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Ortiz-Juza MM, Alghorazi RA, Rodriguez-Romaguera J. Cell-type diversity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to regulate motivated behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113401. [PMID: 34090941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) gained popularity as a unique brain region involved in regulating motivated behaviors related to neuropsychiatric disorders. The BNST, a component of the extended amygdala, consists of a variety of subnuclei and neuronal ensembles. Multiple studies have highlighted the BNST as playing a fundamental role in integrating information by interfacing with other brain regions to regulate distinct aspects of motivated behaviors associated with stress, anxiety, depression, and decision-making. However, due to the high molecular heterogeneity found within BNST neurons, the precise mechanisms by which this region regulates distinct motivational states remains largely unclear. Single-cell RNA sequencing data have revealed that the BNST consists of multiple genetically identifiable cell-type clusters. Contemporary tools can therefore be leveraged to target and study such cell-types and elucidate their precise functional role. In this review, we discuss the different subsets of neurons found in the BNST, their anatomical distribution, and what is currently known about BNST cell-types in regulating motivated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Ortiz-Juza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rizk A Alghorazi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jose Rodriguez-Romaguera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Carolina Stress Initiative, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Ibáñez-Costa A, Korbonits M. AIP and the somatostatin system in pituitary tumours. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:R101-R116. [PMID: 28835453 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classic somatostatin analogues aimed at somatostatin receptor type 2, such as octreotide and lanreotide, represent the mainstay of medical treatment for acromegaly. These agents have the potential to decrease hormone secretion and reduce tumour size. Patients with a germline mutation in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein gene, AIP, develop young-onset acromegaly, poorly responsive to pharmacological therapy. In this review, we summarise the most recent studies on AIP-related pituitary adenomas, paying special attention to the causes of somatostatin resistance; the somatostatin receptor profile including type 2, type 5 and truncated variants; the role of G proteins in this pathology; the use of first and second generation somatostatin analogues; and the role of ZAC1, a zinc-finger protein with expression linked to AIP in somatotrophinoma models and acting as a key mediator of octreotide response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Patel YC, Liu J, Galanopoulou A, Papachristou DN. Production, Action, and Degradation of Somatostatin. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bell GI, Yasuda K, Kong H, Law SF, Raynor K, Reisine T. Molecular biology of somatostatin receptors. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 190:65-79; discussion 80-8. [PMID: 7587653 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514733.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The diverse physiological effects of somatostatin are mediated by a family of cell surface receptors that bind somatostatin selectively and with high affinity. The somatostatin receptors are members of the seven transmembrane segment receptor superfamily and molecular cloning studies have identified five types, designated sstr1-5. The human somatostatin receptors vary in size from 364 (sstr5) to 418 (sstr3) amino acids with 46-61% amino acid identity between receptors, and 105 amino acids are invariant. The sequences of the seven putative alpha-helical membrane-spanning domains are more highly conserved than those of the extracellular N- and intracellular C-terminal domains. Two forms of sstr2 have been identified in the mouse, sstr2A and sstr2B, which differ in size and sequence of the intracellular C-terminal domain. These two forms of sstr2 are products of a common gene and are generated by alternative splicing with sstr2A and sstr2B being the products of the unspliced and spliced forms, respectively, of sstr2 mRNA. Thus, functional diversity within the somatostatin receptor family may result from the expression of multiple types as well as from alternative splicing. The five somatostatin receptors have distinct patterns of expression in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. They have also been expressed in vitro and shown to have different pharmacological properties. Somatostatin analogues selective for sstr2, sstr3 and sstr5 have been identified which will facilitate in vivo studies of the functions of these somatostatin receptors. Such studies to date suggest that sstr2 mediates inhibition of growth hormone secretion and sstr5 mediates inhibition of insulin secretion. The molecular cloning and functional characterization of the somatostatin receptor family is a first step in elucidating the diverse effects of somatostatin on cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Bell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Canzian F, McKay JD, Cleveland RJ, Dossus L, Biessy C, Boillot C, Rinaldi S, Llewellyn M, Chajès V, Clavel-Chapelon F, Téhard B, Chang-Claude J, Linseisen J, Lahmann PH, Pischon T, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A, Zilis D, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Berrino F, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Gils CH, Peeters PHM, Pera G, Barricarte A, Chirlaque MD, Quirós JR, Larrañaga N, Martínez-García C, Allen NE, Key TJ, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Slimani N, Norat T, Riboli E, Kaaks R. Genetic variation in the growth hormone synthesis pathway in relation to circulating insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, and breast cancer risk: results from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:2316-25. [PMID: 16214911 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) stimulates cell proliferation and can enhance the development of tumors in different organs. Epidemiologic studies have shown that an elevated level of circulating IGF-I is associated to increased risk of breast cancer as well as other cancers. Genetic variants affecting the release or biological action of growth hormone (GH), the main stimulator of IGF-I production, may predict circulating levels of IGF-I and have an effect on cancer risk. We tested this hypothesis with a large case-control study of 807 breast cancer patients and 1,588 matched control subjects nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. We genotyped 22 common single nucleotide polymorphisms in 10 genes involved in GH production and action (GHRH, GHRHR, SST, SSTR1-SSTR5, POU1F1, and GH1), and in parallel, we measured serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, its major binding protein, in samples of cases and controls. SST and SSTR2 polymorphisms showed weak but statistically significant associations with breast cancer risk. SSTR5 polymorphisms were associated with IGF-I levels, whereas one polymorphism in GHRHR and one in POU1F1 were associated with IGFBP-3 levels. Our conclusion is that common genetic variation in the GH synthesis pathway, as measured by single nucleotide polymorphisms selected in the present study, is not a major determinant of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 circulating levels, and it does not play a major role in altering breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Canzian
- Hormones and Cancer Team, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert-Thomas, F-69372 Lyon, France
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Møller LN, Stidsen CE, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. Somatostatin receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2003; 1616:1-84. [PMID: 14507421 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1972, Brazeau et al. isolated somatostatin (somatotropin release-inhibiting factor, SRIF), a cyclic polypeptide with two biologically active isoforms (SRIF-14 and SRIF-28). This event prompted the successful quest for SRIF receptors. Then, nearly a quarter of a century later, it was announced that a neuropeptide, to be named cortistatin (CST), had been cloned, bearing strong resemblance to SRIF. Evidence of special CST receptors never emerged, however. CST rather competed with both SRIF isoforms for specific receptor binding. And binding to the known subtypes with affinities in the nanomolar range, it has therefore been acknowledged to be a third endogenous ligand at SRIF receptors. This review goes through mechanisms of signal transduction, pharmacology, and anatomical distribution of SRIF receptors. Structurally, SRIF receptors belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled (GPC) receptors, sharing the characteristic seven-transmembrane-segment (STMS) topography. Years of intensive research have resulted in cloning of five receptor subtypes (sst(1)-sst(5)), one of which is represented by two splice variants (sst(2A) and sst(2B)). The individual subtypes, functionally coupled to the effectors of signal transduction, are differentially expressed throughout the mammalian organism, with corresponding differences in physiological impact. It is evident that receptor function, from a physiological point of view, cannot simply be reduced to the accumulated operations of individual receptors. Far from being isolated functional units, receptors co-operate. The total receptor apparatus of individual cell types is composed of different-ligand receptors (e.g. SRIF and non-SRIF receptors) and co-expressed receptor subtypes (e.g. sst(2) and sst(5) receptors) in characteristic proportions. In other words, levels of individual receptor subtypes are highly cell-specific and vary with the co-expression of different-ligand receptors. However, the question is how to quantify the relative contributions of individual receptor subtypes to the integration of transduced signals, ultimately the result of collective receptor activity. The generation of knock-out (KO) mice, intended as a means to define the contributions made by individual receptor subtypes, necessarily marks but an approximation. Furthermore, we must now take into account the stunning complexity of receptor co-operation indicated by the observation of receptor homo- and heterodimerisation, let alone oligomerisation. Theoretically, this phenomenon adds a novel series of functional megareceptors/super-receptors, with varied pharmacological profiles, to the catalogue of monomeric receptor subtypes isolated and cloned in the past. SRIF analogues include both peptides and non-peptides, receptor agonists and antagonists. Relatively long half lives, as compared to those of the endogenous ligands, have been paramount from the outset. Motivated by theoretical puzzles or the shortcomings of present-day diagnostics and therapy, investigators have also aimed to produce subtype-selective analogues. Several have become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Neisig Møller
- Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Corsi P, Forloni G, Troia M, Lettini T, Coyle JT. Somatostatin expression in TS16 mouse brain cultures. J Mol Neurosci 1998; 10:99-111. [PMID: 9699151 DOI: 10.1007/bf02737121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin expression in trisomy 16 mouse neuronal cultures has been studied to investigate the effects of the presence of an extra copy of the pre-pro-somatostatin (ppSS) gene on mouse chromosome 16. The immunoreactivity for somatostatin (SS) was considered in mixed cultures of neurons and glia cells and in neuron-enriched cultures as well as that for neuropeptide Y, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and gamma-enolase immunoreactivity the genes of which are not present on mouse chromosome 16. ppSS and pre-pro-neuropeptide Y (ppNPY) mRNA expression was evaluated and SS immunoreactivity in neurons analyzed by a morphometrical study. The extra copy of the ppSS gene resulted in a significantly increased level of the transcript in trisomic cultures, whereas the expression of the other neuropeptides did not differ. The absence of glial cells in these cultures reduced the number of SS-positive neurons making their number comparable in the trisomic and control cultures. Thus, in spite of higher expression of the ppSS mRNA in trisomic cultures, the determination of this peptidergic phenotype was influenced by the presence of neuroglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Corsi
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia e Fisiologia Umana, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy
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Depoortere I, De Clercq P, Svoboda M, Bare L, Peeters TL. Identification of motilin mRNA in the brain of man and rabbit. Conservation of polymorphism of the motilin gene across species. Peptides 1997; 18:1497-503. [PMID: 9437708 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(97)00227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The data regarding the identity of motilin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system are controversial. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether motilin mRNA is present in the brain of rabbit and man. Total RNA, prepared from several regions of the rabbit brain, was subjected to RT-PCR aimed at amplifying a 294 bp cDNA fragment of the rabbit motilin precursor. The amplified product was subcloned and sequenced. The sequence showed 7 differences compared to the one reported for the duodenal precursor (1). However the duodenal precursor from the rabbit used in the present study revealed identical substitutions. One of these, involving amino acid -11 of the signal peptide, was shown to be due to gene polymorphism, as has also been described at this site in man. By radioimmunoassay the highest concentration of motilin (fmol/mg protein) was detected in the hippocampus (4788 +/- 295), the lowest in the telencephalon (2127 +/- 221). Using a similar approach, but starting from commercial human brain mRNA, the sequence of a comparable cDNA fragment of the human brain motilin precursor was obtained. Its sequence was identical with the one published for the human intestinal precursor (41). Our study demonstrates that motilin mRNA is present in the brain of man and rabbit. Together with our recent findings of central motilin receptors, they suggest a central role for motilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Depoortere
- Gut Hormone Lab, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Thue TD, Schmutz SM. Localization of the somatostatin gene to bovine chromosome 1q23-q25 by in situ hydridization. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:688-9. [PMID: 8535091 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T D Thue
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Karayiorgou M, Kasch L, Lasseter VK, Hwang J, Elango R, Bernardini DJ, Kimberland M, Babb R, Francomano CA, Wolyniec PS. Report from the Maryland Epidemiology Schizophrenia Linkage Study: no evidence for linkage between schizophrenia and a number of candidate and other genomic regions using a complex dominant model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 54:345-53. [PMID: 7726207 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320540413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Our collaborative group has undertaken a linkage study of schizophrenia, using a systematic sample of patients admitted to Maryland hospitals. An initial sample of 39 families, each having two or more affecteds, was available for genotyping candidate genes, candidate regions, and highly polymorphic markers randomly distributed throughout the genome. We used a single complex dominant model (with a disease gene frequency of 0.005 and age-dependent penetrance for affected phenotype: for under 35, penetrance = .45; for 35 and older, penetrance = .85). We report here 130 markers, which met the exclusion criteria of LOD score < -2.00 at theta > 0.01 in at least 10 informative families, and no evidence for heterogeneity. We also report here markers that were tested as candidates for linkage to the schizophrenic phenotype. They were selected based on the following criteria: a) proximity to reported chromosomal rearrangements (both 5q and 11q), b) suggestions of linkage from other families (5q), or c) presence of a candidate gene (5q, 11q, 3q: Dopamine receptors 1, 2, and 3, respectively). We also tested for mutations of codon 717 in exon 17 of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene and were unable to detect the C to T substitution in our schizophrenic group.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Gene Frequency
