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Karadirek S. Paleoenvironmental Settings of the Soma Coal Basin (Turkey): Insights from Maceral Data, Biomarker, and Carbon Isotopic Composition. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47974-47990. [PMID: 38144149 PMCID: PMC10733913 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic geochemical (TOC, pyrolysis, biomarker) and petrographic (maceral analysis) investigations together with organic carbon isotope studies were carried out to characterize in detail the depositional environment, determine the organic matter type, and assess the hydrocarbon production potential of three coal seams (KP1-upper, KM3-middle, and KM2-lower) in the Soma (Manisa, Western Anatolia) coal field in Turkey. The total organic carbon value of the upper coal seam ranged between 11.7 and 55.75%, the middle coal seam between 20.12 and 62.86%, and the lower coal seam between 50.03 and 65.71%. Coals in all three seams are characterized by low hydrogen index (HI) values (<151 mg HC/g TOC), low bitumen index (BI) (<19 g HC/g TOC), and quality index (QI) between 23 and 156 mg HC/g TOC. According to Rock-Eval pyrolysis data, the organic matter type of the coals is type III kerogen. Huminite reflectance, Tmax, and biomarker data (22S/22S+22R (C32) sterane, ββ/(αα + ββ) (C29) sterane, and MPI-1) indicate that the organic matter is not thermally mature and that the Soma-Manisa coal has reached the sub-bituminous rank. Rock-Eval data shows that coal is gas-prone and has not reached the maturity threshold required for initial gas production. The dominant maceral group is huminite while liptinite and inertinite macerals have been found in minor amounts. Groundwater index (GWI), vegetation index (VI), tissue preservation index (TPI), and gelification index (GI) parameters indicate a transition from limnic-limno-telmatic to limno-telmatic-telmatic environment from the upper seam to the lower seam. N-Alkane distributions show that paleoclimatic conditions have changed from KP1 to KM2. The higher abundance of pristane compared to phytane and low C35/C31-C35 homohopane index values demonstrate that the coals were deposited in a suboxic-oxic environment. The predominance of n-alkanes with generally high carbon number, relative variable abundances of C27-C28-C29 steranes, δ13C values, C/N ratios, and very low gammacerane index indicate a terrestrial ecosystem with nonmarine influence, although algae and microorganisms also contributed to the biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Karadirek
- Department of Geological
Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
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Chen J, Hogancamp N, Lu M, Ikejiri T, Malina N, Ojeda A, Sun Y, Lu Y. Lipid biomarkers recording marine microbial community structure changes through the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction event. GEOBIOLOGY 2023; 21:725-742. [PMID: 37455407 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Studying the response and recovery of marine microbial communities during mass extinction events provides an evolutionary window through which to understand the adaptation and resilience of the marine ecosystem in the face of significant environmental disturbances. The goal of this study is to reconstruct changes in the marine microbial community structure through the Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) transition. We performed a multiproxy investigation on a drill core of the Upper Devonian New Albany Shale from the Illinois Basin (western Kentucky, USA). Aryl isoprenoids show green sulfur bacteria expansion and associated photic zone euxinia (PZE) enhancement during the F-F interval. These changes can be attributed to augmented terrigenous influxes, as recorded collectively by the long-chain/short-chain normal alkane ratio, carbon preference index, C30 moretane/C30 hopane, and diahopane index. Hopane/sterane ratios reveal a more pronounced dominance of eukaryotic over prokaryotic production during the mass extinction interval. Sterane distributions indicate that the microalgal community was primarily composed of green algae clades, and their dominance became more pronounced during the F-F interval and continued to rise in the subsequent periods. The 2α-methylhopane index values do not show an evident shift during the mass extinction interval, whereas the 3β-methylhopane index values record a greater abundance of methanotrophic bacteria during the extinction interval, suggesting enhanced methane cycling due to intensified oxygen depletion. Overall, the Illinois Basin during the F-F extinction experienced heightened algal productivity due to intensified terrigenous influxes, exhibiting similarities to contemporary coastal oceans that are currently undergoing globalized cultural eutrophication. The observed microbial community shifts associated with the F-F environmental disturbances were largely restricted to the extinction interval, which suggests a relatively stable, resilient marine microbial ecosystem during the Late Devonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Molecular Eco-Geochemistry (MEG) Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Nicholas Hogancamp
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Man Lu
- Molecular Eco-Geochemistry (MEG) Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Takehito Ikejiri
- Molecular Eco-Geochemistry (MEG) Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
- Alabama Museum of Natural History, The University of Alabama, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Natalia Malina
- Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Ann Ojeda
- Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - YongGe Sun
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - YueHan Lu
- Molecular Eco-Geochemistry (MEG) Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Fu H, Bao K, Yu J, Zhang Y. Geochemical records of human-induced environmental changes in two small remote lakes of Songnen Plain, Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:103910-103920. [PMID: 37691060 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and composition of aliphatic hydrocarbon biomarkers were determined in dated sediment cores from Lakes Qijiapao (QJP) and Huoshaoheipao (HSH) in the Songnen Plain, Northeast China, to investigate historical environmental changes in these lakes and identify likely controlling factors. Based on these results, the recent environmental history of the two lakes can be divided into three periods. Before 1950, low Paq values (avg. 0.23 and 0.27, respectively) and middle-chain n-alkane abundances (normalized to total organic carbon, avg. 14.82 and 16.01 µg g-1 TOC, respectively) in both lakes suggested low aquatic productivity and the limited input of submerged macrophyte organic matter (OM). However, the significant increase in the abundance of short-chain n-alkanes in Lake HSH (from 8.34 to 16.68 µg g-1 TOC) indicated the emergence of early nutrient enrichment in the lake. From 1950 to 2000, marked increase in the abundance of middle-chain n-alkanes (avg. 21.72 and 22.62 µg g-1 TOC in Lakes QJP and HSH, respectively) and Paq values indicated that both lakes had undergone eutrophication because of the population explosion and agricultural intensification. From 2000 to 2013, the abundance of short- and middle-chain n-alkanes in Lake QJP markedly exceeded those in Lake HSH and indicated a larger eutrophication in Lake QJP, which could be caused by the development of ecotourism in Lake HSH and the concomitant increase in aquaculture in Lake QJP in recent years. The highest abundance of C30 αβ-hopane (~ 10.24 µg g-1 TOC) and the lowest CPIH values in Lake QJP revealed a possible petroleum pollution since 2008. Taken together, lake eutrophication in the Songnen Plain accelerated after 1950 and was influenced primarily by agriculture and aquaculture. This is in contrast to lakes in other regions of China (such as the Yangtze River Basin and Yunnan Province), where urbanization and industrialization have exerted a dominant influence on the lake environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Fu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Kunshan Bao
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jinlei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yongdong Zhang
