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Yan J, Gao B, Wang C, Lu W, Qin W, Han X, Liu Y, Li T, Guo Z, Ye T, Wan Q, Xu H, Kang J, Lu N, Gao C, Qin Z, Yang C, Zheng J, Shen P, Niu L, Zou W, Jiao K. Calcified apoptotic vesicles from PROCR + fibroblasts initiate heterotopic ossification. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12425. [PMID: 38594791 PMCID: PMC11004040 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) comprises the abnormal formation of ectopic bone in extraskeletal soft tissue. The factors that initiate HO remain elusive. Herein, we found that calcified apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) led to increased calcification and stiffness of tendon extracellular matrix (ECM), which initiated M2 macrophage polarization and HO progression. Specifically, single-cell transcriptome analyses of different stages of HO revealed that calcified apoVs were primarily secreted by a PROCR+ fibroblast population. In addition, calcified apoVs enriched calcium by annexin channels, absorbed to collagen I via electrostatic interaction, and aggregated to produce calcifying nodules in the ECM, leading to tendon calcification and stiffening. More importantly, apoV-releasing inhibition or macrophage deletion both successfully reversed HO development. Thus, we are the first to identify calcified apoVs from PROCR+ fibroblasts as the initiating factor of HO, and might serve as the therapeutic target for inhibiting pathological calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Yan
- Department of StomatologyTangdu hospital & State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Orthopaedic SurgeryXijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Chenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Weicheng Lu
- Department of StomatologyTangdu hospital & State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Wenpin Qin
- Department of StomatologyTangdu hospital & State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Han
- Department of StomatologyTangdu hospital & State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of NeurobiologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Tao Li
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Department of Materials Science and EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Zhenxing Guo
- Department of StomatologyTangdu hospital & State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Qianqian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Haoqing Xu
- Department of StomatologyTangdu hospital & State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- College of Life Science Northwest UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Junjun Kang
- Department of NeurobiologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Naining Lu
- Department of NeurobiologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Changhe Gao
- Department of StomatologyTangdu hospital & State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Zixuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of Oral SurgeryNinth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - Jisi Zheng
- Department of Oral SurgeryNinth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - Pei Shen
- Department of Oral SurgeryNinth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, and National Clinical Research Center of StomatologyShanghaiChina
| | - Lina Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of StomatologyTangdu hospital & State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
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Zhu L, Gao N, Zhu Z, Zhang S, Li X, Zhu J. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed genes related to ischemia and hypoxia in spinal cord injury and construction of miRNA-mRNA or mRNA-transcription factor interaction network. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:300-318. [PMID: 37990533 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2286363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies show that spinal cord ischemia and hypoxia is an important cause of spinal cord necrosis and neurological loss. Therefore, the study aimed to identify genes related to ischemia and hypoxia after spinal cord injury (SCI) and analyze their functions, regulatory mechanism, and potential in regulating immune infiltration. METHODS The expression profiles of GSE5296, GSE47681, and GSE217797 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed to determine the function and pathway enrichment of ischemia- and hypoxia-related differentially expressed genes (IAHRDEGs) in SCI. LASSO model was constructed, and support vector machine analysis was used to identify key genes. The diagnostic values of key genes were evaluated using decision curve analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The interaction networks of miRNAs-IAHRDEGs and IAHRDEGs-transcription factors were predicted and constructed with the ENCORI database and Cytoscape software. CIBERSORT algorithm was utilized to analyze the correlation between key gene expression and immune cell infiltration. RESULTS There were 27 IAHRDEGs identified to be significantly expressed in SCI at first. These genes were mostly significantly enriched in wound healing function and the pathway associated with lipid and atherosclerosis. Next, five key IAHRDEGs (Abca1, Casp1, Lpl, Procr, Tnfrsf1a) were identified and predicted to have diagnostic value. Moreover, the five key genes are closely related to immune cell infiltration. CONCLUSION Abca1, Casp1, Lpl, Procr, and Tnfrsf1a may promote the pathogenesis of ischemic or hypoxic SCI by regulating vascular damage, inflammation, and immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhibo Zhu
- Medical Equipment Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
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Do MH, Shi W, Ji L, Ladewig E, Zhang X, Srivastava RM, Capistrano KJ, Edwards C, Malik I, Nixon BG, Stamatiades EG, Liu M, Li S, Li P, Chou C, Xu K, Hsu TW, Wang X, Chan TA, Leslie CS, Li MO. Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages to outcompete endovascular endothelial progenitor cells and suppress tumor neoangiogenesis. Immunity 2023; 56:2555-2569.e5. [PMID: 37967531 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumors develop by invoking a supportive environment characterized by aberrant angiogenesis and infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In a transgenic model of breast cancer, we found that TAMs localized to the tumor parenchyma and were smaller than mammary tissue macrophages. TAMs had low activity of the metabolic regulator mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and depletion of negative regulator of mTORC1 signaling, tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), in TAMs inhibited tumor growth in a manner independent of adaptive lymphocytes. Whereas wild-type TAMs exhibited inflammatory and angiogenic gene expression profiles, TSC1-deficient TAMs had a pro-resolving phenotype. TSC1-deficient TAMs relocated to a perivascular niche, depleted protein C receptor (PROCR)-expressing endovascular endothelial progenitor cells, and rectified the hyperpermeable blood vasculature, causing tumor tissue hypoxia and cancer cell death. TSC1-deficient TAMs were metabolically active and effectively eliminated PROCR-expressing endothelial cells in cell competition experiments. Thus, TAMs exhibit a TSC1-dependent mTORC1-low state, and increasing mTORC1 signaling promotes a pro-resolving state that suppresses tumor growth, defining an innate immune tumor suppression pathway that may be exploited for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mytrang H Do
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Liangliang Ji
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erik Ladewig
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Raghvendra M Srivastava
- Immunogenomics & Precision Oncology Platform (IPOP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kristelle J Capistrano
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chaucie Edwards
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Isha Malik
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Briana G Nixon
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Efstathios G Stamatiades
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shun Li
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chun Chou
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ting-Wei Hsu
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Immunogenomics & Precision Oncology Platform (IPOP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Zheng SY, Guan BB, Yuan DY, Zhao QQ, Ge W, Tan LM, Chen SS, Li L, Chen S, Xu RM, He XJ. Dual roles of the Arabidopsis PEAT complex in histone H2A deubiquitination and H4K5 acetylation. Mol Plant 2023; 16:1847-1865. [PMID: 37822080 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2A monoubiquitination is associated with transcriptional repression and needs to be removed by deubiquitinases to facilitate gene transcription in eukaryotes. However, the deubiquitinase responsible for genome-wide H2A deubiquitination in plants has yet to be identified. In this study, we found that the previously identified PWWP-EPCR-ARID-TRB (PEAT) complex components interact with both the ubiquitin-specific protease UBP5 and the redundant histone acetyltransferases HAM1 and HAM2 (HAM1/2) to form a larger version of PEAT complex in Arabidopsis thaliana. UBP5 functions as an H2A deubiquitinase in a nucleosome substrate-dependent manner in vitro and mediates H2A deubiquitination at the whole-genome level in vivo. HAM1/2 are shared subunits of the PEAT complex and the conserved NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex, and are responsible for histone H4K5 acetylation. Within the PEAT complex, the PWWP components (PWWP1, PWWP2, and PWWP3) directly interact with UBP5 and are necessary for UBP5-mediated H2A deubiquitination, while the EPCR components (EPCR1 and EPCR2) directly interact with HAM1/2 and are required for HAM1/2-mediated H4K5 acetylation. Collectively, our study not only identifies dual roles of the PEAT complex in H2A deubiquitination and H4K5 acetylation but also illustrates how these processes collaborate at the whole-genome level to regulate the transcription and development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yao Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Bin Guan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Yang Yuan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Weiran Ge
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lian-Mei Tan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Ming Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Jian He
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Iles-Smith H, McMillan IM, Evans-Cheung T, Haas Eckersley R, Russell M, Wood J, McCarthy RE, Rosson L, Doxford-Hook L, Fu Y, McGowan L. Investigating mortality and morbidity associated with UrINary incontinence during Older Womens Secondary Care Admissions and exploring nurses experiences of delivering related care (U-INconti): a mixed methods research protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067937. [PMID: 37899148 PMCID: PMC10619080 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary incontinence (UI) is associated with increasing age and is more frequently experienced by women. Despite 40% prevalence in the community, little is known about the prevalence/incidence of UI in older women during hospital admission. UI during hospital admissions, within this group, has also been under-researched in terms of its relationship to specific clinical conditions and mortality rates. Given that UI has serious implications for both patient care and women's general health and well-being on discharge, this protocol describes a planned research project which aims to determine mortality, morbidity, prevalence and incidence of UI in older women (≥55 years) during hospital admission to inform nursing practice. Additionally, it aims to explore the experience of nurses who deliver women's care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is an explanatory mixed-methods study consisting of two phases: (1) retrospecitive analysis of electronic patient care records (EPCR) to determine prevalence/incidence of UI, clinical conditions most likely associated with UI and any associations between UI and death, (2) nurse interviews to explore views, knowledge and perceptions of performing the nursing assessment and providing care for older women (≥55 years) with UI during admission. EPCR will be gained from a National Health Service (NHS) teaching hospital. Nurse interviews will be conducted with nurses from an alternative but similar-sized NHS hospital. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is provided by the University of Salford Ethics Committee and regulatory approval by the NHS Health Research Authority (Integrated Research Application System project ID: 303118). Local NHS trust approval to access electronic care records for the purposes of analysis of anonymised data has been provided by one of the two collaborating NHS hospitals. Findings will be disseminated through open-access geriatric or urogynaecology journals and presented to relevant stakeholders at local, national and international meetings including scientific meetings such as the UK Continence Society and International Continence Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Iles-Smith
