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Zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM. Reprint of: cancer "causation" by infections--individual contributions and synergistic networks. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:207-22. [PMID: 25843727 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The search for infectious agents playing a role in human carcinogenesis and their identification remain important issues. This could provide clues for a broader spectrum of cancers preventable by vaccination and accessible to specific therapeutic regimens. Yet, the various ways of interacting among different factors functioning synergistically and their different modes of affecting individual cells should bring to question the validity of the term "causation". It also should put a word of caution into all attempts to summarize criteria for "causality" of infectious agents in cancer development. At least in the opinion of these authors, we would be much better off avoiding these terms, replacing "causal factor" by "risk factor" and grading them according to their contribution to an individual's cancer risk.
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zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM. Cancer "causation" by infections--individual contributions and synergistic networks. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:860-75. [PMID: 25499643 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The search for infectious agents playing a role in human carcinogenesis and their identification remain important issues. This could provide clues for a broader spectrum of cancers preventable by vaccination and accessible to specific therapeutic regimens. Yet, the various ways of interacting among different factors functioning synergistically and their different modes of affecting individual cells should bring to question the validity of the term "causation". It also should put a word of caution into all attempts to summarize criteria for "causality" of infectious agents in cancer development. At least in the opinion of these authors, we would be much better off avoiding these terms, replacing "causal factor" by "risk factor" and grading them according to their contribution to an individual's cancer risk.
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Cockley KD, Rapp F. Complementation for replication by unrelated animal viruses containing DNA genomes. Microbiol Rev 1987; 51:431-8. [PMID: 2830477 PMCID: PMC373125 DOI: 10.1128/mr.51.4.431-438.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Philipson L, Pettersson U, Lindberg U. Molecular biology of adenoviruses. VIROLOGY MONOGRAPHS. DIE VIRUSFORSCHUNG IN EINZELDARSTELLUNGEN 1975; 14:1-115. [PMID: 170728 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8391-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chino F. Tumorigenesis of adenovirus-SV 40 hybrids in hamsters. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1973; 23:479-91. [PMID: 4357060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1973.tb01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Oxman MN, Levine AS, Crumpacker CS, Levin MJ, Henry PH, Lewis AM. Studies of nondefective adenovirus 2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses. IV. Characterization of the simian virus 40 ribonucleic acid species induced by wild-type simian virus 40 and by the nondefective hybrid virus, Ad2 + ND 1 . J Virol 1971; 8:215-24. [PMID: 4329969 PMCID: PMC356233 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.2.215-224.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ad2(+)ND(1), a nondefective adenovirus 2 (Ad2)-simian virus 40 (SV40) hybrid virus, has been previously shown to contain a small segment of the SV40 genome covalently linked to Ad2 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The SV40 portion of this hybrid virus has been characterized by relating the SV40-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequences transcribed from the Ad2(+)ND(1) DNA to those transcribed from the DNA of SV40 itself. RNA-DNA hybridization-competition studies indicate that the SV40 component of Ad2(+)ND(1) consists of some, but not all, of that part of the SV40 genome which is transcribed early, i.e., prior to viral DNA replication, in SV40 lytic infection.
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Butel JS, Melnick JL, Tevethia SS. Effect of adenovirus type 12 on tumor induction by SV40 and para (defective SV40). Int J Cancer 1971; 7:112-8. [PMID: 4322932 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910070113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pontén J. Spontaneous and virus induced transformation in cell culture. VIROLOGY MONOGRAPHS. DIE VIRUSFORSCHUNG IN EINZELDARSTELLUNGEN 1971; 8:1-253. [PMID: 4354654 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8258-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Levin MJ, Black PH, Coghill SL, Dixon CB, Henry PH. In vitro transformation by the adenovirus-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses. V. Virus-specific ribonucleic acid in cell lines transformed by the adenovirus 2-simian virus 40 and adenovirus 12-simian virus 40 transcapsidant hybrid viruses. J Virol 1969; 4:704-11. [PMID: 4311798 PMCID: PMC375928 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.5.704-711.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization technique was utilized to determine the presence of adenovirus (ad) and SV40 genetic information and to determine which ad genomes were present in clones of hamster cells transformed with the ad 2-SV40 and ad 12-SV40 transcapsidant hybrid virus populations. The results were correlated with the morphology of the transformed cells and colonies. It was found that cells transformed by either transcapsidant virus which had an SV40 morphology contained the ad 7 and SV40 genomes, whereas cells with a typical ad morphology contained only ad genetic information. Cells and colonies with morphological features of both ad- and SV40-transformed cells contained either the ad 2, or ad 12 genomes, depending on the transcapsidant used, together with the ad 7 and SV40 genomes. The results indicate the following: at least three different events occurred during transformation of hamster cells by the transcapsidant virus populations; the morphology of the resulting clones is determined by the viral genome(s) present; the linkage of the ad 7-SV40 genomes is confirmed since the ad 7- SV40 genomes were never found to be dissociated; the defective ad 7-SV40 genomes are capable of causing transformation; and the transcapsidant particle is probably composed of only ad 7 and SV40 genetic information.
