxin- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammations are among some of the most prominent health issues globally. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are eminent molecules that can kill drug-resistant strains and neutralize LPS toxicity. LPS, the outer layer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria safeguards cell integrity against hydrophobic compounds, including antibiotics and AMPs. Apart from maintaining structural integrity, LPS, when released into the blood stream, also induces inflammatory pathways leading to septic shock. In previous works, we have reported the de novo design of a set of 12-amino acid long cationic/hydrophobic peptides for LPS binding and activity. These peptides adopt β-boomerang like conformations in complex with LPS. Structure-activity studies demonstrated some critical features of the β-boomerang scaffold that may be utilized for the further development of potent analogs. In this work, β-boomerang lipopeptides were designed and structure-activity correlation studies were carried out. These lipopeptides were homo-dimerized through a disulfide bridge to stabilize conformations and for improved activity. The designed peptides exhibited potent antibacterial activity and efficiently neutralized LPS toxicity under in vitro assays. NMR structure of C4YI13C in aqueous solution demonstrated the conserved folding of the lipopeptide with a boomerang aromatic lock stabilized with disulfide bond at the C-terminus and acylation at the N-terminus. These lipo-peptides displaying bacterial sterilization and low hemolytic activity may be useful for future applications as antimicrobial and antiendotoxin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Mohanram
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Mayer AMS, Hall ML, Holland M, De Castro C, Molinaro A, Aldulescu M, Frenkel J, Ottenhoff L, Rowley D, Powell J. Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O lipopolysaccharide stimulates superoxide anion, thromboxane B₂, matrix metalloproteinase-9, cytokine and chemokine release by rat brain microglia in vitro. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:1732-56. [PMID: 24675728 PMCID: PMC4012467 DOI: 10.3390/md12041732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human exposure to Gram-negative Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been reported to result in septic shock, its impact on the central nervous system's innate immunity remains undetermined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether V. vulnificus MO6-24/O LPS might activate rat microglia in vitro and stimulate the release of superoxide anion (O₂⁻), a reactive oxygen species known to cause oxidative stress and neuronal injury in vivo. Brain microglia were isolated from neonatal rats, and then treated with either V. vulnificus MO6-24/O LPS or Escherichia coli O26:B6 LPS for 17 hours in vitro. O₂⁻ was determined by cytochrome C reduction, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 by gelatinase zymography. Generation of cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-6, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1α)/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3), MIP-2/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2alpha/beta (CINC-2α/β)/CXCL3, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), were determined by specific immunoassays. Priming of rat microglia by V. vulnificus MO6-24/O LPS in vitro yielded a bell-shaped dose-response curve for PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate)-stimulated O₂⁻ generation: (1) 0.1-1 ng/mL V. vulnificus LPS enhanced O₂⁻ generation significantly but with limited inflammatory mediator generation; (2) 10-100 ng/mL V. vulnificus LPS maximized O₂⁻ generation with concomitant release of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and several cytokines and chemokines; (3) 1000-100,000 ng/mL V. vulnificus LPS, with the exception of TXB2, yielded both attenuated O₂⁻ production, and a progressive decrease in MMP-9, cytokines and chemokines investigated. Thus concentration-dependent treatment of neonatal brain microglia with V. vulnificus MO6-24/O LPS resulted in a significant rise in O₂⁻ production, followed by a progressive decrease in O₂⁻ release, with concomitant release of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and generation of TXB2, MMP-9, cytokines and chemokines. We hypothesize that the inflammatory mediators investigated may be cytotoxic to microglia in vitro, by an as yet undetermined autocrine mechanism. Although V. vulnificus LPS was less potent than E. coli LPS in vitro, inflammatory mediator release by the former was clearly more efficacious. Finally, we hypothesize that should V. vulnificus LPS gain entry into the CNS, it would be possible that microglia might become activated, resulting in high levels of O₂⁻ as well as neuroinflammatory TXB2, MMP-9, cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M S Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Mary L Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Michael Holland
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Monica Aldulescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Frenkel
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Lauren Ottenhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - David Rowley
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Jan Powell