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Ruth Haas Eckersley
- Rochdale Care Organisation, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Margaret Russell
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Julie Wood
- Salford Community Bladder and Bowel Services, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK
| | | | - Lyndsey Rosson
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | | | - Yu Fu
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Linda McGowan
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Kumar B, Khatpe AS, Guanglong J, Batic K, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Granatir MM, Addison RJ, Szymanski M, Baldridge LA, Temm CJ, Sandusky G, Althouse SK, Cote ML, Miller KD, Storniolo AM, Nakshatri H. Stromal heterogeneity may explain increased incidence of metaplastic breast cancer in women of African descent. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5683. [PMID: 37709737 PMCID: PMC10502140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The biologic basis of genetic ancestry-dependent variability in disease incidence and outcome is just beginning to be explored. We recently reported enrichment of a population of ZEB1-expressing cells located adjacent to ductal epithelial cells in normal breasts of women of African ancestry compared to those of European ancestry. In this study, we demonstrate that these cells have properties of fibroadipogenic/mesenchymal stromal cells that express PROCR and PDGFRα and transdifferentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. PROCR + /ZEB1 + /PDGFRα+ (PZP) cells are enriched in normal breast tissues of women of African compared to European ancestry. PZP: epithelial cell communication results in luminal epithelial cells acquiring basal cell characteristics and IL-6-dependent increase in STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, level of phospho-STAT3 is higher in normal and cancerous breast tissues of women of African ancestry. PZP cells transformed with HRasG12V ± SV40-T/t antigens generate metaplastic carcinoma suggesting that these cells are one of the cells-of-origin of metaplastic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Aditi S Khatpe
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jiang Guanglong
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Katie Batic
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | | | - Maggie M Granatir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Rebekah Joann Addison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Megan Szymanski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lee Ann Baldridge
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Constance J Temm
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - George Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sandra K Althouse
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Michele L Cote
- Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kathy D Miller
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Anna Maria Storniolo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- VA Roudebush Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Sanders KE, Holevinski S, Zhang X, Cotton BA, Cardenas JC. Soluble endothelial protein C receptor is an independent predictor of venous thromboembolism after severe injury: Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. Surgery 2023; 174:376-381. [PMID: 37270299 PMCID: PMC10578199 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2023.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism is a leading cause of morbidity after trauma. Endothelial cells are essential regulators of coagulation. Although endothelial cell dysregulation is widely reported after trauma, the link between endothelial injury and venous thromboembolism has not been reported. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of the Pragmatic Randomized Optimal Platelets and Plasma Ratios study. Deaths from hemorrhage or within 24 hours were excluded. Venous thromboembolism was diagnosed by duplex ultrasound or chest computed tomography. Endothelial markers soluble endothelial protein c receptor, thrombomodulin, and syndecan-1 were measured in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared over the first 72 hours from admission using the Mann-Whitney test. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the adjusted effects of endothelial markers on venous thromboembolism risk. RESULTS Of 575 patients enrolled, 86 developed venous thromboembolism (15%). The median time to venous thromboembolism was 6 days ([Q1, Q3], [4, 13]). No differences were identified in demographics or injury severity. Soluble endothelial protein c receptor, thrombomodulin, and syndecan-1 showed significant increases over time among patients who developed venous thromboembolism compared to those who did not. Using the last available values, patients were stratified into high and low-soluble endothelial protein c receptor, thrombomodulin, and syndecan-1 groups. Multivariable analyses revealed an independent association between elevated soluble endothelial protein c receptor and venous thromboembolism risk (odds ratio 1.63; 95% confidence interval 1.01, 2.63; P = .04). Cox proportional hazards modeling demonstrated a strong yet nonsignificant trend between elevated soluble endothelial protein c receptor and time to venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSION Plasma markers of endothelial injury, particularly soluble endothelial protein c receptor, are strongly associated with trauma-related venous thromboembolism. Therapeutics targeting endothelial function could mitigate the incidence of venous thromboembolism after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center and the McGovern School of Medicine, and the Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX.
| | - Sarah Holevinski
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center and the McGovern School of Medicine, and the Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX
| | - Xu Zhang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Bryan A Cotton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center and the McGovern School of Medicine, and the Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX; The Red Duke Texas Trauma Institute at Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Jessica C Cardenas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center and the McGovern School of Medicine, and the Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX. https://twitter.com/JCCardenas52
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Cushing KC, Du X, Chen Y, Stetson LC, Kuppa A, Chen VL, Kahlenberg JM, Gudjonsson JE, Vanderwerff B, Higgins PDR, Speliotes EK. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk Variants Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Skin Cancer. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:1667-1676. [PMID: 35018451 PMCID: PMC9924040 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. The aims of this study were to determine whether IBD susceptibility variants are also associated with skin cancer susceptibility and if such risk is augmented by use of immune-suppressive therapy. METHODS The discovery cohort included participants in the UK Biobank. The validation cohort included participants in the Michigan Genomics Initiative. The primary outcome of interest was skin cancer, subgrouped into nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC) and melanoma skin cancers (MSC). Multivariable logistic regression with matched controls (3 controls:1 case) was performed to identify genomic predictors of skin malignancy in the discovery cohort. Variants with P < .05 were tested for replication in the validation cohort. Validated Single nucleotide polymorphisms were then evaluated for effect modification by immune-suppressive medications. RESULTS The discovery cohort included 10,247 cases of NMSC and 1883 cases of MSC. The validation cohort included 7334 cases of NMSC and 3304 cases of MSC. Twenty-nine variants were associated with risk of NMSC in the discovery cohort, of which 5 replicated in the validation cohort (increased risk, rs7773324-A [DUSP22; IRF4], rs2476601-G [PTPN22], rs1847472-C [BACH2], rs72810983-A [CPEB4]; decreased risk, rs6088765-G [PROCR; MMP24]). Twelve variants were associated with risk of MSC in the discovery cohort, of which 4 were replicated in the validation cohort (increased risk, rs61839660-T [IL2RA]; decreased risk, rs17391694-C [GIPC2; MGC27382], rs6088765-G [PROCR; MMP24], and rs1728785-C [ZFP90]). No effect modification was observed. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight shared genetic susceptibility across IBD and skin cancer, with increased risk of NMSC in those who carry risk variants in IRF4, PTPN22, CPEB4, and BACH2 and increased risk of MSC in those who carry a risk variant in IL2RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Cushing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Du
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L C Stetson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Annapurna Kuppa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vincent L Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Brett Vanderwerff
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter D R Higgins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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9
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Ajumobi O, Verdugo SR, Labus B, Reuther P, Lee B, Koch B, Davidson PJ, Wagner KD. Identification of Non-Fatal Opioid Overdose Cases Using 9-1-1 Computer Assisted Dispatch and Prehospital Patient Clinical Record Variables. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2022; 26:818-828. [PMID: 34533427 PMCID: PMC9043039 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2021.1981505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The current epidemic of opioid overdoses in the United States necessitates a robust public health and clinical response. We described patterns of non-fatal opioid overdoses (NFOODs) in a small western region using data from the 9-1-1 Computer Assisted Dispatch (CAD) record and electronic Patient Clinical Records (ePCR) completed by EMS responders. We determined whether CAD and ePCR variables could identify NFOOD cases in 9-1-1 data for intervention and surveillance efforts. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1 year of 9-1-1 emergency medical CAD and ePCR (including naloxone administration) data from the sole EMS provider in the response area. Cases were identified based on clinician review of the ePCR, and categorized as definitive NFOOD, probable NFOOD, or non-OOD. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of the most prevalent CAD and ePCR variables were calculated. We used a machine learning technique-Random-Forests (RF) modeling-to optimize our ability to accurately predict NFOOD cases within census blocks. Results: Of 37,960 9-1-1 calls, clinical review identified 158 NFOOD cases (0.4%), of which 123 (77.8%) were definitive and 35 (22.2%) were probable cases. Overall, 106 (67.1%) received naloxone from the EMS responder at the scene. As a predictor of NFOOD, naloxone administration by paramedics had 67.1% sensitivity, 99.6% specificity, 44% PPV, and 99.9% NPV. Using CAD variables alone achieved a sensitivity of 36.7% and specificity of 99.7%. Combining ePCR variables with CAD variables increased the diagnostic accuracy with the best RF model yielding 75.9% sensitivity, 99.9% specificity, 71.4% PPV, and 99.9% NPV. Conclusion: CAD problem type variables and naloxone administration, used alone or in combination, had sub-optimal predictive accuracy. However, a Random Forests modeling approach improved accuracy of identification, which could foster improved surveillance and intervention efforts. We identified the set of NFOODs that EMS encountered in a year and may be useful for future surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian Labus
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Nevada
| | | | - Bradford Lee
- Regional Emergency Medical Services Authority, Reno, Nevada
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Magisetty J, Kondreddy V, Keshava S, Das K, Esmon CT, Pendurthi UR, Rao LVM. Selective inhibition of activated protein C anticoagulant activity protects against hemophilic arthropathy in mice. Blood 2022; 139:2830-2841. [PMID: 35143636 PMCID: PMC9074403 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous or trauma-related bleeding into joints in hemophilia leads to hemophilic arthropathy (HA), a debilitating joint disease. Treatment of HA consists of preventing joint bleeding by clotting factor replacement, and in extreme cases, orthopedic surgery. We recently showed that administration of endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) blocking monoclonal antibodies (mAb) markedly reduced the severity of HA in factor VIII (FVIII)-/- mice. EPCR blocking inhibits activated protein C (APC) generation and EPCR-dependent APC signaling. The present study was aimed to define the role of inhibition of APC anticoagulant activity, APC signaling, or both in suppressing HA. FVIII-/- mice were treated with a single dose of isotype control mAb, MPC1609 mAb, that inhibits anticoagulant, and signaling properties of APC, or MAPC1591 mAb that only blocks the anticoagulant activity of APC. Joint bleeding was induced by needle puncture injury. HA was evaluated by monitoring joint bleeding, change in joint diameter, and histopathological analysis of joint tissue sections for synovial hypertrophy, macrophage infiltration, neoangiogenesis, cartilage degeneration, and chondrocyte apoptosis. No significant differences were observed between MPC1609 and MAPC1591 in inhibiting APC anticoagulant activity in vitro and equally effective in correcting acute bleeding induced by the saphenous vein incision in FVIII-/- mice. Administration of MAPC1591, and not MPC1609, markedly reduced the severity of HA. MAPC1591 inhibited joint bleed-induced inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 expression and vascular leakage in joints, whereas MPC1609 had no significant effect. Our data show that an mAb that selectively inhibits APC's anticoagulant activity without compromising its cytoprotective signaling offers a therapeutic potential alternative to treat HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhansi Magisetty
