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Hu J, Liu J, Guo C, Duan Y, Liu C, Tan Y, Pan Y. Clinical report and genetic analysis of a Chinese patient with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy associated with novel biallelic variants in the ST3GAL3 gene. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2322. [PMID: 37938134 PMCID: PMC10767576 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defects in the Golgi enzyme beta-galactoside-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase-III (ST3Gal-III) caused by biallelic ST3GAL3 gene variants are associated with human neurodevelopmental disorders. Although ST3GAL3 gene variants have been linked to developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathy 15 (DEE15), their presence has only been reported in nine patients; however, the real frequency may be masked by insufficient screening. METHODS Phenotypic information was collected from a male patient with severe psychomotor developmental delay and epileptic seizures, and genetic testing was done using whole exome sequencing. A molecular dynamics simulation analysis was performed to assess the potential impacts of the identified ST3GAL3 variants on the ST3Gal-III protein function, and a literature review was conducted to compare this case with previously described cases and assess disease manifestation and genetic characteristics. RESULTS The patient inherited compound heterozygous ST3GAL3 gene variants, NM_006279.5:c.809G>A (p.Arg270Gln) and c.921dupG (p.Thr308fs*8). Neither variant had been previously reported in the general population. The p.Arg270Gln variant disrupted a hydrogen bond in the simulated ST3Gal-III protein structure. Among 25 patients with ST3GAL3 gene defects, eight ST3GAL3 gene variants were identified, and five variants had DEE signs. CONCLUSION Patients with DEE15 may have novel ST3GAL3 gene variants, and this study may be the first clinical report of their occurrence in a Chinese patient. These variants should be considered when evaluating patients presenting with unexplained early-onset epileptic encephalopathy, severe developmental delay, and/or intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Hu
- Department of RehabilitationHunan Children's HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of RehabilitationHunan Children's HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Chunguang Guo
- Department of RehabilitationHunan Children's HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Yaqin Duan
- Department of RehabilitationHunan Children's HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Department of RehabilitationHunan Children's HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Yaqiong Tan
- Department of RehabilitationHunan Children's HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of RehabilitationHunan Children's HospitalChangshaChina
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2
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Wiertelak W, Olczak M, Maszczak-Seneczko D. An interaction between SLC35A1 and ST3Gal4 is differentially affected by CDG-causing mutations in the SLC35A1 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 635:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Delivery of Nucleotide Sugars to the Mammalian Golgi: A Very Well (un)Explained Story. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158648. [PMID: 35955785 PMCID: PMC9368800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars (NSs) serve as substrates for glycosylation reactions. The majority of these compounds are synthesized in the cytoplasm, whereas glycosylation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi lumens, where catalytic domains of glycosyltransferases (GTs) are located. Therefore, translocation of NS across the organelle membranes is a prerequisite. This process is thought to be mediated by a group of multi-transmembrane proteins from the SLC35 family, i.e., nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs). Despite many years of research, some uncertainties/inconsistencies related with the mechanisms of NS transport and the substrate specificities of NSTs remain. Here we present a comprehensive review of the NS import into the mammalian Golgi, which consists of three major parts. In the first part, we provide a historical view of the experimental approaches used to study NS transport and evaluate the most important achievements. The second part summarizes various aspects of knowledge concerning NSTs, ranging from subcellular localization up to the pathologies related with their defective function. In the third part, we present the outcomes of our research performed using mammalian cell-based models and discuss its relevance in relation to the general context.
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4
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Villanueva-Cabello TM, Gutiérrez-Valenzuela LD, Salinas-Marín R, López-Guerrero DV, Martínez-Duncker I. Polysialic Acid in the Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 12:823637. [PMID: 35222358 PMCID: PMC8873093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.823637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a highly regulated polymer of sialic acid (Sia) with such potent biophysical characteristics that when expressed drastically influences the interaction properties of cells. Although much of what is known of polySia in mammals has been elucidated from the study of its role in the central nervous system (CNS), polySia is also expressed in other tissues, including the immune system where it presents dynamic changes during differentiation, maturation, and activation of different types of immune cells of the innate and adaptive response, being involved in key regulatory mechanisms. At least six polySia protein carriers (CCR7, ESL-1, NCAM, NRP2, ST8Sia 2, and ST8Sia 4) are expressed in different types of immune cells, but there is still much to be explored in regard not only to the regulatory mechanisms that determine their expression and the structure of polySia chains but also to the identification of the cis- and trans- ligands of polySia that establish signaling networks. This review summarizes the current knowledge on polySia in the immune system, addressing its biosynthesis, its tools for identification and structural characterization, and its functional roles and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M. Villanueva-Cabello
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lya D. Gutiérrez-Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Roberta Salinas-Marín
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Iván Martínez-Duncker,
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5
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Ma X, Li Y, Kondo Y, Shi H, Han J, Jiang Y, Bai X, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Ruan C, Fu J, Xia L. Slc35a1 deficiency causes thrombocytopenia due to impaired megakaryocytopoiesis and excessive platelet clearance in the liver. Haematologica 2021; 106:759-769. [PMID: 32303557 PMCID: PMC7927894 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.225987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid is a common terminal residue of glycans on proteins and
acidic sphingolipids such as gangliosides and has important biological
functions. The sialylation process is controlled by more than 20 different
sialyltransferases, many of which exhibit overlapping functions.
Thus, it is difficult to determine the overall biological function of sialylation
by targeted deletion of individual sialyltransferases. To address this
issue, we established a mouse line with the Slc35a1 gene flanked by loxP
sites. Slc35a1 encodes the cytidine-5’-monophosphate (CMP)-sialic acid
transporter that transports CMP-sialic acid from the cytoplasm into the
Golgi apparatus for sialylation. Here we report our study regarding the role
of sialylation on megakaryocytes and platelets using a mouse line with significantly
reduced sialylation in megakaryocytes and platelets (Plt Slc35a1–
/–). The major phenotype of Plt Slc35a1–/– mice was thrombocytopenia. The
number of bone marrow megakaryocytes in Plt Slc35a1–/– mice was
reduced, and megakaryocyte maturation was also impaired. In addition, an
increased number of desialylated platelets was cleared by Küpffer cells in
the liver of Plt Slc35a1–/– mice. This study provides new insights into the
role of sialylation in platelet homeostasis and the mechanisms of thrombocytopenia
in diseases associated with platelet desialylation, such as
immune thrombocytopenia and a rare congenital disorder of glycosylation
(CDG), SLC35A1-CDG, which is caused by SLC35A1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ma
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuji Kondo
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Huiping Shi
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jingjing Han
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Jiang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia Bai
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Changgeng Ruan
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Fu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Xia
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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6
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Novel Insights into Selected Disease-Causing Mutations within the SLC35A1 Gene Encoding the CMP-Sialic Acid Transporter. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010304. [PMID: 33396746 PMCID: PMC7795627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of rare genetic and metabolic diseases caused by alterations in glycosylation pathways. Five patients bearing CDG-causing mutations in the SLC35A1 gene encoding the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST) have been reported to date. In this study we examined how specific mutations in the SLC35A1 gene affect the protein’s properties in two previously described SLC35A1-CDG cases: one caused by a substitution (Q101H) and another involving a compound heterozygous mutation (T156R/E196K). The effects of single mutations and the combination of T156R and E196K mutations on the CST’s functionality was examined separately in CST-deficient HEK293T cells. As shown by microscopic studies, none of the CDG-causing mutations affected the protein’s proper localization in the Golgi apparatus. Cellular glycophenotypes were characterized using lectins, structural assignment of N- and O-glycans and analysis of glycolipids. Single Q101H, T156R and E196K mutants were able to partially restore sialylation in CST-deficient cells, and the deleterious effect of a single T156R or E196K mutation on the CST functionality was strongly enhanced upon their combination. We also revealed differences in the ability of CST variants to form dimers. The results of this study improve our understanding of the molecular background of SLC35A1-CDG cases.