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 Pine St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota, long appreciated to be a key determinant of intestinal inflammation, is also playing a key role in chronic inflammatory disease of the liver. Such studies have yielded a general central hypothesis whereby microbiota products activate the innate immune system to drive proinflammatory gene expression, thus promoting chronic inflammatory disease of the liver. This article reviews the background supporting this hypothesis, outlines how it can potentially explain classic and newly emerging epidemiological chronic inflammatory liver disease, and discusses potential therapeutic means to manipulate the microbiota so as to prevent and/or treat liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Corresponding Author: Andrew Gewirtz, Ph.D., Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30303, Tel: 404-413-3586,
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35
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Youm YH, Grant RW, McCabe LR, Albarado DC, Nguyen KY, Ravussin A, Pistell P, Newman S, Carter R, Laque A, Münzberg H, Rosen CJ, Ingram DK, Salbaum JM, Dixit VD. Canonical Nlrp3 inflammasome links systemic low-grade inflammation to functional decline in aging. Cell Metab 2013; 18:519-32. [PMID: 24093676 PMCID: PMC4017327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite a wealth of clinical data showing an association between inflammation and degenerative disorders in the elderly, the immune sensors that causally link systemic inflammation to aging remain unclear. Here we detail a mechanism by which the Nlrp3 inflammasome controls systemic low-grade age-related "sterile" inflammation in both periphery and brain independently of the noncanonical caspase-11 inflammasome. Ablation of Nlrp3 inflammasome protected mice from age-related increases in the innate immune activation, alterations in CNS transcriptome, and astrogliosis. Consistent with the hypothesis that systemic low-grade inflammation promotes age-related degenerative changes, the deficient Nlrp3 inflammasome-mediated caspase-1 activity improved glycemic control and attenuated bone loss and thymic demise. Notably, IL-1 mediated only Nlrp3 inflammasome-dependent improvement in cognitive function and motor performance in aged mice. These studies reveal Nlrp3 inflammasome as an upstream target that controls age-related inflammation and offer an innovative therapeutic strategy to lower Nlrp3 activity to delay multiple age-related chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Youm
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - Ryan W. Grant
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - Laura R. McCabe
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824, USA
| | - Diana C. Albarado
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - Kim Yen Nguyen
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - Anthony Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - Paul Pistell
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - Susan Newman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - Renee Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA70803, USA
| | - Amanda Laque
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
| | - Donald K. Ingram
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - J. Michael Salbaum
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge LA70808, USA
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA
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Granger JI, Ratti PL, Datta SC, Raymond RM, Opp MR. Sepsis-induced morbidity in mice: effects on body temperature, body weight, cage activity, social behavior and cytokines in brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1047-57. [PMID: 23146654 PMCID: PMC3707484 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Infection negatively impacts mental health, as evidenced by the lethargy, malaise, and cognitive deficits experienced during illness. These changes in central nervous system processes, collectively termed sickness behavior, have been shown in animal models to be mediated primarily by the actions of cytokines in brain. Most studies of sickness behavior to date have used bolus injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or selective administration of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or IL-6 as the immune challenge. Such models, although useful for determining mechanisms responsible for acute changes in physiology and behavior, do not adequately represent the more complex effects on central nervous system (CNS) processes of a true infection with replicating pathogens. In the present study, we used the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model to quantify sepsis-induced alterations in several facets of physiology and behavior of mice. We determined the impact of sepsis on cage activity, body temperature, food and water consumption and body weights of mice. Because cytokines are critical mediators of changes in behavior and temperature regulation during immune challenge, we also quantified sepsis-induced alterations in cytokine mRNA and protein in brain during the acute period of sepsis onset. We now report that cage activity and temperature regulation in mice that survive are altered for up to 23 days after sepsis induction. Food and water consumption are transiently reduced, and body weight is lost during sepsis. Furthermore, sepsis decreases social interactions for 24-48 h. Finally, mRNA and protein for IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) are upregulated in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and brain stem during sepsis onset, from 6h to 72 h post sepsis induction. Collectively, these data indicate that sepsis not only acutely alters physiology, behavior and cytokine profiles in brain, but that some brain functions are impaired for long periods in animals that survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill I. Granger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pietro-Luca Ratti