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX; and
| | - Vijay Kondreddy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX; and
| | - Shiva Keshava
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX; and
| | - Kaushik Das
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX; and
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Usha R Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX; and
| | - L Vijaya Mohan Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX; and
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Anjos-Afonso F, Buettner F, Mian SA, Rhys H, Perez-Lloret J, Garcia-Albornoz M, Rastogi N, Ariza-McNaughton L, Bonnet D. Single cell analyses identify a highly regenerative and homogenous human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell population. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2048. [PMID: 35440586 PMCID: PMC9018830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has hampered our understanding of the cellular and molecular trajectories that HSCs navigate during lineage commitment. Using various platforms including single cell RNA-sequencing and extensive xenotransplantation, we have uncovered an uncharacterized human CD34+ HSC population. These CD34+EPCR+(CD38/CD45RA)- (simply as EPCR+) HSCs have a high repopulating and self-renewal abilities, reaching a stem cell frequency of ~1 in 3 cells, the highest described to date. Their unique transcriptomic wiring in which many gene modules associated with differentiated cell lineages confers their multilineage lineage output both in vivo and in vitro. At the single cell level, EPCR+ HSCs are the most transcriptomically and functionally homogenous human HSC population defined to date and can also be easily identified in post-natal tissues. Therefore, this EPCR+ population not only offers a high human HSC resolution but also a well-structured human hematopoietic hierarchical organization at the most primitive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Anjos-Afonso
- Haematopoietic Signalling Group, European Cancer Stem Cell Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Florian Buettner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Syed A Mian
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Namrata Rastogi
- Haematopoietic Signalling Group, European Cancer Stem Cell Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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Temiz Artmann A, Kurulgan Demirci E, Fırat IS, Oflaz H, Artmann GM. Recombinant Activated Protein C (rhAPC) Affects Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mechanical Compliance Changes and Beat Frequency of mESC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Monolayers. Shock 2022; 57:544-552. [PMID: 34416756 PMCID: PMC8906254 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic cardiomyopathy increases mortality by 70% to 90% and results in mechanical dysfunction of cells. METHODS Here, we created a LPS-induced in-vitro sepsis model with mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (mESC-CM) using the CellDrum technology which simultaneously measures mechanical compliance and beat frequency of mESCs. Visualization of reactive oxygen species (ROS), actin stress fibers, and mRNA quantification of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) before/after LPS incubation were used for method validation. Since activated protein C (APC) has cardioprotective effects, samples were treated with human recombinant APC (rhAPC) with/-out LPS predamage to demonstrate the application in therapeutic studies. RESULTS Twelve hours LPS treatment (5 μg/mL) increased ROS and decreased actin stress fiber density and significantly downregulated EPCR and PAR1 compared to control samples (0.26, 0.39-fold respectively). rhAPC application (5 μg/mL, 12 h) decreased ROS and recovered actin density, EPCR, and PAR1 levels were significantly upregulated compared to LPS predamaged samples (4.79, 3.49-fold respectively). The beat frequencies were significantly decreased after 6- (86%) and 12 h (73%) of LPS application. Mechanical compliance of monolayers significantly increased in a time-dependent manner, up to eight times upon 12-h LPS incubation compared to controls. rhAPC incubation increased the beat frequency by 127% (6h-LPS) and 123% (12h-LPS) and decreased mechanical compliance by 68% (12h-LPS) compared to LPS predamaged samples. CONCLUSION LPS-induced contraction dysfunction and the reversal effects of rhAPC were successfully assessed by the mechanical properties of mESC-CMs. The CellDrum technology proved a decent tool to simulate sepsis in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegül Temiz Artmann
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Eylem Kurulgan Demirci
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Izmir Institute of Technology, Campus Gulbahce, URLA, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ipek Seda Fırat
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Hakan Oflaz
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gerhard M. Artmann
- Institute for Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences Aachen/Campus Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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13
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Healy LD, Fernández JA, Mosnier LO, Griffin JH. Activated protein C and PAR1-derived and PAR3-derived peptides are anti-inflammatory by suppressing macrophage NLRP3 inflammasomes. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:269-280. [PMID: 33049092 PMCID: PMC7790994 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Activated protein C (APC) is a serine protease with anticoagulant and cytoprotective effects. We tested whether APC or non-canonical PAR-derived peptides suppress inflammasome activity. APC or PAR1- and PAR3-derived peptides restrict inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activity. Combined PAR1-derived and PAR3-derived peptides synergistically suppress caspase-1 activity. ABSTRACT: Background Activated protein C (APC) has been shown to restrict murine inflammasome activity. However, whether APC can exert anti-inflammatory activity in part through suppression of inflammasome activation in human systems is unknown. Objectives Studies were made to determine whether either APC or protease activated receptor (PAR)-derived peptides can reduce NLRP3 inflammasome activity in differentiated human THP-1 macrophage-like cells or in primary human monocytes stimulated to activate the inflammasome. Methods Human THP-1 cells or primary human monocytes were differentiated, treated with APC or PAR-derived peptides, and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and ATP to induce caspase-1 activity, a product of inflammasome activation. Results Activated protein C or noncanonical PAR1-derived or PAR3-derived peptides significantly reduced caspase-1 activity, detection of fluorescent NLRP3, and IL-1β release from THP-1 cells. At low concentrations where no effect was observed for each individual peptide, combinations of the PAR1-derived peptide and the PAR3-derived peptide resulted in a significant synergistic decrease in caspase-1 and IL-1β release. Caspase-1 activity was also reduced in primary human monocytes. Studies using blocking antibodies and small molecule PAR1 inhibitors suggest that EPCR, PAR1, and PAR3 each play roles in the observed anti-inflammatory effects. Several shortened versions of the PAR1- and PAR3-derived peptide reduced caspase-1 activity and exhibited synergistic anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions The results indicate that both APC and certain PAR1- and PAR3-derived peptides, which are biased agonists for PAR1 or PAR3, can reduce inflammasome activity in stimulated human monocytes as measured by caspase-1 activity and IL-1β release and that PAR-derived biased peptide agonist combinations are synergistically anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Healy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - José A Fernández
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurent O Mosnier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Gu SX, Lentz SR. Targeting platelet EPCR for better therapeutic factor VIIa activity. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1814-1816. [PMID: 29982998 PMCID: PMC6156984 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S X Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S R Lentz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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15
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Maknitikul S, Luplertlop N, Grau GER, Ampawong S. Dysregulation of pulmonary endothelial protein C receptor and thrombomodulin in severe falciparum malaria-associated ARDS relevant to hemozoin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181674. [PMID: 28732053 PMCID: PMC5521846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of the protein C system, endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and thrombomodulin (TM) in the pathogenesis of malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in relation to hemozoin and proinflammatory cytokines-induced type II pneumocyte injury and -aggravated pulmonary resolution. A total of 29 left-over lung specimens that were obtained from patients who died from severe falciparum malaria were examined. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic analyses revealed that ARDS coexisted with pulmonary edema and systemic bleeding; the severity was dependent on the level of hemozoin deposition in the lung and internal alveolar hemorrhaging. The loss of EPCR and TM was primarily identified in ARDS patients and was related to the level of hemozoin, parasitized red blood cell (PRBC) and white blood cell accumulation in the lung. Moreover, an in vitro analysis demonstrated that interleukin-13 and -31 and hemozoin induced pneumocytic cell injury and apoptosis, as assessed by EB/AO staining, electron microscopy and the up-regulation of CARD-9 mRNA (caspase recruitment domain-9 messenger-ribonucleic acid). The dysregulation of EPCR and TM in the lung, especially in those with increased levels of hemozoin, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of malaria-associated ARDS through an apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitang Maknitikul
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Georges E. R. Grau
- Vascular Immunology, Department of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Meng X, Fei D, Liu M, Yang S, Song N, Jiang L, Kang K, Nan C, Luo Y, Pan S, Zhao M. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 suppresses thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide in vitro. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6978. [PMID: 28538400 PMCID: PMC5457880 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to observe the counter-effect of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-suppressed thrombomodulin (TM) and endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) expressions from human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC), and to reveal its mechanisms. METHODS HUVECs were divided into 5 treatment groups, wherein reagents were added simultaneously. TM and EPCR proteins of the cells and the culture medium levels of soluble TM, soluble EPCR, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were detected after administration, whereas mRNA levels of TM and EPCR, as well as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activity among groups, were also evaluated. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in any indicator between CORM-2 and sham groups. Addition of LPS produced drastic increase in MMP-2 expression, NF-κB activity, shedding of TM and EPCR (into the culture medium), as well as remarkable decrease in both mRNA and protein expressions of TM and EPCR, and cell viability. LPS + CORM-2 treatment significantly reduced the increase in MMP-2, NF-κB activity, and TM/EPCR shedding, whereas maintained both mRNA and protein levels of TM and EPCR, and preserved cell viability. CONCLUSIONS CORM-2 protects HUVEC from LPS-induced injury, by way of suppressing NF-κB activity, which downregulates TM and EPCR mRNAs. It also decreases MMP-2 expression and prevents the shedding of TM and EPCR from the surface of endothelial cells, so as to preserve their protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shangha Pan
