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Shibata K, Morita N, Kawamura T, Tsuji A, Fukuwatari T. Effects of Fatty Liver Induced by Excess Orotic Acid on B-Group Vitamin Concentrations of Liver, Blood, and Urine in Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 61:355-61. [PMID: 26639842 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.61.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver is caused when rats are given orotic acid of the pyrimidine base in large quantities. The lack of B-group vitamins suppresses the biosynthesis of fatty acids. We investigated how orotic acid-induced fatty liver affects the concentrations of liver, blood, and urine B-group vitamins in rats. The vitamin B6 and B12 concentrations of liver, blood, and urine were not affected by orotic acid-induced fatty liver. Vitamin B2 was measured only in the urine, but was unchanged. The liver, blood, and urine concentrations of niacin and its metabolites fell dramatically. Niacin and its metabolites in the liver, blood, and urine were affected as expected. Although the concentrations of vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, folate, and biotin in liver and blood were decreased by orotic acid-induced fatty liver, these urinary excretion amounts showed a specific pattern toward increase. Generally, as for the typical urinary excretion of B-group vitamins, these are excreted when the body is saturated. However, the ability to sustain vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, folate, and biotin decreased in fatty liver, which is hypothesized as a specific phenomenon. This metabolic response might occur to prevent an abnormally increased biosynthesis of fatty acids by orotic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Shibata
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture
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Rao PM, Nagamine Y, Roomi MW, Rajalakshmi S, Sarma DS. Orotic acid, a new promoter for experimental liver carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 12:173-8. [PMID: 11478319 DOI: 10.1177/019262338401200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Male Fischer 344 rats initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine 2HCl (100 mg/kg) given 18 hr after partial hepatectomy and exposed to a diet containing 1% orotic acid for 13 months developed a 100% incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. The creation of nucleotide pool imbalances by dietary orotic acid, for e.g., an increase in uridine nucleotides and a decrease in adenine nucleotides, was considered as a possible mechanism for the promotional effect of orotic acid on liver carcinogenesis. The significance of this hypothesis is that altered nucleotide pools affect both genomic as well as membrane organization. Consistent with this hypothesis is our finding that feeding rats with a diet containing 1% orotic acid for 10 weeks resulted in a liver DNA damage as monitored by its slower sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients compared to the corresponding controls. To assess the general applicability of this hypothesis, nucleotide pool imbalances were created by using methods other than feeding orotic acid and their effect on the incidence of gamma-glutamyltransferase positive foci in carcinogen initiated rats was determined. The results obtained indicated that rats initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.2HCl (100 mg/kg) given 18 hr after partial hepatectomy and exposed to diet deficient in arginine, a regimen that causes an increased synthesis and excretion of orotic acid, or were fed diets containing 1% thymidine or 1% thymine developed greater number of gamma-glutamyltransferase positive foci compared to the corresponding controls fed the basal diets. These results were interpreted to indicate that orotic acid exerts its promotional effect probably by creating an imbalance in nucleotide pools. One of the mechanisms by which an imbalance of nucleotide pools influences the pathogenesis of the carcinogenic process may be by inducing perturbations in the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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BUTTOO AS, ISRAUELS MC, WILKINSON JF. HYPOCHOLESTEROLAEMIA AND OROTIC ACIDURIA DURING TREATMENT WITH 6-AZAURIDINE. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1996; 1:552-4. [PMID: 14243057 PMCID: PMC2166785 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5434.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Novak DA, Carver JD, Barness LA. Dietary nucleotides affect hepatic growth and composition in the weanling mouse. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1994; 18:62-6. [PMID: 8164306 DOI: 10.1177/014860719401800162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dietary nucleotides upon hepatic growth and composition was examined in weanling mice. For 5 weeks, mice were fed either Purina Rat Chow, a nucleotide-free diet (NT-), a nucleotide-free diet supplemented with a mixture of five nucleotides (0.21% w/w), (NT+) or a nucleotide-free diet supplemented with adenosine 5'-monophosphate (0.0425% w/w) (NTA). Hepatic cholesterol and lipid phosphorous were significantly higher, whereas liver weight (expressed as a percentage of body weight), and glycogen were lower in animals fed NT- vs all other groups. NTA-fed animals presented a greater contrast to the NT- group than did animals fed the mixture of nucleotides. Liver fatty acid composition and distribution of phospholipid subclasses were not affected by dietary nucleotide supplementation. Dietary nucleotide supplementation in weanling mice affects hepatic growth and composition; adenosine 5'-monophosphate may play a unique role in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Novak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 32610
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Hay R, Fleming R, O'Connell W, Kirschner J, Oppliger W. Apolipoproteins of the orotic acid fatty liver: implications for the biogenesis of plasma lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III in hepatic nodules during rat liver carcinogenesis promoted by orotic acid. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Aoyama Y, Sakaida K, Yoshida A, Ashida K. Effects on liver and serum lipids of dietary supplements of methionine and excess lysine given to previously-starved rats. Br J Nutr 1983; 50:627-36. [PMID: 6416290 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19830134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The addition of lysine hydrochloride (50 g/kg) to a diet supplemented with methionine (3 g/kg) had no effect on liver lipids when rats (Wistar and Sprague-Dawley) were fed ad lib. for 14 d. However, refeeding a diet supplemented with methionine and excess lysine hydrochloride to previously-starved rats (Wistar) for 6, 7 or 9 d, but not 3 or 4 d, resulted in liver lipid accumulation, mainly triglycerides, which was prevented by the addition of arginine, citrulline, ornithine, adenine, allopurinol or maize oil, but not by guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil. The addition of lysine hydrochloride to a methionine-supplemented diet resulted in reduced serum triglyceride levels after refeeding for 3 or 4 d and reduced serum cholesterol levels after refeeding for 3, 4 or 6 d. Serum lipids were unaffected by refeeding the diets for 7 or 9 d. Since hepatic lipid accumulation was preceded by the decline in the level of serum triglycerides, one of the factors responsible for lipid accumulation in the liver might be reduced transport of triglycerides from the liver into the blood. When adenine and allopurinol were added to the diet supplemented with methionine and lysine hydrochloride refed for 4 d, there was an increase in serum triglycerides. However, when this diet was refed for 7 d, with the addition of arginine, citrulline, guanine, pyrimidine bases, allopurinol or maize oil, no effects on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed.
