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Cseh A, Lenykó-Thegze A, Makai D, Szabados F, Hamow KÁ, Gulyás Z, Kiss T, Karsai I, Moncsek B, Mihók E, Sepsi A. Meiotic instability and irregular chromosome pairing underpin heat-induced infertility in bread wheat carrying the Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b Green Revolution genes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:180-196. [PMID: 37691304 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Rht-B1a and Rht-D1a genes of wheat (Triticum aestivum; resulting in Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b alleles) cause gibberellin-insensitive dwarfism and are one of the most important elements of increased yield introduced during the 'Green Revolution'. We measured the effects of a short period of heat imposed during the early reproductive stage on near-isogenic lines carrying Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b alleles, with respect to the wild-type (WT). The temperature shift caused a significant fertility loss within the ears of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b wheats, greater than that observed for the WT. Defects in chromosome synapsis, reduced homologous recombination and a high frequency of chromosome mis-segregation were associated with reduced fertility. The transcription of TaGA3ox gene involved in the final stage of gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis was activated and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identified GA1 as the dominant bioactive GA in developing ears, but levels were unaffected by the elevated temperature. Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b mutants were inclined to meiotic errors under optimal temperatures and showed a higher susceptibility to heat than their tall counterparts. Identification and introduction of new dwarfing alleles into modern breeding programmes is invaluable in the development of climate-resilient wheat varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Cseh
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - Andrea Lenykó-Thegze
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, Budapest, 1053, Hungary
| | - Diána Makai
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - Fanni Szabados
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Gulyás
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kiss
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
- Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eszterházy tér 1, Eger, 3300, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Karsai
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - Blanka Moncsek
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - Edit Mihók
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - Adél Sepsi
- HUN-REN, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462, Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
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2
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Best N, Dilkes B. Genetic evidence that brassinosteroids suppress pistils in the maize tassel independent of the jasmonic acid pathway. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e501. [PMID: 37440932 PMCID: PMC10333885 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The developmental genetics of reproductive structure control in maize must consider both the staminate florets of the tassel and the pistillate florets of the ear synflorescences. Pistil abortion takes place in the tassel florets, and stamen arrest is affected in ear florets to give rise to the monoecious nature of maize. Gibberellin (GA) deficiency results in increased tillering, a dwarfed plant syndrome, and the retention of anthers in the ear florets of maize. The silkless1 mutant results in suppression of silks in the ear. We demonstrate in this study that jasmonic acid (JA) and GA act independently and show additive phenotypes resulting in androecious dwarf1;silkless1 double mutant plants. The persistence of pistils in the tassel can be induced by multiple mechanisms, including JA deficiency, GA excess, genetic control of floral determinacy, and organ identity. The silkless1 mutant can suppress both silks in the ear and the silks in the tassel of JA-deficient and AP2 transcription factor tasselseed mutants. We previously demonstrated that GA production was required for brassinosteroid (BR) deficiency to affect persistence of pistils in the tassel. We find that BR deficiency affects pistil persistence by an independent mechanism from the silkless1 mutant and JA pathway. The silkless1 mutant did not prevent the formation of pistils in the tassel by nana plant2 in double mutants. In addition, we demonstrate that there is more to the silkless1 mutant than just a suppression of pistil growth. We document novel phenotypes of silkless1 mutants including weakly penetrant ear fasciation and anther persistence in the ear florets. Thus, the JA/AP2 mechanism of pistil retention in the tassel and silk growth in the ear are similarly sensitive to loss of the SILKLESS1 protein, while the BR/GA mechanism is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Best
- Agriculture Research Service, Plant Genetics Research UnitUSDAColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Brian Dilkes
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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3
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Li Q, Liu N, Wu C. Novel insights into maize (Zea mays) development and organogenesis for agricultural optimization. PLANTA 2023; 257:94. [PMID: 37031436 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In maize, intrinsic hormone activities and sap fluxes facilitate organogenesis patterning and plant holistic development; these hormone movements should be a primary focus of developmental biology and agricultural optimization strategies. Maize (Zea mays) is an important crop plant with distinctive life history characteristics and structural features. Genetic studies have extended our knowledge of maize developmental processes, genetics, and molecular ecophysiology. In this review, the classical life cycle and life history strategies of maize are analyzed to identify spatiotemporal organogenesis properties and develop a definitive understanding of maize development. The actions of genes and hormones involved in maize organogenesis and sex determination, along with potential molecular mechanisms, are investigated, with findings suggesting central roles of auxin and cytokinins in regulating maize holistic development. Furthermore, investigation of morphological and structural characteristics of maize, particularly node ubiquity and the alternate attachment pattern of lateral organs, yields a novel regulatory model suggesting that maize organ initiation and subsequent development are derived from the stimulation and interaction of auxin and cytokinin fluxes. Propositions that hormone activities and sap flow pathways control organogenesis are thoroughly explored, and initiation and development processes of distinctive maize organs are discussed. Analysis of physiological factors driving hormone and sap movement implicates cues of whole-plant activity for hormone and sap fluxes to stimulate maize inflorescence initiation and organ identity determination. The physiological origins and biogenetic mechanisms underlying maize floral sex determination occurring at the tassel and ear spikelet are thoroughly investigated. The comprehensive outline of maize development and morphogenetic physiology developed in this review will enable farmers to optimize field management and will provide a reference for de novo crop domestication and germplasm improvement using genome editing biotechnologies, promoting agricultural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Li
- Crop Genesis and Novel Agronomy Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Shandong ZhongnongTiantai Seed Co., Ltd, Pingyi, 273300, Shandong, China
| | - Chenglai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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4
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Best NB, Dilkes BP. Transcriptional responses to gibberellin in the maize tassel and control by DELLA domain proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:493-517. [PMID: 36050832 PMCID: PMC9826531 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) impacts plant growth and development differently depending on the developmental context. In the maize (Zea mays) tassel, application of GA alters floral development, resulting in the persistence of pistils. GA signaling is achieved by the GA-dependent turnover of DELLA domain transcription factors, encoded by dwarf8 (d8) and dwarf9 (d9) in maize. The D8-Mpl and D9-1 alleles disrupt GA signaling, resulting in short plants and normal tassel floret development in the presence of excess GA. However, D9-1 mutants are unable to block GA-induced pistil development. Gene expression in developing tassels of D8-Mpl and D9-1 mutants and their wild-type siblings was determined upon excess GA3 and mock treatments. Using GA-sensitive transcripts as reporters of GA signaling, we identified a weak loss of repression under mock conditions in both mutants, with the effect in D9-1 being greater. D9-1 was also less able to repress GA signaling in the presence of excess GA3 . We treated a diverse set of maize inbred lines with excess GA3 and measured the phenotypic consequences on multiple aspects of development (e.g., height and pistil persistence in tassel florets). Genotype affected all GA-regulated phenotypes but there was no correlation between any of the GA-affected phenotypes, indicating that the complexity of the relationship between GA and development extends beyond the two-gene epistasis previously demonstrated for GA and brassinosteroid biosynthetic mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman B. Best
- USDAAgriculture Research Service, Plant Genetics Research UnitColumbiaMissouri65211USA
| | - Brian P. Dilkes
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue University; West LafayetteIndiana47907USA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana47907USA
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5
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Richardson AE, Hake S. The power of classic maize mutants: Driving forward our fundamental understanding of plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2505-2517. [PMID: 35274692 PMCID: PMC9252469 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since Mendel, maize has been a powerhouse of fundamental genetics research. From testing the Mendelian laws of inheritance, to the first genetic and cytogenetic maps, to the use of whole-genome sequencing data for crop improvement, maize is at the forefront of genetics advances. Underpinning much of this revolutionary work are the classic morphological mutants; the "freaks" that stood out in the field to even the untrained eye. Here we review some of these classic developmental mutants and their importance in the history of genetics, as well as their key role in our fundamental understanding of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annis E Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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6