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,INSERM UMR-825, University Toulouse III, Place du Dr Joseph Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France and Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Subhash C. Datta
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard M. Raymond
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark R. Opp
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Hernandez ML, Wagner JG, Kala A, Mills K, Wells HB, Alexis NE, Lay JC, Jiang Q, Zhang H, Zhou H, Peden DB. Vitamin E, γ-tocopherol, reduces airway neutrophil recruitment after inhaled endotoxin challenge in rats and in healthy volunteers. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:56-62. [PMID: 23402870 PMCID: PMC3654053 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that dietary vitamin E is an important candidate intervention for asthma. Our group has shown that daily consumption of vitamin E (γ-tocopherol, γT) has anti-inflammatory actions in both rodent and human phase I studies. The objective of this study was to test whether γT supplementation could mitigate a model of neutrophilic airway inflammation in rats and in healthy human volunteers. F344/N rats were randomized to oral gavage with γT versus placebo, followed by intranasal LPS (20μg) challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung histology were used to assess airway neutrophil recruitment. In a phase IIa clinical study, 13 nonasthmatic subjects completed a double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study in which they consumed either a γT-enriched capsule or a sunflower oil placebo capsule. After 7 days of daily supplementation, they underwent an inhaled LPS challenge. Induced sputum was assessed for neutrophils 6 h after inhaled LPS. The effect of γT compared to placebo on airway neutrophils post-LPS was compared using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. In rats, oral γT supplementation significantly reduced tissue infiltration (p<0.05) and accumulation of airway neutrophils (p<0.05) that are elicited by intranasal LPS challenge compared to control rats. In human volunteers, γT treatment significantly decreased induced sputum neutrophils (p=0.03) compared to placebo. Oral supplementation with γT reduced airway neutrophil recruitment in both rat and human models of inhaled LPS challenge. These results suggest that γT is a potential therapeutic candidate for prevention or treatment of neutrophilic airway inflammation in diseased populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hernandez
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, & Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
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Lee MS, Kim B, Lee SM, Cho WC, Lee WB, Kang JS, Choi UY, Lyu J, Kim YJ. Genome-wide profiling of in vivo LPS-responsive genes in splenic myeloid cells. Mol Cells 2013; 35:498-513. [PMID: 23666259 PMCID: PMC3887871 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major causative agent of bacterial sepsis, has been used by many laboratories in genome-wide expression profiling of the LPS response. However, these studies have predominantly used in vitro cultured macrophages (Macs), which may not accurately reflect the LPS response of these innate immune cells in vivo. To overcome this limitation and to identify inflammatory genes in vivo, we have profiled genome-wide expression patterns in non-lymphoid, splenic myeloid cells extracted directly from LPS-treated mice. Genes encoding factors known to be involved in mediating or regulating inflammatory processes, such as cytokines and chemokines, as well as many genes whose immunological functions are not well known, were strongly induced by LPS after 3 h or 8 h of treatment. Most of the highly LPS-responsive genes that we randomly selected from the microarray data were independently confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, implying that our microarray data are quite reliable. When our in vivo data were compared to previously reported microarray data for in vitro LPS-treated Macs, a significant proportion (∼20%) of the in vivo LPS-responsive genes defined in this study were specific to cells exposed to LPS in vivo, but a larger proportion of them (∼60%) were influenced by LPS in both in vitro and in vivo settings. This result indicates that our in vivo LPS-responsive gene set includes not only previously identified in vitro LPS-responsive genes but also novel LPS-responsive genes. Both types of genes would be a valuable resource in the future for understanding inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Byungil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Sun-Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Woo-Cheul Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Jaemyun Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