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Hayashi Y, Arai M. Recent advances in the improvement of cyanobacterial enzymes for bioalkane production. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:256. [PMID: 36503511 PMCID: PMC9743570 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biologically produced alkanes has attracted considerable attention as an alternative energy source to petroleum. In 2010, the alkane synthesis pathway in cyanobacteria was found to include two small globular proteins, acyl-(acyl carrier protein [ACP]) reductase (AAR) and aldehyde deformylating oxygenase (ADO). AAR produces fatty aldehydes from acyl-ACPs/CoAs, which are then converted by ADO to alkanes/alkenes equivalent to diesel oil. This discovery has paved the way for alkane production by genetically modified organisms. Since then, many studies have investigated the reactions catalyzed by AAR and ADO. In this review, we first summarize recent findings on structures and catalytic mechanisms of AAR and ADO. We then outline the mechanism by which AAR and ADO form a complex and efficiently transfer the insoluble aldehyde produced by AAR to ADO. Furthermore, we describe recent advances in protein engineering studies on AAR and ADO to improve the efficiency of alkane production in genetically engineered microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and cyanobacteria. Finally, the role of alkanes in cyanobacteria and future perspectives for bioalkane production using AAR and ADO are discussed. This review provides strategies for improving the production of bioalkanes using AAR and ADO in cyanobacteria for enabling the production of carbon-neutral fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Hayashi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XEnvironmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Munehito Arai
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
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Li Y, Pang L, Wang Z, Meng Q, Guan P, Xu X, Fang Y, Lu H, Ye J, Xie W. Geochemical Characteristics and Significance of Organic Matter in Hydrate-Bearing Sediments from Shenhu Area, South China Sea. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082533. [PMID: 35458729 PMCID: PMC9025314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rock-Eval pyrolysis and the biomarker composition of organic matter were systematically studied in hydrate-bearing sediments from the Shenhu area, South China Sea. The n-alkane distribution patterns revealed that the organic matter in the sediments appeared to originate from mixed sources of marine autochthonous input, terrestrial higher plants, and ancient reworked organic matter. The low total organic carbon contents (average < 0.5%) and the low hydrogen index (HI, <80 mg HC/g TOC) suggested the poor hydrocarbon-generation potential of the deposited organic matter at a surrounding temperature of <20 °C in unconsolidated sediments. The abnormally high production index and the fossil-originated unresolved complex mixture (UCM) accompanied by sterane and hopane of high maturity indicated the contribution of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. Preliminary oil-to-source correlation for the extracts implied that the allochthonous hydrocarbons in the W01B and W02B sediments might have originated from the terrestrial source rocks of mature Enping and Wenchang formations, while those of W03B seem to be derived from more reduced and immature marine source rocks such as the Zhuhai formation. The results of the organic extracts supported the previous identification of source rocks based on the isotopic composition of C2+ hydrate-bound gases. The biomarker of methanogens, squalane, was recognized in the sediments of this study, possibly suggesting the generation of secondary microbial gases which are coupled with the biodegradation of the deep allochthonous hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- Beijing International Center for Gas Hydrate, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.P.); (P.G.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Lei Pang
- Beijing International Center for Gas Hydrate, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Zuodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment & Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Qianxiang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment & Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Ping Guan
- Beijing International Center for Gas Hydrate, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.P.); (P.G.)
| | - Xuemin Xu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China;
| | - Yunxin Fang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
- MLR Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guangzhou 510075, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.)
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Hailong Lu
- Beijing International Center for Gas Hydrate, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (L.P.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (H.L.)
| | - Jianliang Ye
- MLR Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guangzhou 510075, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.)
| | - Wenwei Xie
- MLR Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guangzhou 510075, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.)
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Parveen H, Yazdani SS. Insights into cyanobacterial alkane biosynthesis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:kuab075. [PMID: 34718648 PMCID: PMC9118987 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Alkanes are high-energy molecules that are compatible with enduring liquid fuel infrastructures, which make them highly suitable for being next-generation biofuels. Though biological production of alkanes has been reported in various microorganisms, the reports citing photosynthetic cyanobacteria as natural producers have been the most consistent for the long-chain alkanes and alkenes (C15-C19). However, the production of alkane in cyanobacteria is low, leading to its extraction being uneconomical for commercial purposes. In order to make alkane production economically feasible from cyanobacteria, the titre and yield need to be increased by several orders of magnitude. In the recent past, efforts have been made to enhance alkane production, although with a little gain in yield, leaving space for much improvement. Genetic manipulation in cyanobacteria is considered challenging, but recent advancements in genetic engineering tools may assist in manipulating the genome in order to enhance alkane production. Further, advancement in a basic understanding of metabolic pathways and gene functioning will guide future research for harvesting the potential of these tiny photosynthetically efficient factories. In this review, our focus would be to highlight the current knowledge available on cyanobacterial alkane production, and the potential aspects of developing cyanobacterium as an economical source of biofuel. Further insights into different metabolic pathways and hosts explored so far, and possible challenges in scaling up the production of alkanes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Parveen
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Syed Shams Yazdani
- Microbial Engineering Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067 India
- DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
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Wintertime Simulations Induce Changes in the Structure, Diversity and Function of Antarctic Sea Ice-Associated Microbial Communities. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030623. [PMID: 35336197 PMCID: PMC8950563 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctic sea-ice is exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions during its annual existence; however, there is very little information describing the change in sea-ice-associated microbial communities (SIMCOs) during the changing seasons. It is well known that during the solar seasons, SIMCOs play an important role in the polar carbon-cycle, by increasing the total photosynthetic primary production of the South Ocean and participating in the remineralization of phosphates and nitrogen. What remains poorly understood is the dynamic of SIMCO populations and their ecological contribution to carbon and nutrient cycling throughout the entire annual life of Antarctic sea-ice, especially in winter. Sea ice at this time of the year is an extreme environment, characterized by complete darkness (which stops photosynthesis), extremely low temperatures in its upper horizons (down to −45 °C) and high salinity (up to 150–250 psu) in its brine inclusions, where SIMCOs thrive. Without a permanent station, wintering expeditions in Antarctica are technically difficult; therefore, in this study, the process of autumn freezing was modelled under laboratory conditions, and the resulting ‘young ice’ was further incubated in cold and darkness for one month. The ice formation experiment was primarily designed to reproduce two critical conditions: (i) total darkness, causing the photosynthesis to cease, and (ii) the presence of a large amount of algae-derived organic matter. As expected, in the absence of photosynthesis, the activity of aerobic heterotrophs quickly created micro-oxic conditions, which caused the emergence of new players, namely facultative anaerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Following this finding, we can state that Antarctic pack-ice and its surrounding ambient (under-ice seawater and platelet ice) are likely to be very dynamic and can quickly respond to environmental changes caused by the seasonal fluctuations. Given the size of Antarctic pack-ice, even in complete darkness and cessation of photosynthesis, its ecosystem appears to remain active, continuing to participate in global carbon-and-sulfur cycling under harsh conditions.
