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Monovich AC, Gurumurthy A, Ryan RJH. The Diverse Roles of ETV6 Alterations in B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Other Hematopoietic Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:291-320. [PMID: 39017849 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Genetic alterations of the repressive ETS family transcription factor gene ETV6 are recurrent in several categories of hematopoietic malignancy, including subsets of B-cell and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL and T-ALL), myeloid neoplasms, and mature B-cell lymphomas. ETV6 is essential for adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), contributes to specific functions of some mature immune cells, and plays a key role in thrombopoiesis as demonstrated by familial ETV6 mutations associated with thrombocytopenia and predisposition to hematopoietic cancers, particularly B-ALL. ETV6 appears to have a tumor suppressor role in several hematopoietic lineages, as demonstrated by recurrent somatic loss-of-function (LoF) and putative dominant-negative alterations in leukemias and lymphomas. ETV6 rearrangements contribute to recurrent fusion oncogenes such as the B-ALL-associated transcription factor (TF) fusions ETV6::RUNX1 and PAX5::ETV6, rare drivers such as ETV6::NCOA6, and a spectrum of tyrosine kinase gene fusions encoding hyperactive signaling proteins that self-associate via the ETV6 N-terminal pointed domain. Another subset of recurrent rearrangements involving the ETV6 gene locus appear to function primarily to drive overexpression of the partner gene. This review surveys what is known about the biochemical and genome regulatory properties of ETV6 as well as our current understanding of how alterations in these functions contribute to hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Monovich
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aishwarya Gurumurthy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Russell J H Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Zapilko V, Moisio S, Parikka M, Heinäniemi M, Lohi O. Generation of a Zebrafish Knock-In Model Recapitulating Childhood ETV6::RUNX1-Positive B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5821. [PMID: 38136366 PMCID: PMC10871125 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 25% of children with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pB-ALL) harbor the t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation, leading to the ETV6::RUNX1 (E::R) fusion gene. This translocation occurs in utero, but the disease is much less common than the prevalence of the fusion in newborns, suggesting that secondary mutations are required for overt leukemia. The role of these secondary mutations remains unclear and may contribute to treatment resistance and disease recurrence. We developed a zebrafish model for E::R leukemia using CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce the human RUNX1 gene into zebrafish etv6 intron 5, resulting in E::R fusion gene expression controlled by the endogenous etv6 promoter. As seen by GFP fluorescence at a single-cell level, the model correctly expressed the fusion protein in the right places in zebrafish embryos. The E::R fusion expression induced an expansion of the progenitor cell pool and led to a low 2% frequency of leukemia. The introduction of targeted pax5 and cdkn2a/b gene mutations, mimicking secondary mutations, in the E::R line significantly increased the incidence in leukemia. Transcriptomics revealed that the E::R;pax5mut leukemias exclusively represented B-lineage disease. This novel E::R zebrafish model faithfully recapitulates human disease and offers a valuable tool for a more detailed analysis of disease biology in this subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zapilko
- Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Sanni Moisio
- The Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (S.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- The Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (S.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Olli Lohi
- Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
- Department of Pediatrics and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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3
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Yin H, Wang J, Tan Y, Jiang M, Zhang H, Meng G. Transcription factor abnormalities in B-ALL leukemogenesis and treatment. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:855-870. [PMID: 37407363 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The biological regulation of transcription factors (TFs) and repressor proteins is an important mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis. In B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) TF abnormalities occur at high frequency and are often recognized as the major driving factor in carcinogenesis. We provide an in-depth review of molecular mechanisms of six major TF rearrangements in B-ALL, including DUX4-rearranged (DUX4-R), MEF2D-R, ZNF384-R, ETV6-RUNX1 and TCF3-PBX1 fusions, and KMT2A-R. In addition, the therapeutic options and prognoses for patients who harbor these TF abnormalities are discussed. This review aims to provide an up-to-date panoramic view of how TF-based oncogenic fusions might drive carcinogenesis and impact on potential therapeutic exploration of B-ALL treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yangxia Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Minghao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Guoyu Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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4
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Ray S, Hewitt K. Sticky, Adaptable, and Many-sided: SAM protein versatility in normal and pathological hematopoietic states. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300022. [PMID: 37318311 PMCID: PMC10527593 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With decades of research seeking to generalize sterile alpha motif (SAM) biology, many outstanding questions remain regarding this multi-tool protein module. Recent data from structural and molecular/cell biology has begun to reveal new SAM modes of action in cell signaling cascades and biomolecular condensation. SAM-dependent mechanisms underlie blood-related (hematologic) diseases, including myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemias, prompting our focus on hematopoiesis for this review. With the increasing coverage of SAM-dependent interactomes, a hypothesis emerges that SAM interaction partners and binding affinities work to fine tune cell signaling cascades in developmental and disease contexts, including hematopoiesis and hematologic disease. This review discusses what is known and remains unknown about the standard mechanisms and neoplastic properties of SAM domains and what the future might hold for developing SAM-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhita Ray
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
| | - Kyle Hewitt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, United States
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5
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Lu DY, Ellegast JM, Ross KN, Malone CF, Lin S, Mabe NW, Dharia NV, Meyer A, Conway A, Su AH, Selich-Anderson J, Taslim C, Byrum AK, Seong BKA, Adane B, Gray NS, Rivera MN, Lessnick SL, Stegmaier K. The ETS transcription factor ETV6 constrains the transcriptional activity of EWS-FLI to promote Ewing sarcoma. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:285-297. [PMID: 36658220 PMCID: PMC9928584 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are frequently mutated in cancer. Paediatric cancers exhibit few mutations genome-wide but frequently harbour sentinel mutations that affect TFs, which provides a context to precisely study the transcriptional circuits that support mutant TF-driven oncogenesis. A broadly relevant mechanism that has garnered intense focus involves the ability of mutant TFs to hijack wild-type lineage-specific TFs in self-reinforcing transcriptional circuits. However, it is not known whether this specific type of circuitry is equally crucial in all mutant TF-driven cancers. Here we describe an alternative yet central transcriptional mechanism that promotes Ewing sarcoma, wherein constraint, rather than reinforcement, of the activity of the fusion TF EWS-FLI supports cancer growth. We discover that ETV6 is a crucial TF dependency that is specific to this disease because it, counter-intuitively, represses the transcriptional output of EWS-FLI. This work discovers a previously undescribed transcriptional mechanism that promotes cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Y Lu
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jana M Ellegast
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth N Ross
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clare F Malone
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shan Lin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Mabe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Neekesh V Dharia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashleigh Meyer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy Conway
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Angela H Su
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Selich-Anderson
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrea K Byrum
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bo Kyung A Seong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Biniam Adane
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miguel N Rivera
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Kaczmarska A, Derebas J, Pinkosz M, Niedźwiecki M, Lejman M. The Landscape of Secondary Genetic Rearrangements in Pediatric Patients with B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(12;21). Cells 2023; 12:cells12030357. [PMID: 36766699 PMCID: PMC9913634 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The most frequent chromosomal rearrangement in childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22). It results in the fusion of the ETV6::RUNX1 gene, which is active in the regulation of multiple crucial cellular pathways. Recent studies hypothesize that many translocations are influenced by RAG-initiated deletions, as well as defects in the RAS and NRAS pathways. According to a "two-hit" model for the molecular pathogenesis of pediatric ETV6::RUNX1-positive B-ALL, the t(12;21) translocation requires leukemia-causing secondary mutations. Patients with ETV6::RUNX1 express up to 60 different aberrations, which highlights the heterogeneity of this B-ALL subtype and is reflected in differences in patient response to treatment and chances of relapse. Most studies of secondary genetic changes have concentrated on deletions of the normal, non-rearranged ETV6 allele. Other predominant structural changes included deletions of chromosomes 6q and 9p, loss of entire chromosomes X, 8, and 13, duplications of chromosome 4q, or trisomy of chromosomes 21 and 16, but the impact of these changes on overall survival remains unclarified. An equally genetically diverse group is the recently identified new B-ALL subtype ETV6::RUNX1-like ALL. In our review, we provide a comprehensive description of recurrent secondary mutations in pediatric B-ALL with t(12;21) to emphasize the value of investigating detailed molecular mechanisms in ETV6::RUNX1-positive B-ALL, both for our understanding of the etiology of the disease and for future clinical advances in patient treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaczmarska
- Student Scientific Society of Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, A. Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Derebas
- Student Scientific Society of Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, A. Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michalina Pinkosz
- Student Scientific Society of Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, A. Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Niedźwiecki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, A. Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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7