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7
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Abstract
In this review, we focus on the metabolism of mammalian glycan-associated monosaccharides, where the vast majority of our current knowledge comes from research done during the 1960s and 1970s. Most monosaccharides enter the cell using distinct, often tissue specific transporters from the SLC2A family. If not catabolized, these monosaccharides can be activated to donor nucleotide sugars and used for glycan synthesis. Apart from exogenous and dietary sources, all monosaccharides and their associated nucleotide sugars can be synthesized de novo, using mostly glucose to produce all nine nucleotide sugars present in human cells. Today, monosaccharides are used as treatment options for a small number of rare genetic disorders and even some common conditions. Here, we cover therapeutic applications of these sugars and highlight biochemical gaps that must be revisited as we go forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sosicka
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bobby G. Ng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hudson H. Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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8
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Kang DG, Kim CS, Cha HJ. Coexpression of CMP-sialic acid transporter reduces N-glycolylneuraminic acid levels of recombinant glycoproteins in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2815-2822. [PMID: 31317538 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant glycoproteins expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells contain two forms of sialic acids; N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) as a major type and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) as a minor type. The Neu5Gc glycan moieties in therapeutic glycoproteins can elicit immune responses because they do not exist in human. In the present work, to reduce Neu5Gc levels of recombinant glycoproteins from CHO cell cultures, we coexpressed cytidine-5'-monophosphate-sialic acid transporter (CMP-SAT) that is an antiporter and transports cytosolic CMP-sialic acids (both forms) into Golgi lumen. When human erythropoietin was used as a target human glycoprotein, coexpression of CMP-SAT resulted in a significant decrease of Neu5Gc level by 41.4% and a notable increase of Neu5Ac level by 21.2%. This result could be reasonably explained by our hypothesis that the turnover rate of Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc catalyzed by CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase would be reduced through facilitated transportation of Neu5Ac into Golgi apparatus by coexpression of CMP-SAT. We confirmed the effects of CMP-SAT coexpression on the decrease of Neu5Gc level and the increase of Neu5Ac level using another glycoprotein human DNase I. Therefore, CMP-SAT coexpression might be an effective strategy to reduce the levels of undesired Neu5Gc in recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins from CHO cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Chang Sup Kim
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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9
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Structural basis for the delivery of activated sialic acid into Golgi for sialyation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:415-423. [PMID: 31133698 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The decoration of secretory glycoproteins and glycolipids with sialic acid is critical to many physiological and pathological processes. Sialyation is dependent on a continuous supply of sialic acid into Golgi organelles in the form of CMP-sialic acid. Translocation of CMP-sialic acid into Golgi is carried out by the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST). Mutations in human CST are linked to glycosylation disorders, and CST is important for glycopathway engineering, as it is critical for sialyation efficiency of therapeutic glycoproteins. The mechanism of how CMP-sialic acid is recognized and translocated across Golgi membranes in exchange for CMP is poorly understood. Here we have determined the crystal structure of a Zea mays CST in complex with CMP. We conclude that the specificity of CST for CMP-sialic acid is established by the recognition of the nucleotide CMP to such an extent that they are mechanistically capable of both passive and coupled antiporter activity.
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10
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Toscanini MA, Favarolo MB, Gonzalez Flecha FL, Ebert B, Rautengarten C, Bredeston LM. Conserved Glu-47 and Lys-50 residues are critical for UDP- N-acetylglucosamine/UMP antiport activity of the mouse Golgi-associated transporter Slc35a3. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10042-10054. [PMID: 31118275 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) regulate the flux of activated sugars from the cytosol into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus where glycosyltransferases use them for the modification of proteins, lipids, and proteoglycans. It has been well-established that NSTs are antiporters that exchange nucleotide sugars with the respective nucleoside monophosphate. Nevertheless, information about the molecular basis of ligand recognition and transport is scarce. Here, using topology predictors, cysteine-scanning mutagenesis, expression of GFP-tagged protein variants, and phenotypic complementation of the yeast strain Kl3, we identified residues involved in the activity of a mouse UDP-GlcNAc transporter, murine solute carrier family 35 member A3 (mSlc35a3). We specifically focused on the putative transmembrane helix 2 (TMH2) and observed that cells expressing E47C or K50C mSlc35a3 variants had lower levels of GlcNAc-containing glycoconjugates than WT cells, indicating impaired UDP-GlcNAc transport activity of these two variants. A conservative substitution analysis revealed that single or double substitutions of Glu-47 and Lys-50 do not restore GlcNAc glycoconjugates. Analysis of mSlc35a3 and its genetic variants reconstituted into proteoliposomes disclosed the following: (i) all variants act as UDP-GlcNAc/UMP antiporters; (ii) conservative substitutions (E47D, E47Q, K50R, or K50H) impair UDP-GlcNAc uptake; and (iii) substitutions of Glu-47 and Lys-50 dramatically alter kinetic parameters, consistent with a critical role of these two residues in mSlc35a3 function. A bioinformatics analysis revealed that an EXXK motif in TMH2 is highly conserved across SLC35 A subfamily members, and a 3D-homology model predicted that Glu-47 and Lys-50 are facing the central cavity of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agustina Toscanini
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Argentina and
| | - M Belén Favarolo
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Argentina and
| | - F Luis Gonzalez Flecha
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Argentina and
| | - Berit Ebert
- the School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- the School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Luis M Bredeston
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIFIB, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 (1113), Argentina and
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11
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Sosicka P, Bazan B, Maszczak-Seneczko D, Shauchuk Y, Olczak T, Olczak M. SLC35A5 Protein-A Golgi Complex Member with Putative Nucleotide Sugar Transport Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020276. [PMID: 30641943 PMCID: PMC6359379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 35 member A5 (SLC35A5) is a member of the SLC35A protein subfamily comprising nucleotide sugar transporters. However, the function of SLC35A5 is yet to be experimentally determined. In this study, we inactivated the SLC35A5 gene in the HepG2 cell line to study a potential role of this protein in glycosylation. Introduced modification affected neither N- nor O-glycans. There was also no influence of the gene knock-out on glycolipid synthesis. However, inactivation of the SLC35A5 gene caused a slight increase in the level of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Moreover, inactivation of the SLC35A5 gene resulted in the decrease of the uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronic acid, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine Golgi uptake, with no influence on the UDP-galactose transport activity. Further studies demonstrated that SLC35A5 localized exclusively to the Golgi apparatus. Careful insight into the protein sequence revealed that the C-terminus of this protein is extremely acidic and contains distinctive motifs, namely DXEE, DXD, and DXXD. Our studies show that the C-terminus is directed toward the cytosol. We also demonstrated that SLC35A5 formed homomers, as well as heteromers with other members of the SLC35A protein subfamily. In conclusion, the SLC35A5 protein might be a Golgi-resident multiprotein complex member engaged in nucleotide sugar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sosicka
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Bożena Bazan
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Maszczak-Seneczko
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Yauhen Shauchuk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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12
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Wen XY, Tarailo-Graovac M, Brand-Arzamendi K, Willems A, Rakic B, Huijben K, Da Silva A, Pan X, El-Rass S, Ng R, Selby K, Philip AM, Yun J, Ye XC, Ross CJ, Lehman AM, Zijlstra F, Abu Bakar N, Drögemöller B, Moreland J, Wasserman WW, Vallance H, van Scherpenzeel M, Karbassi F, Hoskings M, Engelke U, de Brouwer A, Wevers RA, Pshezhetsky AV, van Karnebeek CD, Lefeber DJ. Sialic acid catabolism by N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase is essential for muscle function. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122373. [PMID: 30568043 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are important components of glycoproteins and glycolipids essential for cellular communication, infection, and metastasis. The importance of sialic acid biosynthesis in human physiology is well illustrated by the severe metabolic disorders in this pathway. However, the biological role of sialic acid catabolism in humans remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that sialic acid catabolism is important for heart and skeletal muscle function and development in humans and zebrafish. In two siblings, presenting with sialuria, exercise intolerance/muscle wasting, and cardiac symptoms in the brother, compound heterozygous mutations [chr1:182775324C>T (c.187C>T; p.Arg63Cys) and chr1:182772897A>G (c.133A>G; p.Asn45Asp)] were found in the N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase gene (NPL). In vitro, NPL activity and sialic acid catabolism were affected, with a cell-type-specific reduction of N-acetyl mannosamine (ManNAc). A knockdown of NPL in zebrafish resulted in severe skeletal myopathy and cardiac edema, mimicking the human phenotype. The phenotype was rescued by expression of wild-type human NPL but not by the p.Arg63Cys or p.Asn45Asp mutants. Importantly, the myopathy phenotype in zebrafish embryos was rescued by treatment with the catabolic products of NPL: N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) and ManNAc; the latter also rescuing the cardiac phenotype. In conclusion, we provide the first report to our knowledge of a human defect in sialic acid catabolism, which implicates an important role of the sialic acid catabolic pathway in mammalian muscle physiology, and suggests opportunities for monosaccharide replacement therapy in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Wen
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Physiology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, The University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Koroboshka Brand-Arzamendi
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Physiology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anke Willems
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bojana Rakic
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Karin Huijben
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Afitz Da Silva
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xuefang Pan
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzan El-Rass
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Physiology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Ng
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Physiology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katheryn Selby
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anju Mary Philip
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Physiology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junghwa Yun
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Physiology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - X Cynthia Ye
