1
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Zhang G, Hu H, Yin Y, Tian M, Bu Z, Ding C, Yu S. Brucella Manipulates Host Cell Ferroptosis to Facilitate Its Intracellular Replication and Egress in RAW264.7 Macrophages. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:577. [PMID: 38790682 PMCID: PMC11118192 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucella virulence relies on its successful intracellular life cycle. Modulating host cell death is a strategy for Brucella to survive and replicate intracellularly. Ferroptosis is a novel regulated cell death characterized by iron-triggered excessive lipid peroxidation, which has been proven to be associated with pathogenic bacteria infection. Thus, we attempted to explore if smooth-type Brucella infection triggers host cell ferroptosis and what role it plays in Brucella infection. We assessed the effects of Brucella infection on the lactate dehydrogenase release and lipid peroxidation levels of RAW264.7 macrophages; subsequently, we determined the effect of Brucella infection on the expressions of ferroptosis defense pathways. Furthermore, we determined the role of host cell ferroptosis in the intracellular replication and egress of Brucella. The results demonstrated that Brucella M5 could induce ferroptosis of macrophages by inhibiting the GPX4-GSH axis at the late stage of infection but mitigated ferroptosis by up-regulating the GCH1-BH4 axis at the early infection stage. Moreover, elevating host cell ferroptosis decreased Brucella intracellular survival and suppressing host cell ferroptosis increased Brucella intracellular replication and egress. Collectively, Brucella may manipulate host cell ferroptosis to facilitate its intracellular replication and egress, extending our knowledge about the underlying mechanism of how Brucella completes its intracellular life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (G.Z.); (H.H.); (Y.Y.); (M.T.)
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin 150069, China;
| | - Hai Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (G.Z.); (H.H.); (Y.Y.); (M.T.)
| | - Yi Yin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (G.Z.); (H.H.); (Y.Y.); (M.T.)
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (G.Z.); (H.H.); (Y.Y.); (M.T.)
| | - Zhigao Bu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin 150069, China;
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (G.Z.); (H.H.); (Y.Y.); (M.T.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (G.Z.); (H.H.); (Y.Y.); (M.T.)
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2
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Marchesini MI, Spera JM, Comerci DJ. The 'ins and outs' of Brucella intracellular journey. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 78:102427. [PMID: 38309247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Members of the genus Brucella are the causative agents of brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis affecting wild and domestic animals and humans. These facultative intracellular pathogens cause long-lasting chronic infections by evolving sophisticated strategies to counteract, evade, or subvert host bactericidal mechanisms in order to establish a secure replicative niche necessary for their survival. In this review, we present recent findings on selected Brucella effectors to illustrate how this pathogen modulates host cell signaling pathways to gain control of the vacuole, promote the formation of a safe intracellular replication niche, alter host cell metabolism to its advantage, and exploit various cellular pathways to ensure egress from the infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Marchesini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Spera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego J Comerci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (EByN), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Grupo Pecuario, Centro Atómico Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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3
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He J, Zhou Y, Sun L. Emerging mechanisms of the unfolded protein response in therapeutic resistance: from chemotherapy to Immunotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:89. [PMID: 38297380 PMCID: PMC10832166 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). As an adaptive cellular response to hostile microenvironments, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, and chemotherapeutic drugs, the UPR is activated in diverse cancer types and functions as a dynamic tumour promoter in cancer development; this role of the UPR indicates that regulation of the UPR can be utilized as a target for tumour treatment. T-cell exhaustion mainly refers to effector T cells losing their effector functions and expressing inhibitory receptors, leading to tumour immune evasion and the loss of tumour control. Emerging evidence suggests that the UPR plays a crucial role in T-cell exhaustion, immune evasion, and resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the molecular basis of UPR activation, the effect of the UPR on immune evasion, the emerging mechanisms of the UPR in chemotherapy and immunotherapy resistance, and agents that target the UPR for tumour therapeutics. An understanding of the role of the UPR in immune evasion and therapeutic resistance will be helpful to identify new therapeutic modalities for cancer treatment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang He
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Huan, China.
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Molecular Imaging of Central, South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Medical College Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Huan, China.
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Molecular Imaging of Central, South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, China.