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Kodgule R, Goldman JW, Monovich AC, Saari T, Aguilar AR, Hall CN, Rajesh N, Gupta J, Chu SCA, Ye L, Gurumurthy A, Iyer A, Brown NA, Chiang MY, Cieslik MP, Ryan RJ. ETV6 Deficiency Unlocks ERG-Dependent Microsatellite Enhancers to Drive Aberrant Gene Activation in B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov 2023; 4:34-53. [PMID: 36350827 PMCID: PMC9820540 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal enhancers play critical roles in sustaining oncogenic gene-expression programs. We identify aberrant enhancer-like activation of GGAA tandem repeats as a characteristic feature of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with genetic defects of the ETV6 transcriptional repressor, including ETV6-RUNX1+ and ETV6-null B-ALL. We show that GGAA repeat enhancers are direct activators of previously identified ETV6-RUNX1+/- like B-ALL "signature" genes, including the likely leukemogenic driver EPOR. When restored to ETV6-deficient B-ALL cells, ETV6 directly binds to GGAA repeat enhancers, represses their acetylation, downregulates adjacent genes, and inhibits B-ALL growth. In ETV6-deficient B-ALL cells, we find that the ETS transcription factor ERG directly binds to GGAA microsatellite enhancers and is required for sustained activation of repeat enhancer-activated genes. Together, our findings reveal an epigenetic gatekeeper function of the ETV6 tumor suppressor gene and establish microsatellite enhancers as a key mechanism underlying the unique gene-expression program of ETV6-RUNX1+/- like B-ALL. SIGNIFICANCE We find a unifying mechanism underlying a leukemia subtype-defining gene-expression signature that relies on repetitive elements with poor conservation between humans and rodents. The ability of ETV6 to antagonize promiscuous, nonphysiologic ERG activity may shed light on other roles of these key regulators in hematolymphoid development and human disease. See related commentary by Mercher, p. 2. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kodgule
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joshua W. Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Travis Saari
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Athalee R. Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cody N. Hall
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Niharika Rajesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juhi Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shih-Chun A. Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aishwarya Gurumurthy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ashwin Iyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Noah A. Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark Y. Chiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marcin P. Cieslik
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Russell J.H. Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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8
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Xiong Z, Wu S, Li FJ, Luo C, Jin QY, Connolly ID, Hayden Gephart M, You L. Elevated ETV6 Expression in Glioma Promotes an Aggressive In Vitro Phenotype Associated with Shorter Patient Survival. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101882. [PMID: 36292767 PMCID: PMC9656946 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: GBM astrocytes may adopt fetal astrocyte transcriptomic signatures involved in brain development and migration programs to facilitate diffuse tumor infiltration. Our previous data show that ETS variant 6 (ETV6) is highly expressed in human GBM and fetal astrocytes compared to normal mature astrocytes. We hypothesized that ETV6 played a role in GBM tumor progression. Methods: Expression of ETV6 was first examined in two American and three Chinese tissue microarrays. The correlation between ETV6 staining intensity and patient survival was calculated, followed by validation using public databases—TCGA and REMBRANDT. The effect of ETV6 knockdown on glioma cell proliferation (EdU), viability (AnnexinV labeling), clonogenic growth (colony formation), and migration/invasion (transwell assays) in GBM cells was tested. RNA sequencing and Western blot were performed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results: ETV6 was highly expressed in GBM and associated with an unfavorable prognosis. ETV6 silencing in glioma cells led to increased apoptosis or decreased proliferation, clonogenicity, migration, and invasion. RNA-Seq-based gene expression and pathway analyses revealed that ETV6 knockdown in U251 cells led to the upregulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix organization, NF-κB signaling, TNF-mediated signaling, and the downregulation of genes in the regulation of cell motility, cell proliferation, PI3K-AKT signaling, and the Ras pathway. The downregulation of the PI3K-AKT and Ras-MAPK pathways were further validated by immunoblotting. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that ETV6 was highly expressed in GBM and its high expression correlated with poor survival. ETV6 silencing decreased an aggressive in vitro phenotype probably via the PI3K-AKT and Ras-MAPK pathways. The study encourages further investigation of ETV6 as a potential therapeutic target of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Feng-jiao Li
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qiu-yan Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ian David Connolly
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melanie Hayden Gephart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: to: (M.H.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Linya You
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: to: (M.H.G.); (L.Y.)
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9
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Childhood B-Cell Preleukemia Mouse Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147562. [PMID: 35886910 PMCID: PMC9317949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is the most usual childhood cancer, and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is its most common presentation. It has been proposed that pediatric leukemogenesis occurs through a “multi-step” or “multi-hit” mechanism that includes both in utero and postnatal steps. Many childhood leukemia-initiating events, such as chromosomal translocations, originate in utero, and studies so far suggest that these “first-hits” occur at a far higher frequency than the incidence of childhood leukemia itself. The reason why only a small percentage of the children born with such preleukemic “hits” will develop full-blown leukemia is still a mystery. In order to better understand childhood leukemia, mouse modeling is essential, but only if the multistage process of leukemia can be recapitulated in the model. Therefore, mouse models naturally reproducing the “multi-step” process of childhood B-ALL will be essential to identify environmental or other factors that are directly linked to increased risk of disease.
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10
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Neveu B, Richer C, Cassart P, Caron M, Jimenez-Cortes C, St-Onge P, Fuchs C, Garnier N, Gobeil S, Sinnett D. Identification of new ETV6 modulators through a high-throughput functional screening. iScience 2022; 25:103858. [PMID: 35198911 PMCID: PMC8851229 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
ETV6 transcriptional activity is critical for proper blood cell development in the bone marrow. Despite the accumulating body of evidence linking ETV6 malfunction to hematological malignancies, its regulatory network remains unclear. To uncover genes that modulate ETV6 repressive transcriptional activity, we performed a specifically designed, unbiased genome-wide shRNA screen in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Following an extensive validation process, we identified 13 shRNAs inducing overexpression of ETV6 transcriptional target genes. We showed that the silencing of AKIRIN1, COMMD9, DYRK4, JUNB, and SRP72 led to an abrogation of ETV6 repressive activity. We identified critical modulators of the ETV6 function which could participate in cellular transformation through the ETV6 transcriptional network. We develop a genome-wide shRNAs screen for ETV6 modulators The screen uncovered 13 novel putative ETV6 modulator genes The modulators demonstrated a broad impact on the ETV6 transcriptional network T-ALL cells results suggest modulators are conserved in other cellular contexts
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Neveu
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Chantal Richer
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Pauline Cassart
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Maxime Caron
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Camille Jimenez-Cortes
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pascal St-Onge
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Claire Fuchs
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nicolas Garnier
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Corresponding author
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Corresponding author
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11
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Ben-David Y, Gajendran B, Sample KM, Zacksenhaus E. Current insights into the role of Fli-1 in hematopoiesis and malignant transformation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:163. [PMID: 35412146 PMCID: PMC11072361 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fli-1, a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, was discovered in 1991 through retroviral insertional mutagenesis as a driver of mouse erythroleukemias. In the past 30 years, nearly 2000 papers have defined its biology and impact on normal development and cancer. In the hematopoietic system, Fli-1 controls self-renewal of stem cells and their differentiation into diverse mature blood cells. Fli-1 also controls endothelial survival and vasculogenesis, and high and low levels of Fli-1 are implicated in the auto-immune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis, respectively. In addition, aberrant Fli-1 expression is observed in, and is essential for, the growth of multiple hematological malignancies and solid cancers. Here, we review the historical context and latest research on Fli-1, focusing on its role in hematopoiesis, immune response, and malignant transformation. The importance of identifying Fli-1 modulators (both agonists and antagonists) and their potential clinical applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaacov Ben-David
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Babu Gajendran
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Klarke M Sample
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Max Bell Research Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Prazak L, Iwasaki Y, Kim AR, Kozlov K, King K, Gergen JP. A dual role for DNA binding by Runt in activation and repression of sloppy paired transcription. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar26. [PMID: 34432496 PMCID: PMC8693977 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-08-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the role of DNA binding by Runt in regulating the sloppy paired 1 (slp1) gene and in particular two distinct cis-regulatory elements that mediate regulation by Runt and other pair-rule transcription factors during Drosophila segmentation. We find that a DNA-binding-defective form of Runt is ineffective at repressing both the distal (DESE) and proximal (PESE) early stripe elements of slp1 and is also compromised for DESE-dependent activation. The function of Runt-binding sites in DESE is further investigated using site-specific transgenesis and quantitative imaging techniques. When DESE is tested as an autonomous enhancer, mutagenesis of the Runt sites results in a clear loss of Runt-dependent repression but has little to no effect on Runt-dependent activation. Notably, mutagenesis of these same sites in the context of a reporter gene construct that also contains the PESE enhancer results in a significant reduction of DESE-dependent activation as well as the loss of repression observed for the autonomous mutant DESE enhancer. These results provide strong evidence that DNA binding by Runt directly contributes to the regulatory interplay of interactions between these two enhancers in the early embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Prazak
- Department of Biology, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY 11735-1021.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Center for Developmental Genetics.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215
| | - Yasuno Iwasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Center for Developmental Genetics
| | - Ah-Ram Kim
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, and
| | - Konstantin Kozlov
- Department of Applied Mathematics, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia 195251
| | - Kevin King
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Center for Developmental Genetics.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215
| | - J Peter Gergen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Center for Developmental Genetics
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13