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin J Ross
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anna M Lehman
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fokje Zijlstra
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - N Abu Bakar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Britt Drögemöller
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada
| | - Jacqueline Moreland
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hilary Vallance
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Monique van Scherpenzeel
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Farhad Karbassi
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Physiology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Hoskings
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada
| | - Udo Engelke
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Arjan de Brouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexey V Pshezhetsky
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clara Dm van Karnebeek
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
Sialic acids are cytoprotectors, mainly localized on the surface of cell membranes with multiple and outstanding cell biological functions. The history of their structural analysis, occurrence, and functions is fascinating and described in this review. Reports from different researchers on apparently similar substances from a variety of biological materials led to the identification of a 9-carbon monosaccharide, which in 1957 was designated "sialic acid." The most frequently occurring member of the sialic acid family is N-acetylneuraminic acid, followed by N-glycolylneuraminic acid and O-acetylated derivatives, and up to now over about 80 neuraminic acid derivatives have been described. They appeared first in the animal kingdom, ranging from echinoderms up to higher animals, in many microorganisms, and are also expressed in insects, but are absent in higher plants. Sialic acids are masks and ligands and play as such dual roles in biology. Their involvement in immunology and tumor biology, as well as in hereditary diseases, cannot be underestimated. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid is very special, as this sugar cannot be expressed by humans, but is a xenoantigen with pathogenetic potential. Sialidases (neuraminidases), which liberate sialic acids from cellular compounds, had been known from very early on from studies with influenza viruses. Sialyltransferases, which are responsible for the sialylation of glycans and elongation of polysialic acids, are studied because of their significance in development and, for instance, in cancer. As more information about the functions in health and disease is acquired, the use of sialic acids in the treatment of diseases is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Farrugia MA, Puglielli L. Nε-lysine acetylation in the endoplasmic reticulum - a novel cellular mechanism that regulates proteostasis and autophagy. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/22/jcs221747. [PMID: 30446507 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) take many shapes, have many effects and are necessary for cellular homeostasis. One of these PTMs, Nε-lysine acetylation, was thought to occur only in the mitochondria, cytosol and nucleus, but this paradigm was challenged in the past decade with the discovery of lysine acetylation in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This process is governed by the ER acetylation machinery: the cytosol:ER-lumen acetyl-CoA transporter AT-1 (also known as SLC33A1), and the ER-resident lysine acetyltransferases ATase1 and ATase2 (also known as NAT8B and NAT8, respectively). This Review summarizes the more recent biochemical, cellular and mouse model studies that underscore the importance of the ER acetylation process in maintaining protein homeostasis and autophagy within the secretory pathway, and its impact on developmental and age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Farrugia
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA .,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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15
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Manfredini F, Brown MJF, Toth AL. Candidate genes for cooperation and aggression in the social wasp Polistes dominula. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2018; 204:449-463. [PMID: 29488013 PMCID: PMC5907630 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-018-1252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cooperation and aggression are ubiquitous in social groups, and the genetic mechanisms underlying these behaviours are of great interest for understanding how social group formation is regulated and how it evolves. In this study, we used a candidate gene approach to investigate the patterns of expression of key genes for cooperation and aggression in the brain of a primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes dominula, during colony founding, when multiple foundresses can join the same nest and establish subtle hierarchies of dominance. We used a comparative approach to select candidate genes for cooperation and aggression looking at two previously published studies on global gene expression in wasps and ants. We tested the expression of these genes in P. dominula wasps that were either displaying aggressive behaviour (dominant and single foundresses) or cooperation (subordinate foundresses and workers) towards nestmates. One gene in particular, the egg yolk protein vitellogenin, known for its reproductive role in insects, displayed patterns of expression that strongly matched wasp social rank. We characterize the genomic context of vitellogenin by building a head co-expression gene network for P. dominula, and we discuss a potential role for vitellogenin as a mediator of social interactions in wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Manfredini
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK.
| | - Mark J F Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Amy L Toth
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology and Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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16
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Inokuchi JI, Inamori KI, Kabayama K, Nagafuku M, Uemura S, Go S, Suzuki A, Ohno I, Kanoh H, Shishido F. Biology of GM3 Ganglioside. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:151-195. [PMID: 29747813 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the successful molecular cloning in 1998 of GM3 synthase (GM3S, ST3GAL5), the enzyme responsible for initiating biosynthesis of all complex gangliosides, the efforts of our research group have been focused on clarifying the physiological and pathological implications of gangliosides, particularly GM3. We have identified isoforms of GM3S proteins having distinctive lengths of N-terminal cytoplasmic tails, and found that these cytoplasmic tails define subcellular localization, stability, and in vivo activity of GM3S isoforms. Our studies of the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, focused on interaction between insulin receptor and GM3 in membrane microdomains, led to a novel concept: type 2 diabetes and certain other lifestyle-related diseases are membrane microdomain disorders resulting from aberrant expression of gangliosides. This concept has enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiological roles of GM3 and related gangliosides in various diseases involving chronic inflammation, such as insulin resistance, leptin resistance, and T-cell function and immune disorders (e.g., allergic asthma). We also demonstrated an essential role of GM3 in murine and human auditory systems; a common pathological feature of GM3S deficiency is deafness. This is the first direct link reported between gangliosides and auditory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Kei-Ichiro Inamori
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Masakazu Nagafuku
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uemura
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Isao Ohno
- Center for Medical Education, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanoh
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumi Shishido
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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17
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Ng BG, Asteggiano CG, Kircher M, Buckingham KJ, Raymond K, Nickerson DA, Shendure J, Bamshad MJ, Ensslen M, Freeze HH. Encephalopathy caused by novel mutations in the CMP-sialic acid transporter, SLC35A1. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2906-2911. [PMID: 28856833 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transport of activated nucleotide-sugars into the Golgi is critical for proper glycosylation and mutations in these transporters cause a group of rare genetic disorders termed congenital disorders of glycosylation. We performed exome sequencing on an individual with a profound neurological presentation and identified rare compound heterozygous mutations, p.Thr156Arg and p.Glu196Lys, in the CMP-sialic acid transporter, SLC35A1. Patient primary fibroblasts and serum showed a considerable decrease in the amount of N- and O-glycans terminating in sialic acid. Direct measurement of CMP-sialic acid transport into the Golgi showed a substantial decrease in overall rate of transport. Here we report the identification of the third patient with CMP-sialic acid transporter deficiency, who presented with severe neurological phenotype, but without hematological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby G Ng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Carla G Asteggiano
- CONICET - Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Martin Kircher
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kati J Buckingham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kimiyo Raymond
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Matthias Ensslen
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Lindwurmstrasse 4, Munich, Germany
| | - Hudson H Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
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18
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Röhrig CH, Choi SSH, Baldwin N. The nutritional role of free sialic acid, a human milk monosaccharide, and its application as a functional food ingredient. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 57:1017-1038. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon S. H. Choi
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigel Baldwin
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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19
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Szabo R, Skropeta D. Advancement of Sialyltransferase Inhibitors: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:219-270. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Szabo
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
- Centre for Medical & Molecular Bioscience; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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20
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Salinas-Marín R, Mollicone R, Martínez-Duncker I. A functional splice variant of the human Golgi CMP-sialic acid transporter. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:897-906. [PMID: 27387429 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human Golgi Cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Sia) transporter SLC35A1, a member of the nucleotide sugar transporter family, translocates CMP-Sia from the cytosol into the Golgi lumen where sialyltransferases use it as donor substrate for the synthesis of sialoglycoconjugates. In 2005, we reported a novel Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (CDG) termed CDG-IIf or SLC35A1-CDG, characterized by macrothrombocytopenia, neutropenia and complete lack of the sialyl-Lex antigen (NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-R) on polymorphonuclear cells. This disease was caused by the presence of inactive SLC35A1 alleles. It was also found that the SLC35A1 generates additional isoforms through alternative splicing. In this work, we demonstrate that one of the reported isoforms, the del177 with exon 6 skipping, is able to maintain sialylation in HepG2 cells submitted to wt knockdown and restore sialylation to normal levels in the Chinese Hamester Ovary (CHO) cell line Lec2 mutant deficient in CMP-Sia transport. The characteristics of the alternatively spliced protein are discussed as well as therapeutic implications of this finding in CDGs caused by mutations in nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Salinas-Marín
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001,Col. Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, MOR, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Rosella Mollicone
- INSERM U1197, Paul Brousse Hospital, University of Paris Sud XI, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001,Col. Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, MOR, Cuernavaca, México.