- The Key Hepatosplenic Surgery Laboratory, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Jiang J, Liu K, Zou J, Ma H, Yang H, Zhang X, Jiao Y. Associations between polymorphisms in coagulation-related genes and venous thromboembolism: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6537. [PMID: 28353616 PMCID: PMC5380300 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several studies showed that the polymorphisms in the coagulation-related genes might be associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE); however, the results were still controversial. We performed a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis to investigate the associations between the endothelial cell-activated protein C receptor (EPCR) rs9574, F11 rs2289252, F11 rs2036914, FGG rs2066865, FGG rs1049636, CYP4V2 rs13146272, SERPINC1 rs2227589, and GP6 rs1613662 polymorphisms with the risk of VTE. METHODS We searched both the common English-language databases and the Chinese literature databases. Two authors selected studies according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Crude odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to estimate the strength of this association. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed with the chi-square-based Q test and the I statistic. RESULTS Overall, a total of 20 studies were included. The meta-analysis revealed that the F11 rs2289252, F11 rs2036914, FGG rs2066865, and CYP4V2 rs13146272 polymorphisms were closely related to the development of VTE in the white race under the best genetic models after multiple testing adjustments. The EPCR rs9574, FGG rs1049636, SERPINC1 rs2227589, and GP6 rs1613662 polymorphisms might be potential candidates in the pathogenesis of VTE, but trial sequential analyses and sensitivity analyses indicated that the evidences were limited. Larger scale studies were demanded to avoid false-positive outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Finally, our study demonstrated the important role of rs2289252, rs2036914, rs2066865, and rs13146272 polymorphisms in the development of VTE in the white race. Rs9574, rs1049636, rs2227589 and rs1613662 polymorphisms might be risk factors of VTE. However, more studies involving diverse races are needed to probe the ethnic difference and the underlying mechanisms of significant associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junjie Zou
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery
| | - Hao Ma
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery
| | - Xiwei Zhang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery
| | - Yuanyong Jiao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery
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Griffin JH, Mosnier LO, Fernández JA, Zlokovic BV. 2016 Scientific Sessions Sol Sherry Distinguished Lecturer in Thrombosis: Thrombotic Stroke: Neuroprotective Therapy by Recombinant-Activated Protein C. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2143-2151. [PMID: 27758767 PMCID: PMC5119536 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
APC (activated protein C), derived from the plasma protease zymogen, is antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory. In preclinical injury models, recombinant APC provides neuroprotection for multiple injuries, including ischemic stroke. APC acts directly on brain endothelial cells and neurons by initiating cell signaling that requires multiple receptors. Two or more major APC receptors mediate APC's neuroprotective cell signaling. When bound to endothelial cell protein C receptor, APC can cleave protease-activated receptor 1, causing biased cytoprotective signaling that reduces ischemia-induced injury. Pharmacological APC alleviates bleeding induced by tissue-type plasminogen activator in murine ischemic stroke studies. Remarkably, APC's signaling promotes neurogenesis. The signaling-selective recombinant variant of APC, 3K3A-APC, was engineered to lack most of the APC's anticoagulant activity but retain APC's cell signaling actions. Recombinant 3K3A-APC is in ongoing National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded clinical trials for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Griffin
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H.G., L.O.M., J.A.F.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (J.H.G.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (B.V.Z.).
| | - Laurent O Mosnier
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H.G., L.O.M., J.A.F.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (J.H.G.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (B.V.Z.)
| | - José A Fernández
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H.G., L.O.M., J.A.F.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (J.H.G.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (B.V.Z.)
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H.G., L.O.M., J.A.F.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (J.H.G.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (B.V.Z.)
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Gavlovsky PJ, Tonnerre P, Guitton C, Charreau B. Expression of MHC class I-related molecules MICA, HLA-E and EPCR shape endothelial cells with unique functions in innate and adaptive immunity. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1084-1091. [PMID: 26916837 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) located at the interface of blood and tissues display regulatory activities toward coagulation, inflammation and vascular homeostasis. By expressing MHC class I and II antigens, ECs also contribute to immune responses. In transplantation, graft ECs are both trigger and target of alloimmune responses. ECs express a set of MHC class I-like or structural related molecules such as HLA-E, MHC class I related chain A (MICA) and the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) that provide multiple and unique functions to ECs. HLA-E is a low polymorphic ligand for the CD94/NKG2A/C receptors, and triggers HLA-E-restricted CD8+αβT cell responses against viral and bacterial peptides. MICA is a highly polymorphic ligand for NKG2D activating NK and costimulating CD8+T cells and a ligand for tissue-resident Vδ1 γδ T subsets. More intriguing is the role of EPCR, a key regulator of coagulation, as a ligand for a circulating subset of Vδ2- γδ T cells. Coexpression of this set of MHC class I-related molecules that allow ECs to activate a subtle array of immune responses upon stress and infection may also influence transplant outcome. Here, the respective structure, expression, and functions of HLA-E, MICA and EPCR as well as the impact of their polymorphism are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Jean Gavlovsky
- INSERM, UMR1064, LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France; IHU-CESTI, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Pierre Tonnerre
- INSERM, UMR1064, LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Christophe Guitton
- INSERM, UMR1064, LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France
| | - Béatrice Charreau
- INSERM, UMR1064, LabEx Transplantex, Nantes F44000, France; CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, ITUN, Nantes F44000, France; LUNAM Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes F44000, France.
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Abstract
Several genetic polymorphisms have been identified in patients with sepsis and severe sepsis, such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF-β genes, the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family, the IL-6, the IL-10, the CD-14, the Toll-like receptors, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, and the factor V 1691G-A mutations. In this study, the relationship between the TNF-α 308G/A, the IL-6-174 G/C, the PAI-1, the FVL, the EPCR, and the Cathepsin G (Ars 125 Ser) polymorphisms and the development and outcome of sepsis in pediatric patients was studied. TNF-α 308 G/A, PAI-1 4G/4G, and EPCR mutations influence the risk of severe sepsis in children. IL-6 174 G/C, FVL, and Cathepsin G (Ars 125 Ser) did not influence the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansu Sipahi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Fatih University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Fanget C, Chauleur C, Stadler A, Presles E, Varlet MN, Gris JC, Raia-Barjat T. Relationship between Plasma D-Dimer Concentration and Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Placental Volume in Women at Risk for Placental Vascular Diseases: A Monocentric Prospective Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156593. [PMID: 27294274 PMCID: PMC4905670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to correlate placental volumes deduced from three-dimensional ultrasound and virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) software with systemic concentrations of D-dimer and soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR). Methods This was a monocentric experimental prospective study conducted from October 2008 to July 2009. Forty consecutive patients at risk of placental vascular pathology (PVP) recurrence or occurrence were included. Placental volumes were systematically measured three times (11–14, 16–18 and 20–22 weeks of gestation (WG)) by two independent sonographers. D-dimers and sEPCR plasma concentrations were measured using ELISA kits (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay). Results Eleven patients had a PVP. The plasma D-dimer level was positively correlated with placental volume (r = 0.45, p < 0.001). A smaller placental volume and placental quotient was evidenced in women who developed a PVP at the three gestational ages, and the difference was more pronounced during the third exam (20 WG). No obvious correlation could be demonstrated between the development of a PVP and the levels of D-dimer and sEPCR. There was no significant difference in the values of placental volumes measured by the two sonographers. Conclusion The placenta growth could be a major determinant of the elevation of D-dimer during pregnancy. Consideration of placental volume could allow for modulation of the D-dimer concentrations for restoring their clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Fanget
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Céline Chauleur
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
- Research Unit EA3065, Saint Etienne University Jean Monnet F 42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Amandine Stadler
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Emilie Presles
- Research Unit EA3065, Saint Etienne University Jean Monnet F 42023, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Varlet
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Gris
- Laboratory of Haematology, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- Research Unit EA2992, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Tiphaine Raia-Barjat
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
- Research Unit EA3065, Saint Etienne University Jean Monnet F 42023, Saint Etienne, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Lee W, Ku SK, Choi H, Bae JS. Inhibitory effects of three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria on endothelial protein C receptor shedding in human endothelial cells and mice. Fitoterapia 2016; 110:181-8. [PMID: 27012760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diketopiperazine is a natural products found from bacteria, fungi, marine sponges, gorgonian and red algae. They are cyclic dipeptides possessing relatively simple and rigid structures with chiral nature and various side chains. The compounds in this structure class have been known to possess diverse bioactivities including antibiotic activity, anti-cancer activity, neuroprotective activity, and anti-inflammatory activity. The endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) plays an important role in the cytoprotective pathway and in the activation of protein C. Endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) can be shed from the cell surface, which is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE). However, little is known about the effects of diketopiperazine on EPCR shedding. We investigated this issue by monitoring the effects of diketopiperazine on phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β-induced EPCR shedding in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-mediated EPCR shedding in mice and underlying mechanism. Here, three (1-3) of diketopiperazines were isolated from two strains of marine-derived bacteria and 1-3 induced potent inhibition of PMA-, TNF-α-, IL-1β (in HUVECs), and CLP-induced EPCR shedding (in mice) via inhibition of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38, janus kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. 1-3 also inhibited the expression and activity of PMA-induced TACE in HUVECs suggesting that p38, ERK1/2, and JNK could be molecular targets of 1-3. These results demonstrate the potential of 1-3 as an anti-EPCR shedding reagent against PMA-mediated and CLP-mediated EPCR shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Wu C, Kim PY, Swystun LL, Liaw PC, Weitz JI. Activation of protein C and thrombin activable fibrinolysis inhibitor on cultured human endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:366-74. [PMID: 26663133 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ESSENTIALS: It is unknown if thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and protein C compete on cells. TAFI and protein C activation on endothelial cells was simultaneously quantified. TAFI and protein C do not compete for activation on endothelial cells. TAFI and protein C are independently recognized by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. BACKGROUND When bound to thrombomodulin (TM), thrombin is a potent activator of protein C (PC) and thrombin activable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI). By binding PC and presenting it to the thrombin-TM complex, endothelial cell PC receptor (EPCR) enhances PC activation. It is unknown whether PC and TAFI compete for the thrombin-TM complex on endothelial cells. OBJECTIVE To compare PC and TAFI activation on the surface of cultured human endothelial cells in the absence or presence of JRK1535 and/or CTM1009, inhibitory antibodies directed against EPCR and TM, respectively, and to determine whether PC and TAFI compete with each other for activation. METHODS PC and TAFI activation on endothelial cells were compared, and the effect of PC on TAFI activation and TAFI on PC activation was determined in the absence or presence of JRK1535 and/or CTM1009. RESULTS In the absence of antibodies, activation of PC was four-fold faster than that of TAFI. Blocking EPCR with JRK1535 resulted in a 53-fold decrease in PC activation and no effect on TAFI activation. Blocking TM with CTM1009 inhibited both TAFI and PC activation. Neither TAFI nor PC competed with each other in the absence or presence of JRK1535. CONCLUSIONS PC and TAFI are concurrently activated in a TM-dependent manner and do not compete for the thrombin-TM complex, raising the possibility that they interact with distinct activation complexes. EPCR selectively enhances PC activation so that PC and TAFI activation kinetics become comparable on endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wu