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Paciorek T, Chiapelli BJ, Wang JY, Paciorek M, Yang H, Sant A, Val DL, Boddu J, Liu K, Gu C, Brzostowski LF, Wang H, Allen EM, Dietrich CR, Gillespie KM, Edwards J, Goldshmidt A, Neelam A, Slewinski TL. Targeted suppression of gibberellin biosynthetic genes ZmGA20ox3 and ZmGA20ox5 produces a short stature maize ideotype. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1140-1153. [PMID: 35244326 PMCID: PMC9129074 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Maize is one of the world's most widely cultivated crops. As future demands for maize will continue to rise, fields will face ever more frequent and extreme weather patterns that directly affect crop productivity. Development of environmentally resilient crops with improved standability in the field, like wheat and rice, was enabled by shifting the architecture of plants to a short stature ideotype. However, such architectural change has not been implemented in maize due to the unique interactions between gibberellin (GA) and floral morphology which limited the use of the same type of mutations as in rice and wheat. Here, we report the development of a short stature maize ideotype in commercial hybrid germplasm, which was generated by targeted suppression of the biosynthetic pathway for GA. To accomplish this, we utilized a dominant, miRNA-based construct expressed in a hemizygous state to selectively reduce expression of the ZmGA20ox3 and ZmGA20ox5 genes that control GA biosynthesis primarily in vegetative tissues. Suppression of both genes resulted in the reduction of GA levels leading to inhibition of cell elongation in internodal tissues, which reduced plant height. Expression of the miRNA did not alter GA levels in reproductive tissues, and thus, the reproductive potential of the plants remained unchanged. As a result, we developed a dominant, short-stature maize ideotype that is conducive for the commercial production of hybrid maize. We expect that the new maize ideotype would enable more efficient and more sustainable maize farming for a growing world population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kang Liu
- Bayer Crop ScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
| | - Chiyu Gu
- Bayer Crop ScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Goldshmidt
- Bayer Crop ScienceChesterfieldMOUSA
- Present address:
Department of Field Crops ScienceInstitute of Plant ScienceAgricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani CenterP.O. Box 15159Rishon Lezion7528809Israel
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7
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Morphological Characterization and Transcriptome Analysis of New Dwarf and Narrow-Leaf ( dnl2) Mutant in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020795. [PMID: 35054982 PMCID: PMC8775757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lodging is the primary factor limiting high yield under a high plant density. However, an optimal plant height and leaf shape can effectively decrease the lodging risk. Here we studied an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced dwarf and a narrow-leaf mutant, dnl2. Gene mapping indicated that the mutant was controlled by a gene located on chromosome nine. Phenotypic and cytological observations revealed that dnl2 showed inhibited cell growth, altered vascular bundle patterning, and disrupted secondary cell wall structure when compared with the wild-type, which could be the direct cause of the dwarf and narrow-leaf phenotype. The phytohormone levels, especially auxin and gibberellin, were significantly decreased in dnl2 compared to the wild-type plants. Transcriptome profiling of the internodes of the dnl2 mutant and wild-type revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes enriched in the cell wall biosynthesis, remodeling, and hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Therefore, we suggest that crosstalk between hormones (the altered vascular bundle and secondary cell wall structure) may contribute to the dwarf and narrow-leaf phenotype by influencing cell growth. These results provide a foundation for DNL2 gene cloning and further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of the regulation of plant height and leaf shape in maize.
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8
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He Q, Zhi H, Tang S, Xing L, Wang S, Wang H, Zhang A, Li Y, Gao M, Zhang H, Chen G, Dai S, Li J, Yang J, Liu H, Zhang W, Jia Y, Li S, Liu J, Qiao Z, Guo E, Jia G, Liu J, Diao X. QTL mapping for foxtail millet plant height in multi-environment using an ultra-high density bin map. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:557-572. [PMID: 33128073 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Using a fixed RIL population derived from a widely used foxtail millet backbone breeding line and an elite cultivar, we constructed a high-density bin map and identified six novel multi-environment effect QTLs and seven candidate genes for dwarf phenotype. Plant height is an important trait that determines tradeoffs between competition and resource allocation, which is crucial for yield potential. To improve the C4 model plant foxtail millet (Setaria italica) productivity, it is necessary to isolate plant height-related genes that contribute to ideal plant architecture in breeding. In the present study, we generated a foxtail millet population of 333 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between a backbone line Ai 88 and an elite cultivar Liaogu 1. We evaluated plant height in 13 environmental conditions across 4 years, the mean plant height of the RIL population ranged from 89.5 to 149.9 cm. Using deep re-sequencing data, we constructed a high-density bin map with 3744 marker bins. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping identified 26 QTLs significantly associated with plant height. Of these, 13 QTLs were repeatedly detected under multiple environments, including six novel QTLs that have not been reported before. Seita.1G242300, a gene encodes gibberellin 2-oxidase-8, which was detected in nine environments in a 1.54-Mb interval of qPH1.3, was considered as an important candidate gene. Moreover, other six genes involved in GA biosynthesis or signaling pathways, and fifteen genes encode F-box domain proteins which might function as E3 ligases, were also considered as candidate genes in different QTLs. These QTLs and candidate genes identified in this study will help to elucidate the genetic basis of foxtail millet plant height, and the linked markers will be useful for marker-assistant selection of varieties with ideal plant architecture and high yield potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, 100081, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, 100081, China
| | - Sha Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, 100081, China
| | - Lu Xing
- Anyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Suying Wang
- Anyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Haigang Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Aiying Zhang
- Institute of Millet Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuhui Li
- Institute of Millet Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin, 136100, China
| | - Haijin Zhang
- Institute of Dry-Land Agriculture and Forestry, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chaoyang, 122000, Liaoning, China
| | - Guoqiu Chen
- Institute of Dry-Land Agriculture and Forestry, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chaoyang, 122000, Liaoning, China
| | - Shutao Dai
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Junxia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, 100081, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, 100081, China
| | - Yanchao Jia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, 100081, China
| | - Shujie Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin, 136100, China
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Anyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zhijun Qiao
- Institute of Crop Germplasm, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Erhu Guo
- Institute of Millet Crops, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Guanqing Jia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, 100081, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, 100081, China
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, 100081, China.
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9
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Li W, Ge F, Qiang Z, Zhu L, Zhang S, Chen L, Wang X, Li J, Fu Y. Maize ZmRPH1 encodes a microtubule-associated protein that controls plant and ear height. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1345-1347. [PMID: 31696605 PMCID: PMC7206999 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fanghui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhiquan Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuaisong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Limei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiansheng Li
- National Maize Improvement Centre of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Kuang Y, Li S, Ren B, Yan F, Spetz C, Li X, Zhou X, Zhou H. Base-Editing-Mediated Artificial Evolution of OsALS1 In Planta to Develop Novel Herbicide-Tolerant Rice Germplasms. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:565-572. [PMID: 32001363 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently developed CRISPR-mediated base editors, which enable the generation of numerous nucleotide changes in target genomic regions, have been widely adopted for gene correction and generation of crop germplasms containing important gain-of-function genetic variations. However, to engineer target genes with unknown functional SNPs remains challenging. To address this issue, we present here a base-editing-mediated gene evolution (BEMGE) method, employing both Cas9n-based cytosine and adenine base editors as well as a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) library tiling the full-length coding region, for developing novel rice germplasms with mutations in any endogenous gene. To this end, OsALS1 was artificially evolved in rice cells using BEMGE through both Agrobacterium-mediated and particle-bombardment-mediated transformation. Four different types of amino acid substitutions in the evolved OsALS1, derived from two sites that have never been targeted by natural or human selection during rice domestication, were identified, conferring varying levels of tolerance to the herbicide bispyribac-sodium. Furthermore, the P171F substitution identified in a strong OsALS1 allele was quickly introduced into the commercial rice cultivar Nangeng 46 through precise base editing with the corresponding base editor and sgRNA. Collectively, these data indicate great potential of BEMGE in creating important genetic variants of target genes for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaofang Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guilin, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guilin 541399, China
| | - Fang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Carl Spetz
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Xiangju Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanbin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guilin, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guilin 541399, China.