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21
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Orellana A, Moraga C, Araya M, Moreno A. Overview of Nucleotide Sugar Transporter Gene Family Functions Across Multiple Species. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3150-3165. [PMID: 27261257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and glycolipids are crucial in a number of cellular processes, such as growth, development, and responses to external cues, among others. Polysaccharides, another class of sugar-containing molecules, also play important structural and signaling roles in the extracellular matrix. The additions of glycans to proteins and lipids, as well as polysaccharide synthesis, are processes that primarily occur in the Golgi apparatus, and the substrates used in this biosynthetic process are nucleotide sugars. These proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides are also modified by the addition of sulfate groups in the Golgi apparatus in a series of reactions where nucleotide sulfate is needed. The required nucleotide sugar substrates are mainly synthesized in the cytosol and transported into the Golgi apparatus by nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs), which can additionally transport nucleotide sulfate. Due to the critical role of NSTs in eukaryotic organisms, any malfunction of these could change glycan and polysaccharide structures, thus affecting function and altering organism physiology. For example, mutations or deletion on NST genes lead to pathological conditions in humans or alter cell walls in plants. In recent years, many NSTs have been identified and functionally characterized, but several remain unanalyzed. This study examined existing information on functionally characterized NSTs and conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 257 NSTs predicted from nine animal and plant model species, as well as from protists and fungi. From this analysis, relationships between substrate specificity and the primary NST structure can be inferred, thereby advancing understandings of nucleotide sugar gene family functions across multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, RM,Chile.
| | - Carol Moraga
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile.
| | - Macarena Araya
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile.
| | - Adrian Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, RM,Chile.
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22
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Riemersma M, Sandrock J, Boltje TJ, Büll C, Heise T, Ashikov A, Adema GJ, van Bokhoven H, Lefeber DJ. Disease mutations in CMP-sialic acid transporter SLC35A1 result in abnormal α-dystroglycan O-mannosylation, independent from sialic acid. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:2241-6. [PMID: 25552652 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of cellular α-dystroglycan (α-DG) to its extracellular matrix ligands is fully dependent on a unique O-mannose-linked glycan. Disrupted O-mannosylation is the hallmark of the muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (MDDG) syndromes. SLC35A1, encoding the transporter of cytidine 5'-monophosphate-sialic acid, was recently identified as MDDG candidate gene. This is surprising, since sialic acid itself is dispensable for α-DG-ligand binding. In a novel SLC35A1-deficient cell model, we demonstrated a lack of α-DG O-mannosylation, ligand binding and incorporation of sialic acids. Removal of sialic acids from HAP1 wild-type cells after incorporation or preventing sialylation during synthesis did not affect α-DG O-mannosylation or ligand binding but did affect sialylation. Lentiviral-mediated complementation with the only known disease mutation p.Q101H failed to restore deficient O-mannosylation in SLC35A1 knockout cells and partly restored sialylation. These data indicate a role for SLC35A1 in α-DG O-mannosylation that is distinct from sialic acid metabolism. In addition, human SLC35A1 deficiency can be considered as a combined disorder of α-DG O-mannosylation and sialylation, a novel variant of the MDDG syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Riemersma
- Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Sandrock
- Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Büll
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands and
| | - Torben Heise
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angel Ashikov
- Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands and
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine,
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23
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Maggioni A, Hadley B, von Itzstein M, Tiralongo J. Expression, solubilisation, and purification of a functional CMP-sialic acid transporter in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 101:165-71. [PMID: 25050460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins, including solute transporters play crucial roles in cellular function and have been implicated in a variety of important diseases, and as such are considered important targets for drug development. Currently the drug discovery process is heavily reliant on the structural and functional information discerned from high-resolution crystal structures. However, membrane protein structure determination is notoriously difficult, due in part to challenges faced in their expression, solubilisation and purification. The CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST) is considered to be an attractive target for drug discovery. CST inhibition reduces cancer cell sialylation and decreases the metastatic potential of cancer cells and to date, no crystal structure of the CST, or any other nucleotide sugar transporter exists. Here we describe the optimised conditions for expression in Pichia pastoris, solubilisation using n-nonyl β-d-maltopyranoside (NM) and single step purification of a functional CST. Importantly we show that despite being able to solubilise and purify the CST using a number of different detergents, only NM was able to maintain CST functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maggioni
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Barbara Hadley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Joe Tiralongo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
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Hadley B, Maggioni A, Ashikov A, Day CJ, Haselhorst T, Tiralongo J. Structure and function of nucleotide sugar transporters: Current progress. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 10:23-32. [PMID: 25210595 PMCID: PMC4151994 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteomes of eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea are highly diverse due, in part, to the complex post-translational modification of protein glycosylation. The diversity of glycosylation in eukaryotes is reliant on nucleotide sugar transporters to translocate specific nucleotide sugars that are synthesised in the cytosol and nucleus, into the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus where glycosylation reactions occur. Thirty years of research utilising multidisciplinary approaches has contributed to our current understanding of NST function and structure. In this review, the structure and function, with reference to various disease states, of several NSTs including the UDP-galactose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, GDP-fucose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose and CMP-sialic acid transporters will be described. Little is known regarding the exact structure of NSTs due to difficulties associated with crystallising membrane proteins. To date, no three-dimensional structure of any NST has been elucidated. What is known is based on computer predictions, mutagenesis experiments, epitope-tagging studies, in-vitro assays and phylogenetic analysis. In this regard the best-characterised NST to date is the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST). Therefore in this review we will provide the current state-of-play with respect to the structure–function relationship of the (CST). In particular we have summarised work performed by a number groups detailing the affect of various mutations on CST transport activity, efficiency, and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hadley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Andrea Maggioni