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Rapp F, Pauluzzi S, Butel JS. Variation in properties of plaque progeny of PARA (defective simian papovavirus 40)-adenovirus 7. J Virol 1969; 4:626-31. [PMID: 4311794 PMCID: PMC375918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.5.626-631.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred and twelve progeny from double plaque-purified clones were derived from the original PARA (defective simian papovavirus 40)-adenovirus 7 population. These progeny were found to differ in their oncogenic potential in newborn hamsters with progeny from 20 clones not inducing any tumors during 1 year of observation. The varying tumorigenicity of the individual clonal progeny was not related to the titer of PARA (particle aiding replication of adenovirus) in the inoculum. There was a perfect correlation between the tumor antigen content of the tumor cells and the antibody response of the tumor-bearing host. The tumors containing both adenovirus and simian papovavirus 40 (SV40) tumor antigens appeared earlier than those carrying only SV40 tumor antigen. Progeny from clones which induced mixed tumors also produced tumors which contained only SV40 tumor antigen. Three variants of PARA were isolated which induced the synthesis of SV40 tumor antigen in the cytoplasm of infected simian cells; all other clones yielded progeny which induced synthesis of SV40 tumor antigen in the nucleus.
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Black PH, Berman LD, Dixon CB. In vitro transformation by adenovirus-simiam virus 40 hybrid viruses. IV. Properties of clones isolated from cell lines transformed by adenovirus 2-simiam virus 40 and adenovirus 12-simiam virus 40 transcapsidant hybird viruses. J Virol 1969; 4:694-703. [PMID: 4311797 PMCID: PMC375927 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.5.694-703.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clones were isolated from hamster cells transformed by the adenovirus 2-SV40 and adenovirus 12-SV40 transcapsidant hybrid viruses. The clones were characterized with respect to their cytomorphology, virus and antigen content, and the histomorphology of tumors induced by transplantation of the clonal sublines to hamsters. Three different cellular and colonial morphologies were observed. Clones with an SV40 morphology gave rise to tumors predominantly with an SV40 histology, whereas clones with an adenovirus morphology produced typical adenovirus tumors upon transplantation of the transformed cells. Clones which had features of both SV40 and adenovirus transformed cells gave rise to "intermediate" and adenovirus tumors. The results indicate that multiple events occur during transformation and tumorigenesis by the transcapsidant virus populations and provide an explanation for the multiplicity of findings which have been reported with these virus populations.
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Boulanger PA, Jaume F, Moschetto Y, Biserte G. Isolation of histones from virus-induced tumors. FEBS Lett 1969; 4:291-294. [PMID: 11947207 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(69)80259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P A. Boulanger
- Unité de Recherches sur la Biochimie des Protéines de l'INSERM, 59, Lille, France
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Shiroki K, Shimojo H. Replication of human adenovirus in green monkey kidney cells transformed by adeno 7-SV40 hybrid virus. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1969; 13:125-8. [PMID: 4306307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1969.tb00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hanafusa H. Replication of oncogenic viruses in virus-induced tumor cells-their persistence and interaction with other viruses. Adv Cancer Res 1969; 12:137-65. [PMID: 4310052 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schild GC, Oxford JS, Potter CW. Changes accompanying long term tissue culture of an adenovirus type 12 tumour cell line. Br J Cancer 1968; 22:798-807. [PMID: 4883920 PMCID: PMC2008342 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1968.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Abstract
Following joint replication of monkey SA7 adenovirus (C8 strain) and human adenovirus type 2 in green monkey kidney tissue culture, a virus possessing the properties of a hybrid was obtained. It was designated Ad2C8. Ad2C8 preparations contained two types of viral particles: human adenovirus type 2, and hybrid particles. The hybrid virions multiplied in green monkey kidney cells in the presence of human adenovirus types 1, 2, and 3, but not 3 and 7, and acquired the capsid of the helper adenovirus. The hybrid can serve as a helper for human adenoviruses. It can apparently induce T antigen of the C8 virus but, in contrast to the latter, does not induce tumors in hamsters.