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Afkhami M, Ally F, Pullarkat V, Pillai RK. Genetics and Diagnostic Approach to Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma. Cancer Treat Res 2021; 181:17-43. [PMID: 34626353 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78311-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetics and biology of lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL) has advanced rapidly in the past decade with advances in sequencing and other molecular techniques. Besides recurrent chromosomal abnormalities detected by karyotyping or fluorescence in situ hybridization, these leukemias/lymphomas are characterized by a variety of mutations, gene rearrangements as well as copy number alterations. This is particularly true in the case of Philadelphia-like (Ph-like) ALL, a major subset which has the same gene expression signature as Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL but lacks BCR-ABL1 translocation. Ph-like ALL is associated with a worse prognosis and hence its detection is critical. However, techniques to detect this entity are complex and are not widely available. This chapter discusses various subsets of ALL and describes our approach to the accurate classification and prognostication of these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Afkhami
- City of Hope Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Feras Ally
- City of Hope Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Vinod Pullarkat
- City of Hope Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Raju K Pillai
- City of Hope Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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14
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Wang L, Qian J, Yang Y, Gu C. Novel insights into the impact of the SUMOylation pathway in hematological malignancies (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:73. [PMID: 34368858 PMCID: PMC8360622 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) system serves an important role in the regulation of protein stability and function. SUMOylation sustains the homeostatic equilibrium of protein function in normal tissues and numerous types of tumor. Accumulating evidence has revealed that SUMO enzymes participate in carcinogenesis via a series of complex cellular or extracellular processes. The present review outlines the physiological characteristics of the SUMOylation pathway and provides examples of SUMOylation participation in different cancer types, including in hematological malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma). It has been indicated that the SUMO pathway may influence chromosomal instability, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and chemical drug resistance. The present review also discussed the possible relationship between SUMOylation and carcinogenic mechanisms, and evaluated their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the diagnosis and treatment of hematological malignancies. Developing and investigating inhibitors of SUMO conjugation in the future may offer promising potential as novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210022, P.R. China
| | - Jinjun Qian
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210022, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210022, P.R. China
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15
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Stergiou IE, Kapsogeorgou EK. Autophagy and Metabolism in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8540. [PMID: 34445246 PMCID: PMC8395194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic system relies on regulation of both metabolism and autophagy to maintain its homeostasis, ensuring the self-renewal and multipotent differentiation potential of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs display a distinct metabolic profile from that of their differentiated progeny, while metabolic rewiring from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) has been shown to be crucial for effective hematopoietic differentiation. Autophagy-mediated regulation of metabolism modulates the distinct characteristics of quiescent and differentiating hematopoietic cells. In particular, mitophagy determines the cellular mitochondrial content, thus modifying the level of OXPHOS at the different differentiation stages of hematopoietic cells, while, at the same time, it ensures the building blocks and energy for differentiation. Aberrations in both the metabolic status and regulation of the autophagic machinery are implicated in the development of hematologic malignancies, especially in leukemogenesis. In this review, we aim to investigate the role of metabolism and autophagy, as well as their interconnections, in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Efstathia K. Kapsogeorgou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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16
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Identification of functional cooperative mutations of GNAO1 in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2021; 137:1181-1191. [PMID: 32898863 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemogenesis is characterized by chromosomal rearrangements with additional molecular disruptions, yet the cooperative mechanisms are still unclear. Using whole-exome sequencing of a pair of monozygotic twins who were discordant for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with ETV6-RUNX1 (E/R) gene fusion successively after birth, we identified the R209C mutation of G protein subunit α o1 (GNAO1) as a new ALL risk loci. Moreover, GNAO1 missense mutations are recurrent in ALL patients and are associated with E/R fusion. Ectopic expression of the GNAO1 R209C mutant increased its GTPase activity and promoted cell proliferation and cell neoplastic transformation. Combined with the E/R fusion, the GNAO1 R209C mutation promoted leukemogenesis through activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Reciprocally, activated mTORC1 phosphorylated p300 acetyltransferase, which acetylated E/R and thereby enhanced the E/R transcriptional activity of GNAO1 R209C. Thus, our study provides clinical evidence of the functional cooperation of GNAO1 mutations and E/R fusion, suggesting GNAO1 as a therapeutic target in human leukemia.
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17
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Roy U, Raghavan SC. Deleterious point mutations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Mechanistic insights into leukemogenesis. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1210-1220. [PMID: 33634864 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is characterized by the leukemogenic transformation of immature T cells, which accumulate an array of genetic and epigenetic lesions, leading to a sustained proliferation of abnormal T cells. Genetic alterations in the DNA repair genes, protooncogenes, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifiers have been studied in the past decade using next-generation sequencing and high-resolution copy number arrays. While other genomic lesions like chromosomal rearrangements, inversions, insertions, and gene fusions have been well studied at functional level, the mechanism of generation of driver mutations in T-ALL is the subject of current investigation. Novel oncogenic mutations in the TP53, BRCA2, PTEN, IL7R, RAS, NOTCH1, ETV6, BCL11B, WT1, DNMT3A, PRC2, PHF6, USP7, KDM6A and an array of other genes disrupt the genetic and epigenetic homeostasis in T-ALL. In this review, we have summarized the mechanistic role of deleterious driver mutations in T-ALL initiation and progression. We speculate that the formation of non-B DNA structures could be one of the primary reasons for the occurrence of different genomic lesions seen in T-ALL, which warrants further investigation. Understanding the mechanism behind the genesis of oncogenic mutations will pave the way to develop targeted therapies that can improve the overall survival and treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbi Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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18
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Sharma G, Boby E, Nidhi T, Jain A, Singh J, Singh A, Chattopadhyay P, Bakhshi S, Chopra A, Palanichamy JK. Diagnostic Utility of IGF2BP1 and Its Targets as Potential Biomarkers in ETV6-RUNX1 Positive B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:588101. [PMID: 33708624 PMCID: PMC7940665 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.588101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 85% of childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) are of B-cell origin and characterized by the presence of different translocations including BCR-ABL1, ETV6-RUNX1, E2A-PBX1, and MLL fusion proteins. The current clinical investigations used to identify ETV6-RUNX1 translocation include FISH and fusion transcript specific PCR. In the current study we assessed the utility of IGF2BP1, an oncofetal RNA binding protein, that is over expressed specifically in ETV6-RUNX1 translocation positive B-ALL to be used as a diagnostic marker in the clinic. Further, public transcriptomic and Crosslinked Immunoprecipitation (CLIP) datasets were analyzed to identify the putative targets of IGF2BP1. We also studied the utility of using the mRNA expression of two such targets, MYC and EGFL7 as potential diagnostic markers separately or in conjunction with IGF2BP1. We observed that the expression of IGF2BP1 alone measured by RT-qPCR is highly sensitive and specific to be used as a potential biomarker for the presence of ETV6-RUNX1 translocation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Elza Boby
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thakur Nidhi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archna Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Chopra
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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19
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Rahul E, Goel H, Chopra A, Ranjan A, Gupta AK, Meena JP, Bakhshi S, Misra A, Hussain S, Viswanathan GK, Rath GK, Tanwar P. An updated account on molecular heterogeneity of acute leukemia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2021; 11:22-43. [PMID: 33796387 PMCID: PMC8010602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The progress in the field of personalized therapy has been the backbone for the improved mortality and morbidity figure in cancer especially with reference to acute leukemia. The same has been supported by evolving research and development in the field of genomics. The newer discoveries of mutations and the account of already discovered mutations have been playing a pivotal role to refine management strategy. Here, in this review, we are giving an account of relevant mutations and their potential role in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia. The article discusses the old and newly discovered mutations in acute myeloid/lymphoblastic leukemia. The various pathways and cross-talks between the mutations have been briefly described to develop insight towards their contributory and consequent role in the neoplastic process. The article is to sensitize the students, clinicians, and researchers towards the recent updates and development in genomics of acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Rahul
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr.B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Harsh Goel
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr.B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Anita Chopra
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr.B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Amar Ranjan
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr.B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Aditya Kumar Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Jagdish Prasad Meena
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr.B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Showket Hussain
- Division of Molecular Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research I-7Sector-39, Noida 201301, India
| | | | - Goura Kishor Rath
- Department of Radiotherapy, Dr.B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr.B.R.A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi 110029, India
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20