- Genes, Dominant
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Maryland/epidemiology
- Models, Genetic
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Restriction Mapping
- Schizophrenia/epidemiology
- Schizophrenia/genetics
- X Chromosome
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karayiorgou
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Cancer Research, Cambridge, USA
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Chejfec G, Kovarick P, Graham G, Eichorst M, Gould VE. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach with extensive somatostatin immunoreactivity. Ultrastruct Pathol 1992; 16:537-45. [PMID: 1359688 DOI: 10.3109/01913129209061545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal tract neuroendocrine tumors producing predominantly somatostatin have thus far been described only in the duodenum; their characteristic features include the frequent presence of psammoma bodies (psammomatous somatostinomas), and the association with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. Gastric neuroendocrine tumors, on the other hand, tend to display immunoreactivity to serotonin but may include small subpopulations producing gastrin, motilin, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin. In this report we describe a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach with rapidly fatal outcome, displaying neurosecretory granules by electron microscopy and immunoreactivity to pan-neuroendocrine markers, ie, chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase. The only neuroendocrine regulatory peptide detected in the tumor was somatostatin, identified by immunohistochemistry in the majority of neoplastic cells. In contrast with duodenal somatostinomas, there were no psammoma bodies and no demonstrable association with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. To our knowledge this appears to be the first report of a malignant neuroendocrine tumor with diffuse somatostatin immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chejfec
- Department of Pathology, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Illinois 60141
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Ratty AK, Eddy R, Shows TB, Gross KW. Mapping of the mouse anonymous DNA fragment, D16Ros2, to human chromosome 3. Mamm Genome 1992; 3:46-7. [PMID: 1581632 DOI: 10.1007/bf00355842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Ratty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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Hajj C, Akoum R, Bradley E, Paquin F, Ayoub J. DNA alterations at proto-oncogene loci and their clinical significance in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 1990; 66:733-9. [PMID: 2167142 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19900815)66:4<733::aid-cncr2820660422>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA from tumor samples of 54 patients with operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was analyzed to determine whether proto-oncogene alterations could be correlated with the clinical behavior of lung cancer. Among seven proto-oncogenes tested, changes in the copy number of Ha-ras, c-myc and c-raf-1 were found in only seven tumors. Most of them were epidermoid carcinomas without lymph node involvement (N0). In spite of a localized disease with complete surgical resection, six of these patients relapsed within a mean disease-free interval (DFI) of only 6.5 months. There is a significant correlation between DNA alterations at proto-oncogene loci and clinical relapse within 12 months of surgical resection (P less than 0.025).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hajj
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Québec, Canada
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17
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Hsieh CL, Lee WH, Lee EY, Killary AM, Lalley PA, Naylor SL. Assignment of retinoblastoma susceptibility gene to mouse chromosome 14. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1989; 15:461-4. [PMID: 2781416 DOI: 10.1007/bf01534896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A human cDNA probe was used to screen a panel of mouse-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids to determine the chromosomal location of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (Rb-1) in mouse. The Rb-1 gene mapped to mouse chromosome 14. Thus, the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene is syntenic with esterase 10 (the mouse homolog of human esterase D). The chromosomal assignment of the mouse Rb-1 gene was further confirmed by using the same probe to study mouse-rat microcell hybrids. Since the human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1) along with the gene for esterase D is on chromosome 13q14, these data indicate this linkage group is conserved in man and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Hsieh
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284
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18