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - P Y Kim
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L L Swystun
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - P C Liaw
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J I Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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24
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Sampath S, Brazier AJ, Avril M, Bernabeu M, Vigdorovich V, Mascarenhas A, Gomes E, Sather DN, Esmon CT, Smith JD. Plasmodium falciparum adhesion domains linked to severe malaria differ in blockade of endothelial protein C receptor. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1868-82. [PMID: 26118955 PMCID: PMC4661071 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) is associated with severe malaria. It has been postulated that parasite binding could exacerbate microvascular coagulation and endothelial dysfunction in cerebral malaria by impairing the protein C-EPCR interaction, but the extent of binding inhibition has not been fully determined. Here we expressed the cysteine-rich interdomain region (CIDRα1) domain from a variety of domain cassette (DC) 8 and DC13 P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 proteins and show they interact in a distinct manner with EPCR resulting in weak, moderate and strong inhibition of the activated protein C (APC)-EPCR interaction. Overall, there was a positive correlation between CIDRα1-EPCR binding activity and APC blockade activity. In addition, our analysis from a combination of mutagenesis and blocking antibodies finds that an Arg81 (R81) in EPCR plays a pivotal role in CIDRα1 binding, but domains with weak and strong APC blockade activity were distinguished by their sensitivity to inhibition by anti-EPCR mAb 1535, implying subtle differences in their binding footprints. These data reveal a previously unknown functional heterogeneity in the interaction between P. falciparum and EPCR and have major implications for understanding the distinct clinical pathologies of cerebral malaria and developing new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Sampath
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Jay Brazier
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Marion Avril
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Maria Bernabeu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College & Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - D. Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Charles T. Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Joseph D. Smith
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
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25
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Schulte R, Wilson NK, Prick JCM, Cossetti C, Maj MK, Gottgens B, Kent DG. Index sorting resolves heterogeneous murine hematopoietic stem cell populations. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:803-11. [PMID: 26051918 PMCID: PMC4571925 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the cellular and molecular biology of single stem cells have uncovered significant heterogeneity in the functional properties of stem cell populations. This has prompted the development of approaches to study single cells in isolation, often performed using multiparameter flow cytometry. However, many stem cell populations are too rare to test all possible cell surface marker combinations, and virtually nothing is known about functional differences associated with varying intensities of such markers. Here we describe the use of index sorting for further resolution of the flow cytometric isolation of single murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Specifically, we associate single-cell functional assay outcomes with distinct cell surface marker expression intensities. High levels of both CD150 and EPCR associate with delayed kinetics of cell division and low levels of differentiation. Moreover, cells that do not form single HSC-derived clones appear in the 7AAD(dim) fraction, suggesting that even low levels of 7AAD staining are indicative of less healthy cell populations. These data indicate that when used in combination with single-cell functional assays, index sorting is a powerful tool for refining cell isolation strategies. This approach can be broadly applied to other single-cell systems, both to improve isolation and to acquire additional cell surface marker information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Schulte
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola K Wilson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janine C M Prick
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Cossetti
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michal K Maj
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Berthold Gottgens
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David G Kent
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Blood-brain barrier impairment and endothelial cell dysfunction have both been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The presence of vascular risk factors is also known to increase the risk of AD. Soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) should thus produce procoagulant and proinflammatory effects. Serum sEPCR levels have been found to be associated with several diseases. To date, no reports have been published regarding serum sEPCR levels in AD. In this study, we found that serum sEPCR levels were significantly increased in patients with AD when compared to control participants (P = .0005). There was no significant difference between patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls (P = .055) or between patients with AD and MCI (P = .054). Importantly, our results also indicate that the degree of cognitive impairment is significantly correlated with serum sEPCR levels in all patients and healthy controls. These findings suggest that serum sEPCR levels could be a potential candidate for a biomarker panel for AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Zhilong Chen
- Department of Gerontology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Xugang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of Daye City, Daye, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
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27
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Abstract
Endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) has important functions in regulation of coagulation and inflammation. EPCR shedding from the cell surface is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE). Rutin is one of the major flavonoids from the buckwheat plant Fagopyrum tataricum. In this study, we investigated the effects of rutin on phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-mediated EPCR shedding. We used a CLP model because this model more closely resembles human sepsis. Data showed rutin was a potent inhibitor of PMA, TNF-α, IL-1β, and CLP-induced EPCR shedding by suppression of TACE expression. Treatment with rutin resulted in a decrease of PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of p38, extracellular regulated kinases 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. These results suggest the potential application of rutin for treatment of PMA and CLP-mediated EPCR shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 712-715, Republic of Korea
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Kerschen E, Hernandez I, Zogg M, Maas M, Weiler H. Survival advantage of heterozygous factor V Leiden carriers in murine sepsis. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1073-80. [PMID: 25690763 PMCID: PMC4542152 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high allelic frequency of the prothrombotic Leiden polymorphism in human blood coagulation factor V (FV) has been speculated to reflect positive selection during evolution. Heterozygous Leiden carriers enrolled in the placebo arm of the PROWESS sepsis trial and heterozygous Leiden mice challenged with endotoxin both showed reduced mortality, whereas homozygous Leiden mice were not protected from lethal endotoxemia. Follow-up analyses of clinical outcomes and of mouse models of infection with various pathogens remained inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To establish whether activated protein C resistance of FV Leiden modifies the outcome of bacterial infection in murine sepsis models. METHODS Homozygous and heterozygous FV Leiden mice were subjected to gram-positive (S. aureus) or gram-negative (Y. pestis; E. coli) septic peritonitis or polymicrobial, focal septic peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. The effect of FV Leiden on 7-day survival and bacterial dissemination was assessed. Outcomes were compared with the sepsis survival of mice with genetically impaired hemostasis (hemophilia A, thrombocytopenia, thrombin receptor PAR4 [protease activated receptor 4] deficiency, endothelial protein C receptor [ProcR/EPCR] deficiency). RESULTS Heterozygous, but not homozygous, Leiden mice were protected from lethal infection with highly virulent S. aureus and Y. pestis strains. FV Leiden did not affect the outcome of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture, staphylokinase-deficient S. aureus, Pla-deficient Y. pestis, or E. coli. Thrombocytopenia, deficiency of PAR1 or PAR4 did not affect S. aureus sepsis survival, whereas hemophilia A increased mortality. ProcR deficiency selectively abolished the survival advantage of heterozygous Leiden mice. CONCLUSIONS In mice, heterozygous FV Leiden carriers are protected from sepsis mortality after infection with clinically relevant human bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kerschen
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Irene Hernandez
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Mark Zogg
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Matthias Maas
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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Harris DG, Quinn KJ, French BM, Schwartz E, Kang E, Dahi S, Phelps CJ, Ayares DL, Burdorf L, Azimzadeh AM, Pierson RN. Meta-analysis of the independent and cumulative effects of multiple genetic modifications on pig lung xenograft performance during ex vivo perfusion with human blood. Xenotransplantation 2015; 22:102-11. [PMID: 25470239 PMCID: PMC4390422 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically modified pigs are a promising potential source of lung xenografts. Ex vivo xenoperfusion is an effective platform for testing the effect of new modifications, but typical experiments are limited by testing of a single genetic intervention and small sample sizes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the individual and aggregate effects of donor genetic modifications on porcine lung xenograft survival and injury in an extensive pig lung xenoperfusion series. METHODS Data from 157 porcine lung xenoperfusion experiments using otherwise unmodified heparinized human blood were aggregated as either continuous or dichotomous variables. Lungs were wild type in 17 perfusions (11% of the study group), while 31 lungs (20% of the study group) had one genetic modification, 40 lungs (39%) had 2, and 47 lungs (30%) had 3 or more modifications. The primary endpoint was functional lung survival to 4 h of perfusion. Secondary analyses evaluated previously identified markers associated with known lung xenograft injury mechanisms. In addition to comparison among all xenografts grouped by survival status, a subgroup analysis was performed of lungs incorporating the GalTKO.hCD46 genotype. RESULTS Each increase in the number of genetic modifications was associated with additional prolongation of lung xenograft survival. Lungs that exhibited survival to 4 h generally had reduced platelet activation and thrombin generation. GalTKO and the expression of hCD46, HO-1, hCD55, or hEPCR were associated with improved survival. hTBM, HLA-E, and hCD39 were associated with no significant effect on the primary outcome. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis of an extensive lung xenotransplantation series demonstrates that increasing the number of genetic modifications targeting known xenogeneic lung injury mechanisms is associated with incremental improvements in lung survival. While more detailed mechanistic studies are needed to explore the relationship between gene expression and pathway-specific injury and explore why some genes apparently exhibit neutral (hTBM, HLA-E) or inconclusive (CD39) effects, GalTKO, hCD46, HO-1, hCD55, and hEPCR modifications were associated with significant lung xenograft protection. This analysis supports the hypothesis that multiple genetic modifications targeting different known mechanisms of xenograft injury will be required to optimize lung xenograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Harris