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Calm and Frenzy: marine obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria sustain ocean wellness. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 73:337-345. [PMID: 34768202 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
According to current estimates, the annual volume of crude oil entering the ocean due to both anthropogenic activities and naturally occurring seepages reaches approximately 8.3 million metric tons. Huge discharges from accidents have caused large-scale environmental disasters with extensive damage to the marine ecosystem. The natural clean-up of petroleum spills in marine environments is carried out primarily by naturally occurring obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (OHCB). The natural hosts of OHCB include a range of marine primary producers, unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes and cyanobacteria, which have been documented as both, suppliers of hydrocarbon-like compounds that fuel the 'cryptic' hydrocarbon cycle and as a source of isolation of new OHCB. A very new body of evidence suggests that OHCB are not only the active early stage colonizers of plastics and hence the important component of the ocean's 'plastisphere' but also encode an array of enzymes experimentally proven to act on petrochemical and bio-based polymers.
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Massive and rapid predominantly volcanic CO 2 emission during the end-Permian mass extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014701118. [PMID: 34493684 PMCID: PMC8449420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014701118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The end-Permian mass extinction event (∼252 Mya) is associated with one of the largest global carbon cycle perturbations in the Phanerozoic and is thought to be triggered by the Siberian Traps volcanism. Sizable carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) have been found at numerous sites around the world, suggesting massive quantities of 13C-depleted CO2 input into the ocean and atmosphere system. The exact magnitude and cause of the CIEs, the pace of CO2 emission, and the total quantity of CO2, however, remain poorly known. Here, we quantify the CO2 emission in an Earth system model based on new compound-specific carbon isotope records from the Finnmark Platform and an astronomically tuned age model. By quantitatively comparing the modeled surface ocean pH and boron isotope pH proxy, a massive (∼36,000 Gt C) and rapid emission (∼5 Gt C yr-1) of largely volcanic CO2 source (∼-15%) is necessary to drive the observed pattern of CIE, the abrupt decline in surface ocean pH, and the extreme global temperature increase. This suggests that the massive amount of greenhouse gases may have pushed the Earth system toward a critical tipping point, beyond which extreme changes in ocean pH and temperature led to irreversible mass extinction. The comparatively amplified CIE observed in higher plant leaf waxes suggests that the surface waters of the Finnmark Platform were likely out of equilibrium with the initial massive centennial-scale release of carbon from the massive Siberian Traps volcanism, supporting the rapidity of carbon injection. Our modeling work reveals that carbon emission pulses are accompanied by organic carbon burial, facilitated by widespread ocean anoxia.
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10
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Microbial production and consumption of hydrocarbons in the global ocean. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:489-498. [PMID: 33526885 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00859-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Seeps, spills and other oil pollution introduce hydrocarbons into the ocean. Marine cyanobacteria also produce hydrocarbons from fatty acids, but little is known about the size and turnover of this cyanobacterial hydrocarbon cycle. We report that cyanobacteria in an oligotrophic gyre mainly produce n-pentadecane and that microbial hydrocarbon production exhibits stratification and diel cycling in the sunlit surface ocean. Using chemical and isotopic tracing we find that pentadecane production mainly occurs in the lower euphotic zone. Using a multifaceted approach, we estimate that the global flux of cyanobacteria-produced pentadecane exceeds total oil input in the ocean by 100- to 500-fold. We show that rapid pentadecane consumption sustains a population of pentadecane-degrading bacteria, and possibly archaea. Our findings characterize a microbial hydrocarbon cycle in the open ocean that dwarfs oil input. We hypothesize that cyanobacterial hydrocarbon production selectively primes the ocean's microbiome with long-chain alkanes whereas degradation of other petroleum hydrocarbons is controlled by factors including proximity to petroleum seepage.