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Kellaway SG, Keane P, Edginton-White B, Regha K, Kennett E, Bonifer C. Different mutant RUNX1 oncoproteins program alternate haematopoietic differentiation trajectories. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/2/e202000864. [PMID: 33397648 PMCID: PMC7812315 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using integrated genome-wide and phenotypic methods this study investigates four different mutant RUNX1 oncoproteins and reveals how they differentially contribute to aberrant haematopoiesis. Mutations of the haematopoietic master regulator RUNX1 are associated with acute myeloid leukaemia, familial platelet disorder and other haematological malignancies whose phenotypes and prognoses depend upon the class of the RUNX1 mutation. The biochemical behaviour of these oncoproteins and their ability to cause unique diseases has been well studied, but the genomic basis of their differential action is unknown. To address this question we compared integrated phenotypic, transcriptomic, and genomic data from cells expressing four types of RUNX1 oncoproteins in an inducible fashion during blood development from embryonic stem cells. We show that each class of mutant RUNX1 deregulates endogenous RUNX1 function by a different mechanism, leading to specific alterations in developmentally controlled transcription factor binding and chromatin programming. The result is distinct perturbations in the trajectories of gene regulatory network changes underlying blood cell development which are consistent with the nature of the final disease phenotype. The development of novel treatments for RUNX1-driven diseases will therefore require individual consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie G Kellaway
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Keane
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Kakkad Regha
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ella Kennett
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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21
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Zhao B, Zhang Z, Chen X, Shen Y, Qin Y, Yang X, Xing Z, Zhang S, Long X, Zhang Y, An S, Wu H, Qi Y. The important roles of protein SUMOylation in the occurrence and development of leukemia and clinical implications. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3466-3480. [PMID: 33151565 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is a severe malignancy of the hematopoietic system, which is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and dedifferentiation of immature hematopoietic precursor cells in the lymphatic system and bone marrow. Leukemia is caused by alterations of the genetic and epigenetic regulation of processes underlying hematologic malignancies, including SUMO modification (SUMOylation). Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins covalently or noncovalently conjugate and modify a large number of target proteins via lysine residues. SUMOylation is a small ubiquitin-like modification that is catalyzed by the SUMO-specific activating enzyme E1, the binding enzyme E2, and the ligating enzyme E3. SUMO is covalently linked to substrate proteins to regulate the cellular localization of target proteins and the interaction of target proteins with other biological macromolecules. SUMOylation has emerged as a critical regulatory mechanism for subcellular localization, protein stability, protein-protein interactions, and biological function and thus regulates normal life activities. If the SUMOylation process of proteins is affected, it will cause a cellular reaction and ultimately lead to various diseases, including leukemia. There is growing evidence showing that a large number of proteins are SUMOylated and that SUMOylated proteins play an important role in the occurrence and development of various types of leukemia. Targeting the SUMOylation of proteins alone or in combination with current treatments might provide powerful targeted therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajie Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengcao Xing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojun Long
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siming An
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yitao Qi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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22
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Khan AB, Gadot R, Shetty A, Bayley JC, Hadley CC, Cardenas MF, Jalali A, Harmanci AS, Harmanci AO, Wheeler DA, Klisch TJ, Patel AJ. Identification of novel fusion transcripts in meningioma. J Neurooncol 2020; 149:219-230. [PMID: 32949309 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumor. Recent next generation sequencing analyses have elaborated the molecular drivers of this disease. We aimed to identify and characterize novel fusion genes in meningiomas. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of our RNA sequencing data of 145 primary meningioma from 140 patients to detect fusion genes. Semi-quantitative rt-PCR was performed to confirm transcription of the fusion genes in the original tumors. Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify copy number variations within each tumor sample. Comparative RNA seq analysis was performed to assess the clonality of the fusion constructs within the tumor. RESULTS We detected six fusion events (NOTCH3-SETBP1, NF2-SPATA13, SLC6A3-AGBL3, PHF19-FOXP2 in two patients, and ITPK1-FBP2) in five out of 145 tumor samples. All but one event (NF2-SPATA13) led to extremely short reading frames, making these events de facto null alleles. Three of the five patients had a history of childhood radiation. Four out of six fusion events were detected in expression type C tumors, which represent the most aggressive meningioma. We validated the presence of the RNA transcripts in the tumor tissue by semi-quantitative RT PCR. All but the two PHF19-FOXP2 fusions demonstrated high degrees of clonality. CONCLUSIONS Fusion genes occur infrequently in meningiomas and are more likely to be found in tumors with greater degree of genomic instability (expression type C) or in patients with history of cranial irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Basit Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge 9th Floor, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ron Gadot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge 9th Floor, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arya Shetty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge 9th Floor, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James C Bayley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge 9th Floor, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Caroline C Hadley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge 9th Floor, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria F Cardenas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ali Jalali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge 9th Floor, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Akdes S Harmanci
- School of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Computational Systems Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arif O Harmanci
- School of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Computational Systems Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David A Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tiemo J Klisch
- Texas Children's Hospital, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Akash J Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge 9th Floor, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Texas Children's Hospital, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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23
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Beneforti L, Dander E, Bresolin S, Bueno C, Acunzo D, Bertagna M, Ford A, Gentner B, Kronnie GT, Vergani P, Menéndez P, Biondi A, D'Amico G, Palmi C, Cazzaniga G. Pro-inflammatory cytokines favor the emergence of ETV6-RUNX1-positive pre-leukemic cells in a model of mesenchymal niche. Br J Haematol 2020; 190:262-273. [PMID: 32118299 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ETV6-RUNX1 (E/R) fusion gene, arising in utero from translocation t(12;21)(p13:q22), is the most frequent alteration in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, E/R is insufficient to cause overt leukemia since it generates a clinically silent pre-leukemic clone which persists in the bone marrow but fails to out-compete normal progenitors. Conversely, pre-leukemic cells show increased susceptibility to transformation following additional genetic insults. Infections/inflammation are the most accredited triggers for mutations accumulation and leukemic transformation in E/R+ pre-leukemic cells. However, precisely how E/R and inflammation interact in promoting leukemia is still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that IL6/TNFα/ILβ pro-inflammatory cytokines cooperate with BM-MSC in promoting the emergence of E/R+ Ba/F3 over their normal counterparts by differentially affecting their proliferation and survival. Moreover, IL6/TNFα/ILβ-stimulated BM-MSC strongly attract E/R+ Ba/F3 in a CXCR2-dependent manner. Interestingly, E/R-expressing human CD34+ IL7R+ progenitors, a putative population for leukemia initiation during development, were preserved in the presence of BM-MSC and IL6/TNFα/ILβ compared to their normal counterparts. Finally, the extent of DNA damage increases within the inflamed niche in both control and E/R-expressing Ba/F3, potentially leading to transformation in the apoptosis-resistant pre-leukemic clone. Overall, our data provide new mechanistic insights into childhood ALL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Beneforti
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Erica Dander
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Bresolin
- Dipartimento della Salute della Donna e del Bambino, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Clara Bueno
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denise Acunzo
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Mayla Bertagna
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Anthony Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Geertruy Te Kronnie
- Dipartimento della Salute della Donna e del Bambino, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Pablo Menéndez
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBER-ONC), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy.,Clinica Pediatrica, MBBM Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Palmi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
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24
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Joshi SK, Davare MA, Druker BJ, Tognon CE. Revisiting NTRKs as an emerging oncogene in hematological malignancies. Leukemia 2019; 33:2563-2574. [PMID: 31551508 PMCID: PMC7410820 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NTRK fusions are dominant oncogenic drivers found in rare solid tumors. These fusions have also been identified in more common cancers, such as lung and colorectal carcinomas, albeit at low frequencies. Patients harboring these fusions demonstrate significant clinical response to inhibitors such as entrectinib and larotrectinib. Although current trials have focused entirely on solid tumors, there is evidence supporting the use of these drugs for patients with leukemia. To assess the broader applicability for Trk inhibitors in hematological malignancies, this review describes the current state of knowledge about alterations in the NTRK family in these disorders. We present these findings in relation to the discovery and therapeutic targeting of BCR–ABL1 in chronic myeloid leukemia. The advent of deep sequencing technologies has shown that NTRK fusions and somatic mutations are present in a variety of hematologic malignancies. Efficacy of Trk inhibitors has been demonstrated in NTRK-fusion positive human leukemia cell lines and patient-derived xenograft studies, highlighting the potential clinical utility of these inhibitors for a subset of leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Joshi
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Monika A Davare
- Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Cristina E Tognon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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25
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RUNX family: Oncogenes or tumor suppressors (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 42:3-19. [PMID: 31059069 PMCID: PMC6549079 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins belong to a transcription factors family known as master regulators of important embryonic developmental programs. In the last decade, the whole family has been implicated in the regulation of different oncogenic processes and signaling pathways associated with cancer. Furthermore, a suppressor tumor function has been also reported, suggesting the RUNX family serves key role in all different types of cancer. In this review, the known biological characteristics, specific regulatory abilities and experimental evidence of RUNX proteins will be analyzed to demonstrate their oncogenic potential and tumor suppressor abilities during oncogenic processes, suggesting their importance as biomarkers of cancer. Additionally, the importance of continuing with the molecular studies of RUNX proteins' and its dual functions in cancer will be underlined in order to apply it in the future development of specific diagnostic methods and therapies against different types of cancer.