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Johnson BE, Sakaguchi AY, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Burch D, Marshall A, Naylor SL. Restriction fragment length polymorphism studies show consistent loss of chromosome 3p alleles in small cell lung cancer patients' tumors. J Clin Invest 1988; 82:502-7. [PMID: 2900253 PMCID: PMC303540 DOI: 10.1172/jci113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous karyotypic analysis of human small cell lung cancer cell lines has demonstrated a consistent deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromosome 3(p14-23). DNA prepared from tumors and normal tissues obtained from 24 small cell lung cancer and two extrapulmonary small cell cancer patients was hybridized to four probes that detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms within chromosome region 3p14-21. Of the 25 patients who were heterozygous for at least one marker in this region in the DNA from normal tissue, 23 (92%) showed an unequivocal loss of heterozygosity in the DNA from their tumor tissue. From these studies we conclude that loss of alleles from the short arm of chromosome 3 is a consistent finding in unselected small cell lung cancer patients' tumor DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Johnson
- National Cancer Institute-Navy Medical Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
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Lucarelli P, Mantuano E, Schiattarella E, Palmarino R. Evidence for linkage equilibrium between two RFLPs associated with the human SST locus. Hum Genet 1988; 78:291-2. [PMID: 2894349 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Haplotypes were established for the alleles at the EcoRI and BamHI polymorphic restriction sites associated with the human somatostatin (SST) gene. The two genetic markers, in spite of their proximity, are in linkage equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lucarelli
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Yokota J, Wada M, Shimosato Y, Terada M, Sugimura T. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3, 13, and 17 in small-cell carcinoma and on chromosome 3 in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:9252-6. [PMID: 2892196 PMCID: PMC299731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.24.9252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
By a molecular genetic approach using polymorphic DNA markers that detect allelic deletion of specific chromosomal regions, we analyzed for possible loss of chromosomal heterozygosity in five different histological types of lung cancers obtained from 47 patients. In small-cell carcinomas, the incidence of allelic deletions at three different chromosomal loci was extremely high; loss of heterozygosity was detected on chromosomes 3p in 7 of 7 patients (100%), 13q in 10 of 11 patients (91%), and 17p in 5 of 5 patients (100%). The deletions at these loci in small-cell carcinomas were observed even in the tumors without any clinical evidence of metastasis. Furthermore, loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 3p and 13q occurred prior to NMYC amplification and chromosome 11p deletion. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 3p was also detected with high frequency in adenocarcinomas [5 of 6 patients (83%)]. Heterozygosity of chromosomes 13q and 17p was lost in 10 of 31 patients (32%) and in 3 of 12 patients (25%), respectively, of lung cancers other than small-cell carcinomas. These results indicate that recessive genetic changes involving sequences on chromosomes 3p, 13q, and 17p may play important roles in the genesis of small-cell carcinoma, and those on chromosome 3p may play an important role in the genesis of adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yokota
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The use of restriction endonucleases and DNA probes to expand the range of informative polymorphisms should be of immense value in the study of human populations. To date, this approach has been only minimally used, but results are available for markers in the major histocompatibility complex and the globin gene clusters. In addition, isolated studies using other probes have been published. The ease of the techniques involved, the rate at which new DNA polymorphisms are being found and the range of information provided should ensure that use of this approach expands rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Summers
- Department of Human Genetics, Australian National University, Canberra
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22
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Abstract
Neuropeptides are widely distributed in the central nervous system, where they serve as neuroregulators. Recent interest has focused on their role in degenerative neurological diseases. We describe the normal anatomy of neuropeptides in both the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia as a framework for interpreting neuropeptide alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Concentrations of cortical somatostatin are reduced in AD and in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Concentrations of neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing factor are also reduced in AD cerebral cortex. The reduced cortical concentrations of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in AD cerebral cortex may reflect a loss of neurons or terminals in which these two peptides are co-localized. In Huntington's disease, basal ganglia neurons in which somatostatin and neuropeptide Y are co-localized are selectively preserved. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of neuropeptides in AD reflect alterations in cortical concentrations. Improved understanding of neuropeptides in degenerative neurological illnesses will help define which neuronal populations are specifically vulnerable to the pathological processes, and this could lead to improved therapy.