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Biogeochemical proxy evidence of gradual and muted geolimnological response of Lake Nkunga, Mt. Kenya to climate changes and human influence during the past millennium. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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12
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Wang L, Chen L, Yang S, Tan X. Photosynthetic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Oleochemicals by Cyanobacteria: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:634. [PMID: 32362881 PMCID: PMC7181335 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable production of biofuels and biochemicals has been broadly accepted as a solution to lower carbon dioxide emissions. Besides being used as lubricants or detergents, oleochemicals are also attractive biofuels as they are compatible with existing transport infrastructures. Cyanobacteria are autotrophic prokaryotes possessing photosynthetic abilities with mature genetic manipulation systems. Through the introduction of exogenous or the modification of intrinsic metabolic pathways, cyanobacteria have been engineered to produce various bio-chemicals and biofuels over the past decade. In this review, we specifically summarize recent progress on photosynthetic production of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty alk(a/e)nes, and fatty acid esters by genetically engineered cyanobacteria. We also summarize recent reports on fatty acid and lipid metabolisms of cyanobacteria and provide perspectives for economic cyanobacterial oleochemical production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Su Y, Du Y, Liu Z. Long-term changes of water quality in aquaculture-dominated lakes as revealed by sediment geochemical records in Lake Taibai (Eastern China). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:297-307. [PMID: 31260870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development and exploitation of the Yangtze River basin in order to ensure human food security and increase living space in recent decades has resulted in significant potential for degradation of water quality in the river and in hundreds of lakes. Understanding how lake environments have evolved to their present state under a variety of external influences is crucial for evaluating their current status and anticipating future scenarios of environmental changes. However, the lakes along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (MRY) are as yet little studied. Here, we described the long-term anthropogenic environmental transformations of a small lake (Lake Taibai) in the MRY area, based on a detailed quantitative geochemical analysis of the aliphatic hydrocarbons, nutrients (N and P), biogenic silica (BSi), and major and trace elements present in a dated sediment core retrieved from the lake. Our data revealed that levels of short-chain n-alkanes, αβ-hopanes and the trace elements arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) were all low for the entire record in sediments prior to ca. 1970, reflecting unpolluted natural state of the lake. Pronounced anthropogenic effects began to appear in sediments deposited in the subsequent years ca. 1970-1990, during which the levels of all these components were elevated, most likely driven by input of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) containing chemical fertilizers, pesticides and diesel oil respectively. Since ca. 1990, changes of short-chain n-alkane levels in the sediment suggested the lake had undergone dramatic eutrophication in which existing anthropogenic stressors were exacerbated by technological advances that extended the use of chemical fertilizer into aquaculture. This pattern contrasted with an otherwise comparable lake in the lower Yangtze River basin, Lake Changdang, in which trace element and petroleum pollution were much more prominent due to dramatic urbanization and industrialization of the catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Zhang
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Jinlei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yaling Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yingxun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Lima ARJ, Siqueira AS, de Vasconcelos JM, Pereira JS, de Azevedo JSN, Moraes PHG, Aguiar DCF, de Lima CPS, Vianez-Júnior JLSG, Nunes MRT, Xavier LP, Dall'Agnol LT, Goncalves EC. Insights Into Limnothrix sp. Metabolism Based on Comparative Genomics. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2811. [PMID: 30515147 PMCID: PMC6256058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently only four genome sequences for Limnothrix spp. are publicly available, and information on the genetic properties of cyanobacteria belonging to this genus is limited. In this study, we report the draft genome of Limnothrix sp. CACIAM 69d, isolated from the reservoir of a hydroelectric dam located in the Amazon ecosystem, from where cyanobacterial genomic data are still scarce. Comparative genomic analysis of Limnothrix revealed the presence of key enzymes in the cyanobacterial central carbon metabolism and how it is well equipped for environmental sulfur and nitrogen acquisition. Additionally, this work covered the analysis of Limnothrix CRISPR-Cas systems, pathways related to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and assembly of extracellular polymeric substances and their exportation. A trans-AT PKS gene cluster was identified in two strains, possibly related to the novel toxin Limnothrixin biosynthesis. Overall, the draft genome of Limnothrix sp. CACIAM 69d adds new data to the small Limnothrix genome library and contributes to a growing representativeness of cyanobacterial genomes from the Amazon region. The comparative genomic analysis of Limnothrix made it possible to highlight unique genes for each strain and understand the overall features of their metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ranieri Jerônimo Lima
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Andrei Santos Siqueira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Janaina Mota de Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - James Siqueira Pereira
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Molecular, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Campus de Capanema, Capanema, Brazil
| | - Juliana Simão Nina de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Molecular, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Campus de Capanema, Capanema, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luciana Pereira Xavier
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Enzimas e Biotransformações, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Teixeira Dall'Agnol
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade, Bioprospecção e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Evonnildo Costa Goncalves
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Kim D, Kim JH, Kim MS, Ra K, Shin KH. Assessing environmental changes in Lake Shihwa, South Korea, based on distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions of n-alkanes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:105-115. [PMID: 29734074 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate historical environmental changes in an artificial lake, Lake Shihwa in South Korea, based on bulk (TOC, TN, C/N ratio, δ13CTOC, and δ15NTN) and molecular (concentrations and δ13C of n-alkanes) parameters, by analyzing riverbank sediments (n = 12), lake surface sediments (n = 9), and lake core sediments (n = 108). Although the bulk organic parameters showed similar characteristics for all lake surface sediment samples, the distribution pattern and δ13C of n-alkanes revealed distinct differences between 2009 samples and 2012/2016 samples. This change of sedimentary organic matter characteristics can be attributed to operation of the tidal power plant that began in 2011, which improved lake water circulation and thus changed the lake sedimentary environment from anoxic to more oxic conditions. The vertical profiles of bulk and molecular lake sediment core records collected in 2009, especially at the site closest to the dike, showed a drastic shift around 1987, indicating that stronger anoxic sedimentary conditions prevailed after 1987. This is linked to sea dike construction in 1987, which prohibited sea-lake water exchange and thus deteriorated water quality in Lake Shihwa. We conclude that Lake Shihwa has experienced severe environmental changes due to human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Kim
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, South Korea.
| | - Min-Seob Kim
- Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49111, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea.