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Angel Ashikov
- Institut für Zelluläre Chemie, Zentrum Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany ; Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10 (route 830), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Joe Tiralongo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Song Z. Roles of the nucleotide sugar transporters (SLC35 family) in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:590-600. [PMID: 23506892 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars and adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) are transported from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus where they serve as substrates for the glycosylation and sulfation of proteins, lipids and proteoglycans. The translocation is accomplished by the nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs), a family of highly conserved hydrophobic proteins with multiple transmembrane domains that are part of the solute carrier family 35 (SLC35). NSTs are antiporters responsible not only for transporting nucleotide sugars and PAPS into the Golgi, but also for the transport of the reaction products back to the cytosol. The initial reaction products - the nucleoside diphosphates - must be first converted to nucleoside monophosphates by a group of enzymes called ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (ENTPDs) before they can exit the Golgi. The transport role of NSTs is essential to glycosylation and development. Mutations in two NST genes, SLC35A1 and SLC35C1, have been related to congenital disorder of glycosylation II (CDG II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Song
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
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26
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Maggioni A, von Itzstein M, Rodríguez Guzmán IB, Ashikov A, Stephens AS, Haselhorst T, Tiralongo J. Characterisation of CMP-sialic acid transporter substrate recognition. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1936-42. [PMID: 24014346 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CMP-sialic acid transporter: We report an in-depth, multidisciplinary, structural study that has identified the amino acid residues intimately involved in CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST) substrate specificity. Our data provide a significant contribution towards a better understanding the structure-function relationship of this important family of transporters and the rational design of CST inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maggioni
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus Queensland, 4222 (Australia)
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Expression machinery of GM4: the excess amounts of GM3/GM4S synthase (ST3GAL5) are necessary for GM4 synthesis in mammalian cells. Glycoconj J 2013; 31:101-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Büll C, Boltje TJ, Wassink M, de Graaf AMA, van Delft FL, den Brok MH, Adema GJ. Targeting aberrant sialylation in cancer cells using a fluorinated sialic acid analog impairs adhesion, migration, and in vivo tumor growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1935-46. [PMID: 23974695 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells decorate their surface with a dense layer of sialylated glycans by upregulating the expression of sialyltransferases and other glycogenes. Although sialic acids play a vital role in many biologic processes, hypersialylation in particular has been shown to contribute to cancer cell progression and metastasis. Accordingly, selective strategies to interfere with sialic acid synthesis might offer a powerful approach in cancer therapy. In the present study, we assessed the potential of a recently developed fluorinated sialic acid analogue (P-3F(ax)-Neu5Ac) to block the synthesis of sialoglycans in murine melanoma cells and the consequences on cell adhesion, migration, and in vivo growth. The results showed that P-3F(ax)-Neu5Ac readily caused depletion of α2,3-/α2,6-linked sialic acids in B16F10 cells for several days. Long-term inhibition of sialylation for 28 days was feasible without affecting cell viability or proliferation. Moreover, P-3F(ax)-Neu5Ac proved to be a highly potent inhibitor of sialylation even at high concentrations of competing sialyltransferase substrates. P-3F(ax)-Neu5Ac-treated cancer cells exhibited impaired binding to poly-l-lysine, type I collagen, and fibronectin and diminished migratory capacity. Finally, blocking sialylation of B16F10 tumor cells with this novel sialic acid analogue reduced their growth in vivo. These results indicate that P-3F(ax)-Neu5Ac is a powerful glycomimetic capable of inhibiting aberrant sialylation that can potentially be used for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Büll
- Corresponding Author: Gosse J. Adema, 278 Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the Netherlands.
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29
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Jae LT, Raaben M, Riemersma M, van Beusekom E, Blomen VA, Velds A, Kerkhoven RM, Carette JE, Topaloglu H, Meinecke P, Wessels MW, Lefeber DJ, Whelan SP, van Bokhoven H, Brummelkamp TR. Deciphering the glycosylome of dystroglycanopathies using haploid screens for lassa virus entry. Science 2013; 340:479-83. [PMID: 23519211 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated α-dystroglycan (α-DG) serves as cellular entry receptor for multiple pathogens, and defects in its glycosylation cause hereditary Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS). At least eight proteins are critical to glycosylate α-DG, but many genes mutated in WWS remain unknown. To identify modifiers of α-DG, we performed a haploid screen for Lassa virus entry, a hemorrhagic fever virus causing thousands of deaths annually that hijacks glycosylated α-DG to enter cells. In complementary screens, we profiled cells for absence of α-DG carbohydrate chains or biochemically related glycans. This revealed virus host factors and a suite of glycosylation units, including all known Walker-Warburg genes and five additional factors critical for the modification of α-DG. Our findings accentuate the complexity of this posttranslational feature and point out genes defective in dystroglycanopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Jae
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Molecular cloning, phylogenetic analysis, and expression profiling of a grape CMP-sialic acid transporter-like gene induced by phytohormone and abiotic stress. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mabashi-Asazuma H, Shi X, Geisler C, Kuo CW, Khoo KH, Jarvis DL. Impact of a human CMP-sialic acid transporter on recombinant glycoprotein sialylation in glycoengineered insect cells. Glycobiology 2012; 23:199-210. [PMID: 23065352 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect cells are widely used for recombinant glycoprotein production, but they cannot provide the glycosylation patterns required for some biotechnological applications. This problem has been addressed by genetically engineering insect cells to express mammalian genes encoding various glycoprotein glycan processing functions. However, for various reasons, the impact of a mammalian cytosine-5'-monophospho (CMP)-sialic acid transporter has not yet been examined. Thus, we transformed Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells with six mammalian genes to generate a new cell line, SfSWT-4, that can produce sialylated glycoproteins when cultured with the sialic acid precursor, N-acetylmannosamine. We then super-transformed SfSWT-4 with a human CMP-sialic acid transporter (hCSAT) gene to isolate a daughter cell line, SfSWT-6, which expressed the hCSAT gene in addition to the other mammalian glycogenes. SfSWT-6 cells had higher levels of cell surface sialylation and also supported higher levels of recombinant glycoprotein sialylation, particularly when cultured with low concentrations of N-acetylmannosamine. Thus, hCSAT expression has an impact on glycoprotein sialylation, can reduce the cost of recombinant glycoprotein production and therefore should be included in ongoing efforts to glycoengineer the baculovirus-insect cell system. The results of this study also contributed new insights into the endogenous mechanism and potential mechanisms of CMP-sialic acid accumulation in the Golgi apparatus of lepidopteran insect cells.