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11
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Sprangers K, Thys S, van Dusschoten D, Beemster GTS. Gibberellin Enhances the Anisotropy of Cell Expansion in the Growth Zone of the Maize Leaf. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1163. [PMID: 32849718 PMCID: PMC7417610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although plant organ shapes are defined by spatio-temporal variations of directional tissue expansion, this is a little characterized aspect of organ growth regulation. Although it is well known that the plant hormone gibberellin increases the leaf length/with ratio, its effects on cell expansion in the growing leaf are largely unknown. To understand how variations in rate and anisotropy of growth establish the typical monocotelydonous leaf shape, we studied the leaf growth zone of maize (Zea mays) with a kinematic analysis of cell expansion in the three directions of growth: proximo-distal, medio-lateral, and dorso-ventral. To determine the effect of gibberellin, we compared a gibberellin-deficient dwarf3 mutant and the overproducing UBI::GA20OX-1 line with their wild types. We found that, as expected, longitudinal growth was dominant throughout the growth zone. The highest degree of anisotropy occurred in the division zone, where relative growth rates in width and thickness were almost zero. Growth anisotropy was smaller in the elongation zone, due to higher lateral and dorso-ventral growth rates. Growth in all directions stopped at the same position. Gibberellin increased the size of the growth zone and the degree of growth anisotropy by stimulating longitudinal growth rates. Inversely, the duration of expansion was negatively affected, so that mature cell length was unaffected, while width and height of cells were reduced. Our study provides a detailed insight in the dynamics of growth anisotropy in the maize leaf and demonstrates that gibberellin specifically stimulates longitudinal growth rates throughout the growth zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Sprangers
- Research Group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sofie Thys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Sofie Thys, ; Gerrit T. S. Beemster,
| | - Dagmar van Dusschoten
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Research Group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Sofie Thys, ; Gerrit T. S. Beemster,
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12
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Long-range interactions between proximal and distal regulatory regions in maize. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2633. [PMID: 31201330 PMCID: PMC6572780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-range chromatin interactions are important for transcriptional regulation of genes, many of which are related to complex agronomics traits. However, the pattern of three-dimensional chromatin interactions remains unclear in plants. Here we report the generation of chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) data and the construction of extensive H3K4me3- and H3K27ac-centered chromatin interaction maps in maize. Results show that the interacting patterns between proximal and distal regulatory regions of genes are highly complex and dynamic. Genes with chromatin interactions have higher expression levels than those without interactions. Genes with proximal-proximal interactions prefer to be transcriptionally coordinated. Tissue-specific proximal–distal interactions are associated with tissue-specific expression of genes. Interactions between proximal and distal regulatory regions further interweave into organized network communities that are enriched in specific biological functions. The high-resolution chromatin interaction maps will help to understand the transcription regulation of genes associated with complex agronomic traits of maize. Chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) can discover specific protein-centered chromatin interactions in high resolution. Here, the authors use ChIA-PET to reveal the complex and dynamic interactions between proximal and distal regulatory regions of genes in maize.
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Wang Y, Wang X, Deng D, Wang Y. Maize transcriptomic repertoires respond to gibberellin stimulation. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4409-4421. [PMID: 31144186 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormone gibberellin (GA) serves as hub modulator of diverse biological events. Understanding the transcriptomic features of GA-mediated processes has scientific significance. The transcriptomic landscapes of cereal crops upon GA stimulation remains largely unknown. Herein, to reveal the transcriptomic changes in cereal crop maize under GA treatment, we first selected normal height and GA-sensitive maize dwarf plants from advanced backcross population for GA treatment. RNA-seq analysis discovered multiple protein-coding transcripts that were differentially expressed in GA-treated samples compared to distilled water-treated ones. Some differentially expressed transcripts, namely GA-responsive transcripts in this study, encoded the components of GA pathway, including CPS, KS, and KO enzymes for GA biosynthesis, GA2ox enzymes for GA degradation, DELLA repressors and GID1 receptor for GA signaling. A total of 214 shared GA-responsive transcripts were identified both in GA3-treated normal height and GA-sensitive dwarf samples. Shared GA-responsive transcripts were involved in GA signaling, auxin biosynthesis, ethylene response, the composition and structure of cell wall, chlorophyll biogenesis, and sugar homeostasis. In addition, the convergence and divergence in expression of shared GA-responsive transcripts were observed in GA3-treated normal height and GA-sensitive dwarf plants. Interaction network modeling indicated that some shared GA-responsive transcripts tended to be co-regulated, which increases the complexity of GA-triggered regulation at transcriptomic layer. Results presented here will extend our knowledge of GA-mediated regulatory cascade, and enhance our ability to apply hormone GA knowledge in agricultural practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Dexiang Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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14
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Li ZF, Guo Y, Ou L, Hong H, Wang J, Liu ZX, Guo B, Zhang L, Qiu L. Identification of the dwarf gene GmDW1 in soybean (Glycine max L.) by combining mapping-by-sequencing and linkage analysis. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:1001-1016. [PMID: 29550969 PMCID: PMC5895683 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-3044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE GmDW1 encodes an ent-kaurene synthase (KS) acting at the early step of the biosynthesis pathway for gibberellins (GAs) and regulates the development of plant height in soybean. Plant height is an important component of plant architecture, and significantly affects crop breeding practices and yield. Here, we report the characterization of an EMS-induced dwarf mutant (dw) of the soybean cultivar Zhongpin 661 (ZDD23893). The dw mutant displayed reduced plant height and shortened internodes, both of which were mainly attributed to the longitudinally decreased cell length. The bioactive GA1 (gibberellin A1) and GA4 (gibberellin A4) were not detectable in the stem of dw, and the dwarf phenotype could be rescued by treatment with exogenous GA3. Genetic analysis showed that the dwarf trait of dw was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. By combining linkage analysis and mapping-by-sequencing, we mapped the GmDW1 gene to an approximately 460-kb region on chromosome (Chr.) 8, containing 36 annotated genes in the reference Willliams 82 genome. Of these genes, we identified two nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are present in the encoding regions of Gmdw1 and Glyma.08G165100 in dw, respectively. However, only the SNP mutation (T>A) at nucleotide 1224 in Gmdw1 cosegregated with the dwarf phenotype. GmDW1 encodes an ent-kaurene synthase, and was expressed in various tissues including root, stem, and leaf. Further phenotypic analysis of the allelic variations in soybean accessions strongly indicated that GmDW1 is responsible for the dwarf phenotype in dw. Our results provide important information for improving our understanding of the genetics of soybean plant height and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Feng Li
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Guo
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Ou
- College of Agriculture, Yangzi University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilong Hong
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yangzi University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Xiong Liu
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingfu Guo
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Zhou LZ, Juranić M, Dresselhaus T. Germline Development and Fertilization Mechanisms in Maize. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:389-401. [PMID: 28267957 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Maize is the most important agricultural crop used for food, feed, and biofuel as well as a raw material for industrial products such as packaging material. To increase yield and to overcome hybridization barriers, studies of maize gamete development, the pollen tube journey, and fertilization mechanisms were initiated more than a century ago. In this review, we summarize and discuss our current understanding of the regulatory components for germline development including sporogenesis and gametogenesis, the progamic phase of pollen germination and pollen tube growth and guidance, as well as fertilization mechanisms consisting of pollen tube arrival and reception, sperm cell release, fusion with the female gametes, and egg cell activation. Mechanisms of asexual seed development are not considered here. While only a few molecular players involved in these processes have been described to date and the underlying mechanisms are far from being understood, maize now represents a spearhead of reproductive research for all grass species. Recent development of essentially improved transformation and gene-editing systems may boost research in this area in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Zi Zhou
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Juranić
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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16