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Bonin CP, Baccarin RYA, Nostell K, Nahum LA, Fossum C, de Camargo MM. Lipopolysaccharide-induced inhibition of transcription of tlr4 in vitro is reversed by dexamethasone and correlates with presence of conserved NFκB binding sites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:256-61. [PMID: 23402753 PMCID: PMC3695733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Engagement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a master trigger of the deleterious effects of septic shock. Horses and humans are considered the most sensitive species to septic shock, but the mechanisms explaining these phenomena remain elusive. Analysis of tlr4 promoters revealed high similarity among LPS-sensitive species (human, chimpanzee, and horse) and low similarity with LPS-resistant species (mouse and rat). Four conserved nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) binding sites were found in the tlr4 promoter and two in the md2 promoter sequences that are likely to be targets for dexamethasone regulation. In vitro treatment of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (eqPBMC) with LPS decreased transcripts of tlr4 and increased transcription of md2 (myeloid differentiation factor 2) and cd14 (cluster of differentiation 14). Treatment with dexamethasone rescued transcription of tlr4 after LPS inhibition. LPS-induced transcription of md2 was inhibited in the presence of dexamethasone. Dexamethasone alone did not affect transcription of tlr4 and md2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila P Bonin
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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Kubler-Kielb J, Vinogradov E. The study of the core part and non-repeating elements of the O-antigen of Brucella lipopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2013; 366:33-7. [PMID: 23261780 PMCID: PMC3540177 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brucella is an animal and human pathogen that expresses several virulence factors required for host cell invasion and intracellular survival. It produces LPS with unusually low toxicity, which hampers the detection of bacteria by the host immune system and thus provides resistance against intracellular antimicrobial mechanisms of the host. By chemical and spectroscopic methods we determined the structure of the LPS core and of a non-repetitive oligosaccharide fragment at the reducing end of the O-specific polysaccharide. These data should be useful for understanding the biological role of the Brucella LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kubler-Kielb
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Health care-induced diseases constitute a fast-increasing problem. Just one type of these health care-associated infections (HCAI) constitutes the fourth leading cause of death in Western countries. About 25 million individuals worldwide are estimated each year to undergo major surgery, of which approximately 3 million will never return home from the hospital. Furthermore, the quality of life is reported to be significantly impaired for the rest of the lives of those who, during their hospital stay, suffered life-threatening infections/sepsis. Severe infections are strongly associated with a high degree of systemic inflammation in the body, and intimately associated with significantly reduced and malfunctioning GI microbiota, a condition called dysbiosis. Deranged composition and function of the gastrointestinal microbiota, occurring from the mouth to the anus, has been found to cause impaired ability to maintain intact mucosal membrane functions and prevent leakage of toxins - bacterial endotoxins, as well as whole bacteria or debris of bacteria, the DNA of which are commonly found in most cells of the body, often in adipocytes of obese individuals or in arteriosclerotic plaques. Foods rich in proteotoxins such as gluten, casein and zein, and proteins, have been observed to have endotoxin-like effects that can contribute to dysbiosis. About 75% of the food in the Western diet is of limited or no benefit to the microbiota in the lower gut. Most of it, comprised specifically of refined carbohydrates, is already absorbed in the upper part of the GI tract, and what eventually reaches the large intestine is of limited value, as it contains only small amounts of the minerals, vitamins and other nutrients necessary for maintenance of the microbiota. The consequence is that the microbiota of modern humans is greatly reduced, both in terms of numbers and diversity when compared to the diets of our paleolithic forebears and the individuals living a rural lifestyle today. It is the artificial treatment provided in modern medical care - unfortunately often the only alternative provided - which constitute the main contributors to a poor outcome. These treatments include artificial ventilation, artificial nutrition, hygienic measures, use of skin-penetrating devices, tubes and catheters, frequent use of pharmaceuticals; they are all known to severely impair the microbiomes in various locations of the body, which, to a large extent, are ultimately responsible for a poor outcome. Attempts to reconstitute a normal microbiome by supply of probiotics have often failed as they are almost always undertaken as a complement to - and not as an alternative to - existing treatment schemes, especially those based on antibiotics, but also other pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Bengmark
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, 4th floor, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.