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26
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Churpek JE, Bresnick EH. Transcription factor mutations as a cause of familial myeloid neoplasms. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:476-488. [PMID: 30707109 DOI: 10.1172/jci120854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation and evolution of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are driven by genomic events that disrupt multiple genes controlling hematopoiesis. Human genetic studies have discovered germline mutations in single genes that instigate familial MDS/AML. The best understood of these genes encode transcription factors, such as GATA-2, RUNX1, ETV6, and C/EBPα, which establish and maintain genetic networks governing the genesis and function of blood stem and progenitor cells. Many questions remain unanswered regarding how genes and circuits within these networks function in physiology and disease and whether network integrity is exquisitely sensitive to or efficiently buffered from perturbations. In familial MDS/AML, mutations change the coding sequence of a gene to generate a mutant protein with altered activity or introduce frameshifts or stop codons or disrupt regulatory elements to alter protein expression. Each mutation has the potential to exert quantitatively and qualitatively distinct influences on networks. Consistent with this mechanistic diversity, disease onset is unpredictable and phenotypic variability can be considerable. Efforts to elucidate mechanisms and forge prognostic and therapeutic strategies must therefore contend with a spectrum of patient-specific leukemogenic scenarios. Here we illustrate mechanistic advances in our understanding of familial MDS/AML syndromes caused by germline mutations of hematopoietic transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Churpek
- Section of Hematology/Oncology and Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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27
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Polak R, Bierings MB, van der Leije CS, Sanders MA, Roovers O, Marchante JRM, Boer JM, Cornelissen JJ, Pieters R, den Boer ML, Buitenhuis M. Autophagy inhibition as a potential future targeted therapy for ETV6-RUNX1-driven B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2018; 104:738-748. [PMID: 30381299 PMCID: PMC6442983 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.193631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation t(12;21), resulting in the ETV6-RUNX1 (or TEL-AML1) fusion protein, is present in 25% of pediatric patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is considered a first hit in leukemogenesis. A targeted therapy approach is not available for children with this subtype of leukemia. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying ETV6-RUNX1-driven leukemia, we performed gene expression profiling of healthy hematopoietic progenitors in which we ectopically expressed ETV6-RUNX1. We reveal an ETV6-RUNX1-driven transcriptional network that induces proliferation, survival and cellular homeostasis. In addition, Vps34, an important regulator of autophagy, was found to be induced by ETV6-RUNX1 and up-regulated in ETV6-RUNX1-positive leukemic patient cells. We show that induction of Vps34 was transcriptionally regulated by ETV6-RUNX1 and correlated with high levels of autophagy. Knockdown of Vps34 in ETV6-RUNX1-positive cell lines severely reduced proliferation and survival. Inhibition of autophagy by hydroxychloroquine, a well-tolerated autophagy inhibitor, reduced cell viability in both ETV6-RUNX1-positive cell lines and primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples, and selectively sensitized primary ETV6-RUNX1-positive leukemia samples to L asparaginase. These findings reveal a causal relationship between ETV6-RUNX1 and autophagy, and provide pre-clinical evidence for the efficacy of autophagy inhibitors in ETV6-RUNX1-driven leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Polak
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Marc B Bierings
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | | | - Mathijs A Sanders
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Onno Roovers
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - João R M Marchante
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Judith M Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Jan J Cornelissen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam .,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | - Miranda Buitenhuis
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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28
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Neveu B, Caron M, Lagacé K, Richer C, Sinnett D. Genome wide mapping of ETV6 binding sites in pre-B leukemic cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15526. [PMID: 30341373 PMCID: PMC6195514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations in the transcriptional repressor ETV6 are associated with hematological malignancies. Notably, the t(12;21) translocation leading to an ETV6-AML1 fusion gene is the most common genetic alteration found in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Moreover, most of these patients also lack ETV6 expression, suggesting a tumor suppressor function. To gain insights on ETV6 DNA-binding specificity and genome wide transcriptional regulation capacities, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments coupled to deep sequencing in a t(12;21)-positive pre-B leukemic cell line. This strategy led to the identification of ETV6-bound regions that were further associated to gene expression. ETV6 binding is mostly cell type-specific as only few regions are shared with other blood cell subtypes. Peaks localization and motif enrichment analyses revealed that this unique binding profile could be associated with the ETV6-AML1 fusion protein specific to the t(12;21) background. This study underscores the complexity of ETV6 binding and uncovers ETV6 transcriptional network in pre-B leukemia cells bearing the recurrent t(12;21) translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Neveu
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Maxime Caron
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Karine Lagacé
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Qc, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Chantal Richer
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
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29
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Ampatzidou M, Papadhimitriou SI, Paterakis G, Pavlidis D, Tsitsikas Κ, Kostopoulos IV, Papadakis V, Vassilopoulos G, Polychronopoulou S. ETV6/RUNX1-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): The spectrum of clonal heterogeneity and its impact on prognosis. Cancer Genet 2018; 224-225:1-11. [PMID: 29778230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of the ETV6/RUNX1-fusion and of the accompanying aberrations is disputable; whether co-existing sub-clones are responsible for delayed MRD-clearance and thus, moderate outcome, remains to be clarified. We studied, in a paediatric cohort of 119 B-ALLs, the relation between the ETV6/RUNX1 aberration and the co-existing subclones with (a) presenting clinical/biological features, (b) early response to treatment(MRD) and (c) long-term outcome over a 12-year period. Patients were homogeneously treated according to BFM-based-protocols. 27/119 patients (22.7%) were ETV6/RUNX1-positive; 19/27 (70.4%) harbored additional genetic abnormalities while 9/19 (33.3%) presented with clonal heterogeneity. The most common abnormalities were del12p13 (37%), 3-6×21q22 (22.2%), del9p21 (18.5%) and 2-3xETV6/RUNX1 (18.5%). MRDd15-positivity (≥10-3) was detected in 44% of the cohort; the corresponding MRD among patients carrying subclones rises to 88.9%. Common features of all relapses were sub-clonal diversity, FCM-MRDd15-positivity and additional del(9p21) while there were no censored relapses among ETV6/RUNX1-positive patients with sole translocation and absence of additional aberrations, within a median follow-up time of 90 months. In our study, the presence of clonal heterogeneity and impaired FCM-MRD clearance among ETV6/RUNX1-positive patients, ultimately influenced prognosis. Longer follow-up is needed in order to further validate these initial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ampatzidou
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, "Aghia Sophia" Childrens' Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - S I Papadhimitriou
- Hematology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Genetics, "G.Gennimatas" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - G Paterakis
- Immunology Laboratory, "G.Gennimatas" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - D Pavlidis
- Hematology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Genetics, "G.Gennimatas" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Κ Tsitsikas
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, "Aghia Sophia" Childrens' Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - I V Kostopoulos
- Hematology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Genetics, "G.Gennimatas" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - V Papadakis
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, "Aghia Sophia" Childrens' Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - G Vassilopoulos
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Larisa, Thessaly Medical School, Larisa, Greece
| | - S Polychronopoulou
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, "Aghia Sophia" Childrens' Hospital, Athens, Greece
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30
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Bruno A, Labreche K, Daniau M, Boisselier B, Gauchotte G, Royer-Perron L, Rahimian A, Lemoine F, de la Grange P, Guégan J, Bielle F, Polivka M, Adam C, Meyronet D, Figarella-Branger D, Villa C, Chrétien F, Eimer S, Davi F, Rousseau A, Houillier C, Soussain C, Mokhtari K, Hoang-Xuan K, Alentorn A. Identification of novel recurrent ETV6-IgH fusions in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Neuro Oncol 2018; 20:1092-1100. [PMID: 29432597 PMCID: PMC6280140 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) represents a particular entity within non-Hodgkin lymphomas and is associated with poor outcome. The present study addresses the potential clinical relevance of chimeric transcripts in PCNSL discovered by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Methods Seventy-two immunocompetent and newly diagnosed PCNSL cases were included in the present study. Among them, 6 were analyzed by RNA-seq to detect new potential fusion transcripts. We confirmed the results in the remaining 66 PCNSL. The gene fusion was validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. We assessed the biological and clinical impact of one new gene fusion. Results We identified a novel recurrent gene fusion, E26 transformation-specific translocation variant 6-immunoglobulin heavy chain (ETV6-IgH). Overall, ETV6-IgH was found in 13 out of 72 PCNSL (18%). No fusion conserved an intact functional domain of ETV6, and ETV6 was significantly underexpressed at gene level, suggesting an ETV6 haploinsufficiency mechanism. The presence of the gene fusion was also validated by FISH in FFPE samples. Finally, PCNSL samples harboring ETV6-IgH showed a better prognosis in multivariate analysis, P = 0.03, hazard ratio = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.12-0.88. The overall survival at 5 years was 69% for PCNSL harboring ETV6-IgH versus 29% for samples without this gene fusion. Conclusions ETV6-IgH is a new potential surrogate marker of PCNSL with favorable prognosis with ETV6 haploinsufficiency as a possible mechanism. The potential clinical impact of ETV6-IgH should be validated in larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bruno
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
| | - Karim Labreche
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
| | - Maïlys Daniau
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Plateforme iGenSeq, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Boisselier
- Département de pathologie cellulaire et tissulaire, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Louis Royer-Perron
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
| | - Amithys Rahimian
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
- Onconeurotek, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lemoine
- Genosplice, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | | | - Justine Guégan
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICONICS (bioinformatic and biostatistics core facility), Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