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Chen L, Liang JF. Metabolic monosaccharides altered cell responses to anticancer drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:339-45. [PMID: 22487054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic glycoengineering has been used to manipulate the glycochemistry of cell surfaces and thus the cell/cell interaction, cell adhesion, and cell migration. However, potential application of glycoengineering in pharmaceutical sciences has not been studied until recently. Here, we reported that Ac(4)ManNAc, an analog of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc), could affect cell responses to anticancer drugs. Although cells from different tissues and organs responded to Ac(4)ManNAc treatment differently, treated cells with increased sialic acid contents showed dramatically reduced sensitivity (up to 130 times) to anti-cancer drugs as tested on various drugs with distinct chemical structures and acting mechanisms. Neither increased P-glycoprotein activity nor decreased drug uptake was observed during the course of Ac(4)ManNAc treatment. However, greatly altered intracellular drug distributions were observed. Most intracellular daunorubicin was found in the perinuclear region, but not the expected nuclei in the Ac(4)ManNAc treated cells. Since sialoglycoproteins and gangliosides were synthesized in the Golgi, intracellular glycans affected intracellular signal transduction and drug distributions seem to be the main reason for Ac(4)ManNAc affected cell sensitivity to anticancer drugs. It was interesting to find that although Ac(4)ManNAc treated breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) maintained the same sensitivity to 5-Fluorouracil, the IC(50) value of 5-Fluorouracil to the same Ac(4)ManNAc treated normal cells (MCF-10A) was increased by more than 20 times. Thus, this Ac(4)ManNAc treatment enlarged drug response difference between normal and tumor cells provides a unique opportunity to further improve the selectivity and therapeutic efficiency of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Sialic acids have a pivotal functional impact in many biological interactions such as virus attachment, cellular adhesion, regulation of proliferation, and apoptosis. A common modification of sialic acids is O-acetylation. O-Acetylated sialic acids occur in bacteria and parasites and are also receptor determinants for a number of viruses. Moreover, they have important functions in embryogenesis, development, and immunological processes. O-Acetylated sialic acids represent cancer markers, as shown for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and they are known to play significant roles in the regulation of ganglioside-mediated apoptosis. Expression of O-acetylated sialoglycans is regulated by sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferases and O-acetylesterases. Recent developments in the identification of the enigmatic sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Mandal
- Cancer and Cell Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700 032 India
| | - Reinhard Schwartz-Albiez
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Vlasak
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Salzburg, Billrothstr 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Hu H, Eggers K, Chen W, Garshasbi M, Motazacker MM, Wrogemann K, Kahrizi K, Tzschach A, Hosseini M, Bahman I, Hucho T, Mühlenhoff M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Najmabadi H, Ropers HH, Kuss AW. ST3GAL3 mutations impair the development of higher cognitive functions. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:407-14. [PMID: 21907012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic variants leading to impairment of intellectual performance are highly diverse and are still poorly understood. ST3GAL3 encodes the Golgi enzyme β-galactoside-α2,3-sialyltransferase-III that in humans predominantly forms the sialyl Lewis a epitope on proteins. ST3GAL3 resides on chromosome 1 within the MRT4 locus previously identified to associate with nonsyndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability. We searched for the disease-causing mutations in the MRT4 family and a second independent consanguineous Iranian family by using a combination of chromosome sorting and next-generation sequencing. Two different missense changes in ST3GAL3 cosegregate with the disease but were absent in more than 1000 control chromosomes. In cellular and biochemical test systems, these mutations were shown to cause ER retention of the Golgi enzyme and drastically impair ST3Gal-III functionality. Our data provide conclusive evidence that glycotopes formed by ST3Gal-III are prerequisite for attaining and/or maintaining higher cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department for Human Molecular Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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Ahrens J, Foadi N, Eberhardt A, Haeseler G, Dengler R, Leffler A, Mühlenhoff M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Leuwer M. Defective polysialylation and sialylation induce opposite effects on gating of the skeletal Na+ channel NaV1.4 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Pharmacology 2011; 87:311-7. [PMID: 21606664 DOI: 10.1159/000327389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a large, negatively charged homopolymer of 2,8-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid residues resulting from remodeling and extension of protein-bound sialic acid (Sia) residues and seems to have a key role in regulating neural cell development and function. The aim of this study was to explore and compare the effects of polySia and sialylation on gating of voltage-gated sodium channels. The skeletal muscle α-subunit NaV1.4 was transiently expressed in wild-type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or in mutant CHO cells with deficits in their capacity to produce sialylated or polysialylated membrane components. Expression in both mutant cell lines resulted in larger peak current amplitudes as compared to wild-type CHO cells. Loss of Sia and polySia also resulted in significant shifts of voltage-dependent activation and steady-state inactivation, however, in opposite directions. Furthermore, only the loss of Sia had a significant effect on recovery from fast inactivation. Our data demonstrate for the first time that gating of voltage-gated sodium channels seems to be differentially regulated by polySia and Sia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Ahrens
- Clinic for Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Tiralongo J, Maggioni A. The targeted expression of nucleotide sugar transporters to the E. coli inner membrane. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 705:237-249. [PMID: 21125390 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-967-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The heterologous expression of functional mammalian integral membrane proteins still represents a significant hurdle towards evaluating the relationship between their structure and function. We have therefore utilised the OmpA signal sequence to deliberately target the expression of a mammalian nucleotide sugar transporter, the murine CMP-sialic acid transporter, to the E. coli inner membrane. The functionality of the recombinant CMP-sialic acid transporter could then be evaluated either following the spheroplasting of E. coli cells or through the isolation of the E. coli inner membrane and the formation of mixed phosphatidylcholine-inner membrane proteoliposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Tiralongo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
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Becker I, Lodder J, Gieselmann V, Eckhardt M. Molecular characterization of N-acetylaspartylglutamate synthetase. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29156-64. [PMID: 20643647 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.111765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dipeptide N-acetylaspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) is an abundant neuropeptide in the mammalian brain. Despite this fact, its physiological role is poorly understood. NAAG is synthesized by a NAAG synthetase catalyzing the ATP-dependent condensation of N-acetylaspartate and glutamate. In vitro NAAG synthetase activity has not been described, and the enzyme has not been purified. Using a bioinformatics approach we identified a putative dipeptide synthetase specifically expressed in the nervous system. Expression of the gene, which we named NAAGS (for NAAG synthetase) was sufficient to induce NAAG synthesis in primary astrocytes or CHO-K1 and HEK-293T cells when they coexpressed the NAA transporter NaDC3. Furthermore, coexpression of NAAGS and the recently identified N-acetylaspartate (NAA) synthase, Nat8l, in CHO-K1 or HEK-293T cells was sufficient to enable these cells to synthesize NAAG. Identity of the reaction product of NAAGS was confirmed by HPLC and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). High expression levels of NAAGS were restricted to the brain, spinal cord, and testis. Taken together our results strongly suggest that the identified gene encodes a NAAG synthetase. Its identification will enable further studies to examine the role of this abundant neuropeptide in the vertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Incorporation of podoplanin into HIV released from HEK-293T cells, but not PBMC, is required for efficient binding to the attachment factor CLEC-2. Retrovirology 2010; 7:47. [PMID: 20482880 PMCID: PMC2885308 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets are associated with HIV in the blood of infected individuals and might modulate viral dissemination, particularly if the virus is directly transmitted into the bloodstream. The C-type lectin DC-SIGN and the novel HIV attachment factor CLEC-2 are expressed by platelets and facilitate HIV transmission from platelets to T-cells. Here, we studied the molecular mechanisms behind CLEC-2-mediated HIV-1 transmission. RESULTS Binding studies with soluble proteins indicated that CLEC-2, in contrast to DC-SIGN, does not recognize the viral envelope protein, but a cellular factor expressed on kidney-derived 293T cells. Subsequent analyses revealed that the cellular mucin-like membranous glycoprotein podoplanin, a CLEC-2 ligand, was expressed on 293T cells and incorporated into virions released from these cells. Knock-down of podoplanin in 293T cells by shRNA showed that virion incorporation of podoplanin was required for efficient CLEC-2-dependent HIV-1 interactions with cell lines and platelets. Flow cytometry revealed no evidence for podoplanin expression on viable T-cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Podoplanin was also not detected on HIV-1 infected T-cells. However, apoptotic bystander cells in HIV-1 infected cultures reacted with anti-podoplanin antibodies, and similar results were obtained upon induction of apoptosis in a cell line and in PBMCs suggesting an unexpected link between apoptosis and podoplanin expression. Despite the absence of detectable podoplanin expression, HIV-1 produced in PBMC was transmitted to T-cells in a CLEC-2-dependent manner, indicating that T-cells might express an as yet unidentified CLEC-2 ligand. CONCLUSIONS Virion incorporation of podoplanin mediates CLEC-2 interactions of HIV-1 derived from 293T cells, while incorporation of a different cellular factor seems to be responsible for CLEC-2-dependent capture of PBMC-derived viruses. Furthermore, evidence was obtained that podoplanin expression is connected to apoptosis, a finding that deserves further investigation.