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Zhao Z, Xue Y, Yang H, Li H, Sun G, Zhao X, Ding D, Tang J. Genome-Wide Identification of miRNAs and Their Targets Involved in the Developing Internodes under Maize Ears by Responding to Hormone Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164026. [PMID: 27695059 PMCID: PMC5047619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Internode length is one of the decisive factors affecting plant height (PH) and ear height (EH), which are closely associated with the lodging resistance, biomass and grain yield of maize. miRNAs, currently recognized as important transcriptional/ post-transcriptional regulators, play an essential role in plant growth and development. However, their roles in developing internodes under maize ears remain unclear. To identify the roles of miRNAs and their targets in the development of internodes under maize ears, six miRNA and two degradome libraries were constructed using the 7th, 8th and 9th internodes of two inbred lines, 'Xun928' and 'Xun9058', which had significantly different internode lengths. A total of 45 and 54 miRNAs showed significant changes for each pairwise comparison among the 7th, 8th and 9th internodes of 'Xun9058' and 'Xun928', respectively. The expression of 31 miRNAs showed significant changes were common to the corresponding comparison groups of the 7th, 8th and 9th internodes of 'Xun9058' and 'Xun928'. For the corresponding internodes of 'Xun9058' and 'Xun928', compared with the expression of miRNAs in the 7th, 8th and 9th internodes of 'Xun928', the numbers of up-regulated and down-regulated miRNAs were 11 and 36 in the 7th internode, 9 and 45 in the 8th internode, and 9 and 25 in the 9th internode of 'Xun9058', respectively. Moreover, 10 miRNA families containing 45 members showed significant changes at least in two internodes of 'Xun928' by comparing with the corresponding internodes of 'Xun9058'. Based on the sequencing data, 20 miRNAs related to hormone signaling among the candidates, belonging to five conserved miRNA families, were selected for expression profiling using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The five miRNA families, zma-miR160, zma-miR167, zma-miR164, zma-miR169 and zma-miR393, targeted the genes encoding auxin response factor, N-acetylcysteine domain containing protein, nuclear transcription factor Y and auxin signaling F-BOX 2 through degradome sequencing. The miRNAs might regulate their targets to respond to hormone signaling, thereby regulating the internode elongation and development under maize ear. These results provide valuable reference for understanding the possible regulation mechanism of the ILs under the ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yadong Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Huili Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Huimin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Gaoyang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Dong Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
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17
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Genomics and expression analysis of DHHC-cysteine-rich domain S-acyl transferase protein family in apple. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Avila LM, Cerrudo D, Swanton C, Lukens L. Brevis plant1, a putative inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, is required for internode elongation in maize. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1577-88. [PMID: 26767748 PMCID: PMC4762392 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In maize (Zea mays L.), as in other grass species, stem elongation occurs during growth and most noticeably upon the transition to flowering. Genes that reduce stem elongation have been important to reduce stem breakage, or lodging. Stem elongation has been mediated by dwarf and brachytic/brevis plant mutants that affect giberellic acid and auxin pathways, respectively. Maize brevis plant1 (bv1) mutants, first identified over 80 years ago, strongly resemble brachytic2 mutants that have shortened internodes, short internode cells, and are deficient in auxin transport. Here, we characterized two novel bv1 maize mutants. We found that an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase orthologue of the rice gene dwarf50 was the molecular basis for the bv1 phenotype, implicating auxin-mediated inositol polyphosphate and/or phosphoinositide signalling in stem elongation. We suggest that auxin-mediated internode elongation involves processes that also contribute to stem gravitropism. Genes misregulated in bv1 mutants included genes important for cell wall synthesis, transmembrane transport, and cytoskeletal function. Mutant and wild-type plants were indistinguishable early in development, responded similarly to changes in light quality, had unaltered flowering times, and had normal flower development. These attributes suggest that breeding could utilize bv1 alleles to increase crop grain yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Avila
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Diego Cerrudo
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Clarence Swanton
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lewis Lukens
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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19
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Unterholzner SJ, Rozhon W, Papacek M, Ciomas J, Lange T, Kugler KG, Mayer KF, Sieberer T, Poppenberger B. Brassinosteroids Are Master Regulators of Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2261-72. [PMID: 26243314 PMCID: PMC4568508 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are highly regulated processes that are coordinated by hormones including the brassinosteroids (BRs), a group of steroids with structural similarity to steroid hormones of mammals. Although it is well understood how BRs are produced and how their signals are transduced, BR targets, which directly confer the hormone's growth-promoting effects, have remained largely elusive. Here, we show that BRs regulate the biosynthesis of gibberellins (GAs), another class of growth-promoting hormones, in Arabidopsis thaliana. We reveal that Arabidopsis mutants deficient in BR signaling are severely impaired in the production of bioactive GA, which is correlated with defective GA biosynthetic gene expression. Expression of the key GA biosynthesis gene GA20ox1 in the BR signaling mutant bri1-301 rescues many of its developmental defects. We provide evidence that supports a model in which the BR-regulated transcription factor BES1 binds to a regulatory element in promoters of GA biosynthesis genes in a BR-induced manner to control their expression. In summary, our study underscores a role of BRs as master regulators of GA biosynthesis and shows that this function is of major relevance for the growth and development of vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Unterholzner
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Papacek
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jennifer Ciomas
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Theo Lange
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karl G Kugler
- Plant Genome and System Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus F Mayer
- Plant Genome and System Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Sieberer
- Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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20
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Hedden P, Sponsel V. A Century of Gibberellin Research. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2015; 34:740-60. [PMID: 26523085 PMCID: PMC4622167 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-015-9546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin research has its origins in Japan in the 19th century, when a disease of rice was shown to be due to a fungal infection. The symptoms of the disease including overgrowth of the seedling and sterility were later shown to be due to secretions of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi (now reclassified as Fusarium fujikuroi), from which the name gibberellin was derived for the active component. The profound effect of gibberellins on plant growth and development, particularly growth recovery in dwarf mutants and induction of bolting and flowering in some rosette species, prompted speculation that these fungal metabolites were endogenous plant growth regulators and this was confirmed by chemical characterisation in the late 1950s. Gibberellins are now known to be present in vascular plants, and some fungal and bacterial species. The biosynthesis of gibberellins in plants and the fungus has been largely resolved in terms of the pathways, enzymes, genes and their regulation. The proposal that gibberellins act in plants by removing growth limitation was confirmed by the demonstration that they induce the degradation of the growth-inhibiting DELLA proteins. The mechanism by which this is achieved was clarified by the identification of the gibberellin receptor from rice in 2005. Current research on gibberellin action is focussed particularly on the function of DELLA proteins as regulators of gene expression. This review traces the history of gibberellin research with emphasis on the early discoveries that enabled the more recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedden
- />Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ Hertfordshire UK
| | - Valerie Sponsel
- />Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
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21
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Lv H, Zheng J, Wang T, Fu J, Huai J, Min H, Zhang X, Tian B, Shi Y, Wang G. The maize d2003, a novel allele of VP8, is required for maize internode elongation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:243-57. [PMID: 24214124 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The d2003 is a natural dwarf mutant from maize inbred line K36 and has less than one-third of K36 plant height with severely shortened internodes. In this study, we reported the cloning of d2003 gene using positional cloning. The results showed that there was a single-base insertion in the coding region of Viviparous8 (VP8) in d2003 mutant, which resulted in a premature stop codon. Further genetic allelism tests confirmed that d2003 mutation is a novel allele of VP8. VP8 is mainly expressed in the stem apex, young leaves, and developing vascular tissues, and its expression levels in nodes are significantly higher than that in internodes at 12-leaf stage. Subcellular localization demonstrated that the VP8 protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and the N-terminal 26 amino acids (aa) of VP8 protein are essential to its localization in ER. Further transgenic experiments showed that lack of the 26 aa leads to loss of VP8 function in Arabidopsis amp1 phenotype rescue. These results strongly suggested that the N-terminal 26 aa is critical for VP8 protein localization, and the correct protein localization of VP8 in ER is necessary for its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Lv
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing, 100081, China
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22
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Abstract
The GAs (gibberellins) comprise a large group of diterpenoid carboxylic acids that are ubiquitous in higher plants, in which certain members function as endogenous growth regulators, promoting organ expansion and developmental changes. These compounds are also produced by some species of lower plants, fungi and bacteria, although, in contrast to higher plants, the function of GAs in these organisms has only recently been investigated and is still unclear. In higher plants, GAs are synthesized by the action of terpene cyclases, cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases localized, respectively, in plastids, the endomembrane system and the cytosol. The concentration of biologically active GAs at their sites of action is tightly regulated and is moderated by numerous developmental and environmental cues. Recent research has focused on regulatory mechanisms, acting primarily on expression of the genes that encode the dioxygenases involved in biosynthesis and deactivation. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge on GA metabolism with particular emphasis on regulation, including the complex mechanisms for the maintenance of GA homoeostasis.