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Harris P, Morton CC, Guglielmi P, Li F, Kelly K, Latt SA. Mapping by chromosome sorting of several gene probes, including c-myc, to the derivative chromosomes of a 3;8 translocation associated with familial renal cancer. CYTOMETRY 1986; 7:589-94. [PMID: 3536362 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990070614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In eight members of a single family a constitutional translocation t(3;8) (p14.2;q24.1) is associated with the development of renal cancer. Chromosomes isolated from a cell line established from a subject with this translocation were analysed in flow with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS II). Nearly six million chromosomes from the flow karyotype region containing the der(8) and 5.5 million from the region containing the der(3) were sorted, the DNA extracted, digested with EcoRI, size fractionated by electrophoresis, and transferred to nitrocellulose. Hybridization with gene probes for c-mos, which has been localized to 8q11-q22 and somatostatin, which has been mapped to 3q28, confirmed that the sorted fractions contained, respectively, the der(8) and der(3) chromosomes. The cellular oncogenes c-raf-1 (3p25) and c-myc (8q24) were found to be translocated to the der(8) and der(3) chromosomes, respectively. The possible role that the relocation of c-myc might have on the development of renal carcinoma in carriers of this 3;8 translocation was further studied by analysis of the region surrounding the c-myc gene. By the use of cosmid cloning, no rearrangement 31 Kb 5'(or 19 Kb 3') of the translocated gene was found, indicating that the break-point is not immediately adjacent to c-myc. In an associated study, the DNA fragment D3S2 from chromosome 3 was found to map to 3p14.2-pter. This assignment in conjunction with published somatic cell hybrid data enabled D3S2 to be mapped more precisely to the interval 3p14.2-3p21.
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24
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Beal MF, Mazurek MF, Svendsen CN, Bird ED, Martin JB. Widespread reduction of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1986; 20:489-95. [PMID: 3789664 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have documented reduced concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease, there is controversy concerning the extent and importance of these changes. We measured SLI in brains obtained post mortem from 12 patients with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease and from 13 neurologically normal controls. All major cortical and subcortical regions were examined. Widespread reductions of SLI in Alzheimer's disease cerebral cortex were found, with the most profound changes seen in temporal lobe; but there also were major reductions in both the frontal and occipital cortex. There were no significant reductions in subcortical regions. Characterization of SLI by high-pressure liquid chromatography showed no significant difference in profiles between Alzheimer's disease and control frontal cortex. These results suggest that the reduction in somatostatin immunoreactivity in Alzheimer's disease may be caused by degeneration of intrinsic somatostatin cortical neurons.
