1
|
Migeon BR, Beer MA, Bjornsson HT. Embryonic loss of human females with partial trisomy 19 identifies region critical for the single active X. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170403. [PMID: 28403217 PMCID: PMC5389809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To compensate for the sex difference in the number of X chromosomes, human females, like human males have only one active X. The other X chromosomes in cells of both sexes are silenced in utero by XIST, the Inactive X Specific Transcript gene, that is present on all X chromosomes. To investigate the means by which the human active X is protected from silencing by XIST, we updated the search for a key dosage sensitive XIST repressor using new cytogenetic data with more precise resolution. Here, based on a previously unknown sex bias in copy number variations, we identify a unique region in our genome, and propose candidate genes that lie within, as they could inactivate XIST. Unlike males, the females who duplicate this region of chromosome 19 (partial 19 trisomy) do not survive embryogenesis; this preimplantation loss of females may be one reason that more human males are born than females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara R. Migeon
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael A. Beer
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Hans T. Bjornsson
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chandler CH. When and why does sex chromosome dosage compensation evolve? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1389:37-51. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
3
|
Abstract
In eutherian mammals, dosage compensation of X-linked genes is achieved by X chromosome inactivation. X inactivation is random in embryonic and adult tissues, but imprinted X inactivation (paternal X silencing) has been identified in the extra-embryonic membranes of the mouse, rat, and cow. Few other species have been studied for this trait, and the data from studies of the human placenta have been discordant or inconclusive. Here, we quantify X inactivation using RNA sequencing of placental tissue from reciprocal hybrids of horse and donkey (mule and hinny). In placental tissue from the equid hybrids and the horse parent, the allelic expression pattern was consistent with random X inactivation, and imprinted X inactivation can clearly be excluded. We characterized horse and donkey XIST gene and demonstrated that XIST allelic expression in female hybrid placental and fetal tissues is negatively correlated with the other X-linked genes chromosome-wide, which is consistent with the XIST-mediated mechanism of X inactivation discovered previously in mice. As the most structurally and morphologically diverse organ in mammals, the placenta also appears to show diverse mechanisms for dosage compensation that may result in differences in conceptus development across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fraccaro M, Gustavsson I, Hultén M, Lindsten J, Mannini A, Tiepolo L. DNA replication patterns of canine chromosomes in vivo and in vitro. Hereditas 2009; 52:265-70. [PMID: 5826650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1965.tb01959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
5
|
|
6
|
Cozzi B, Morei G, Ravault JP, Chesneau D, Reiter RJ. Circadian and seasonal rhythms of melatonin production in mules (Equus asinus x Equus caballus). J Pineal Res 1991; 10:130-5. [PMID: 1880708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.1991.tb00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the patterns of melatonin production in the mule (Equus asinus x Equus caballus). Blood was sampled hourly for 24 h from eight mule mares in spring and fall. The data obtained show the presence of a circadian rhythm of production of melatonin, with highest values during the dark phase both in spring and fall. In fall the nightly rise of melatonin production begins earlier in the dark phase and reaches higher quantitative levels than in spring. The morning decline of melatonin production is similar in the two seasons. Maximal levels of nightly melatonin production in the mule are about 10 x higher than those described in the horse. The results reported here indicate the persistence of brain structures able to receive and transduce environmental signals in the mule, a genetically sterile mammalian hybrid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Cozzi
- Institute of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
A multivariate Gaussian model for mammalian development is presented with the associated biological and mathematical assumptions. Many biological investigations use the female mammal X chromosome to test hypotheses and to estimate parameters of the developmental system. In particular, Lyon's (1961) hypotheses are used as a basis of the mathematical model. Experimental mouse data and three sets of human experimental data are analyzed using the hypothesized Gaussian model. The estimated biological parameters are consistent with some current biological theories.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharma T, Raman R. Preferential late replication of one of the two morphologically distinguishable X-chromosomes in a female muntjac. EXPERIENTIA 1977; 33:1141-2. [PMID: 891854 DOI: 10.1007/bf01922289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In a female barking deer, Muntiacus muntjak, whose 2 X-chromosomes are mutually distinguishable from each other, one X has been found to be late replicating in 57.8% cells compared to the other which is late replicating in 42.2% cells. These data are suggestive of preferential inactivation of one X-chromosome. These findings have been discussed in the light of Lyon's hypothesis of random X-inactivation in eutherian mammals.