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23
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Li B, Xu W, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Wang T, Bai Y, Han C, Zhang A, Xu Z, Chong K. Integrative study on proteomics, molecular physiology, and genetics reveals an accumulation of cyclophilin-like protein, TaCYP20-2, leading to an increase of Rht protein and dwarf in a novel GA-insensitive mutant (gaid) in Wheat. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4242-53. [PMID: 20527814 DOI: 10.1021/pr100560v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dwarfism with a "Green Revolution" phenotype is a desirable agronomic trait for crop cultivators as associated with increased yield, improved lodging resistance and higher fertility. Few dwarf mutants of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), except for Rht-B1 and Rht-D1, have been identified. Here, we report on a novel dwarf natural wheat mutant, which is identified as a gibberellic acid (GA)-insensitive dwarf (gaid) mutant for its semidominant blocking GA signaling pathway. Physiological and morphological investigations showed that the shoot elongation of gaid mutant plants is insensitive to exogenous GA(3) treatment. Expression of TaGA20ox1 in the gaid mutant was enhanced after GA(3) treatment. The short stem of gaid resulted from reduced cell elongation. The transcript expression of Rht, encoding a DELLA protein negatively regulating GA signaling in wheat, displayed similar patterns between gaid and wild type. Contrarily, the degradation of Rht induced by GA(3) treatment was suppressed in the mutant. 2-DE screening assay showed that the expression patterns of the mutant, as well as their responses to GA(3), were changed as compared with the wild type. In the mutant, one of enriched proteins was identified as TaCYP20-2 by Q-TOF MS approach and immunoblotting. TaCYP20-2 was localized in the chloroplast and cell plasma membrane. The transcript of TaCYP20-2 was higher in gaid than that in wild type. Molecular genetic data showed that overexpression of TaCYP20-2 in wheat resulted in a dwarfism similar to that of gaid. It suggests that TaCYP20-2 is a new member that regulates wheat stem development mediated by DELLA protein degradation of GA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Li
- Research Center for Molecular Developmental Biology, Key Lab of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, CAS, Beijing, China
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Mondal S, Badigannavar AM, D'Souza SF. Inheritance and molecular mapping of a gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). J Appl Genet 2010; 52:35-8. [PMID: 21107785 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-010-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A dark green dwarf mutant, TGM 167, was isolated from a gamma ray + sodium azide mutagenized population of cultivated groundnut breeding line, TFDRG 5. The mutant had a 45.8% reduction in height due to its shorter internodal length. Further, it was found to be insensitive towards exogenous GA(3) application, although it had nearly the same level of endogenous GA(3) as the parent. Genetic analysis revealed that the dwarfism is under the control of a single dominant gene. This dominant dwarfing gene was mapped with an SSR marker TC3H02 at a distance of 9.7 cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Mondal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, 400085, India.
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Gou J, Strauss SH, Tsai CJ, Fang K, Chen Y, Jiang X, Busov VB. Gibberellins regulate lateral root formation in Populus through interactions with auxin and other hormones. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:623-639. [PMID: 20354195 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.073239pmcid:150761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of gibberellins (GAs) in regulation of lateral root development is poorly understood. We show that GA-deficient (35S:PcGA2ox1) and GA-insensitive (35S:rgl1) transgenic Populus exhibited increased lateral root proliferation and elongation under in vitro and greenhouse conditions, and these effects were reversed by exogenous GA treatment. In addition, RNA interference suppression of two poplar GA 2-oxidases predominantly expressed in roots also decreased lateral root formation. GAs negatively affected lateral root formation by inhibiting lateral root primordium initiation. A whole-genome microarray analysis of root development in GA-modified transgenic plants revealed 2069 genes with significantly altered expression. The expression of 1178 genes, including genes that promote cell proliferation, growth, and cell wall loosening, corresponded to the phenotypic severity of the root traits when transgenic events with differential phenotypic expression were compared. The array data and direct hormone measurements suggested crosstalk of GA signaling with other hormone pathways, including auxin and abscisic acid. Transgenic modification of a differentially expressed gene encoding an auxin efflux carrier suggests that GA modulation of lateral root development is at least partly imparted by polar auxin transport modification. These results suggest a mechanism for GA-regulated modulation of lateral root proliferation associated with regulation of plant allometry during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Gou
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, USA
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26
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Gou J, Strauss SH, Tsai CJ, Fang K, Chen Y, Jiang X, Busov VB. Gibberellins regulate lateral root formation in Populus through interactions with auxin and other hormones. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:623-39. [PMID: 20354195 PMCID: PMC2861444 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.073239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of gibberellins (GAs) in regulation of lateral root development is poorly understood. We show that GA-deficient (35S:PcGA2ox1) and GA-insensitive (35S:rgl1) transgenic Populus exhibited increased lateral root proliferation and elongation under in vitro and greenhouse conditions, and these effects were reversed by exogenous GA treatment. In addition, RNA interference suppression of two poplar GA 2-oxidases predominantly expressed in roots also decreased lateral root formation. GAs negatively affected lateral root formation by inhibiting lateral root primordium initiation. A whole-genome microarray analysis of root development in GA-modified transgenic plants revealed 2069 genes with significantly altered expression. The expression of 1178 genes, including genes that promote cell proliferation, growth, and cell wall loosening, corresponded to the phenotypic severity of the root traits when transgenic events with differential phenotypic expression were compared. The array data and direct hormone measurements suggested crosstalk of GA signaling with other hormone pathways, including auxin and abscisic acid. Transgenic modification of a differentially expressed gene encoding an auxin efflux carrier suggests that GA modulation of lateral root development is at least partly imparted by polar auxin transport modification. These results suggest a mechanism for GA-regulated modulation of lateral root proliferation associated with regulation of plant allometry during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Gou
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5752
| | - Chung Jui Tsai
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2152
| | - Kai Fang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiru Chen
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Victor B. Busov
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295
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Responses of Plant Growth of Dwarf and Semi-Dwarf Soybean Mutants to Exogenous GA<SUB>3</SUB>. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2008. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1006.2008.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Molecular biology of gibberellins signaling in higher plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 268:191-221. [PMID: 18703407 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)00806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs), a large family of tetracyclic, diterpenoid plant hormones, play an important role in regulating diverse processes throughout plant development. In recent years, significant advances have been made in the isolation of GA signaling components and GA-responsive genes. All available data have indicated that DELLA proteins are an essential negative regulator in the GA signaling pathway and GA derepresses DELLA-mediated growth suppression by inducing degradation of DELLA proteins through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome proteolytic pathway. Identification of GID1, a gene encoding an unknown protein with similarity to hormone-sensitive lipases, has revealed that GID1 acts as a functional GA receptor with a reasonable binding affinity to biologically active GAs. Furthermore, the GID1 receptor interacts with DELLA proteins in a GA-dependent manner. These results suggest that formation of a GID1-GA-DELLA protein complex targets DELLA protein into the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway for degradation.
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Busov V, Meilan R, Pearce DW, Rood SB, Ma C, Tschaplinski TJ, Strauss SH. Transgenic modification of gai or rgl1 causes dwarfing and alters gibberellins, root growth, and metabolite profiles in Populus. PLANTA 2006; 224:288-99. [PMID: 16404575 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis and other plants, gibberellin (GA)-regulated responses are mediated by proteins including GAI, RGA and RGL1-3 that contain a functional DELLA domain. Through transgenic modification, we found that DELLA-less versions of GAI (gai) and RGL1 (rgl1) in a Populus tree have profound, dominant effects on phenotype, producing pleiotropic changes in morphology and metabolic profiles. Shoots were dwarfed, likely via constitutive repression of GA-induced elongation, whereas root growth was promoted two- to threefold in vitro. Applied GA(3 )inhibited adventitious root production in wild-type poplar, but gai/rgl1 poplars were unaffected by the inhibition. The concentrations of bioactive GA(1) and GA(4) in leaves of gai- and rgl1-expressing plants increased 12- to 64-fold, while the C(19) precursors of GA(1) (GA(53), GA(44) and GA(19)) decreased three- to ninefold, consistent with feedback regulation of GA 20-oxidase in the transgenic plants. The transgenic modifications elicited significant metabolic changes. In roots, metabolic profiling suggested increased respiration as a possible mechanism of the increased root growth. In leaves, we found metabolite changes suggesting reduced carbon flux through the lignin biosynthetic pathway and a shift towards allocation of secondary storage and defense metabolites, including various phenols, phenolic glucosides, and phenolic acid conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Busov
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 49931-1295, USA.