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16
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Dadashi M, Ghaffari S, Bakhtiari AR, Tauler R. Multivariate curve resolution of organic pollution patterns in mangrove forest sediment from Qeshm Island and Khamir Port-Persian Gulf, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:723-735. [PMID: 29063394 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Straight-chain alkanes (n-alkanes) have been proposed as biomarkers to assess petroleum pollution sources in marine environments. In this work, three sampling sites were selected along Iranian-protected mangrove forests in the Persian Gulf. Sample sites were chosen to represent different compositions and sources of n-alkanes in surface sediments (0-5 cm) from different locations in the Khamir Port, in the middle part of the Gulf, and in the Qeshm Island. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the obtained n-alkanes concentrations were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to deduce their possible sources and distribution patterns. Results revealed that n-alkanes have a dominant biogenic source in marginal Qeshm Island stations, which changed from biogenic to petrogenic sources in the Khamir Port areas. Sediment samples from the Khamir Port showed the significant presence of oil pollution due to transportation. These samples are being exposed to basic Persian Gulf currents entering from the Hormuz Strait causing oil pollution spread over the entire Gulf area. Sediment samples of the Middle Part stations located between two other sites show a combined condition of the two previous sections, with petrogenic and biogenic contributions. The present study demonstrates that the Hara Protected Area was already contaminated by background oil pollution as a result of continuous oil spills and war conflicts in the Persian Gulf.Additionally, the MCR-ALS method is shown to be a powerful chemometric tool for the investigation, resolution, identification, and description of pollution patterns distributed over a particular geographical area and environmental compartment. They can be used as well as parameters like unresolved to resolved ratio (U/R), pristane to phytane (Pr/Ph), n-C17/Pr, n-C18/Ph, and unresolved complex mixture (UCM) to assess petroleum pollution sources in the sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Dadashi
- Center for Research in Climate Change and Global Warming (CRCC), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Gavezange Road, P.O. Box 45195-1159, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Sanaz Ghaffari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Roma Tauler
- IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Spain
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Kim JH, Lee DH, Yoon SH, Jeong KS, Choi B, Shin KH. Contribution of petroleum-derived organic carbon to sedimentary organic carbon pool in the eastern Yellow Sea (the northwestern Pacific). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:1389-1399. [PMID: 27919532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) of sedimentary n-alkanes (C15C35) in the riverbank and marine surface sediments to trace natural and anthropogenic organic carbon (OC) sources in the eastern Yellow Sea which is a river dominated marginal sea. Molecular distributions of n-alkanes are overall dominated by odd-carbon-numbered high molecular weight n-C27, n-C29, and n-C31. The δ13C signatures of n-C27, n-C29, and n-C31 indicate a large contribution of C3 gymnosperms as the main source of n-alkanes, with the values of -29.5 ± 1.3‰, -30.3 ± 2.0‰, and -30.0 ± 1.7‰, respectively. However, the contribution of thermally matured petroleum-derived OC to the sedimentary OC pool is also evident, especially in the southern part of the study area as shown by the low carbon preference index (CPI25-33, <1) and natural n-alkanes ratio (NAR, <-0.6) values. Notably, the even-carbon-numbered long-chain n-C28 and n-C30 in this area have higher δ13C values (-26.2 ± 1.5‰ and -26.5 ± 1.9‰, respectively) than the odd-carbon-numbered long-chain n-C29 and n-C31 (-28.4 ± 2.7‰ and -28.4 ± 2.4‰, respectively), confirming two different sources of long-chain n-alkanes. Hence, our results highlight a possible influence of petroleum-induced OC on benthic food webs in this ecosystem. However, the relative proportions of the natural and petroleum-derived OC sources are not calculated due to the lack of biogeochemical end-member data in the study area. Hence, more works are needed to constrain the end-member values of the organic material supplied from the rivers to the eastern Yellow Sea and thus to better understand the source and depositional process of sedimentary OC in the eastern Yellow Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea; Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea.
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea
| | - Suk-Hee Yoon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea
| | - Kap-Sik Jeong
- Marine Geology and Geophysics Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan 426-744, South Korea
| | - Bohyung Choi
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA Campus, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea.
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18
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Xie M, Wang W, Zhang W, Chen L, Lu X. Versatility of hydrocarbon production in cyanobacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:905-919. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Efficacy of head space solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of the trace extracellular hydrocarbons of cyanobacteria. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1029-1030:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Sorigué D, Légeret B, Cuiné S, Morales P, Mirabella B, Guédeney G, Li-Beisson Y, Jetter R, Peltier G, Beisson F. Microalgae Synthesize Hydrocarbons from Long-Chain Fatty Acids via a Light-Dependent Pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2393-405. [PMID: 27288359 PMCID: PMC4972275 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered a promising platform for the production of lipid-based biofuels. While oil accumulation pathways are intensively researched, the possible existence of a microalgal pathways converting fatty acids into alka(e)nes has received little attention. Here, we provide evidence that such a pathway occurs in several microalgal species from the green and the red lineages. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae), a C17 alkene, n-heptadecene, was detected in the cell pellet and the headspace of liquid cultures. The Chlamydomonas alkene was identified as 7-heptadecene, an isomer likely formed by decarboxylation of cis-vaccenic acid. Accordingly, incubation of intact Chlamydomonas cells with per-deuterated D31-16:0 (palmitic) acid yielded D31-18:0 (stearic) acid, D29-18:1 (oleic and cis-vaccenic) acids, and D29-heptadecene. These findings showed that loss of the carboxyl group of a C18 monounsaturated fatty acid lead to heptadecene formation. Amount of 7-heptadecene varied with growth phase and temperature and was strictly dependent on light but was not affected by an inhibitor of photosystem II. Cell fractionation showed that approximately 80% of the alkene is localized in the chloroplast. Heptadecane, pentadecane, as well as 7- and 8-heptadecene were detected in Chlorella variabilis NC64A (Trebouxiophyceae) and several Nannochloropsis species (Eustigmatophyceae). In contrast, Ostreococcus tauri (Mamiellophyceae) and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum produced C21 hexaene, without detectable C15-C19 hydrocarbons. Interestingly, no homologs of known hydrocarbon biosynthesis genes were found in the Nannochloropsis, Chlorella, or Chlamydomonas genomes. This work thus demonstrates that microalgae have the ability to convert C16 and C18 fatty acids into alka(e)nes by a new, light-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Sorigué
- CEA and CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (UMR 7265), Cadarache 13108, France (D.S., B.L., S.C., P.M., B.M., G.G., Y.L.-B., G.P., F.B.); andDepartment of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada (R.J.)