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Vassiliou AG, Kotanidou A, Mastora Z, Maniatis NA, Albani P, Jahaj E, Koutsoukou A, Armaganidis A, Orfanos SE. Elevated soluble endothelial protein C receptor levels at ICU admission are associated with sepsis development. Minerva Anestesiol 2015; 81:125-134. [PMID: 25220546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) is a protein that regulates the protein C anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory pathways. A soluble form of EPCR (sEPCR) circulates in plasma and inhibits activated protein C (APC) activities. The clinical impact of sEPCR and its involvement in the septic process is under investigation. In this study, we assessed the role of sEPCR levels as an early indicator of sepsis development. METHODS Plasma sEPCR levels were measured in 59 critically-ill non-septic patients at the time of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify potential risk factors for sepsis development and Cox-Regression models were fitted for variables to examine their relationship with time to sepsis development. RESULTS Thirty patients subsequently developed sepsis and 29 did not. At ICU admission, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores were significantly higher in the subsequent sepsis group as compared to the non sepsis group (mean ± SD: 6.4±2.7 and 5±2.3, respectively, P=0.037). sEPCR levels were also higher in the patients who subsequently developed sepsis compared to the patients who did not (median and interquartile range: 173.4 [104.5-223.5] ng/mL vs. 98.3 [69.8-147.7] ng/mL, respectively; P=0.004). Cox regression analysis identified sEPCR as the only parameter related to sepsis development with time (relative risk: 1.078, 95% confidence interval: 1.016-1.144, by 10 units; P=0.013). CONCLUSION Upon ICU admission, sEPCR levels in initially non-septic critically-ill patients appear elevated in the subjects who will subsequently become septic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Vassiliou
- GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, Medical School of Athens University, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece -
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Prochazka M, Procházková J, Lubušký M, Pilka R, Úlehlová J, Michalec I, Polák P, Kacerovský M, Slavik L. Markers of endothelial activation in preeclampsia. Clin Lab 2015; 61:39-46. [PMID: 25807636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed at finding a laboratory approach to detect endothelial damage in normal pregnancy as well as in pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia using selected markers of endothelial activation. MATERIALS A total of 403 healthy pregnant women without a history of deep vein thrombosis and/or hypertension were prospectively studied. From all women, venous blood was collected before the end of the 1st trimester, between weeks 24 and 28 of gestation, and in the 3rd trimester (weeks 34-36). Assays of tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, von Willebrand factor activity and antigen, thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, and endothelial microparticles activated by TF were performed. RESULTS When comparing women who developed preeclampsia during pregnancy (the average levels were 23.41 μg/L, 34.33 μg/L, and 53.56 μg/L in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters, respectively) with healthy pregnant women (the average levels were 19.05 μg/L, 28.47 μg/L, and 39.86 μg/L in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters, respectively) significant differences in the levels of thrombomodulin were found in all three trimesters. By contrast, no statistically significant differences in the levels of vWF (both antigen and activity), t-PA, EPCR, EMPs, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-9 were found in any trimesters in the same group. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy and preeclampsia strongly influence the levels of studied markers. The findings of this work confirm the possible predictive potential of thrombomodulin and PA-1.
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Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and disruption of the blood-brain barrier have been found to be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms underlying these effects have yet to be elucidated. It has also been found that activated protein C (APC) displays neuroprotective properties. Presently, the effects of APC on PD remain unknown. Using a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxin rodent model of PD, we found that administration of MPTP can reduce expression of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), an N-glycosylated type I membrane protein that has the ability to enhance protein C activation. However, the use of MPTP does not alter levels of thrombomodulin. These findings were verified in an in vitro study showing that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatment leads to suppression of EPCR along with reduction of protein C activation in human primary endothelial cells. Importantly, our results display that activation of the transcriptional factor SP1 is involved in the inhibitory effects of MPTP/MPP+ on EPCR expression. We found that using 300 nM of the SP1 inhibitor MIT can abolish the effects of MPP+ on EPCR expression. Consistently, SP1 silencing using small RNA interference was able to prevent the inhibitory effects of MPTP/MPP+ on the reduction of EPCR expression and impairment of protein C activation. Importantly, our results indicate that overexpression of SP1 inhibits EPCR promoter activity. Our study suggests that EPCR-APC may be a potential therapeutic target for endothelial dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Ruihua Hou
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Chengyuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Shujun Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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Schuldt K, Ehmen C, Evans J, May J, Ansong D, Sievertsen J, Muntau B, Ruge G, Agbenyega T, Horstmann RD. Endothelial protein C receptor gene variants not associated with severe malaria in ghanaian children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115770. [PMID: 25541704 PMCID: PMC4277309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two recent reports have identified the Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR) as a key molecule implicated in severe malaria pathology. First, it was shown that EPCR in the human microvasculature mediates sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Second, microvascular thrombosis, one of the major processes causing cerebral malaria, was linked to a reduction in EPCR expression in cerebral endothelial layers. It was speculated that genetic variation affecting EPCR functionality could influence susceptibility to severe malaria phenotypes, rendering PROCR, the gene encoding EPCR, a promising candidate for an association study. Methods Here, we performed an association study including high-resolution variant discovery of rare and frequent genetic variants in the PROCR gene. The study group, which previously has proven to be a valuable tool for studying the genetics of malaria, comprised 1,905 severe malaria cases aged 1–156 months and 1,866 apparently healthy children aged 2–161 months from the Ashanti Region in Ghana, West Africa, where malaria is highly endemic. Association of genetic variation with severe malaria phenotypes was examined on the basis of single variants, reconstructed haplotypes, and rare variant analyses. Results A total of 41 genetic variants were detected in regulatory and coding regions of PROCR, 17 of which were previously unknown genetic variants. In association tests, none of the single variants, haplotypes or rare variants showed evidence for an association with severe malaria, cerebral malaria, or severe malaria anemia. Conclusion Here we present the first analysis of genetic variation in the PROCR gene in the context of severe malaria in African subjects and show that genetic variation in the PROCR gene in our study population does not influence susceptibility to major severe malaria phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schuldt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christa Ehmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Evans
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juergen May
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Ansong
- School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Juergen Sievertsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Muntau
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Ruge
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tsiri Agbenyega
- School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Rolf D. Horstmann
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Zaghloul A, Al-Bukhari TAMA, Al-Pakistani HA, Shalaby M, Halawani SH, Bajuaifer N, Teama SH. Soluble endothelial protein C receptor and high sensitivity C reactive protein levels as markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: their role in the prediction of vascular complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106:597-604. [PMID: 25312870 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of micro and macrovascular complications. We aimed to measure soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) levels as markers of endothelial damage in both types of diabetes mellitus and to determine if they can be used as predictors of vascular complications. METHODS Fifty patients with DM, 20 with type 1 and 30 with type 2 as well as 30 healthy subjects were included. All were subjected to measurement of sEPCR and hsCRP by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS sEPCR and hsCRP were significantly increased when compared to the control group in both types of DM. sEPCR was a significant predictor of macrovascular complications and thrombosis in type 1 p=0.02, and p=0.015, respectively. hsCRP was a significant predictor of macrovascular complications in type 2 p=0.04. CONCLUSION Patients with type 1 and type 2 DM exhibit higher sEPCR and hsCRP levels compared to healthy controls which suggesting endothelial damage. sEPCR could be used as a predictor of macrovascular complications and thrombosis in type 1 DM, whereas, hsCRP might be used as a predictor of macrovascular complications in type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Zaghloul
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - T A M A Al-Bukhari
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - H A Al-Pakistani
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Shalaby
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed H Halawani
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Bajuaifer
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shirin H Teama
- Department of Clinical Pathology (Clinical Chemistry), King Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Tamayo I, Velasco SE, Puy C, Esmon CT, Dichiara MG, Montes R, Hermida J. Group V secretory phospholipase A2 impairs endothelial protein C receptor-dependent protein C activation and accelerates thrombosis in vivo. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1921-7. [PMID: 25069533 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) must be bound to a molecule of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to be fully functional, i.e. to interact with protein C/activated protein C (APC) properly. PC can be replaced with other lipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine or platelet-activating factor, by the action of group V secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-V), an enzyme that is upregulated in a variety of inflammatory conditions. Studies in purified systems have demonstrated that the substitution of PC notably impairs EPCR function in a process called EPCR encryption. OBJECTIVES To analyze whether sPLA2-V was able to regulate EPCR-dependent protein C activation in vivo, and its impact on thrombosis and the hemostatic system. METHODS Mice were transfected with sPLA2-V by hydrodynamic gene delivery. The effects on thrombosis were studied with the laser carotid artery occlusion model, and APC generation capacity was measured with ELISA. Global hemostasis was analyzed with thromboelastometry. RESULTS We found that sPLA2-V overexpression in mice significantly decreased their ability to generate APC. Furthermore, a murine carotid artery laser thrombosis model revealed that higher sPLA2-V levels were directly associated with faster artery thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS sPLA2-V plays a thrombogenic role by impairing the ability of EPCR to promote protein C activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tamayo