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Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are a family of plant hormones controlling many aspects of plant growth and development including stem elongation, germination, and the transition from vegetative growth to flowering. Cloning of the genes encoding GA biosynthetic and inactivating enzymes has led to numerous insights into the developmental regulation of GA hormone accumulation that is subject to both positive and negative feedback regulation. Genetic and biochemical analysis of GA-signaling genes has revealed that posttranslational regulation of DELLA protein accumulation is a key control point in GA response. The highly conserved DELLA proteins are a family of negative regulators of GA signaling that appear subject to GA-stimulated degradation through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway. This review discusses the regulation of GA hormone accumulation and signaling in the context of its role in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Thomas
- IACR Rothamsted Research, CPI Division, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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31
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Wolbang CM, Chandler PM, Smith JJ, Ross JJ. Auxin from the developing inflorescence is required for the biosynthesis of active gibberellins in barley stems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 134:769-76. [PMID: 14730077 PMCID: PMC344552 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Revised: 08/18/2003] [Accepted: 10/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple gibberellins (GAs) were quantified in the stems of intact, decapitated, and decapitated auxin-treated barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants. Removal of the developing inflorescence reduced the endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), GA(1), and GA(3) and increased the level of GA(29) in internodal and nodal tissues below the site of excision. Application of IAA to the excised stump restored GA levels to normal in almost all cases. The conversion of [(14)C]GA(20) to bioactive [(14)C]GA(1) and of [(14)C]GA(5) to bioactive [(14)C]GA(3) was reduced by decapitation, and IAA application was able to restore conversion rates back to the levels found in intact plants. The amount of mRNA for the principal vegetative 3-oxidase (converting GA(20) to GA(1), and GA(5) to GA(3)) was decreased in decapitated plants and restored by IAA application. The results indicate that the inflorescence of barley is a source of IAA that is transported basipetally into the internodes and nodes where bioactive GA(1) and GA(3) are biosynthesized. Thus, IAA is required for normal GA biosynthesis in stems, acting at multiple steps in the latter part of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Wolbang
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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32
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Abstract
The hormone gibberellin (GA) plays an important role in modulating diverse processes throughout plant development. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the identification of upstream GA signaling components and trans- and cis-acting factors that regulate downstream GA-responsive genes in higher plants. GA appears to derepress its signaling pathway by inducing proteolysis of GA signaling repressors (the DELLA proteins). Recent evidence indicates that the DELLA proteins are targeted for degradation by an E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF complex through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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33
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Chono M, Honda I, Zeniya H, Yoneyama K, Saisho D, Takeda K, Takatsuto S, Hoshino T, Watanabe Y. A semidwarf phenotype of barley uzu results from a nucleotide substitution in the gene encoding a putative brassinosteroid receptor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003. [PMID: 14551335 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.026195.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles throughout plant growth and development. Despite the importance of clarifying the mechanism of BR-related growth regulation in cereal crops, BR-related cereal mutants have been identified only in rice (Oryza sativa). We previously found that semidwarf barley (Hordeum vulgare) accessions carrying the "uzu" gene, called "uzu" barley in Japan, are non-responding for brassinolide (BL). We then performed chemical and molecular analyses to clarify the mechanisms of uzu dwarfism using isogenic line pairs of uzu gene. The response of the uzu line to BL was significantly lower than that of its corresponding normal line. Measurement of BRs showed that the uzu line accumulates BRs, similar to known BR-insensitive mutants. The marker synteny of rice and barley chromosomes suggests that the uzu gene may be homologous to rice D61, a rice homolog of Arabidopsis BR-insensitive 1 (BRI1), encoding a BR-receptor protein. A barley homolog of BRI1, HvBRI1, was isolated by using degenerate primers. A comparison of HvBRI1 sequences in uzu and normal barley varieties showed that the uzu phenotype is correlated with a single nucleotide substitution. This substitution results in an amino acid change at a highly conserved residue in the kinase domain of the BR-receptor protein. These results may indicate that uzu dwarfism is caused by the missense mutation in HvBRI1. The uzu gene is being introduced into all hull-less barley cultivars in Japan as an effective dwarf gene for practical use, and this is the first report about an agronomically important mutation related to BRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Chono
- Department of Wheat and Barley Research, National Institute of Crop Science, National Agricultural Research Organization, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
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34
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Chono M, Honda I, Zeniya H, Yoneyama K, Saisho D, Takeda K, Takatsuto S, Hoshino T, Watanabe Y. A semidwarf phenotype of barley uzu results from a nucleotide substitution in the gene encoding a putative brassinosteroid receptor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:1209-19. [PMID: 14551335 PMCID: PMC281616 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.026195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Revised: 06/18/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles throughout plant growth and development. Despite the importance of clarifying the mechanism of BR-related growth regulation in cereal crops, BR-related cereal mutants have been identified only in rice (Oryza sativa). We previously found that semidwarf barley (Hordeum vulgare) accessions carrying the "uzu" gene, called "uzu" barley in Japan, are non-responding for brassinolide (BL). We then performed chemical and molecular analyses to clarify the mechanisms of uzu dwarfism using isogenic line pairs of uzu gene. The response of the uzu line to BL was significantly lower than that of its corresponding normal line. Measurement of BRs showed that the uzu line accumulates BRs, similar to known BR-insensitive mutants. The marker synteny of rice and barley chromosomes suggests that the uzu gene may be homologous to rice D61, a rice homolog of Arabidopsis BR-insensitive 1 (BRI1), encoding a BR-receptor protein. A barley homolog of BRI1, HvBRI1, was isolated by using degenerate primers. A comparison of HvBRI1 sequences in uzu and normal barley varieties showed that the uzu phenotype is correlated with a single nucleotide substitution. This substitution results in an amino acid change at a highly conserved residue in the kinase domain of the BR-receptor protein. These results may indicate that uzu dwarfism is caused by the missense mutation in HvBRI1. The uzu gene is being introduced into all hull-less barley cultivars in Japan as an effective dwarf gene for practical use, and this is the first report about an agronomically important mutation related to BRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Chono
- Department of Wheat and Barley Research, National Institute of Crop Science, National Agricultural Research Organization, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
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35
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King RW, Evans LT. Gibberellins and flowering of grasses and cereals: prizing open the lid of the "florigen" black box. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2003; 54:307-28. [PMID: 14502993 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.135029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive studies in grasses show that gibberellins (GAs) play a role as a florigen. For Lolium temulentum, which flowers in response to a single long day (LD), GAs are a transmitted signal, their content increasing in the leaf early in the LD and then, hours later, at the shoot apex. There is a continuous trail of evidence of hormonal action of these GAs for L. temulentum and support for a similar role in the flowering of other LD-responsive temperate grasses and cereals. A characteristic of the initial flowering responses of grasses and cereals is their limited stem elongation. Interestingly, it is GAs with low effectiveness for stem elongation, GA5 and GA6, that reach the shoot apex and, structurally, are probably not degraded by 2-oxidase enzymes. By contrast, GA1 and GA4 cause stem elongation, may be inactive for floral evocation, and do not reach the vegetative shoot apex apparently because of susceptibility to degradation. However, GA4 can be florally active if protected against 2-oxidases either structurally or by using a 2-oxidase inhibitor. Later in inflorescence development, GA1 and GA4 can be detected at the shoot apex and are florally active if applied. The 2-oxidase restricting accessibility to the apex has probably declined at this time so there is a second florigenic, LD-regulated GA action. A growing body of molecular evidence supporting these actions of GA may provide a future basis for manipulating flowering of grasses and cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod W King
- CSIRO, Plant Industry, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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36
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Chandler PM, Marion-Poll A, Ellis M, Gubler F. Mutants at the Slender1 locus of barley cv Himalaya. Molecular and physiological characterization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:181-90. [PMID: 12011349 PMCID: PMC155882 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2001] [Revised: 11/15/2001] [Accepted: 01/20/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A dominant dwarf mutant of barley (Hordeum vulgare) that resembles dominant gibberellin (GA) "-insensitive" or "-nonresponsive" mutants in other species is described. alpha-Amylase production by endosperm half-grains of the mutant required GA3 at concentrations about 100 times that of the WT. The mutant showed only a slight growth response to GA3, even at very high concentrations. However, when additionally dwarfed, growth rate responded to GA3 over the normal concentration range, although only back to the original (dwarf) elongation rate. Genetic studies indicated that the dominant dwarf locus was either closely linked or identical to the Sln1 (Slender1) locus. A barley sequence related to Arabidopsis GAI/RGA was isolated, and shown to represent the Sln1 locus by the analysis of sln1 mutants. The dominant dwarf mutant was also altered in this sequence, indicating that it too is an allele at Sln1. Thus, mutations at Sln1 generate plants of radically different phenotypes; either dwarfs that are largely dominant and GA "-insensitive/-nonresponsive," or the recessive slender types in which GA responses appear to be constitutive. Immunoblotting studies showed that in growing leaves, SLN1 protein localized almost exclusively to the leaf elongation zone. In mutants at the Sln1 locus, there were differences in both the abundance and distribution of SLN1 protein, and large changes in the amounts of bioactive GAs, and of their metabolic precursors and catabolites. These results suggest that there are dynamic interactions between SLN1 protein and GA content in determining leaf elongation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Michael Chandler
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capitol Territory 2601, Australia.