Collapse
|
9
|
Back F. The variable condition of euchromatin and heterochromatin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 45:25-64. [PMID: 783067 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Mukherjee BB, Milet RG. Nonrandom X-chromosome inactivation--an artifact of cell selection (mouse chimera). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:37-9. [PMID: 4500554 PMCID: PMC427539 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study shows that a high degree of variability in the distribution of XX and XY cells exists among various tissues of artificially assembled or spontaneously occurring mouse chimeras. This variation from the expected equal distribution in various tissues of an animal may have resulted from random distribution, unequal segregation, or selective differences of such cells during development. This variation may also explain the observed intertissue and interanimal variations in the distribution of inactive paternal and maternal X-chromosomes in some mammalian females.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cohen MM, Hastings C, Nadler CF, Lay DM. Random X-chromosome inactivation in interspecific hybrids of Meriones libycus (male) x Meriones shawi (female) (Rodentia: Gerbillinae). EXPERIENTIA 1971; 27:1084-6. [PMID: 5116146 DOI: 10.1007/bf02138896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
13
|
Hamerton JL, Richardson BJ, Gee PA, Allen WR, Short RV. Non-random X chromosome expression in female mules and hinnies. Nature 1971; 232:312-5. [PMID: 5094834 DOI: 10.1038/232312a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
14
|
Giannelli F, Hamerton JL. Non-random late replication of X chromosomes in mules and hinnies. Nature 1971; 232:315-9. [PMID: 5094835 DOI: 10.1038/232315a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
15
|
Hook EB, Brustman LD. Evidence for selective differences between cells with an active horse X chromosome and cells with an active donkey X chromosome in the female mule. Nature 1971; 232:349-50. [PMID: 5094847 DOI: 10.1038/232349a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
16
|
Cohen MM, Rattazzi MC. Cytological and biochemical correlation of late X-chromosome replication and gene inactivation in the mule. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:544-8. [PMID: 5276759 PMCID: PMC388984 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.3.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The correlation between late X-chromosome replication and the quantitation of different X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase electrophoretic forms was studied in a natural hybrid, the female mule. In all four animals examined, a significant deviation from the expected 1: 1 ratio of random X-chromosome inactivation was observed, with the donkey X-chromosome the more frequently late-replicating one. The relative amounts of horse and donkey enzymes activities in lysates of mule skin fibroblasts and in peripheral blood were in agreement with this finding: the donkey enzyme was the minor component. Although random expression of the enzymes from the two parent species was not observed, sampling, selection, or adaptation may actually be responsible for the apparent "preferential inactivation". These studies support the hypothesis that late DNA replication indicates genetic inactivation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mukherjee BB, Mukherjee AB, Mukherjee AB. Is inactivation of the X chromosome in the female mule non-random? Nature 1970; 228:1321-2. [PMID: 5488106 DOI: 10.1038/2281321a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
18
|
Hamerton JL, Giannelli F. Non-random inactivation of the X chromosome in the female mule. Nature 1970; 228:1322-3. [PMID: 5488107 DOI: 10.1038/2281322a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
19
|
Eicher EM. X-Autosome Translocations in The Mouse: Total Inactivation Versus Partial Inactivation Of The X Chromosome. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
20
|
Hamerton JL, Giannelli F, Collins F, Hallett J, Fryer A, McGuire VM, Short RV. Non-random x-inactivation in the female mule. Nature 1969; 222:1277-8. [PMID: 5789668 DOI: 10.1038/2221277a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
21
|
Rao SR, Shah VC, Seshadri C. Studies on rodent chromosomes. II. Autoradiographic study of the sex chromosomes of the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica cuverii (Waterhouse) and its bearing on the Lyon hypothesis. Chromosoma 1968; 23:309-16. [PMID: 5658169 DOI: 10.1007/bf02451002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
22
|
|
23
|
|
24
|
|
25
|
Gey W. [Studies of the DNA replication pattern of the chromosome groups 4-5, 13-15 and 21-22 in invitro cultured human leukocytes]. HUMANGENETIK 1966; 2:246-61. [PMID: 5984968 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
26
|
MUKHERJEE BB. CYTOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE X-CHROMOSOME DIFFERENTIATION IN NORMAL AND ABNORMAL CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965; 7:189-201. [PMID: 14324863 DOI: 10.1139/g65-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
27
|
Evans HJ, Ford CE, Lyon MF, Gray J. DNA replication and genetic expression in female mice with morphologically distinguishable X chromosomes. Nature 1965; 206:900-3. [PMID: 5839843 DOI: 10.1038/206900a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
28
|
Fujita S. Chromosomal organization as a genetic basis of cytodifferentiation in multicellular organisms. Nature 1965; 206:742-4. [PMID: 5319425 DOI: 10.1038/206742a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
29
|
WOLSTENHOLME DR. Electron microscopic identification of sex chromatin bodies of tissue culture cells. Chromosoma 1965; 16:453-62. [PMID: 14305460 DOI: 10.1007/bf00343173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|