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vijaya Mohan Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
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Abstract
Endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) plays an important role in coagulation and inflammation. EPCR can be shed from the cell surface, and this is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE). Piperlonguminine (PL), an important component of Piper longum fruits, is known to exhibit antihyperlipidemic, antiplatelet, and antimelanogenesis activities. However, little is known about the effects of PL on EPCR shedding. Here, we investigated this issue by monitoring the effects of PL on phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-mediated EPCR shedding and underlying mechanisms. PL induced potent inhibition of PMA, and CLP induced EPCR shedding through suppression of TACE expression. And treatment with PL resulted in reduced PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of p38, extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Given these results, PL might have potential as an anti-sEPCR shedding reagent against PMA- and CLP-mediated EPCR shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 712-715, Republic of Korea
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Braach N, Frommhold D, Buschmann K, Pflaum J, Koch L, Hudalla H, Staudacher K, Wang H, Isermann B, Nawroth P, Poeschl J. RAGE controls activation and anti-inflammatory signalling of protein C. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89422. [PMID: 24586767 PMCID: PMC3933550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, RAGE, is a multiligand receptor and NF-κB activator leading to perpetuation of inflammation. We investigated whether and how RAGE is involved in mediation of anti-inflammatory properties of protein C. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed the effect of protein C on leukocyte adhesion and transmigration in WT- and RAGE-deficient mice using intravital microscopy of cremaster muscle venules during trauma- and TNFα-induced inflammation. Both, protein C (PC, Ceprotin, 100 U/kg) and activated protein C (aPC, 24 µg/kg/h) treatment significantly inhibited leukocyte adhesion in WT mice in these inflammation models. The impaired leukocyte adhesion after trauma-induced inflammation in RAGE knockout mice could not be further reduced by PC and aPC. After TNFα-stimulation, however, aPC but not PC treatment effectively blocked leukocyte adhesion in these mice. Consequently, we asked whether RAGE is involved in PC activation. Since RAGE-deficient mice and endothelial cells showed insufficient PC activation, and since thrombomodulin (TM) and endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) are reduced on the mRNA and protein level in RAGE deficient endothelial cells, an involvement of RAGE in TM-EPCR-dependent PC activation is likely. Moreover, TNFα-induced activation of MAPK and upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are reduced both in response to aPC treatment and in the absence of RAGE. Thus, there seems to be interplay of the RAGE and the PC pathway in inflammation. CONCLUSION RAGE controls anti-inflammatory properties and activation of PC, which might involve EPCR and TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Braach
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Frommhold
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Buschmann
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Pflaum
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Koch
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Staudacher
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Poeschl
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wildhagen KCAA, Schrijver R, Beckers L, ten Cate H, Reutelingsperger CPM, Lutgens E, Nicolaes GAF. Effects of exogenous recombinant APC in mouse models of ischemia reperfusion injury and of atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101446. [PMID: 25032959 PMCID: PMC4102480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a serine protease that has both anticoagulant and cytoprotective properties. The cytoprotective effects are protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) dependent and likely underlie protective effects of APC in animal models of sepsis, myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. S360A-(A)PC, a variant (A)PC that has no catalytic activity, binds EPCR and shifts pro-inflammatory signaling of the thrombin-PAR-1 complex to anti-inflammatory signaling. In this study we investigated effects of human (h)wt-PC, hS360A-PC, hwt-APC and hS360A-APC in acute (mouse model of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury) and chronic inflammation (apoE-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis). All h(A)PC variants significantly reduced myocardial infarct area (p<0.05) following I/R injury. IL-6 levels in heart homogenates did not differ significantly between sham, placebo and treatment groups in I/R injury. None of the h(A)PC variants decreased number and size of atherosclerotic plaques in apoE-/- mice. Only hS360A-APC slightly affected phenotype of plaques. IL-6 levels in plasma were significantly (p<0.001) decreased in hwt-APC and hS360A-PC treated mice. In the last group levels of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) were significantly increased (p<0.05). In this study we show that both hwt and hS360A-(A)PC protect against acute myocardial I/R injury, which implies that protection from I/R injury is independent of the proteolytic activity of APC. However, in the chronic atherosclerosis model hwt and hS360-(A)PC had only minor effects. When the dose, species and mode of (A)PC administration will be adjusted, we believe that (A)PC will have potential to influence development of chronic inflammation as occurring during atherosclerosis as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin C. A. A. Wildhagen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Schrijver
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Beckers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo ten Cate
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris P. M. Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A. F. Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Ocak G, Drechsler C, Vossen CY, Vos HL, Rosendaal FR, Reitsma PH, Hoffmann MM, März W, Ouwehand WH, Krediet RT, Boeschoten EW, Dekker FW, Wanner C, Verduijn M. Single nucleotide variants in the protein C pathway and mortality in dialysis patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97251. [PMID: 24816905 PMCID: PMC4016291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein C pathway plays an important role in the maintenance of endothelial barrier function and in the inflammatory and coagulant processes that are characteristic of patients on dialysis. We investigated whether common single nucleotide variants (SNV) in genes encoding protein C pathway components were associated with all-cause 5 years mortality risk in dialysis patients. METHODS Single nucleotides variants in the factor V gene (F5 rs6025; factor V Leiden), the thrombomodulin gene (THBD rs1042580), the protein C gene (PROC rs1799808 and 1799809) and the endothelial protein C receptor gene (PROCR rs867186, rs2069951, and rs2069952) were genotyped in 1070 dialysis patients from the NEtherlands COoperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis (NECOSAD) cohort) and in 1243 dialysis patients from the German 4D cohort. RESULTS Factor V Leiden was associated with a 1.5-fold (95% CI 1.1-1.9) increased 5-year all-cause mortality risk and carriers of the AG/GG genotypes of the PROC rs1799809 had a 1.2-fold (95% CI 1.0-1.4) increased 5-year all-cause mortality risk. The other SNVs in THBD, PROC, and PROCR were not associated with 5-years mortality. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that factor V Leiden and PROC rs1799809 contributes to an increased mortality risk in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürbey Ocak
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Christiane Drechsler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carla Y. Vossen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans L. Vos
- Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R. Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter H. Reitsma
- Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael M. Hoffmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Department of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Willem H. Ouwehand
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge and National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond T. Krediet
- Department of Nephrology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Friedo W. Dekker
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Wanner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marion Verduijn
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Greineder CF, Chacko AM, Zaytsev S, Zern BJ, Carnemolla R, Hood ED, Han J, Ding BS, Esmon CT, Muzykantov VR. Vascular immunotargeting to endothelial determinant ICAM-1 enables optimal partnering of recombinant scFv-thrombomodulin fusion with endogenous cofactor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80110. [PMID: 24244621 PMCID: PMC3828233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of targeted therapeutics to replenish pathologically deficient proteins on the luminal endothelial membrane has the potential to revolutionize emergency and cardiovascular medicine. Untargeted recombinant proteins, like activated protein C (APC) and thrombomodulin (TM), have demonstrated beneficial effects in acute vascular disorders, but have failed to have a major impact on clinical care. We recently reported that TM fused with an scFv antibody fragment to platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) exerts therapeutic effects superior to untargeted TM. PECAM-1 is localized to cell-cell junctions, however, whereas the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), the key co-factor of TM/APC, is exposed in the apical membrane. Here we tested whether anchoring TM to the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) favors scFv/TM collaboration with EPCR. Indeed: i) endothelial targeting scFv/TM to ICAM-1 provides ~15-fold greater activation of protein C than its PECAM-targeted counterpart; ii) blocking EPCR reduces protein C activation by scFv/TM anchored to endothelial ICAM-1, but not PECAM-1; and iii) anti-ICAM scFv/TM fusion provides more profound anti-inflammatory effects than anti-PECAM scFv/TM in a mouse model of acute lung injury. These findings, obtained using new translational constructs, emphasize the importance of targeting protein therapeutics to the proper surface determinant, in order to optimize their microenvironment and beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F. Greineder
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ann-Marie Chacko
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sergei Zaytsev
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Blaine J. Zern
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ronald Carnemolla
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth D. Hood
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jingyan Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Charles T. Esmon
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ku SK, Yang EJ, Song KS, Bae JS. Rosmarinic acid down-regulates endothelial protein C receptor shedding in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:311-5. [PMID: 23774263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) plays pivotal roles in coagulation and inflammation, however, its activity is markedly changed by ectodomain cleavage and release as the soluble protein (sEPCR). According to previous studies, there are approximately 100ng/ml sEPCR in human plasma and the levels increase in inflammatory diseases. EPCR can be shed from the cell surface, and this is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE). We recently reported on the anti-inflammatory and barrier protective activities of rosmarinic acid (RA), an important component of the leaves of Perilla frutescens. However, little is known about the effects of RA on EPCR shedding. Here, we investigated this issue by monitoring the effects of RA on phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β, and on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-mediated EPCR shedding and underlying mechanisms. Data showed that treatment with RA resulted in potent inhibition of PMA, TNF-α, IL-induced EPCR shedding by suppression of TACE expression. In addition, RA reduced PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of p38, extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). These results suggest the potential for use of RA as an anti-sEPCR shedding reagent against PMA, TNF-α, IL-1β and CLP-mediated EPCR shedding.