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Korycka-Dahl M, Richardson T, Amundson CH, Allen JR. Absence of fatty livers in rhesus monkeys fed orotic acid. J Dairy Sci 1979; 62:1801-3. [PMID: 119795 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(79)83500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pairs of rhesus monkeys were fed for 10 wk a basal diet containing 1% orotic acid or 10% nonfat milk powders. Amounts of total lipids in the liver and hepatic morphology were normal after 10 wk indicating that orotic acid in the diet did not induce fatty livers in rhesus monkeys.
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Chen J, Jones M. Effect of 5-phosphoribosyl-a-pyrophosphate on de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in cultured Ehrlich ascites cells made permeable with dextran sulfate 500. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Arginine deficiency is associated with a marked increase in liver lipids in the rat. Triglyceride accumulation accounts for most of the fatty infiltration. Cholesterol concentration per gram of liver increased approximately 280% above control rats receiving dietary arginine. The percentage of phospholipids was significantly decreased in the arginine-deficient rat liver compared to controls. The fatty acid composition revealed a significant reduction in the reduction in the percentage of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids. However, both stearic and arachidonic acids were increased approximately 250 and 160%, respectively, in arginine-deficient livers compared to controls. Arginine deficiency in the rat causes a marked alteration in lipid metabolism similar to that observed with orotic acid feeding. The similarities or arginine deficiency and orotic acid feeding are discussed.
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Abstract
The concentration of orotic acid in dry whey ranged between 64 and 146 mg/100 g and appeared dependent on whey type. The orotic acid of modified whey products, prepared commercially by electrodialysis, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, or polyphosphate precipitation was between 7 and 124 mg/100 g, which was less than that of dry whey. It appears that whey processing methods do not concentrate orotic acid in whey fractions.
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Novikoff PM. Fatty liver induced in Zucker "fatty" (ff) rats by a semisynthetic diet rich in sucrose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:3550-4. [PMID: 269413 PMCID: PMC431629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.8.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A new fatty liver model is described in which heredity plays a major role. A marked fatty liver develops when the homozygous mutant Zucker rat (ff or "fatty") is fed a semi-synthetic diet enriched in sucrose. Lean littermates do not develop fatty livers on this experimental diet. Even old ff rats do not develop fatty livers on chow; the experimental diet is required. The fatty liver is described, including light microscopic and preliminary electron microscopic observations.
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Novikoff PM. Fatty liver induced in Zucker "fatty" (ff) rats by a semisynthetic diet rich in sucrose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:3038-42. [PMID: 268652 PMCID: PMC431399 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.7.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A new fatty liver model is described in which heredity plays a major role. A marked fatty liver develops when the homozygous mutant Zucker rat (ff or "fatty") is fed a semisynthetic diet enriched in sucrose. Lean littermates do not develop fatty liver on this experimental diet. Even old ff rats do not develop fatty livers on chow; the experimental diet is required. The fatty liver is described, including light microscopic and preliminary electron microscopic observations.
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Carrella M, Björkhem I, Gustafsson JA, Einarsson K, Hellström K. The metabolism of steroids in the fatty liver induced by orotic acid feeding. Biochem J 1976; 158:89-95. [PMID: 962892 PMCID: PMC1163940 DOI: 10.1042/bj1580089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The metabolism of 4-[4-14C]androstene-3,17-dione, 4-[4-14C]pregnene-3,20-dione, 5alpha-[4-14C]androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, [4-14C]cholesterol, 7alpha-hydroxy-4-[6beta-3H]cholesten-3-one, 5beta-[7beta-3H]cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol and [3H]lithocholic acid was studied in the microsomal fraction of livers from control and orotic acid-treated male rats. 2. As a result of the treatment the orotic acid-fed rats had fatty livers and subnormal concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum. 3. The 6beta- and 7alpha-hydroxylation of 4-androstene3,17-dione, and the 2alpha-, 2beta- and 18-hydroxylation of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, and the 5alpha-reduction of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 4-pregnene-3,20-dione were decreased by 40--50% in orotic acid-fed rats. Other oxidative and reductive reactions of the steroid hormones were not significantly affected. 4. The 12alpha-hydroxylation of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was decreased by about 50%, whereas the 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol and the 26-hydroxylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha-diol were not significantly decreased. The 6beta-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid was stimulated by 40%. 5. The results are discussed in relation to present knowledge of the heapatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and to the recent findings of an abnormal bile acid metabolism in liver disease.