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Amador V, Monte E, García-Martínez JL, Prat S. Gibberellins signal nuclear import of PHOR1, a photoperiod-responsive protein with homology to Drosophila armadillo. Cell 2001; 106:343-54. [PMID: 11509183 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
S. tuberosum ssp. andigena potato plants require short days (SD) for tuberization. We have isolated PHOR1 (photoperiod-responsive 1), which shows upregulated expression in induced leaves (SD). PHOR1 encodes an arm repeat protein with homology to the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Antisense inhibition of PHOR1 produces a semidwarf phenotype similar to that of GA-deficient plants, and the antisense lines show reduced GA responsiveness combined with a higher endogenous GA content than wild-type plants. Feedback regulation of GA biosynthetic genes is also altered in these lines. Conversely, transgenic lines overexpressing PHOR1 show an enhanced response to GA. GA application induces rapid migration of PHOR1-GFP protein to the nucleus. Thus, PHOR1 appears to be a general component of GA signaling pathways that relocalizes to the nucleus in the presence of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Amador
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Richards DE, King KE, Ait-Ali T, Harberd NP. HOW GIBBERELLIN REGULATES PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: A Molecular Genetic Analysis of Gibberellin Signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 52:67-88. [PMID: 11337392 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gibberellins are hormones that control growth and a wide variety of other plant developmental processes. In recent years, significant progress has been made on the biochemistry of gibberellin biosynthesis and on the mechanisms by which gibberellin levels are regulated in plants. There have also been major advances in the understanding of gibberellin signaling, with several key genes being cloned. This review discusses our current understanding of gibberellin signaling, as seen from the perspective of molecular genetic analysis, and relates these observations to previous biochemical studies. In particular, we highlight an important conclusion of recent years: that GAI/RGA and orthologs play major roles in gibberellin signaling in diverse plant species, and that gibberellin probably stimulates growth by derepression of GAI/RGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Richards
- Department of Molecular Genetics, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UJ, United Kingdom; e-mail:
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Abstract
Recent studies using biochemical and genetic approaches have identified a number of components, including several negative regulators, of the gibberellin (GA) signal transduction pathway in higher plants. The basal state of GA signaling is likely to be repressive, and the GA signal seems to activate the pathway by de-repression to allow GA-stimulated growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-1000, USA.
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40
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Ogawa M, Kusano T, Katsumi M, Sano H. Rice gibberellin-insensitive gene homolog, OsGAI, encodes a nuclear-localized protein capable of gene activation at transcriptional level. Gene 2000; 245:21-9. [PMID: 10713441 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports isolation and properties of a rice gene, OsGAI, a putative homolog of the GAI of Arabidopsis thaliana. OsGAI encodes a polypeptide of 625 amino acids, which shows 53-55% identity to GAI and RGA from A. thaliana, and 85% identity to wheat rht-D1a and maize d8. Genomic DNA blot analysis indicated the OsGAI to be a single-copy gene in the rice genome. RNA blot hybridization showed that OsGAI transcripts increased within 6h upon GA(3) but not ABA application. This GA-induced increment in OsGAI transcripts did not require de novo protein synthesis. High levels of OsGAI transcripts were detected in nodes, internodes, leaf sheaths and ears of adult plants and leaf sheaths of young seedlings, where GA enhances cell elongation and division. Transiently expressed OsGAI-GFP fusion protein located to the nucleus in onion epidermal cells. Transactivation assays clearly indicated that OsGAI protein is a transcriptional activator or a coactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ogawa
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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41
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Noguchi T, Fujioka S, Choe S, Takatsuto S, Yoshida S, Yuan H, Feldmann KA, Tax FE. Brassinosteroid-insensitive dwarf mutants of Arabidopsis accumulate brassinosteroids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:743-52. [PMID: 10557222 PMCID: PMC59436 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.3.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/1999] [Accepted: 07/23/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seven dwarf mutants resembling brassinosteroid (BR)-biosynthetic dwarfs were isolated that did not respond significantly to the application of exogenous BRs. Genetic and molecular analyses revealed that these were novel alleles of BRI1 (Brassinosteroid-Insensitive 1), which encodes a receptor kinase that may act as a receptor for BRs or be involved in downstream signaling. The results of morphological and molecular analyses indicated that these represent a range of alleles from weak to null. The endogenous BRs were examined from 5-week-old plants of a null allele (bri1-4) and two weak alleles (bri1-5 and bri1-6). Previous analysis of endogenous BRs in several BR-biosynthetic dwarf mutants revealed that active BRs are deficient in these mutants. However, bri1-4 plants accumulated very high levels of brassinolide, castasterone, and typhasterol (57-, 128-, and 33-fold higher, respectively, than those of wild-type plants). Weaker alleles (bri1-5 and bri1-6) also accumulated considerable levels of brassinolide, castasterone, and typhasterol, but less than the null allele (bri1-4). The levels of 6-deoxoBRs in bri1 mutants were comparable to that of wild type. The accumulation of biologically active BRs may result from the inability to utilize these active BRs, the inability to regulate BR biosynthesis in bri1 mutants, or both. Therefore, BRI1 is required for the homeostasis of endogenous BR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noguchi
- The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Davis G, Kobayashi M, Phinney BO, Lange T, Croker SJ, Gaskin P, MacMillan J. Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Maize. Metabolic Studies with GA(15), GA(24), GA(25), GA(7), and 2,3-Dehydro-GA(9). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:1037-1045. [PMID: 10557253 PMCID: PMC59468 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.3.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
[17-(14)C]-Labeled GA(15), GA(24), GA(25), GA(7), and 2,3-dehydro-GA(9) were separately injected into normal, dwarf-1 (d1), and dwarf-5 (d5) seedlings of maize (Zea mays L.). Purified radioactive metabolites from the plant tissues were identified by full-scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Kovats retention index data. The metabolites from GA(15) were GA(44), GA(19), GA(20), GA(113), and GA(15)-15,16-ene (artifact?). GA(24) was metabolized to GA(19), GA(20), and GA(17). The metabolites from GA(25) were GA(17), GA(25) 16alpha,17-H(2)-17-OH, and HO-GA(25) (hydroxyl position not determined). GA(7) was metabolized to GA(30), GA(3), isoGA(3) (artifact?), and trace amounts of GA(7)-diene-diacid (artifact?). 2,3-Dehydro-GA(9) was metabolized to GA(5), GA(7) (trace amounts), 2,3-dehydro-GA(10) (artifact?), GA(31), and GA(62). Our results provide additional in vivo evidence of a metabolic grid in maize (i.e. pathway convergence). The grid connects members of a putative, non-early 3,13-hydroxylation branch pathway to the corresponding members of the previously documented early 13-hydroxylation branch pathway. The inability to detect the sequence GA(12) --> GA(15) --> GA(24) --> GA(9) indicates that the non-early 3,13-hydroxylation pathway probably plays a minor role in the origin of bioactive gibberellins in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Davis
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606
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Peng J, Richards DE, Hartley NM, Murphy GP, Devos KM, Flintham JE, Beales J, Fish LJ, Worland AJ, Pelica F, Sudhakar D, Christou P, Snape JW, Gale MD, Harberd NP. 'Green revolution' genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators. Nature 1999; 400:256-61. [PMID: 10421366 DOI: 10.1038/22307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1103] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