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Synaptic cell adhesion molecule SynCAM 1 is a target for polysialylation in postnatal mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10250-5. [PMID: 20479255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912103107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the large set of cell surface glycan structures, the carbohydrate polymer polysialic acid (polySia) plays an important role in vertebrate brain development and synaptic plasticity. The main carrier of polySia in the nervous system is the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM. As polySia with chain lengths of more than 40 sialic acid residues was still observed in brain of newborn Ncam(-/-) mice, we performed a glycoproteomics approach to identify the underlying protein scaffolds. Affinity purification of polysialylated molecules from Ncam(-/-) brain followed by peptide mass fingerprinting led to the identification of the synaptic cell adhesion molecule SynCAM 1 as a so far unknown polySia carrier. SynCAM 1 belongs to the Ig superfamily and is a powerful inducer of synapse formation. Importantly, the appearance of polysialylated SynCAM 1 was not restricted to the Ncam(-/-) background but was found to the same extent in perinatal brain of WT mice. PolySia was located on N-glycans of the first Ig domain, which is known to be involved in homo- and heterophilic SynCAM 1 interactions. Both polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV, were able to polysialylate SynCAM 1 in vitro, and polysialylation of SynCAM 1 completely abolished homophilic binding. Analysis of serial sections of perinatal Ncam(-/-) brain revealed that polySia-SynCAM 1 is expressed exclusively by NG2 cells, a multifunctional glia population that can receive glutamatergic input via unique neuron-NG2 cell synapses. Our findings sug-gest that polySia may act as a dynamic modulator of SynCAM 1 functions during integration of NG2 cells into neural networks.
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Duncan PI, Raymond F, Fuerholz A, Sprenger N. Sialic acid utilisation and synthesis in the neonatal rat revisited. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8241. [PMID: 20011510 PMCID: PMC2785881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk is the sole source of nutrients for neonatal mammals and is generally considered to have co-evolved with the developmental needs of the suckling newborn. One evolutionary conserved constituent of milk and present on many glycoconjugates is sialic acid. The brain and colon are major sites of sialic acid display and together with the liver also of synthesis. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we examined in rats the relationship between the sialic acid content of milk and the uptake, utilization and synthesis of sialic acid in suckling pups. In rat milk sialic acid was found primarily as 3′sialyllactose and at highest levels between 3 and 10 days postpartum and that decreased towards weaning. In the liver of suckling pups sialic acid synthesis paralleled the increase in milk sialic acid reaching and keeping maximum activity from postnatal day 5 onwards. In the colon, gene expression profiles suggested that a switch from sialic acid uptake and catabolism towards sialic acid synthesis and utilization occurred that mirrored the change of sialic acid in milk from high to low expression. In brain sialic acid related gene expression profiles did not change to any great extent during the suckling period. Conclusions/Significance Our results support the views that (i) when milk sialic acid levels are high, in the colon this sialic acid is catabolized to GlcNAc that in turn may be used as such or used as substrate for sialic acid synthesis and (ii) when milk sialic acid levels are low the endogenous sialic acid synthetic machinery in colon is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I. Duncan
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (PID); (NS)
| | - Frédéric Raymond
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Fuerholz
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (PID); (NS)
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Du J, Meledeo MA, Wang Z, Khanna HS, Paruchuri VDP, Yarema KJ. Metabolic glycoengineering: sialic acid and beyond. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1382-401. [PMID: 19675091 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This report provides a perspective on metabolic glycoengineering methodology developed over the past two decades that allows natural sialic acids to be replaced with chemical variants in living cells and animals. Examples are given demonstrating how this technology provides the glycoscientist with chemical tools that are beginning to reproduce Mother Nature's control over complex biological systems - such as the human brain - through subtle modifications in sialic acid chemistry. Several metabolic substrates (e.g., ManNAc, Neu5Ac, and CMP-Neu5Ac analogs) can be used to feed flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway resulting in numerous - and sometime quite unexpected - biological repercussions upon nonnatural sialoside display in cellular glycans. Once on the cell surface, ketone-, azide-, thiol-, or alkyne-modified glycans can be transformed with numerous ligands via bioorthogonal chemoselective ligation reactions, greatly increasing the versatility and potential application of this technology. Recently, sialic acid glycoengineering methodology has been extended to other pathways with analog incorporation now possible in surface-displayed GalNAc and fucose residues as well as nucleocytoplasmic O-GlcNAc-modified proteins. Finally, recent efforts to increase the "druggability" of sugar analogs used in metabolic glycoengineering, which have resulted in unanticipated "scaffold-dependent" activities, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Reinke SO, Lehmer G, Hinderlich S, Reutter W. Regulation and pathophysiological implications of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE) as the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis. Biol Chem 2009; 390:591-9. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe key enzyme for the biosynthesis ofN-acetylneuraminic acid, from which all other sialic acids are formed, is the bifunctional enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE). GNE is a highly conserved protein found throughout the animal kingdom. Its highest expression is seen in the liver and placenta. GNE is regulated by a variety of biochemical means, including tetramerization promoted by the substrate UDP-GlcNAc, phosphorylation by protein kinase C and feedback inhibition by CMP-Neu5Ac, which is defect in the human disease sialuria. GNE knock-out in mice leads to embryonic lethality, emphasizing the crucial role of this key enzyme for sialic acid biosynthesis. The metabolic capacity to synthesize sialic acid and CMP-sialic acid upon ManNAc loads is amazingly high. An additional characteristic of GNE is its interaction with proteins involved in the regulation of development, which might play a crucial role in the hereditary inclusion body myopathy. Due to the importance of increased concentrations of tumor-surface sialic acid, first attempts to find inhibitors of GNE have been successful.
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Maggioni A, von Itzstein M, Tiralongo J, Haselhorst T. Detection of ligand binding to nucleotide sugar transporters by STD NMR spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2784-6. [PMID: 18973167 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maggioni
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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Lim SF, Lee MM, Zhang P, Song Z. The Golgi CMP-sialic acid transporter: A new CHO mutant provides functional insights. Glycobiology 2008; 18:851-60. [PMID: 18713811 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A CHO mutant line, MAR-11, was isolated using a cytotoxic lectin, Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA). This mutant has decreased levels of cell surface sialic acid relative to both wild-type CHO-K1 and Lec2 mutant CHO cells. The CMP-sialic acid transporter (CMP-SAT) gene in the MAR-11 mutant cell has a C-T mutation that results in a premature stop codon. As a result, MAR-11 cells express a truncated version of CMP-SAT which contains only 100 amino acids rather than the normal CMP-SAT which contains 336 amino acids. Biochemical analyses indicate that recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) produced by the mutant cells lack sialic acid. Using MAR-11 as host cells, an EPO/IEF assay for the structure-function study of CMP-SAT was developed. This assay seems more sensitive than previous assays that were used to analyze sialylation in Lec2 cells. Cotransfection of constructs that express CMP-SAT into MAR-11 cells completely converted the recombinant EPO to a sialylation pattern that is similar to the EPO produced by the wild-type CHO cells. Using this assay, we showed that CMP-SAT lacking C-terminal 18 amino acids from the cytosolic tail was able to allow high levels of EPO sialylation. Substitution of the Gly residues with Ile in three different transmembrane domains of CMP-SAT resulted in dramatic decreases in transporter's activity. The CMP-SAT only lost partial activity if the same Gly residues were substituted with Ala, suggesting that the lack of side chain in Gly residues in the transmembrane domains is essential for transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Fee Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Centros, Singapore
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Sialylation in protostomes: a perspective from Drosophila genetics and biochemistry. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:313-24. [PMID: 18568399 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have revealed important functions for sialylation in both prokaryotes and higher animals. However, the genetic and biochemical potential for sialylation in Drosophila has only been confirmed recently. Recent studies suggest significant similarities between the sialylation pathways of vertebrates and insects and provide evidence for their common evolutionary origin. These new data support the hypothesis that sialylation in insects is a specialized and developmentally regulated process which likely plays a prominent role in the nervous system. Yet several key issues remain to be addressed in Drosophila, including the initiation of sialic acid de novo biosynthesis and understanding the structure and function of sialylated glycoconjugates. This review discusses our current knowledge of the Drosophila sialylation pathway, as compared to the pathway in bacteria and vertebrates. We arrive at the conclusion that Drosophila is emerging as a useful model organism that is poised to shed new light on the function of sialylation not only in protostomes, but also in a larger evolutionary context.