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25
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Carlock LR, Smith D, Wasmuth JJ. Genetic counterselective procedure to isolate interspecific cell hybrids containing single human chromosomes: construction of cell hybrids and recombinant DNA libraries specific for human chromosomes 3 and 4. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1986; 12:163-74. [PMID: 3457476 DOI: 10.1007/bf01560663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Counterselection against genes on human chromosome 5 was applied to interspecific human-Chinese hamster cell hybrids which retained this and one additional human chromosome in order to generate cell hybrids retaining single, nonselected human chromosomes. Using this procedure, stable cell hybrids which retain human chromosome 3 exclusively or human chromosome 4 exclusively were isolated. Complete recombinant genomic DNA libraries were prepared from each hybrid using the lambda cloning vector EMBL-4. These libraries represent sources of human DNA fragments derived specifically from chromosomes 3 and 4, respectively. Low-copy or unique human DNA fragments isolated from both libraries were analyzed to confirm their chromosomal origin and to determine the complexity of their hybridization patterns to total human DNA. These single human chromosome libraries represent a means to efficiently saturate chromosomes 3 and 4 with informative, polymorphic genetic markers. DNA fragments from the chromosome 4 library will be particularly useful in identifying additional genetic markers close to the Huntington's disease gene. The same genetic counterselective procedure can be utilized to derive several additional cell hybrids with single human chromosomes.
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26
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Loss of polymorphic restriction fragments in malignant melanoma: implications for tumor heterogeneity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:1470-4. [PMID: 2983346 PMCID: PMC397284 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.5.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of genetic material at certain chromosomal sites is implicated in the etiology of retinoblastoma and Wilms tumor. Whether specific chromosomal deletions are associated with other types of human cancer needs to be explored. We have examined 24 melanoma cell lines, derived from 21 patients with nonfamilial malignant melanoma, for evidence of somatically induced hemizygosity or homozygosity. Twelve DNA probes, recognizing single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) determined by loci on 11 different chromosomes, were used to screen autologous combinations of melanoma cells and either B cells or fibroblasts. Loss of heterozygosity in melanoma cells was identified at 27 of 100 informative loci. These losses occurred at loci on 8 different chromosomes, and the frequency of loss at individual loci varied between 8% and 67%. We conclude that somatic mutations resulting in homozygosity or hemizygosity are common in melanoma and evidently not restricted to specific chromosomes.
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27
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Sorenson GD, Cate CC, Pettengill OS. Regulation of hormone production in small cell carcinoma of the lung. Recent Results Cancer Res 1985; 99:143-56. [PMID: 2866568 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-82533-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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28
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Ivell R, Emson P, Richter D. Human neuropeptide Y, somatostatin and vasopressin precursors identified in cell-free translations of hypothalamic mRNA. FEBS Lett 1984; 177:175-8. [PMID: 6149954 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)81278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Messenger mRNA has been prepared from post mortem human hypothalami and translated in a cell-free system. Using specific antibodies, biosynthetic precursors have been identified to neuropeptide Y (12 kDa), somatostatin (15 kDa) and vasopressin/neurophysin (19 kDa).
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29
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Seiki M, Eddy R, Shows TB, Yoshida M. Nonspecific integration of the HTLV provirus genome into adult T-cell leukaemia cells. Nature 1984; 309:640-2. [PMID: 6328324 DOI: 10.1038/309640a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV), previously also reported as ATLV, is a recently identified retrovirus which is closely associated with adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) endemic in southwestern Japan and the Caribbean. Determination of the total nucleotide sequence of the HTLV genome has revealed no typical onc gene acquired from the cellular sequence. Screening of the HTLV provirus genome in tumour cells has shown that in all cases of ATL examined, the primary tumour cells contained the provirus genome and were monoclonal with respect to the integration site of the provirus. These findings suggest that ATL leukaemogenesis may be due to insertional mutagenesis in which the provirus genome is integrated into a specific locus on the chromosomal DNA and then activates an adjacent cellular onc gene, a mechanism already demonstrated in avian lymphoma and erythroblastosis induced by avian leukosis viruses. A common site of HTLV provirus integration in leukaemic cells among some ATL patients was reported by Hahn et al. but subsequently retracted. However, this retraction does not imply the random integration of the proviruses. Independently, we have been testing this insertional mutagenesis model in ATL and report here that the provirus did not have a common locus of integration in 35 ATL patients and did not integrate on the same chromosome in 2 ATL patients.