World wheat grain yields increased substantially in the 1960s and 1970s because farmers rapidly adopted the new varieties and cultivation methods of the so-called 'green revolution'. The new varieties are shorter, increase grain yield at the expense of straw biomass, and are more resistant to damage by wind and rain. These wheats are short because they respond abnormally to the plant growth hormone gibberellin. This reduced response to gibberellin is conferred by mutant dwarfing alleles at one of two Reduced height-1 (Rht-B1 and Rht-D1) loci. Here we show that Rht-B1/Rht-D1 and maize dwarf-8 (d8) are orthologues of the Arabidopsis Gibberellin Insensitive (GAI) gene. These genes encode proteins that resemble nuclear transcription factors and contain an SH2-like domain, indicating that phosphotyrosine may participate in gibberellin signalling. Six different orthologous dwarfing mutant alleles encode proteins that are altered in a conserved amino-terminal gibberellin signalling domain. Transgenic rice plants containing a mutant GAI allele give reduced responses to gibberellin and are dwarfed, indicating that mutant GAI orthologues could be used to increase yield in a wide range of crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peng
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, UK
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Ogawa M, Kusano T, Koizumi N, Katsumi M, Sano H. Gibberellin-responsive genes: high level of transcript accumulation in leaf sheath meristematic tissue from Zea mays L. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 40:645-657. [PMID: 10480388 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006291917591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify genes that are related to the gibberellin (GA) response in maize (Zea mays L.), mRNA species from wild-type and single-gene dwarf mutants, d5 and D8, were compared by fluorescent differential display. The d5 mutant is unable to produce biologically active GA, but recovers its tall stature on exogenous application of GA. D8 is insensitive to GA, despite the accumulation of a high level of endogenous GA, suggesting it to be a receptor mutant or a mutant in signal transduction pathway(s). After screening 7000 cDNA populations, one clone was isolated, for which transcripts were rare in d5 shoots but accumulated within 1 h after GA3 application. This clone, designated as ZmGR1a, encodes a polypeptide with a relative molecular mass of ca. 13 kDa, which shows significant homology to proline-rich proteins from several plant species. A similar experiment with D8 identified a clone, ZmGR2a, with low transcript levels, but accumulation within 6 h after GA3 treatment of d5 shoots. ZmGR2a encodes a polypeptide with a relative molecular mass of ca. 19 kDa, which shows no significant homology with any known protein. Southern blot analysis indicated that ZmGR1a and ZmGR2a form a small multigene family within the maize genome. In situ hybridization with wild-type seedlings showed transcripts on both to be abundant in leaf sheath meristematic tissue, in which GA enhances cell elongation and cell division.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Gibberellins/pharmacology
- In Situ Hybridization
- Indoleacetic Acids/pharmacology
- Meristem/drug effects
- Meristem/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Leaves/drug effects
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plants/drug effects
- Plants/genetics
- RNA, Plant/drug effects
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription, Genetic
- Zea mays/drug effects
- Zea mays/genetics
- Zea mays/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ogawa
- Research and Education Center for Genetic Information, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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Schumacher K, Schmitt T, Rossberg M, Schmitz G, Theres K. The Lateral suppressor (Ls) gene of tomato encodes a new member of the VHIID protein family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:290-5. [PMID: 9874811 PMCID: PMC15132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.1.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the shoot apical meristem to multiply and distribute its meristematic potential through the formation of axillary meristems is essential for the diversity of forms and growth habits of higher plants. In the lateral suppressor mutant of tomato the initiation of axillary meristems is prevented, thus offering the unique opportunity to study the molecular mechanisms underlying this important function of the shoot apical meristem. We report here the isolation of the Lateral suppressor gene by positional cloning and show that the mutant phenotype is caused by a complete loss of function of a new member of the VHIID family of plant regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schumacher
- Institut für Genetik, Universität zu Köln, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
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Hedden P. Regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANT HORMONES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Peng J, Carol P, Richards DE, King KE, Cowling RJ, Murphy GP, Harberd NP. The Arabidopsis GAI gene defines a signaling pathway that negatively regulates gibberellin responses. Genes Dev 1997; 11:3194-205. [PMID: 9389651 PMCID: PMC316750 DOI: 10.1101/gad.11.23.3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 730] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/1997] [Accepted: 09/17/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis gai mutant allele confers a reduction in gibberellin (GA) responsiveness. Here we report the molecular cloning of GAI and a closely related gene GRS. The predicted GAI (wild-type) and gai (mutant) proteins differ only by the deletion of a 17-amino-acid segment from within the amino-terminal region. GAI and GRS contain nuclear localization signals, a region of homology to a putative transcription factor, and motifs characteristic of transcriptional coactivators. Genetic analysis indicates that GAI is a repressor of GA responses, that GA can release this repression, and that gai is a mutant repressor that is relatively resistant to the effects of GA. Mutations at SPY and GAR2 suppress the gai phenotype, indicating the involvement of GAI, SPY, and GAR2 in a signaling pathway that regulates GA responses negatively. The existence of this pathway suggests that GA modulates plant growth through derepression rather than through simple stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UJ, UK
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Silverstone AL, Mak PY, Martínez EC, Sun TP. The new RGA locus encodes a negative regulator of gibberellin response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 1997; 146:1087-99. [PMID: 9215910 PMCID: PMC1208037 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/146.3.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a new locus involved in gibberellin (GA) signal transduction by screening for suppressors of the Arabidopsis thaliana GA biosynthetic mutant gal-3. The locus is named RGA for repressor of gal-3. Based on the recessive phenotype of the digenic rga/gal-3 mutant, the wild-type gene product of RGA is probably a negative regulator of GA responses. Our screen for suppressors of gal-3 identified 17 mutant alleles of RGA as well as 10 new mutant alleles at the previously identified SPY locus. The digenic (double homozygous) rga/gal-3 mutants are able to partially repress several defects of gal-3 including stem growth, leaf abaxial trichome initiation, flowering time, and apical dominance. The phenotype of the trigenic mutant (triple homozygous) rga/spy/gal-3 shows that rga and spy have additive effects regulating flowering time, abaxial leaf trichome initiation and apical dominance. This trigenic mutant is similar to wild type with respect to each of these developmental events. Because rga/spy/gal-3 is almost insensitive to GA for hypocotyl growth and its bolting stem is taller than the wild-type plant, the combined effects of the rga and spy mutations appear to allow GA-independent stem growth. Our studies indicate that RGA lies on a separate branch of the GA signal transduction pathway from SPY, which leads us to propose a modified model of the GA response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Silverstone
- Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-1000, USA
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Abstract
The recent impressive progress in research on gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis has resulted primarily from cloning of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes and studies with GA-deficient and GA-insensitive mutants. Highlights include the cloning of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase and ent-kaurene synthase (formally ent-kaurene synthases A and B) and the demonstration that the former is targeted to the plastid; the finding that the Dwarf-3 gene of maize encodes a cytochrome P450, although of unknown function; and the cloning of GA 20-oxidase and 3beta-hydroxylase genes. The availability of cDNA and genomic clones for these enzymes is enabling the mechanisms by which GA concentrations are regulated by environmental and endogenous factors to be studied at the molecular level. For example, it has been shown that transcript levels for GA 20-oxidase and 3beta-hydroxylase are subject to feedback regulation by GA action and, in the case of the GA 20-oxidase, are regulated by light. Also discussed is other new information, particularly from mutants, that has added to our understanding of the biosynthetic pathway, the enzymes, and their regulation and tissue localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedden
- IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS18 9AF, United Kingdom, Frontier Research Program, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hirosawa 2-1, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-01, Japan
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