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Theobaldo MC, Barbeiro HV, Barbeiro DF, Petroni R, Soriano FG. Hypertonic saline solution reduces the inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:1463-8. [PMID: 23295602 PMCID: PMC3521811 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(12)18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Volume replacement in septic patients improves hemodynamic stability. This effect can reduce the inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution versus 0.9% normal saline solution for volume replacement during an inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats. METHODS We measured cytokines (serum and gut), nitrite, and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) as indicators of oxidative stress in the gut. Rats were divided into four groups: control group (C) that did not receive lipopolysaccharide; lipopolysaccharide injection without treatment (LPS); lipopolysaccharide injection with saline treatment (LPS +S); and lipopolysaccharide injection with hypertonic saline treatment (LPS +H). Serum and intestine were collected. Measurements were taken at 1.5, 8, and 24 h after lipopolysaccharide administration. RESULTS Of the four groups, the LPS +H group had the highest survival rate. Hypertonic saline solution treatment led to lower levels of IL-6, IL-10, nitric oxide, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances compared to 0.9% normal saline. In addition, hypertonic saline treatment resulted in a lower mortality compared to 0.9% normal saline treatment in endotoxemic rats. Volume replacement reduced levels of inflammatory mediators in the plasma and gut. CONCLUSION Hypertonic saline treatment reduced mortality and lowered levels of inflammatory mediators in endotoxemic rats. Hypertonic saline also has the advantage of requiring less volume replacement.
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Bala S, Petrasek J, Mundkur S, Catalano D, Levin I, Ward J, Alao H, Kodys K, Szabo G. Circulating microRNAs in exosomes indicate hepatocyte injury and inflammation in alcoholic, drug-induced, and inflammatory liver diseases. Hepatology 2012; 56:1946-57. [PMID: 22684891 PMCID: PMC3486954 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MicroRNAs are fine tuners of diverse biological responses and are expressed in various cell types of the liver. Here we hypothesized that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as biomarkers of liver damage and inflammation. We studied miRNA-122, which is abundant in hepatocytes, and miR-155, -146a, and -125b, which regulate inflammation in immune cells in mouse models of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), drug (acetaminophen, APAP)-induced liver injury (DILI), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9+4 ligand-induced inflammatory cell-mediated liver damage. We found that serum/plasma miR-122 correlated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increases in the liver damage caused by alcohol, APAP, and TLR9 (CpG)+4 (LPS) ligands. MiR-155, a regulator of inflammation, was increased in serum/plasma in alcoholic and inflammatory liver injury. Alcohol failed to increase serum miR-122 in TLR4-deficient and p47phox-deficient mice that were protected from ALD. We found the most robust increase in plasma miR-122 in DILI and it correlated with the highest ALT levels. Consistent with the massive inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver, plasma miR-155 and miR-146a were significantly elevated after CpG+LPS administration. We show for the first time that, depending on the type of liver injury, circulating miRNAs are associated either with the exosome-rich or protein-rich compartments. In ALD and in inflammatory liver injury, serum/plasma miR-122 and miR-155 were predominantly associated with the exosome-rich fraction, whereas in DILI/APAP injury these miRNAs were present in the protein-rich fraction. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that circulating miRNAs may serve as biomarkers to differentiate between hepatocyte injury and inflammation and the exosome versus protein association of miRNAs may provide further specificity to mechanisms of liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bala
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Wohleb ES, Fenn AM, Pacenta AM, Powell ND, Sheridan JF, Godbout JP. Peripheral innate immune challenge exaggerated microglia activation, increased the number of inflammatory CNS macrophages, and prolonged social withdrawal in socially defeated mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1491-505. [PMID: 22386198 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Repeated social defeat (RSD) activates neuroendocrine pathways that have a significant influence on immunity and behavior. Previous studies from our lab indicate that RSD enhances the inflammatory capacity of CD11b⁺ cells in the brain and promotes anxiety-like behavior in an interleukin (IL)-1 and β-adrenergic receptor-dependent manner. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which mice subjected to RSD were more responsive to a secondary immune challenge. Therefore, RSD or control (HCC) mice were injected with saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and activation of brain CD11b⁺ cells and behavioral responses were determined. Peripheral LPS (0.5 mg/kg) injection caused an extended sickness response with exaggerated weight loss and prolonged social withdrawal in socially defeated mice. LPS injection also amplified mRNA expression of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and CD14 in enriched CD11b⁺ cells isolated from socially defeated mice. In addition, IL-1β mRNA levels in enriched CD11b⁺ cells remained elevated in socially defeated mice 24 h and 72 h after LPS. Moreover, microglia and CNS macrophages isolated from socially defeated mice had the highest CD14 expression after LPS injection. Both social defeat and LPS injection increased the percentage of CD11b⁺/CD45(high) macrophages in the brain and the number of inflammatory macrophages (CD11b⁺/CD45(high)/CCR2⁺) was highest in RSD-LPS mice. Anxiety-like behavior was increased by social defeat, but was not exacerbated by the LPS challenge. Nonetheless, reduced locomotor activity and increased social withdrawal were still present in socially defeated mice 72 h after LPS. Last, LPS-induced microglia activation was most evident in the hippocampus of socially defeated mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that repeated social defeat enhanced the neuroinflammatory response and caused prolonged sickness following innate immune challenge.