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Rapp F, Jerkofsky M, Melnick JL, Levy B. Variation in the oncogenic potential of human adenoviruses carrying a defective SV40 genome (PARA). J Exp Med 1968; 127:77-90. [PMID: 4294682 PMCID: PMC2138431 DOI: 10.1084/jem.127.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of the defective SV40 genome by a variety of human adenovirus serotypes by the process of transcapsidation has resulted in the addition of oncogenic potential for newborn hamsters to the previously nononcogenic adenovirus types 1, 2, 5, and 6. These serotypes have previously been grouped together by the high GC content of their DNA. Transcapsidation of the SV40 genome to weakly oncogenic adenovirus types 3, 14, 16, and 21 has failed to increase their oncogenic potential although the parent adenovirus type 7 carrying PARA is highly oncogenic. These serotypes belong to the group possessing a DNA of intermediate GC content. All the PARA-adenovirus populations, even those that were nononcogenic, were able to induce SV40 transplantation immunity and therefore carry the SV40 transplantation marker as well as the marker for synthesis of SV40 tumor or T antigen.
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Rapp F, Melnick JL, Levy B. Correlation of immunology and histopathology of tumors induced by defective SV40-adenovirus hybrids. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1967; 50:849-59. [PMID: 4290290 PMCID: PMC1965367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Black PH, Lewis AM, Blacklow NR, Austin JB, Rowe WP. The presence of adenovirus-specific antigens in hamster cells rendered neoplastic by adenovirus 1-SV40 and adenovirus 2-SV40 hybrid viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 57:1324-30. [PMID: 4292152 PMCID: PMC224475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.5.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Oxman MN, Rowe WP, Black PH. Studies of adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses, VI. Differential effects of interferon on SV40 and adenovirus T antigen formation in cells infected with SV40 virus, adenoviruses, and adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 57:941-8. [PMID: 4291923 PMCID: PMC224638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.57.4.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Black PH, White BJ. In vitro transformation by the adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses. II. Characteristics of the transformation of hamster cells by the adeno 2-, adeno 3-, and adeno 12-SV40 viruses. J Exp Med 1967; 125:629-46. [PMID: 4289741 PMCID: PMC2138372 DOI: 10.1084/jem.125.4.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary weanling hamster kidney cultures were transformed with the adeno 2-SV40, adeno 3-SV40, and adeno 12-SV40 hybrid viruses and with adenovirus type 12. The transformed cell lines which were established were characterized with respect to morphology, virus and antigen content, and chromosome aberrations. The adeno 2 and adeno 3-SV40 hybrid transformed cells had the morphology and T antigen content characteristic of SV40 transformations; cells transformed by the former hybrid had cytogenetic changes typical of SV40-transformed cells as well. The adeno 12-SV40 transformed cells were similar morphologically to adeno 12-transformed cells, contained both the SV40 and adeno T antigens and demonstrated the karyotypic instability of SV40-transformed cells, indicating that both viral genomes are operative in these cells. Although the results indicate that the SV40 genome in hybrids derived from the moderately or nononcogenic adenoviruses supplies the determinants for most of the characteristics investigated, and perhaps for oncogenesis, evidence was presented which suggests that a portion of a nononcogenic adenovirus genome may be integrated in adeno 2-SV40 transformed cells and directs the synthesis of adenovirus T antigens.