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30
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Cooper DN, Schmidtke J. DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms and heterozygosity in the human genome. Hum Genet 1984; 66:1-16. [PMID: 6321327 DOI: 10.1007/bf00275182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A list is presented of published reports of DNA polymorphisms found in the human genome by restriction enzyme analysis. While the list indicates the large number of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected to date, the information collated is insufficient to permit an estimate of heterozygosity for the genome as a whole. Data from our laboratory are therefore also presented on RFLPs detected using a random sample of cloned DNA segments. Such an analysis has permitted a first unbiassed estimate of heterozygosity for the human genome. Since this figure is an order of magnitude higher than previous estimates derived from protein data, the majority of polymorphic variation present in the human genome must, by implication, occur in noncoding sequences. In addition it was confirmed that enzymes containing the dinucleotide CpG in their recognition sequences detect more polymorphic variation than those that do not contain a CpG. Also presented are the clinical applications of DNA polymorphisms in the diagnosis of human genetic disease.
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31
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Zabel BU, Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, Bell GI, Shows TB. High-resolution chromosomal localization of human genes for amylase, proopiomelanocortin, somatostatin, and a DNA fragment (D3S1) by in situ hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:6932-6. [PMID: 6196780 PMCID: PMC390100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.22.6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The method of in situ hybridization has become a significant technique for specific-site chromosome mapping. We show that the resolution of in situ hybridization can be increased by hybridizing the probe to stretched prometaphase chromosomes with high-resolution banding obtained after 5-bromodeoxyuridine treatment of the cells and with a Hoechst 33258/Giemsa chromosome-staining method. Using this procedure, we assigned to specific chromosome sites three cloned genes and one DNA polymorphism: amylase gene (AMY) to 1p21; proopiomelanocortin gene (POMC) to 2p23, somatostatin gene (SST) to 3q28, and a single copy DNA segment (D3S1) to 3q12.
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32
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Naylor SL, Chin WW, Goodman HM, Lalley PA, Grzeschik KH, Sakaguchi AY. Chromosome assignment of genes encoding the alpha and beta subunits of glycoprotein hormones in man and mouse. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1983; 9:757-70. [PMID: 6581542 DOI: 10.1007/bf01539478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomal locations of the genes for the common alpha subunit of the glycoprotein hormones and the beta subunit of chorionic gonadotropin in humans and mice have been determined by restriction enzyme analysis of DNA isolated from somatic cell hybrids. The CG alpha gene (CGA), detected as a 15-kb BamHI fragment in human DNA by hybridization to CG alpha cDNA, segregated with the chromosome 6 enzyme markers ME1 (malic enzyme, soluble) and SOD2 (superoxide dismutase, mitchondrial) and an intact chromosome 6 in human-rodent hybrids. Cell hybrids containing portions of chromosome 6 allowed the localization of CGA to the q12 leads to q21 region. The greater than 30- and 6.5-kb BamHI CGB fragments hybridizing to human CG beta cDNA segregated concordantly with the human chromosome 19 marker enzymes PEPD (peptidase D) and GPI (glucose phosphate isomerase) and a normal chromosome 19 in karyotyped hybrids. A KpnI-HindIII digest of cell hybrid DNAs indicated that the multiple copies of the CG beta gene are all located on human chromosome 19. In the mouse, the alpha subunit gene, detected by a mouse thyrotropin (TSH) alpha subunit probe, and the CG beta-like sequences (CG beta-LH beta), detected by the human CG beta cDNA probe, are on chromosomes 4 and 7, respectively.
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