- Onconeurotek, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Neuropathologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marc Polivka
- Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Paris, France
| | - Clovis Adam
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d’anatomopathologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - David Meyronet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France and INSERM U842, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Figarella-Branger
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Timone, Laboratoire d’anatomie pathologique-neuropathologique and Tumorothèque de l’Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AC 2013-1786), Marseille Cedex, France
- Aix-Marseille University, AP-HM, CNRS, INP, Institute Neurophypathology, Hôpital de la Timone, Service d’Anatomie Pathologique et de Neuropathologie, Marseille, France
| | - Chiara Villa
- Hôpital Foch, Service d’anatomie pathologique, Suresnes, France
| | - Fabrice Chrétien
- Centre hospitalier Sainte Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Eimer
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux, Service de Pathologie, Site Pellegrin,Rue Léo Saignat Victor Segalen University, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Davi
- Hématologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; and UMR_S, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Rousseau
- Département de pathologie cellulaire et tissulaire, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Caroline Houillier
- Service de Neurologie Mazarin, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Réseau Expert National LOC (Lymphomes Oculo-Cérébraux)
| | - Carole Soussain
- Réseau Expert National LOC (Lymphomes Oculo-Cérébraux)
- Hôpital René Huguenin, Institut Curie, Service d’Hématologie, Saint Cloud, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
- Onconeurotek, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Neuropathologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Khê Hoang-Xuan
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
- Service de Neurologie Mazarin, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Réseau Expert National LOC (Lymphomes Oculo-Cérébraux)
| | - Agusti Alentorn
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
- Service de Neurologie Mazarin, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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31
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Liu H, Cui Y, Wang GF, Dong Q, Yao Y, Li P, Cao C, Liu X. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl phosphorylates Runx1 and regulates Runx1-mediated megakaryocyte maturation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1060-1072. [PMID: 29730354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Runx1 is an essential regulator of definitive hematopoiesis, megakaryocyte (MK) maturation, and lymphocyte differentiation. Runx1 mutations that interfere with its transcriptional activity are often present in leukemia patients. Recent work demonstrated that the transcriptional activity of Runx1 is regulated by kinase-mediated phosphorylation. In this study, we showed that c-Abl, but not Arg tyrosine kinase, associated with Runx1 both in cultured cells and in vitro. c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation in the Runx1 transcription inhibition domain negatively regulated the transcriptional activity of Runx1 and inhibited Runx1-mediated MK maturation. Consistent with these findings, increased numbers of MKs were detected in the spleens and bone marrow of abl gene conditional knockout mice. Our findings demonstrate an important role of c-Abl kinase in Runx1-mediated MK maturation and platelet formation and provide a potential mechanism of Abl kinase-regulated hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guang-Fei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qincai Dong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yebao Yao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Xuan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China.
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32
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Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in childhood. Standard chemotherapy has afforded outstanding outcomes for many patients; however, there remain some sub-groups with high-risk features, refractory disease, and patients that relapse who have a poor prognosis with conventional treatments. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in newer treatment options, including improved monoclonal antibody therapies, T cell engagers, and chimeric antigen T-cell receptor products, all of which have changed the landscape for patients who relapse. These are now being introduced more frequently and at earlier stages of therapy. We present a brief overview of the biology and etiology of childhood ALL, treatment strategies currently in use, and discuss some newer strategies and their possible role in the future of ALL therapy for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly W Maloney
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Av, Box B115, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Lia Gore
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Av, Box B115, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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33
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Richter L, Wang Y, Hyde RK. Targeting binding partners of the CBFβ-SMMHC fusion protein for the treatment of inversion 16 acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66255-66266. [PMID: 27542261 PMCID: PMC5323231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inversion of chromosome 16 (inv(16)) generates the CBFβ-SMMHC fusion protein and is found in nearly all patients with acute myeloid leukemia subtype M4 with Eosinophilia (M4Eo). Expression of CBFβ-SMMHC is causative for leukemia development, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity are unclear. Recently, there have been important advances in defining the role of CBFβ-SMMHC and its binding partners, the transcription factor RUNX1 and the histone deacetylase HDAC8. Importantly, initial trials demonstrate that small molecules targeting these binding partners are effective against CBFβ-SMMHC induced leukemia. This review will discuss recent advances in defining the mechanism of CBFβ-SMMHC activity, as well as efforts to develop new therapies for inv(16) AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Richter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - R Katherine Hyde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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34
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Kato M, Manabe A. Treatment and biology of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:4-12. [PMID: 29143423 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy. In the past ALL was intractable but now the survival probability is as high as 80-90%. Improved supportive care, treatment stratification based on relapse risk, biological features of leukemic cells, and optimization of treatment regimens by nationwide and international collaboration have contributed to this dramatic improvement. While including traditional risk factors (e.g. age and leukocyte count at diagnosis), the treatment has been modified based on biological characteristics (aneuploidy and translocation) and treatment response (assessed by minimal residual disease). Treatment for pediatric ALL typically consists of induction therapy with steroids, vincristine, and asparaginase with or without anthracycline, followed by multi-agent consolidation including high-dose methotrexate and re-induction therapy. After consolidation, less intensive maintenance therapy is required for 1-2 years to maintain event-free survival. Recently, using advanced genomic analysis technology, novel sentinel genomic alterations that may provide more precise stratification or therapeutic targets, were identified. Moreover, in the last decade germline variations have been recognized as similarly important contributors to understanding the etiology and sensitivity of ALL to treatment. A more individualized approach based on genomic features (somatic and germline) and treatment response, the introduction of newly developed agents such as molecular targeted drugs or immunotherapy, and social support including long-term follow up are required for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Kato
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Manabe
- Department of Pediatrics, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Center, St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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36
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Bellissimo DC, Speck NA. RUNX1 Mutations in Inherited and Sporadic Leukemia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:111. [PMID: 29326930 PMCID: PMC5742424 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1 is a recurrently mutated gene in sporadic myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia. Inherited mutations in RUNX1 cause familial platelet disorder with predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia (FPD/AML). In sporadic AML, mutations in RUNX1 are usually secondary events, whereas in FPD/AML they are initiating events. Here we will describe mutations in RUNX1 in sporadic AML and in FPD/AML, discuss the mechanisms by which inherited mutations in RUNX1 could elevate the risk of AML in FPD/AML individuals, and speculate on why mutations in RUNX1 are rarely, if ever, the first event in sporadic AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Bellissimo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nancy A Speck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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37
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Panagopoulos I, Gorunova L, Torkildsen S, Tjønnfjord GE, Micci F, Heim S. DEK-NUP214-Fusion Identified by RNA-Sequencing of an Acute Myeloid Leukemia with t(9;12)(q34;q15). Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2017; 14:437-443. [PMID: 29109093 PMCID: PMC6070322 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Given the diagnostic, prognostic, biologic, and even therapeutic impact of leukemia-associated translocations and fusion genes, it is important to detect cryptic genomic rearrangements that may exist in hematological malignancies. CASE REPORT RNA-sequencing was performed on an acute myeloid leukemia case with the bone marrow karyotype 45,X,-Y,t(9;12) (q34;q15)[16]. RESULTS The DEK-NUP214 and PRRC2B-DEK fusion genes were found. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction together with direct sequencing verified the presence of both. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the DEK-NUP214 fusion gene was located on the 6p22 band of a seemingly normal chromosome 6. CONCLUSION RNA-sequencing proved to be a valuable tool for the detection of a fusion of genes DEK and NUP214 in a leukemia that showed cryptic cytogenetic rearrangement of chromosome band 9q34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludmila Gorunova
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synne Torkildsen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesca Micci
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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38
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Modeling the process of childhood ETV6-RUNX1 B-cell leukemias. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102674-102680. [PMID: 29254279 PMCID: PMC5731989 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ETV6-RUNX1 is associated with the most common subtype of childhood leukemia. Pre-leukaemic clones carrying ETV6-RUNX1 oncogenic lesions are frequently found in neonatal cord blood, but only few ETV6-RUNX1 carriers develop pB-ALL. The highly demanding and pending challenge is to reveal the multistep natural history of ETV6-RUNX1 pB-ALL, because it can offer non-toxic prophylactic interventions to preleukemic carriers. However, the lack of a genetically engineered ETV6-RUNX1 mouse model mimicking the human pB-ALL has hampered our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. This rule has now been broken in a study of the effect of the ETV6-RUNX1 oncogene in cancer development in a mouse model in which oncogene expression is restricted to the stem cell compartment. In this article, we review the different attempts to model this disease, including the recent representative success stories and we discuss its potential application to both identify etiologic factors of childhood ETV6-RUNX1 pB-ALL and prevent the conversion of a preleukemic clone in an irreversible transformed state.