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Butel JS, Rapp F, Melnick JL, Rubin BA. Replication of adenovirus type 7 in monkey cells: a new determinant and its transfer to adenovirus type 2. Science 1966; 154:671-3. [PMID: 4958853 DOI: 10.1126/science.154.3749.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A strain of human adenovirus type 7, adapted to replication in green-monkey kidney cells, requires the interaction of two particles to initiate plaque formation in the simian cells. One particle is a true adenovirion. The second, apparently defective, consists of a genome carrying amonkey-adapting component in an adenovirus capsid; this genome does not express known SV40 determinants. The addition of human adenovirus type 7 that is not adapted enhances the titer and changesconditions for plaque formation by the adapted virus to a one-particle requirement. Addition of nonadapted human adenovirus type 2 as helper virus results in the transfer of the monkey-adaptingcomponent from adenovirus type 7 to adenovirus type 2. The population containing the adenovirus 2 transcapsidant then has the ability to replicate in simian cells.
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Todaro GJ, Green H, Swift MR. Susceptibility of human diploid fibroblast strains to transformation by SV40 virus. Science 1966; 153:1252-4. [PMID: 4288245 DOI: 10.1126/science.153.3741.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative system has been developed for the study of transformation of human diploid fibroblasts in culture by two oncogenic viruses, SV40 and the E46 strain of adeno 7-SV40 "hybrid" virus. Seven of the eleven cell strains derived from human skin biopsies when infected with SV40 (10(9) tissue culture infective doses per milliliter) gave rise to transformed colonies with approximately the same frequency (0.03 percent). Two strains derived from patients with Fanconi's anemia, an autosomal recessive disease associated with a high incidence of chromosome abnormalities and spontaneous neoplasms, gave values more than ten times higher. Two strains from persons heterozygous for this gene were also considerably more susceptible to viral transformation.
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Rowe WP, Pugh WE. Studies of adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses. V. Evidence for linkage between adenovirus and SV40 genetic materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:1126-32. [PMID: 4289253 PMCID: PMC224289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.5.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Lewis AM, Prigge KO, Rowe WP. Studies of adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses. IV. An adenovirus type 2 strain carrying the infectious SV40 genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:526-31. [PMID: 4287488 PMCID: PMC224181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.3.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Feldman LA, Butel JS, Rapp F. Interaction of a simian papovavirus and adenoviruses. I. Induction of adenovirus tumor antigen during abortive infection of simian cells. J Bacteriol 1966; 91:813-8. [PMID: 4286827 PMCID: PMC314934 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.2.813-818.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Feldman, Lawrence A. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), Janet S. Butel, and Fred Rapp. Interaction of a simian papovavirus and adenoviruses. I. Induction of adenovirus tumor antigen during abortive infection of simian cells. J. Bacteriol. 91:813-818. 1966.-Adenovirus types 2, 7, and 12 undergo an abortive growth cycle in green monkey kidney cells; they induce the formation of adenovirus tumor antigen, but synthesis of adeno capsid antigen and infectious adenovirus was observed only when cultures were concomitantly infected with a simian papovavirus (SV40). Several other viruses, including herpes simplex and measles which replicate in monkey cells, and rabbit papilloma and human wart papovaviruses which do not, failed to stimulate adenovirus replication in the monkey cells. Adenovirus tumor antigen was detected 8 to 10 hr postinfection by immunofluorescent techniques. The antigen induced by adenovirus types 2 and 7 appeared as intranuclear masses; adenovirus type 12 tumor antigen also appeared as cytoplasmic and nuclear flecks. Sera from hamsters bearing tumors induced by adenovirus type 12 cross-reacted with tumor antigens induced by types 2 and 7 but not with antigens induced by SV40.
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Reich PR, Baum SG, Rose JA, Rowe WP, Weissman SM. Nucleic acid homology studies of adenovirus type 7-SV40 interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55:336-41. [PMID: 4287386 PMCID: PMC224145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.55.2.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Rapp F, Butel JS, Melnick JL. SV40-adenovirus "hybrid" populations: transfer of SV40 determinants from one type of adenovirus to another. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 54:717-24. [PMID: 4286418 PMCID: PMC219733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.54.3.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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