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- CEA and CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (UMR 7265), Cadarache 13108, France (D.S., B.L., S.C., P.M., B.M., G.G., Y.L.-B., G.P., F.B.); andDepartment of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada (R.J.)
| | - Stéphan Cuiné
- CEA and CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (UMR 7265), Cadarache 13108, France (D.S., B.L., S.C., P.M., B.M., G.G., Y.L.-B., G.P., F.B.); andDepartment of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada (R.J.)
| | - Pablo Morales
- CEA and CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (UMR 7265), Cadarache 13108, France (D.S., B.L., S.C., P.M., B.M., G.G., Y.L.-B., G.P., F.B.); andDepartment of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada (R.J.)
| | - Boris Mirabella
- CEA and CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (UMR 7265), Cadarache 13108, France (D.S., B.L., S.C., P.M., B.M., G.G., Y.L.-B., G.P., F.B.); andDepartment of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada (R.J.)
| | - Geneviève Guédeney
- CEA and CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (UMR 7265), Cadarache 13108, France (D.S., B.L., S.C., P.M., B.M., G.G., Y.L.-B., G.P., F.B.); andDepartment of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada (R.J.)
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- CEA and CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (UMR 7265), Cadarache 13108, France (D.S., B.L., S.C., P.M., B.M., G.G., Y.L.-B., G.P., F.B.); andDepartment of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada (R.J.)
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- CEA and CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (UMR 7265), Cadarache 13108, France (D.S., B.L., S.C., P.M., B.M., G.G., Y.L.-B., G.P., F.B.); andDepartment of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada (R.J.)
| | - Gilles Peltier
- CEA and CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (UMR 7265), Cadarache 13108, France (D.S., B.L., S.C., P.M., B.M., G.G., Y.L.-B., G.P., F.B.); andDepartment of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada (R.J.)
| | - Fred Beisson
- CEA and CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (UMR 7265), Cadarache 13108, France (D.S., B.L., S.C., P.M., B.M., G.G., Y.L.-B., G.P., F.B.); andDepartment of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada (R.J.)
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Chen F, Fang N, Shi Z. Using biomarkers as fingerprint properties to identify sediment sources in a small catchment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:123-133. [PMID: 26994800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional fingerprinting methods are limited in their ability to identify soil erosion sources where geologic variations are small or where different land uses span geological boundaries. In this study, a new biomarker for fingerprinting, specifically, n-alkanes, was used in a small catchment to identify sediment sources. The n-alkanes were based on land uses, could provide vegetation information, and were relatively resistant to diagenetic modifications and decomposition. This study used a composite fingerprinting method that was based on two types of fingerprint factors (27 biomarker properties and 45 geochemical properties) with 60 source samples (i.e., gully, grassland, forest, and cropland) and nine soil profiles. Genetic algorithm (GA) optimization has been deployed to find the optimal source contribution to sediments. The biomarker results demonstrated that young forest is the main sediment source in this catchment, contributing 50.5%, whereas cropland, grassland and gully contributed 25.6%, 14.4% and 9.5%, respectively; the geochemistry results were similar to the biomarkers. The forest and grassland contributions gradually increased from upstream to downstream, and the sediment contributions of cropland gradually decreased in the direction of the runoff pathway at the check dam. In a comparison of biomarker and geochemical fingerprinting data, the latter may have overestimated the forest inputs to the catchment sediment yields because of a mixed land use history (i.e., forest and grassland). The geochemical fingerprint approach limits its ability to fully discriminate sources based on land management regimes, but the biomarker (individual n-alkanes) displayed the potential to discriminate between a greater number and different types of sediment sources and to provide greater detail regarding sediment sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Nufang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Zhihua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Advances in Metabolic Engineering of Cyanobacteria for Photosynthetic Biochemical Production. Metabolites 2015; 5:636-58. [PMID: 26516923 PMCID: PMC4693188 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering cyanobacteria into photosynthetic microbial cell factories for the production of biochemicals and biofuels is a promising approach toward sustainability. Cyanobacteria naturally grow on light and carbon dioxide, bypassing the need of fermentable plant biomass and arable land. By tapping into the central metabolism and rerouting carbon flux towards desirable compound production, cyanobacteria are engineered to directly convert CO2 into various chemicals. This review discusses the diversity of bioproducts synthesized by engineered cyanobacteria, the metabolic pathways used, and the current engineering strategies used for increasing their titers.
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Apostolopoulou MV, Monteyne E, Krikonis K, Pavlopoulos K, Roose P, Dehairs F. n-Alkanes and stable C, N isotopic compositions as identifiers of organic matter sources in Posidonia oceanica meadows of Alexandroupolis Gulf, NE Greece. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 99:346-355. [PMID: 26194407 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed n-alkane contents and their stable carbon isotope composition, as well as the carbon and nitrogen isotope composition (δ(13)C, δ(15)N) of sediment organic matter and different tissues of Posidonia oceanica seagrass sampled in Alexandroupolis Gulf (A.G.), north-eastern Greece, during 2007-2011. n-Alkane contents in P. oceanica and in sediments showed similar temporal trends, but relative to bulk organic carbon content, n-alkanes were much more enriched in sediments compared to seagrass tissue. Individual n-alkanes in sediments had similar values than seagrass roots and rhizomes and were more depleted in (13)C compared to seagrass leaves and sheaths, with δ(13)C values ranging from -35‰ to -28‰ and from -25‰ to -20‰, respectively. n-Alkane indexes such as the Carbon Preference Index, carbon number maximum, and n-alkane proxy 1 (C23+C25/C23+C25+C29+C31) indicate strong inputs of terrestrial organic matter, while the presence of unresolved complex mixtures suggests potential oil pollution in some sampled areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Venetia Apostolopoulou
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry and Earth System Sciences Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Els Monteyne
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environments, ECOCHEM, 3e & 23e Linieregimentsplein, B-8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | | | - Kosmas Pavlopoulos
- Department of Geography and Planning, Paris-Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 38044, Al Reem Island, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Patrick Roose
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environments, ECOCHEM, 3e & 23e Linieregimentsplein, B-8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - Frank Dehairs
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry and Earth System Sciences Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Cyanobacterial Alkanes Modulate Photosynthetic Cyclic Electron Flow to Assist Growth under Cold Stress. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14894. [PMID: 26459862 PMCID: PMC4602277 DOI: 10.1038/srep14894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All cyanobacterial membranes contain diesel-range C15-C19 hydrocarbons at concentrations similar to chlorophyll. Recently, two universal but mutually exclusive hydrocarbon production pathways in cyanobacteria were discovered. We engineered a mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 that produces no alkanes, which grew poorly at low temperatures. We analyzed this defect by assessing the redox kinetics of PSI. The mutant exhibited enhanced cyclic electron flow (CEF), especially at low temperature. CEF raises the ATP:NADPH ratio from photosynthesis and balances reductant requirements of biosynthesis with maintaining the redox poise of the electron transport chain. We conducted in silico flux balance analysis and showed that growth rate reaches a distinct maximum for an intermediate value of CEF equivalent to recycling 1 electron in 4 from PSI to the plastoquinone pool. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the lack of membrane alkanes causes higher CEF, perhaps for maintenance of redox poise. In turn, increased CEF reduces growth by forcing the cell to use less energy-efficient pathways, lowering the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis. This study highlights the unique and universal role of medium-chain hydrocarbons in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes: they regulate redox balance and reductant partitioning in these oxygenic photosynthetic cells under stress.