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Bakker H, Routier F, Ashikov A, Neumann D, Bosch D, Gerardy-Schahn R. A CMP-sialic acid transporter cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2148-52. [PMID: 18258224 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sialylation of glycans is ubiquitous in vertebrates, but was believed to be absent in plants, arthropods, and fungi. However, recently evidence has been provided for the presence of sialic acid in these evolutionary clades. In addition, homologs of mammalian genes involved in sialylation can be found in the genomes of these taxa and for some Drosophila enzymes, involvement in sialic acid metabolism has been documented. In plant genomes, homologs of sialyltransferase genes have been identified, but there activity could not be confirmed. Several mammalian cell lines exist with defects in the sialylation pathway. One of these is the Chinese hamster ovary cell line Lec2, deficient in CMP-sialic acid transport to the Golgi lumen. These mutants provide the possibility to clone genes by functional complementation. Using expression cloning, we have identified an Arabidopsis thaliana nucleotide sugar transporter that is able to complement the CMP-sialic acid transport deficiency of Lec2 cells. The isolated gene (At5g41760) is a member of the triose-phosphate/nucleotide sugar transporter gene family. Recombinant expression of the gene in yeast and testing in vitro confirmed its ability to transport CMP-sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bakker
- Zelluläre Chemie, Zentrum Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Zhao W, Colley KJ. Nucleotide sugar transporters of the Golgi apparatus. THE GOLGI APPARATUS 2008. [PMCID: PMC7119966 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-76310-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is the major site of protein, lipid and proteoglycan glycosylation. The glycosylation enzymes, as well as kinases and sulfatases that catalyze phosphorylation and sulfation, are localized within the Golgi cisternae in characteristic distributions that frequently reflect their order in a particular pathway (Kornfeld and Kornfeld 1985; Colley 1997). The glycosyl-transferases, sulfotransferases and kinases are “transferases” that require activated donor molecules for the reactions they catalyze. For eukaryotic, fungal and protozoan glycosyltransferases these are the nucleotide sugars UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal), GDP-fucose (GDP-Fuc), CMP-sialicacid (CMP-Sia), UDP-glucuronicacid (UDP-GlcA), GDP-mannose (GDP-Man), and UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl) (Hirschberg et al. 1998). For the kinases, ATP functions as the donor, while for the sulfotransferases, adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphate (PAPS) acts as the donor (Hirschberg et al. 1998). The active sites of all these enzymes are oriented towards the lumen of the Golgi cisternae. This necessitates the translocation of their donors from the cytosol into the lumenal Golgi compartments. In this chapter we will focus on the structure, function and localization of the Golgi nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs), and highlight the diseases and developmental defects associated with defective transporters. We direct the reader to several excellent reviews on Golgi transporters for additional details and references (Hirschberg et al. 1998; Berninsone and Hirschberg 2000; Gerardy-Schahn et al. 2001; Handford et al. 2006; Caffaro and Hirschberg 2006).
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Andersen PK, Veng L, Juul-Madsen HR, Vingborg RKK, Bendixen C, Thomsen B. Gene expression profiling, chromosome assignment and mutational analysis of the porcine Golgi-resident UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter SLC35A3. Mol Membr Biol 2007; 24:519-30. [PMID: 17710655 DOI: 10.1080/09687680701459877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
SLC35A3 encodes a Golgi-resident UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter. Here, the porcine SLC35A3 gene was assigned to Sus scrofa chromosome 4 (SSC4) by a combination of radiation hybrid and linkage analysis. Expression profiling using real time RT-PCR showed ubiquitous but variable transcription of SLC35A3 in a selection of tissues. The deduced 325 amino acid sequence revealed a hydrophobic protein with 10 predicted transmembrane helices and the N- and C-terminal tails facing the cytosolic side of the Golgi apparatus. In addition, mutated versions of the UDP-GlcNAc transporter were analyzed in a yeast complementation assay, which allowed us to identify important domains and amino acid residues. Thus, the N-terminal tail was inessential for activity, whereas removal of the first transmembrane domain inhibited yeast complementation. The hydrophilic C-terminus was dispensable while mutant proteins either fully or partially deprived of the last membrane-spanning helix were functionally impaired. The third luminal loop showed modest sequence conservation and appeared structurally flexible as certain deletions were acceptable. In contrast, the fourth luminal loop was more sensitive to changes since the competence of the mutant protein was lowered by mutations. Substitutions of glycines 190, 215 and 254, which are invariant positions in the SLC35A subfamilies affected activity negatively. Interestingly, inhibition of function by a valine to phenylalanine mutation, which has been associated with skeletal malformations, is likely caused by structural incompatibility of the bulky aromatic phenylalanine side chain with the integrity of the transmembrane helix, since substitutions with the smaller aliphatic side chains of leucine and isoleucine were acceptable changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille K Andersen
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Aarhus, Tjele, Denmark
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Maggioni A, von Itzstein M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Tiralongo J. Targeting the expression of functional murine CMP-sialic acid transporter to the E. coli inner membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:779-84. [PMID: 17764658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The heterologous expression of functional mammalian integral membrane proteins still represents a significant hurdle towards their crystallization and structure elucidation. We have therefore explored the use of the OmpA signal sequence to deliberately target the expression of the murine CMP-sialic acid transporter, a Golgi-resident protein with 10 putative transmembrane domains, to the Escherichia coli inner membrane. Here, we show that the expression of an OmpA signal sequence-FLAG-CMP-sialic acid transporter fusion protein in E. coli results in the targeting and insertion of recombinant protein within the inner membrane. Significantly, functionality was confirmed by the ability of spheroplasted E. coli and mixed phosphatidylcholine-E. coli inner membrane proteoliposomes incorporating recombinant CMP-sialic acid transporter to accumulate CMP-sialic acid in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maggioni
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Zhao W, Chen TLL, Vertel BM, Colley KJ. The CMP-sialic acid transporter is localized in the medial-trans Golgi and possesses two specific endoplasmic reticulum export motifs in its carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic tail. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:31106-18. [PMID: 16923816 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605564200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of sialic acid to glycoproteins and glycolipids requires Golgi sialyltransferases to have access to their glycoconjugate substrates and nucleotide sugar donor, CMP-sialic acid. CMP-sialic acid is transported into the lumen of the Golgi complex through the CMP-sialic acid transporter, an antiporter that also functions to transport CMP into the cytosol. We localized the transporter using immunofluorescence and deconvolution microscopy to test the prediction that it is broadly distributed across the Golgi stack to serve the many sialyltransferases involved in glycoconjugate sialylation. The transporter co-localized with ST6GalI in the medial and trans Golgi, showed partial overlap with a medial Golgi marker and little overlap with early Golgi or trans Golgi network markers. Endoplasmic reticulum-retained forms of sialyltransferases did not redistribute the transporter from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that transporter-sialyltransferase complexes are not involved in transporter localization. Next we evaluated the role of the transporter's N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic tails in its trafficking and localization. The N-tail was not required for either endoplasmic reticulum export or Golgi localization. The C-tail was required for endoplasmic reticulum export and contained di-Ile and terminal Val motifs at its very C terminus that function as independent endoplasmic reticulum export signals. Deletion of the last four amino acids of the C-tail (IIGV) eliminated these export signals and prevented endoplasmic reticulum export of the transporter. This form of the transporter supplied limited amounts of CMP-sialic acid to Golgi sialyltransferases but was unable to completely rescue the transporter defect of Lec2 Chinese hamster ovary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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