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Zendehdel M, Taati M, Jonaidi H, Amini E. The role of central 5-HT(2C) and NMDA receptors on LPS-induced feeding behavior in chickens. J Physiol Sci 2012; 62:413-9. [PMID: 22735975 PMCID: PMC10717554 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-012-0218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, LPS regulate feeding primarily through the 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2c) receptors within the brain. However, the central effect of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2c) on LPS-induced feeding behavior has not been studied in non-mammalian species. Also, the role of glutamatergic system in LPS-induced anorexia has never been examined in either mammalian or non-mammalian species. Therefore, in this study, we examined the role of serotonergic and glutamatergic systems on LPS-induced anorexia in chickens. Food intake was measured in chickens after centrally administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (20 ng) (0 h), followed by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor agonist (8-OH-DPAT, 61 nmol), 5-HT(2c) receptor antagonist (SB 242084, 30 nm), and NMDA receptor antagonist (DL-AP5, 5 nm) at the onset of anorexia (4 h). In the following experiments, we used DL-AP5 before 5-HT (10 μg) and SB242084 before glutamate (300 nm) for evaluation of the interaction between 5-HTergic and glutamatergic systems on food intake. The results of this study showed that SB 242084 and DL-AP5 significantly attenuated food intake reduction caused by LPS (P < 0.05) but 8-OH-DPAT had no effect. In addition, 5-HT-induced anorexia was significantly attenuated by DL-AP5 pretreatment (P < 0.05), while SB 242084 had no effect on glutamate-induced hypophagia. These results indicated that 5-HT and glutamate (via 5-HT(2c) and NMDA receptor, respectively) dependently regulate LPS-induced hypophagia in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Zendehdel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran.
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Rana SA, Aavani T, Pittman QJ. Sex effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes of innate immune activation during prenatal and neonatal life. Horm Behav 2012; 62:228-36. [PMID: 22516179 PMCID: PMC3522744 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to potentially harmful agents (bacteria, viruses, toxins) throughout our lifespan; the consequences of such exposure can alter central nervous system development. Exposure to immunogens during pregnancy increases the risk of developing neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Further, sex hormones, such as estrogen, have strong modulatory effects on immune function and have also been implicated in the development of neuropathologies (e.g., schizophrenia and depression). Similarly, animal studies have demonstrated that immunogen exposure in utero or during the neonatal period, at a time when the brain is undergoing maturation, can induce changes in learning and memory, as well as dopamine-mediated behaviors in a sex-specific manner. Literature that covers the effects of immunogens on innate immune activation and ultimately the development of the adult brain and behavior is riddled with contradictory findings, and the addition of sex as a factor only adds to the complexity. This review provides evidence that innate immune activation during critical periods of development may have effects on the adult brain in a sex-specific manner. Issues regarding sex bias in research as well as variability in animal models of immune function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quentin J. Pittman
- Corresponding author at: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Fax: +1 403 283 2700. (Q.J. Pittman)
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Cani PD, Osto M, Geurts L, Everard A. Involvement of gut microbiota in the development of low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes associated with obesity. Gut Microbes 2012; 3:279-88. [PMID: 22572877 PMCID: PMC3463487 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.19625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with metabolic alterations related to glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular risk factors. These metabolic alterations are associated with low-grade inflammation that contributes to the onset of these diseases. We and others have provided evidence that gut microbiota participates in whole-body metabolism by affecting energy balance, glucose metabolism, and low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders. Recently, we defined gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (and metabolic endotoxemia) as a factor involved in the onset and progression of inflammation and metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss mechanisms involved in the development of metabolic endotoxemia such as the gut permeability. We also discuss our latest discoveries demonstrating a link between the gut microbiota, endocannabinoid system tone, leptin resistance, gut peptides (glucagon-like peptide-1 and -2), and metabolic features. Finally, we will introduce the role of the gut microbiota in specific dietary treatments (prebiotics and probiotics) and surgical interventions (gastric bypass).