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39
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Hong Y, Qin YZ, Xu YY, Zhou SH, Wang Y, Xu LP, Zhang XH, Huang XJ, Zhao XS. [Clinical significance of monitoring ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene expression in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2017; 38:680-684. [PMID: 28954346 PMCID: PMC7348250 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of monitoring ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) . Methods: Clinical data of 13 children received allo-HSCT in Peking University Institute of Hematology from May 2009 to March 2016 were retrospectively collected. The ETV6-RUNX1 gene was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) . The correlation between its expression level and the disease status was analyzed. Results: Of 13 enrolled ALL cases, the ETV6-RUNX1 expression of 7 patients converted to positive after transplant at a median time of 137 days (range, 28-270 days) . The expression level of the first positive sample was 0.034% (range, 0.004%-0.061%) . The duration from ETV6-RUNX1 positive to hematological relapse was 196 days (range, 28-666 days) . Four patients experienced relapse at a median time of 294 days (range, 104-803 days) after allo-HSCT. The ETV6-RUNX1 expression converted to positive prior to MRD. Patients with positive ETV6-RUNX1 gene expression pre-transplantation would be more likely to relapse. Conclusion: Monitoring ETV6-RUNX1 by RQ-PCR could be used to evaluate MRD status after allo-HSCT. Patients with positive ETV6-RUNX1 after transplant had a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing 100044, China
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40
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Rasighaemi P, Ward AC. ETV6 and ETV7: Siblings in hematopoiesis and its disruption in disease. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 116:106-115. [PMID: 28693791 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ETV6 (TEL1) and ETV7 (TEL2) are closely-related members of the ETS family of transcriptional regulators. Both ETV6 and ETV7 have been demonstrated to play key roles in hematopoiesis, particularly with regard to maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells and control of lineage-specific differentiation, with evidence of functional interactions between both proteins. ETV6 has been strongly implicated in the molecular etiology of a number of hematopoietic diseases, including as a tumor suppressor, an oncogenic fusion partner, and an important regulator of thrombopoiesis, but recent evidence has also identified ETV7 as a potential oncogene in certain malignancies. This review provides an overview of ETV6 and ETV7 and their contribution to both normal and disrupted hematopoiesis. It also highlights the key clinical implications of the growing knowledge base regarding ETV6 abnormalities with respect to prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Rasighaemi
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
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41
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Debaize L, Jakobczyk H, Rio AG, Gandemer V, Troadec MB. Optimization of proximity ligation assay (PLA) for detection of protein interactions and fusion proteins in non-adherent cells: application to pre-B lymphocytes. Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:27. [PMID: 28736577 PMCID: PMC5520345 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic abnormalities, including chromosomal translocations, are described for many hematological malignancies. From the clinical perspective, detection of chromosomal abnormalities is relevant not only for diagnostic and treatment purposes but also for prognostic risk assessment. From the translational research perspective, the identification of fusion proteins and protein interactions has allowed crucial breakthroughs in understanding the pathogenesis of malignancies and consequently major achievements in targeted therapy. METHODS We describe the optimization of the Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) to ascertain the presence of fusion proteins, and protein interactions in non-adherent pre-B cells. PLA is an innovative method of protein-protein colocalization detection by molecular biology that combines the advantages of microscopy with the advantages of molecular biology precision, enabling detection of protein proximity theoretically ranging from 0 to 40 nm. RESULTS We propose an optimized PLA procedure. We overcome the issue of maintaining non-adherent hematological cells by traditional cytocentrifugation and optimized buffers, by changing incubation times, and modifying washing steps. Further, we provide convincing negative and positive controls, and demonstrate that optimized PLA procedure is sensitive to total protein level. The optimized PLA procedure allows the detection of fusion proteins and protein interactions on non-adherent cells. CONCLUSION The optimized PLA procedure described here can be readily applied to various non-adherent hematological cells, from cell lines to patients' cells. The optimized PLA protocol enables detection of fusion proteins and their subcellular expression, and protein interactions in non-adherent cells. Therefore, the optimized PLA protocol provides a new tool that can be adopted in a wide range of applications in the biological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Debaize
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, UBL, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES CEDEX, France.,SFR Biosit UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Rennes, France
| | - Hélène Jakobczyk
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, UBL, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES CEDEX, France.,SFR Biosit UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Rio
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, UBL, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES CEDEX, France.,SFR Biosit UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Rennes, France
| | - Virginie Gandemer
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, UBL, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES CEDEX, France.,SFR Biosit UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Rennes, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Bérengère Troadec
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, UBL, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 RENNES CEDEX, France.,SFR Biosit UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018, Rennes, France
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42
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RUNX transcription factors at the interface of stem cells and cancer. Biochem J 2017; 474:1755-1768. [PMID: 28490659 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The RUNX1 transcription factor is a critical regulator of normal haematopoiesis and its functional disruption by point mutations, deletions or translocations is a major causative factor leading to leukaemia. In the majority of cases, genetic changes in RUNX1 are linked to loss of function classifying it broadly as a tumour suppressor. Despite this, several recent studies have reported the need for a certain level of active RUNX1 for the maintenance and propagation of acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells, suggesting an oncosupportive role of RUNX1. Furthermore, in solid cancers, RUNX1 is overexpressed compared with normal tissue, and RUNX factors have recently been discovered to promote growth of skin, oral, breast and ovarian tumour cells, amongst others. RUNX factors have key roles in stem cell fate regulation during homeostasis and regeneration of many tissues. Cancer cells appear to have corrupted these stem cell-associated functions of RUNX factors to promote oncogenesis. Here, we discuss current knowledge on the role of RUNX genes in stem cells and as oncosupportive factors in haematological malignancies and epithelial cancers.