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4
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Kambarev S, Borghesan E, Miller CN, Myeni S, Celli J. The Brucella abortus Type IV Effector BspA Inhibits MARCH6-Dependent ERAD To Promote Intracellular Growth. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0013023. [PMID: 37129527 PMCID: PMC10187129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00130-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus, the intracellular causative agent of brucellosis, relies on type IV secretion system (T4SS) effector-mediated modulation of host cell functions to establish a replicative niche, the Brucella-containing vacuole (BCV). Brucella exploits the host's endocytic, secretory, and autophagic pathways to modulate the nature and function of its vacuole from an endocytic BCV (eBCV) to an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived replicative BCV (rBCV) to an autophagic egress BCV (aBCV). A role for the host ER-associated degradation pathway (ERAD) in the B. abortus intracellular cycle was recently uncovered, as it is enhanced by the T4SS effector BspL to control the timing of aBCV-mediated egress. Here, we show that the T4SS effector BspA also interferes with ERAD, yet to promote B. abortus intracellular proliferation. BspA was required for B. abortus replication in bone marrow-derived macrophages and interacts with membrane-associated RING-CH-type finger 6 (MARCH6), a host E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in ERAD. Pharmacological inhibition of ERAD and small interfering RNA (siRNA) depletion of MARCH6 did not affect the replication of wild-type B. abortus but rescued the replication defect of a bspA deletion mutant, while depletion of the ERAD component UbxD8 affected replication of B. abortus and rescued the replication defect of the bspA mutant. BspA affected the degradation of ERAD substrates and destabilized the MARCH6 E3 ligase complex. Taken together, these findings indicate that BspA inhibits the host ERAD pathway via targeting of MARCH6 to promote B. abortus intracellular growth. Our data reveal that targeting ERAD components by type IV effectors emerges as a multifaceted theme in Brucella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanimir Kambarev
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth Borghesan
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Cheryl N. Miller
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sebenzile Myeni
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Jean Celli
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Brucella effectors NyxA and NyxB target SENP3 to modulate the subcellular localisation of nucleolar proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:102. [PMID: 36609656 PMCID: PMC9823007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell nucleus is a primary target for intracellular bacterial pathogens to counteract immune responses and hijack host signalling pathways to cause disease. Here we identify two Brucella abortus effectors, NyxA and NyxB, that interfere with host protease SENP3, and this facilitates intracellular replication of the pathogen. The translocated Nyx effectors directly interact with SENP3 via a defined acidic patch (identified from the crystal structure of NyxB), preventing nucleolar localisation of SENP3 at late stages of infection. By sequestering SENP3, the effectors promote cytoplasmic accumulation of nucleolar AAA-ATPase NVL and ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5) in effector-enriched structures in the vicinity of replicating bacteria. The shuttling of ribosomal biogenesis-associated nucleolar proteins is inhibited by SENP3 and requires the autophagy-initiation protein Beclin1 and the SUMO-E3 ligase PIAS3. Our results highlight a nucleomodulatory function of two Brucella effectors and reveal that SENP3 is a crucial regulator of the subcellular localisation of nucleolar proteins during Brucella infection, promoting intracellular replication of the pathogen.
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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella’s intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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Ma Z, Yu S, Cheng K, Miao Y, Xu Y, Hu R, Zheng W, Yi J, Zhang H, Li R, Li Z, Wang Y, Chen C. Nucleomodulin BspJ as an effector promotes the colonization of Brucella abortus in the host. J Vet Sci 2021; 23:e8. [PMID: 34841746 PMCID: PMC8799945 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucella infection induces brucellosis, a zoonotic disease. The intracellular circulation process and virulence of Brucella mainly depend on its type IV secretion system (T4SS) expressing secretory effectors. Secreted protein BspJ is a nucleomodulin of Brucella that invades the host cell nucleus. BspJ mediates host energy synthesis and apoptosis through interaction with proteins. However, the mechanism of BspJ as it affects the intracellular survival of Brucella remains to be clarified. OBJECTIVES To verify the functions of nucleomodulin BspJ in Brucella's intracellular infection cycles. METHODS Constructed Brucella abortus BspJ gene deletion strain (B. abortus ΔBspJ) and complement strain (B. abortus pBspJ) and studied their roles in the proliferation of Brucella both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS BspJ gene deletion reduced the survival and intracellular proliferation of Brucella at the replicating Brucella-containing vacuoles (rBCV) stage. Compared with the parent strain, the colonization ability of the bacteria in mice was significantly reduced, causing less inflammatory infiltration and pathological damage. We also found that the knockout of BspJ altered the secretion of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ) in host cells and in mice to affect the intracellular survival of Brucella. CONCLUSIONS BspJ is extremely important for the circulatory proliferation of Brucella in the host, and it may be involved in a previously unknown mechanism of Brucella's intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Ma
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuifa Yu
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kejian Cheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuhe Miao
- Fujian Sunvet Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Nanping 354100, Fujian, China
| | - Yimei Xu
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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Ma Z, Yu S, Cheng K, Miao Y, Xu Y, Hu R, Zheng W, Yi J, Zhang H, Li R, Li Z, Wang Y, Chen C. Nucleomodulin BspJ as an effector promotes the colonization of Brucella abortus in the host. J Vet Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Ma
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuifa Yu
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kejian Cheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuhe Miao
- Fujian Sunvet Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Nanping 354100, Fujian, China
| | - Yimei Xu
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
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