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Cotton CAR, Douglass JS, De Causmaecker S, Brinkert K, Cardona T, Fantuzzi A, Rutherford AW, Murray JW. Photosynthetic constraints on fuel from microbes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:36. [PMID: 25853129 PMCID: PMC4364286 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tanai Cardona
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Andrea Fantuzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | | | - James W Murray
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London , UK
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Coates RC, Podell S, Korobeynikov A, Lapidus A, Pevzner P, Sherman DH, Allen EE, Gerwick L, Gerwick WH. Characterization of cyanobacterial hydrocarbon composition and distribution of biosynthetic pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85140. [PMID: 24475038 PMCID: PMC3903477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria possess the unique capacity to naturally produce hydrocarbons from fatty acids. Hydrocarbon compositions of thirty-two strains of cyanobacteria were characterized to reveal novel structural features and insights into hydrocarbon biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. This investigation revealed new double bond (2- and 3-heptadecene) and methyl group positions (3-, 4- and 5-methylheptadecane) for a variety of strains. Additionally, results from this study and literature reports indicate that hydrocarbon production is a universal phenomenon in cyanobacteria. All cyanobacteria possess the capacity to produce hydrocarbons from fatty acids yet not all accomplish this through the same metabolic pathway. One pathway comprises a two-step conversion of fatty acids first to fatty aldehydes and then alkanes that involves a fatty acyl ACP reductase (FAAR) and aldehyde deformylating oxygenase (ADO). The second involves a polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway that first elongates the acyl chain followed by decarboxylation to produce a terminal alkene (olefin synthase, OLS). Sixty-one strains possessing the FAAR/ADO pathway and twelve strains possessing the OLS pathway were newly identified through bioinformatic analyses. Strains possessing the OLS pathway formed a cohesive phylogenetic clade with the exception of three Moorea strains and Leptolyngbya sp. PCC 6406 which may have acquired the OLS pathway via horizontal gene transfer. Hydrocarbon pathways were identified in one-hundred-forty-two strains of cyanobacteria over a broad phylogenetic range and there were no instances where both the FAAR/ADO and the OLS pathways were found together in the same genome, suggesting an unknown selective pressure maintains one or the other pathway, but not both.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Cameron Coates
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sheila Podell
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anton Korobeynikov
- Algorithmic Biology Laboratory, St. Petersburg Academic University, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alla Lapidus
- Algorithmic Biology Laboratory, St. Petersburg Academic University, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bionformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Pevzner
- Algorithmic Biology Laboratory, St. Petersburg Academic University, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Allen
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lena Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang W, Liu X, Lu X. Engineering cyanobacteria to improve photosynthetic production of alka(e)nes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:69. [PMID: 23641684 PMCID: PMC3679977 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanobacteria can utilize solar energy and convert carbon dioxide into biofuel molecules in one single biological system. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is a model cyanobacterium for basic and applied research. Alkanes are the major constituents of gasoline, diesel and jet fuels. A two-step alkane biosynthetic pathway was identified in cyanobacteria recently. It opens a door to achieve photosynthetic production of alka(e)nes with high efficiency by genetically engineering cyanobacteria. RESULTS A series of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 mutant strains have been constructed and confirmed. Overexpression of both acyl-acyl carrier protein reductase and aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase from several cyanobacteria strains led to a doubled alka(e)ne production. Redirecting the carbon flux to acyl- ACP can provide larger precursor pool for further conversion to alka(e)nes. In combination with the overexpression of alkane biosynthetic genes, alka(e)ne production was significantly improved in these engineered strains. Alka(e)ne content in a Synechocystis mutant harboring alkane biosynthetic genes over-expressed in both slr0168 and slr1556 gene loci (LX56) was 1.3% of cell dry weight, which was enhanced by 8.3 times compared with wildtype strain (0.14% of cell dry weight) cultivated in shake flasks. Both LX56 mutant and the wildtype strain were cultivated in column photo-bioreactors, and the alka(e)ne production in LX56 mutant was 26 mg/L (1.1% of cell dry weight), which was enhanced by 8 times compared with wildtype strain (0.13% of cell dry weight). CONCLUSIONS The extent of alka(e)ne production could correlate positively with the expression level of alkane biosynthetic genes. Redirecting the carbon flux to acyl-ACP and overexpressing alkane biosynthetic genes simultaneously can enhance alka(e)ne production in cyanobacteria effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
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Kingston JD. Shifting adaptive landscapes: Progress and challenges in reconstructing early hominid environments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; Suppl 45:20-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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JONES JG. THE ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBONS IN AN UPLAND MOORLAND SOIL AND UNDERLYING SHALE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1970.tb01182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ekpo BO, Oyo-Ita OE, Wehner H. Even-n-alkane/alkene predominances in surface sediments from the Calabar River, SE Niger Delta, Nigeria. Naturwissenschaften 2005; 92:341-6. [PMID: 15928935 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-005-0639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the geochemical characterisation of hydrocarbons extracted from surface sediments of the Calabar River and coastal soils, SE Niger Delta, Nigeria using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As a result, a special group of organic compounds prevalent in the entire study area was identified. It consists of aliphatic hydrocarbons (7.3-22.2% of the total lipids) with several distinctive chemical features. These include a high abundance of even numbered n-alkanes (n-C(12)-n-C(26), maximising at n-C(18), n-C(20) and n-C(22)), n-alk-1-enes (n-C(14:1)-n-C(26:1), maximising at n-C(18:1) and n-C(20:1)), giving rise to Carbon Preference Indices (CPIs) between 0.15 and 0.82. An unresolved complex mixture (UCM) occurring in the range n-C(18)-n-C(35), and the presence of hopanes indicate petroleum contamination. The predominance of even numbered n-alkanes in the Calabar River sediments are thought to be derived from inputs of different microorganisms inhabiting an oil-polluted environment and contributing to the organic matter (OM). This paper, for the first time, gives an account of the unusual predominance of even numbered n-alkanes/alkenes in surface sediments from the Niger Delta of Nigeria and thus contributes to the information on the rare occurrence of such distributions in the geosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Ekpo