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Negishi I, Aizawa Y. Sex difference in the development of fatty liver by orotic acid. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1975; 25:289-94. [PMID: 171467 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.25.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effects of orotic acid on liver lipid accumulation and incorporation of methionine [methyl-14C] into liver phosphatidylcholine and protein, and into serum beta-lipoprotein were studied. Male and female rats of Wistar strain were fed a semisynthetic diet supplemented with 1 per cent orotic acid for 7 days. Feeding of orotic acid induced a marked fatty liver in female rats, but not in males. In female rats, radioactivity in liver phosphatidylcholine was significantly decreased by orotic acid, and that in liver protein was slightly decreased. In male rats, incorporation of methionine [methyl-14C] into liver phosphatidylcholine and protein was unchanged between the control and the rats fed orotic acid. Radioactivity in serum beta-lipoprotein was decreased to a greater extent in female rats than in males. These results suggest that sex difference in the development of fatty liver may be due to the difference in the effect of orotic acid on liver phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.
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de Waard H. [Effect of thymine and adenine in nutrition on folic-acid deficient rats]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1974; 13:101-7. [PMID: 4458296 DOI: 10.1007/bf02021369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chung SC, Rédei GP. An anomaly of the genetic regulation of the de novo pyrimidine pathway in the plant Arabidopsis. Biochem Genet 1974; 11:441-53. [PMID: 4371313 DOI: 10.1007/bf00486077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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SHIFF T, ROHEIM P, EDER H. Effects of high sucrose diets and 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine on serum lipids and lipoproteins in the rat. J Lipid Res 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Rajalakshmi S, Adams WR, Handschumacher RE. Isolation and characterization of low density structures from orotic acid-induced fatty livers. J Cell Biol 1969; 41:625-36. [PMID: 5783877 PMCID: PMC2107756 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.41.2.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrifugation of a sucrose homogenate of the livers of female albino rats fed a 1.5% orotic acid diet for 3 wk yielded a pellicle containing low density structures. In morphology and biochemical properties these structures resembled those portions of endoplasmic reticulum which accumulated lipid. Electron microscopy indicated large droplets of lipid bounded by a membrane with attached ribosome-like particles. The presence of ribosomes in these structures was established by treatment with deoxycholate and centrifugation. The proportion of 18S and 29S RNA was the same as that found in the ribosomes from normal liver; however, the distribution of radioactivity between the 18S and the 29S RNA after injection of 8-(14)C-adenine was distinctly different. The RNA isolated from these structures contained a higher guanylic acid to cytidylic acid ratio than that found in the microsomes of the normal liver. It is proposed that these low density structures may be those portions of the endoplasmic reticulum in which there exists a defect responsible for the block in the assembly or secretion of plasma lipoprotein.
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Selective Inhibition of Hepatic but Not Intestinal β-Lipoprotein Production and Triglyceride Transport in Rats Given Orotic Acid. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6866-7_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Windmueller H, Levy RI. Total Inhibition of Hepatic β-Lipoprotein Production in the Rat by Orotic Acid. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ethionine Fatty Liver12 1The author's research work included in this review was supported by funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases and National Institute of General Medical Sciences, U. S. Public Health Service, the American Cancer Society, the Life Insurance Medical Research Fund, and the Beaver County Cancer Society. 2The invaluable assistance of Mrs. Virginia Newman is gratefully acknowledged. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9941-2.50010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Balis ME. Metabolism of Oxypurines In Man. Adv Clin Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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JATLOW P, ADAMS WR, HANDSCHUMACHER RE. PATHOGENESIS OF OROTIC ACID-INDUCED FATTY CHANGE IN THE RAT LIVER: LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1965; 47:125-45. [PMID: 14308133 PMCID: PMC1920407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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SIDRANSKY H, VERNEY E. CHRONIC FATTY LIVER WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS INDUCED IN THE RAT BY DIETARY OROTIC ACID. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1965; 46:1007-14. [PMID: 14328017 PMCID: PMC1920397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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An Orotic Acid-induced, Adenine-reversed Inhibition of Hepatic Lipoprotein Secretion in the Rat. J Biol Chem 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sidransky H, Verney E, Lombardi B. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INDUCTION OF FATTY LIVER BY OROTIC ACID. J Nutr 1963; 81:348-56. [PMID: 14100994 DOI: 10.1093/jn/81.4.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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