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MESH Headings
- ADAM Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- ADAM Proteins/metabolism
- ADAM17 Protein
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cinnamates/pharmacology
- Cinnamates/therapeutic use
- Depsides/pharmacology
- Depsides/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Endothelial Protein C Receptor
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Peptide Fragments/blood
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Proteolysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/blood
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Sepsis/blood
- Sepsis/drug therapy
- Sepsis/immunology
- Sepsis/metabolism
- Solubility
- Rosmarinic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea
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Kager LM, Schouten M, Wiersinga WJ, de Boer JD, Lattenist LCW, Roelofs JJTH, Meijers JCM, Levi M, Dondorp AM, Esmon CT, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Overexpression of the endothelial protein C receptor is detrimental during pneumonia-derived gram-negative sepsis (Melioidosis). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2306. [PMID: 23875041 PMCID: PMC3708857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) enhances anticoagulation by accelerating activation of protein C to activated protein C (APC) and mediates anti-inflammatory effects by facilitating APC-mediated signaling via protease activated receptor-1. We studied the role of EPCR in the host response during pneumonia-derived sepsis instigated by Burkholderia (B.) pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, a common form of community-acquired Gram-negative (pneumo)sepsis in South-East Asia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Soluble EPCR was measured in plasma of patients with septic culture-proven melioidosis and healthy controls. Experimental melioidosis was induced by intranasal inoculation of B. pseudomallei in wild-type (WT) mice and mice with either EPCR-overexpression (Tie2-EPCR) or EPCR-deficiency (EPCR(-/-)). Mice were sacrificed after 24, 48 or 72 hours. Organs and plasma were harvested to measure colony forming units, cellular influxes, cytokine levels and coagulation parameters. Plasma EPCR-levels were higher in melioidosis patients than in healthy controls and associated with an increased mortality. Tie2-EPCR mice demonstrated enhanced bacterial growth and dissemination to distant organs during experimental melioidosis, accompanied by increased lung damage, neutrophil influx and cytokine production, and attenuated coagulation activation. EPCR(-/-) mice had an unremarkable response to B. pseudomallei infection as compared to WT mice, except for a difference in coagulation activation in plasma. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Increased EPCR-levels correlate with accelerated mortality in patients with melioidosis. In mice, transgenic overexpression of EPCR aggravates outcome during Gram-negative pneumonia-derived sepsis caused by B. pseudomallei, while endogenous EPCR does not impact on the host response. These results add to a better understanding of the regulation of coagulation during severe (pneumo)sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth M Kager
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schaffner F, Yokota N, Carneiro-Lobo T, Kitano M, Schaffer M, Anderson GM, Mueller BM, Esmon CT, Ruf W. Endothelial protein C receptor function in murine and human breast cancer development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61071. [PMID: 23593394 PMCID: PMC3621887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several markers identify cancer stem cell-like populations, but little is known about the functional roles of stem cell surface receptors in tumor progression. Here, we show that the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), a stem cell marker in hematopoietic, neuronal and epithelial cells, is crucial for breast cancer growth in the orthotopic microenvironment of the mammary gland. Mice with a hypomorphic allele of EPCR show reduced tumor growth in the PyMT-model of spontaneous breast cancer development and deletion of EPCR in established PyMT tumor cells significantly attenuates transplanted tumor take and growth. We find expansion of EPCR+ cancer stem cell-like populations in aggressive, mammary fat pad-enhanced human triple negative breast cancer cells. In this model, EPCR-expressing cells have markedly increased mammosphere- and tumor-cell initiating activity compared to another stable progenitor-like subpopulation present at comparable frequency. We show that receptor blocking antibodies to EPCR specifically attenuate in vivo tumor growth initiated by either EPCR+ cells or the heterogenous mixture of EPCR+ and EPCR- cells. Furthermore, we have identified tumor associated macrophages as a major source for recognized ligands of EPCR, suggesting a novel mechanism by which cancer stem cell-like populations are regulated by innate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cluster Analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Protein C Receptor
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mice
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Burden/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Schaffner
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Naho Yokota
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Carneiro-Lobo
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Maki Kitano
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Schaffer
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research and Development, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - G. Mark Anderson
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research and Development, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barbara M. Mueller
- Cancer Research, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Charles T. Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sarig G, Meir A, Wollner M, Brenner B, Haim N. Soluble endothelial protein C receptor and coagulation parameters as prognostic factors in non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:768-71. [PMID: 23323811 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maggio N, Itsekson Z, Dominissini D, Blatt I, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Tanne D, Chapman J. Thrombin regulation of synaptic plasticity: implications for physiology and pathology. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:595-604. [PMID: 23454608 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin, a serine protease involved in the coagulation cascade has been recently shown to affect neuronal function following blood-brain barrier breakdown. Several lines of evidence have shown that thrombin may exist in the brain parenchyma under normal physiological conditions, yet its role in normal brain functions and synaptic transmission has not been established. In an attempt to shed light on the physiological functions of thrombin and Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) in the brain, we studied the effects of thrombin and a PAR1 agonist on long term potentiation (LTP) in mice hippocampal slices. Surprisingly, different concentrations of thrombin affect LTP through different molecular routes converging on PAR1. High thrombin concentrations induced an NMDA dependent, slow onset LTP, whereas low concentrations of thrombin promoted a VGCCs, mGluR-5 dependent LTP through activated Protein C (aPC). Remarkably, aPC facilitated LTP by activating PAR1 through an Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR)-mediated mechanism which involves intracellular calcium stores. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which PAR1 may regulate the threshold for synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and provide additional insights into the role of this receptor in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maggio
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel HaShomer, Israel.
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von Drygalski A, Furlan-Freguia C, Ruf W, Griffin JH, Mosnier LO. Organ-specific protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular leak is dependent on the endothelial protein C receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:769-76. [PMID: 23393392 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.301082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) in the modulation of susceptibility to inflammation-induced vascular leak in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS Genetically modified mice with low, <10% EPCR expression (EPCR(low)) and control mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharides in a mouse model of endotoxemia. Infrared fluorescence and quantification of albumin-bound Evans Blue in tissues and intravascular plasma volumes were used to assess plasma extravasation. Pair-wise analysis of EPCR(low) and control mice matched for sex, age, and weight allowed determination of EPCR-dependent vascular leak. Kidney, lung, and brain were the organs with highest discriminative increased Evans Blue accumulation in EPCR(low) versus control mice in response to lipopolysaccharides. Histology of kidney and lung confirmed the EPCR-specific pathology. In addition to severe kidney injury in response to lipopolysaccharides, EPCR(low) and anti-EPCR-treated wild-type mice suffered from enhanced albuminuria and profound renal hemorrhage versus controls. Intravascular volume loss at the same extent of weight loss in EPCR(low) mice compared with control mice provided proof that plasma leak was the predominant cause of Evans Blue tissue accumulation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an important protective role for EPCR in vivo against vascular leakage during inflammation and suggests that EPCR-dependent vascular protection is organ-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette von Drygalski
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, MEM 180, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Trotman WE, Taatjes DJ, Bovill EG. Multifluorescence confocal microscopy: application for a quantitative analysis of hemostatic proteins in human venous valves. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 931:85-95. [PMID: 23026998 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-056-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy is commonly used to visualize and quantify protein expression. Visualization of the expression of multiple proteins in the same region via multifluorescence allows for the analysis of differential protein expression. The defining step of multifluorescence labeling is the selection of primary antibodies from different host species. In addition, species-appropriate secondary antibodies must also be conjugated to different fluorophores so that each protein can be visualized in separate channels. Quantitative analysis of proteins labeled via multifluorescence can be used to compare relative changes in protein expression. Multifluoresecence labeling and analysis of fluorescence intensity within and among human venous specimens, for example, allowed us to determine that the anticoagulant phenotype of the venous valve is defined not by increased anticoagulant expression, but instead by significantly decreased procoagulant protein expression (Blood 114:1276-1279, 2009 and Histochem Cell Biol 135:141-152, 2011).
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred E Trotman
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Fink K, Busch HJ, Bourgeois N, Schwarz M, Wolf D, Zirlik A, Peter K, Bode C, von Zur Muhlen C. Mac-1 directly binds to the endothelial protein C-receptor: a link between the protein C anticoagulant pathway and inflammation? PLoS One 2013; 8:e53103. [PMID: 23408932 PMCID: PMC3567096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endothelial protein C-receptor (EPCR) is an endothelial transmembrane protein that binds protein C and activated protein C (APC) with equal affinity, thereby facilitating APC formation. APC has anticoagulant, antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory properties. Soluble EPCR, released by the endothelium, may bind activated neutrophils, thereby modulating cell adhesion. EPCR is therefore considered as a possible link between the anticoagulant properties of protein C and the inflammatory response of neutrophils. In the present study, we aimed to provide proof of concept for a direct binding of EPCR to the β2-integrin Mac-1 on monocytic cells under static and physiological flow conditions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Under static conditions, human monocytes bind soluble EPCR in a concentration dependent manner, as demonstrated by flow cytometry. Binding can be inhibited by specific antibodies (anti-EPCR and anti-Mac-1). Specific binding was confirmed by a static adhesion assay, where a transfected Mac-1 expressing CHO cell line (Mac-1+ cells) bound significantly more recombinant EPCR compared to Mac-1+ cells blocked by anti-Mac-1-antibody and native CHO cells. Under physiological flow conditions, monocyte binding to the endothelium could be significantly blocked by both, anti-EPCR and anti-Mac-1 antibodies in a dynamic adhesion assay at physiological flow conditions. Pre-treatment of endothelial cells with APC (drotrecogin alfa) diminished monocyte adhesion significantly in a comparable extent to anti-EPCR. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we demonstrate a direct binding of Mac-1 on monocytes to the endothelial protein C receptor under static and flow conditions. This binding suggests a link between the protein C anticoagulant pathway and inflammation at the endothelium side, such as in acute vascular inflammation or septicaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Fink
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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50
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Clark CA, Vatsyayan R, Hedner U, Esmon CT, Pendurthi UR, Rao LVM. Endothelial cell protein C receptor-mediated redistribution and tissue-level accumulation of factor VIIa. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:2383-91. [PMID: 22950420 PMCID: PMC3528836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies show that activated factor VII (FVIIa) binds to the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) on the vascular endothelium; however, the importance of this interaction in hemostasis or pathophysiology is unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the FVIIa interaction with EPCR on the endothelium in mediating FVIIa transport from the circulation to extravascular tissues. METHODS Wild-type, EPCR-deficient or ECPR-over-expressing mice were injected with human recombinant (r)FVIIa (120 μg kg(-1) body weight) via the tail vein. At varying time intervals after rFVIIa administration, blood and various tissues were collected to measure FVIIa antigen and activity levels. Tissue sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for FVIIa and EPCR. RESULTS The data reveal that, after intravenous (i.v.) injection, rFVIIa rapidly disappears from the blood and associates with the endothelium in an EPCR-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the association of FVIIa with the endothelium was maximal at 30 min and thereafter progressively declined. The FVIIa association with the endothelium was undetectable at time points exceeding 24 h post-FVIIa administration. The levels of rFVIIa accumulated in tissue correlate with expression levels of EPCR in mice and FVIIa associated with tissues remained functionally active for periods of at least 7 days. CONCLUSIONS The observation that an EPCR-dependent association of FVIIa with the endothelium is most pronounced soon after rFVIIa administration and subsequently declines temporally, combined with the retention of functionally active FVIIa in tissue homogenates for extended periods, indicates that FVIIa binding to EPCR on the endothelium facilitates the transport of FVIIa from circulation to extravascular tissues where TF resides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Clark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA Department of Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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