- Environmental and Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
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Chapter 13 Bacterial hydrocarbon biosynthesis revisited. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(04)80154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chikaraishi Y, Naraoka H. Compound-specific deltaD-delta13C analyses of n-alkanes extracted from terrestrial and aquatic plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 63:361-371. [PMID: 12737985 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stable hydrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of individual n-alkanes were determined for various terrestrial plants (33 samples including 27 species) and aquatic plants (six species) in natural environments from Japan and Thailand. In C3 plants, n-alkanes extracted from angiosperms have a deltaD value of -152+/-26 per thousand (relative to Standard Mean Ocean Water [SMOW]) and delta13C value of -36.1+/-2.7 per thousand (relative to Peedde Belemnite [PDB]), and those from gymnosperms have a deltaD value of -149+/-16 per thousand and delta13C value of -31.6+/-1.7 per thousand. Angiosperms have n-alkanes depleted in 13C relative to gymnosperms. n-Alkanes from C4 plants have a deltaD value of -171+/-12 per thousand and delta13C value of -20.5+/-2.1 per thousand, being a little depleted in D and much enriched in 13C compared to C3 plants. n-Alkanes of CAM plants are a little depleted in D and vary widely in delta13C relative to those of C3 and C4 plants. In aquatic plants, n-alkanes from freshwater plants have a deltaD value of -187+/-16 per thousand and delta13C value of -25.3+/-1.9 per thousand, and those from seaweeds have a deltaD value of -155+/-34 per thousand and delta13C value of -22.8+/-1.0 per thousand. All n-alkanes from various plant classes are more depleted in D and 13C relative to environmental water and bulk tissue, respectively. In addition, the hydrogen and carbon isotopic fractionations during n-alkane synthesis are distinctive for these various plant classes. While C3 plants have smaller isotopic fractionations in both D and 13C, seaweed has larger isotopic fractionations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Chikaraishi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan.
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Aguero J, Lora J, Estrada K, Concepcion F, Nunez A, Rodriguez A, Pino JA. Volatile Components of a Commercial Sample of the Blue-Green AlgaeSpirulina platensis. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2003.9712085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Holm SE, Windsor JG. Exposure assessment of sewage treatment plant effluent by a selected chemical marker method. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1990; 19:674-679. [PMID: 21318497 DOI: 10.1007/bf01183983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/1989] [Revised: 08/17/1989] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organic chemicals unique to sewage effluent can be useful as markers of an effluent plume. Samples were collected at a domestic wastewater outfall near Cocoa, Florida, and chemically characterized. Receiving waters were analyzed to determine the chemical components in the effluent most suitable for the assessment. The saturated hydrocarbon fraction and sterol fraction appeared to be of greatest utility for such purposes, and the concentrations of these fractions were determined for water, particulate matter, and sediment. Concentrations of the marker compounds decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the outfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Holm
- Clement Associates, Inc., 9300 Lee Highway, 22031-1207, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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Predominance of even carbon-numbered n-alkanes in coal seam samples of Nograd Basin (Hungary). Naturwissenschaften 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00399242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Meier PG, Rediske RR. Oil and PCB interactions on the uptake and excretion in midges. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1984; 33:225-232. [PMID: 6432080 DOI: 10.1007/bf01625535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Abstract
Liquid column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography were used to determine the total content of hydrocarbons and gas chromatography was used to evaluate composition of hydrocarbons in green algae (Chlorella kessleri, C. vulgaris, Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus acutus, S. acuminatus, S. obliquus) and the blue-green alga (Spirulina platensis) cultivated under autotrophic or heterotrophic conditions. In C. kessleri cultivated under heterotrophic conditions the content of hydrocarbons was found to be about 10(-2)% (per dry mass), whereas under autotrophic conditions it was about 10(-3)% (per dry mass). The highest content of hydrocarbons was detected in species of the genus Scenedesmus cultivated autotrophically (10(-1)%). Heptadecane and hexacosane were found as major alkanes, 1-heptadecene was detected among alkenes.
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Meyers PA, Takeuchi N. Environmental changes in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron recorded by geolipid contents of sediments deposited since 1800. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02473517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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De Silva MP, Thiemann W. Aliphatic hydrocarbons as biological markers in 250-million-year-old rock salt deposits near Kassel, West Germany. ORIGINS OF LIFE 1980; 10:51-60. [PMID: 7366956 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter sedimented within salt deposits from the Carboniferous Perm epoch has been investigated for hydrocarbons by gas-liquid-chromatography, mass spectrometry, and spectropolarimetry. Main constituents were made of aliphatic and olefinic hydrocarbons which retained a considerable part of their optical activity thus resisting complete racemization over 250 mio years.
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Bacterial sulphate reduction and calcite precipitation in hypersaline deposition of bituminous shales. Nature 1977. [DOI: 10.1038/269235a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Possible origin for insoluble organic (kerogen) debris in sediments from insoluble cell-wall materials of algae and bacteria. Nature 1976. [DOI: 10.1038/262134a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bibliography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-4571(08)71171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gelpi E, Oró J. Comparative mass spectrometric studies on the isoprenoids and other isomeric alkanes in terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(70)85048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jones JG, Young BV. Major paraffin constituents of microbial cells with particular references to Chromatium sp. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1970; 70:82-8. [PMID: 4987617 DOI: 10.1007/bf00691062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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