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Hart AD, Wyttenbach A, Hugh Perry V, Teeling JL. Age related changes in microglial phenotype vary between CNS regions: grey versus white matter differences. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:754-65. [PMID: 22155499 PMCID: PMC3381227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle regional differences in microglial phenotype exist in the adult mouse brain. We investigated whether these differences were amplified during ageing and following systemic challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We studied microglial morphology and phenotype in young (4mo) and aged (21mo) C57/BL6 mice using immunohistochemistry and quantified the expression levels of surface molecules on microglia in white and grey matter along the rostral-caudal neuraxis. We detected significant regional, age dependent differences in microglial phenotypes, with the microglia of white matter and caudal areas of the CNS exhibiting greater upregulation of CD11b, CD68, CD11c, F4/80 and FcγRI than grey matter and rostral CNS areas. Upregulation of CD11c with age was restricted to the white matter, as was the appearance of multinucleated giant cells. Systemic LPS caused a subtle upregulation of FcγRI after 24 h, but the other markers examined were not affected. Burrowing behaviour and static rod assays were used to assess hippocampal and cerebellar integrity. Aged mice exhibited exaggerated and prolonged burrowing deficits following systemic LPS injection, while in the absence of an inflammatory challenge aged mice performed significantly worse than young mice in the static rod test. Taken together, these findings show that the effects of age on microglial phenotype and functional integrity vary significantly between CNS compartments, as do, albeit to a lesser extent, the effects of systemic LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Hart
- Corresponding author. Address: Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. Fax: +44(0) 2380 795332.
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Abdolhosseini M, Nandula SR, Song J, Hirt H, Gorr SU. Lysine substitutions convert a bacterial-agglutinating peptide into a bactericidal peptide that retains anti-lipopolysaccharide activity and low hemolytic activity. Peptides 2012; 35:231-8. [PMID: 22484285 PMCID: PMC3356437 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
GL13NH2 is a bacteria-agglutinating peptide derived from the sequence of the salivary protein parotid secretory protein (PSP, BPIFA2, SPLUNC2, C20orf70). The peptide agglutinates both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, and shows anti-lipopolysaccharide activity in vitro and in vivo. However, GL13NH2 does not exhibit bactericidal activity. To generate a more cationic peptide with potential bactericidal activity, three amino acid residues were replaced with lysine residues to generate the peptide GL13K. In this report, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of GL13K were characterized. GL13K had lost the ability to agglutinate bacteria but gained bactericidal activity. Substitution of individual amino acids in GL13K with alanine did not restore bacterial agglutination. GL13K was bactericidal against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus gordonii and Escherichia coli but not Porphyromonas gingivalis. Unlike the agglutinating activity of GL13NH2, the bactericidal activity of GL13K against P. aeruginosa was retained in the presence of saliva. Both GL13NH2 and GL13K exhibited anti-lipopolysaccharide activity. In GL13K, this activity appeared to depend on a serine hydroxyl group. GL13K protected mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and the peptide exhibited a low level of hemolysis, suggesting that it may be suitable for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Abdolhosseini
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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PENDYALA SWAROOP, WALKER JEANNEM, HOLT PETERR. A high-fat diet is associated with endotoxemia that originates from the gut. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1100-1101.e2. [PMID: 22326433 PMCID: PMC3978718 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxemia, characterized by an excess of circulating bacterial wall lipopolysaccharide, is associated with systemic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome. Placing 8 healthy subjects on a Western-style diet for 1 month induced a 71% increase in plasma levels of endotoxin activity (endotoxemia), whereas a prudent-style diet reduced levels by 31%. The Western-style diet might, therefore, contribute to endotoxemia by causing changes in gastrointestinal barrier function or the composition of the microbiota. Endotoxemia might also develop in individuals with gastrointestinal barrier impairment. Therapeutic reagents that reduce endotoxemia might reduce systemic inflammation in patients with gastrointestinal diseases or metabolic syndrome.
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