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43
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Dupain C, Harttrampf AC, Urbinati G, Geoerger B, Massaad-Massade L. Relevance of Fusion Genes in Pediatric Cancers: Toward Precision Medicine. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 6:315-326. [PMID: 28325298 PMCID: PMC5363511 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric cancers differ from adult tumors, especially by their very low mutational rate. Therefore, their etiology could be explained in part by other oncogenic mechanisms such as chromosomal rearrangements, supporting the possible implication of fusion genes in the development of pediatric cancers. Fusion genes result from chromosomal rearrangements leading to the juxtaposition of two genes. Consequently, an abnormal activation of one or both genes is observed. The detection of fusion genes has generated great interest in basic cancer research and in the clinical setting, since these genes can lead to better comprehension of the biological mechanisms of tumorigenesis and they can also be used as therapeutic targets and diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of fusion genes and their particularities in pediatric cancers, as well as their relevance in murine models and in the clinical setting. We also point out the difficulties encountered in the discovery of fusion genes. Finally, we discuss future perspectives and priorities for finding new innovative therapies in childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Dupain
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Catherine Harttrampf
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Giorgia Urbinati
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Liliane Massaad-Massade
- Vectorology and Anticancer Therapies, UMR 8203 CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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44
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Abstract
RUNX1 is a member of the core-binding factor family of transcription factors and is indispensable for the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis in vertebrates. RUNX1 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in a variety of hematological malignancies. Germ line mutations in RUNX1 cause familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies. Somatic mutations and chromosomal rearrangements involving RUNX1 are frequently observed in myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemias of myeloid and lymphoid lineages, that is, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. More recent studies suggest that the wild-type RUNX1 is required for growth and survival of certain types of leukemia cells. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current status of our understanding about the role of RUNX1 in hematological malignancies.
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45
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MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF4 oncofusion proteins bind a distinct enhancer repertoire and target the RUNX1 program in 11q23 acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2017; 36:3346-3356. [PMID: 28114278 PMCID: PMC5474565 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In 11q23 leukemias, the N-terminal part of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene is fused to >60 different partner genes. In order to define a core set of MLL rearranged targets, we investigated the genome-wide binding of the MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF4 fusion proteins and associated epigenetic signatures in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines THP-1 and MV4-11. We uncovered both common as well as specific MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF4 target genes, which were all marked by H3K79me2, H3K27ac and H3K4me3. Apart from promoter binding, we also identified MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF4 binding at specific subsets of non-overlapping active distal regulatory elements. Despite this differential enhancer binding, MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF4 still direct a common gene program, which represents part of the RUNX1 gene program and constitutes of CD34+ and monocyte-specific genes. Comparing these data sets identified several zinc finger transcription factors (TFs) as potential MLL-AF9 co-regulators. Together, these results suggest that MLL fusions collaborate with specific subsets of TFs to deregulate the RUNX1 gene program in 11q23 AMLs.
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Clinical Relevance of RUNX1 and CBFB Alterations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Other Hematological Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:175-199. [PMID: 28299658 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The translocation t(8;21), leading to a fusion between the RUNX1 gene and the RUNX1T1 locus, was the first chromosomal translocation identified in cancer. Since the first description of this balanced rearrangement in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 1973, RUNX1 translocations and point mutations have been found in various myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms. In this chapter, we summarize the currently available data on the clinical relevance of core binding factor gene alterations in hematological disorders. In the first section, we discuss the prognostic implications of the core binding factor translocations RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and CBFB-MYH11 in AML patients. We provide an overview of the cooperating genetic events in patients with CBF-rearranged AML and their clinical implications, and review current treatment approaches for CBF AML and the utility of minimal residual disease monitoring. In the next sections, we summarize the available data on rare RUNX1 rearrangements in various hematologic neoplasms and the role of RUNX1 translocations in therapy-related myeloid neoplasia. The final three sections of the chapter cover the spectrum and clinical significance of RUNX1 point mutations in AML and myelodysplastic syndromes, in familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancy, and in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Sundaresh A, Williams O. Mechanism of ETV6-RUNX1 Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:201-216. [PMID: 28299659 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation is the most frequently occurring single genetic abnormality in pediatric leukemia. This translocation results in the fusion of the ETV6 and RUNX1 genes. Since its discovery in the 1990s, the function of the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene has attracted intense interest. In this chapter, we will summarize current knowledge on the clinical significance of ETV6-RUNX1, the experimental models used to unravel its function in leukemogenesis, the identification of co-operating mutations and the mechanisms responsible for their acquisition, the function of the encoded transcription factor and finally, the future therapeutic approaches available to mitigate the associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sundaresh
- Cancer section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Owen Williams
- Cancer section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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Ford AM, Greaves M. ETV6-RUNX1 + Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in Identical Twins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:217-228. [PMID: 28299660 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukaemia is the major subtype of paediatric cancer with a cumulative risk of 1 in 2000 for children up to the age of 15 years. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a biologically and clinically diverse disease with distinctive subtypes; multiple chromosomal translocations exist within the subtypes and each carries its own prognostic relevance. The most common chromosome translocation observed is the t(12;21) that results in an in-frame fusion between the first five exons of ETV6 (TEL) and almost the entire coding region of RUNX1 (AML1).The natural history of childhood ALL is almost entirely clinically silent and is well advanced at the point of diagnosis. It has, however, been possible to backtrack this process through molecular analysis of appropriate clinical samples: (i) leukaemic clones in monozygotic twins that are either concordant or discordant for ALL; (ii) archived neonatal blood spots or Guthrie cards from individuals who later developed leukaemia; and (iii) stored, viable cord blood cells.Here, we outline our studies on the aetiology and pathology of childhood ALL that provide molecular evidence for a monoclonal, prenatal origin of ETV6-RUNX1+ leukaemia in monozygotic identical twins. We provide mechanistic support for the concept that altered patterns of infection during early childhood can deliver the necessary promotional drive for the progression of ETV6-RUNX1+ pre-leukaemic cells into a postnatal overt leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
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Liau WS, Ngoc PCT, Sanda T. Roles of the RUNX1 Enhancer in Normal Hematopoiesis and Leukemogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:139-147. [PMID: 28299656 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers are regulatory elements in genomic DNA that contain specific sequence motifs that are bound by DNA-binding transcription factors. The activity of enhancers is tightly regulated in an integrated and combinatorial manner, thus yielding complex patterns of transcription in different tissues. Identifying enhancers is crucial to understanding the physiological and pathogenic roles of their target genes. The RUNX1 intronic enhancer, eR1, acts in cis to regulate RUNX1 gene expression in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hemogenic endothelial cells. RUNX1 and other hematopoietic transcription factors TAL1/SCL, GATA2, PU.1, LMO2 and LDB1 bind at this region. Interestingly, recent studies have revealed that this region is involved in a large cluster of enhancers termed a super-enhancer. The RUNX1 super-enhancer is observed in normal HSCs and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. In this review, we describe the discovery of eR1 and its roles in normal development and leukemogenesis, as well as its potential applications in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Siang Liau
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Phuong Cao Thi Ngoc
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore. .,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
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Kjeldsen E. Characterization of a novel acquired der(1)del(1)(p13p31)t(1;15)(q42;q15) in a high risk t(12;21)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Gene 2016; 595:39-48. [PMID: 27664585 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The t(12;21)(p13;q22) with ETV6-RUNX1 fusion occurs in 25% of cases of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL); and is generally associated with favorable prognosis. However, 15-20% of the t(12;21)-positive cases are associated with high-risk disease due to for example slow early responses to therapy. It is well-known that development of overt leukemia in t(12;21)-positive ALL requires secondary chromosomal aberrations although the full spectrum of these cytogenetic alterations is yet unsettled, and also, how they may be associated with disease outcome. This report describes the case of an adolescent male with t(12;21)-positive ALL who displayed a G-banded karyotype initially interpreted as del(1)(p22p13) and del(15)(q15). The patient was treated according to NOPHO standard risk protocol at diagnosis, but had minimal residual disease (MRD) at 6,4% on day 29 as determined by flow cytometric immunophenotyping. Because of MRD level>0.1% he was then assigned as a high risk patient and received intensified chemotherapy accordingly. Further molecular cytogenetic studies and oligo-based aCGH (oaCGH) analysis characterized the acquired complex structural rearrangements on chromosomes 1 and 15, which can be described as der(1)del(1)(p13.1p31.1)t(1;15)(q42;q15) with concurrent deletions at 1q31.2-q31.3, 1q42.12-q43, and 15q15.1-q15.3. The unbalanced complex rearrangements have not been described previously. Extended locus-specific FISH analyses showed that the three deletions were on the same chromosome 1 homologue that was involved in the t(1;15), and that the deletion on chromosome 15 also was on the same chromosome 15 homologue as involved in the t(1;15). Together these findings show the great importance of the combined usage of molecular cytogenetic analyses and oaCGH analysis to enhance characterization of apparently simple G-banded karyotypes, and to provide a more complete spectrum of secondary chromosomal aberrations in high risk t(12;21)-positive BCP-ALLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigil Kjeldsen
- Hemodiagnostic Laboratory, Cancer Cytogenetics Section, Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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