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Ksenofontov AL, Baratova LA, Semenyuk PI, Fedorova NV, Badun GA. Changes in the Structure of Potato Virus A Virions after Limited in situ Proteolysis According to Tritium Labeling Data and Computer Simulation. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:2146-2156. [PMID: 38462457 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923120167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Coat proteins (CP) of the potato virus A virions (PVA) contain partially disordered N-terminal domains, which are necessary for performing vital functions of the virus. Comparative analysis of the structures of coat proteins (CPs) in the intact PVA virions and in the virus particles lacking N-terminal 32 amino acids (PVAΔ32) was carried out in this work based on the tritium planigraphy data. Using atomic-resolution structure of the potato virus Y potyvirus (PVY) protein, which is a homolog of the CP PVA, the available CP surfaces in the PVY virion were calculated and the areas of intersubunit/interhelix contacts were determined. For this purpose, the approach of Lee and Richards [Lee, B., and Richards, F. M. (1971) J. Mol. Biol., 55, 379-400] was used. Comparison of incorporation profiles of the tritium label in the intact and trypsin-degraded PVAΔ32 revealed position of the ΔN-peptide shielding the surface domain (a.a. 66-73, 141-146) and the interhelix zone (a.a. 161-175) of the PVA CP. Presence of the channels/cavities was found in the virion, which turned out to be partially permeable to tritium atoms. Upon removal of the ΔN-peptide, decrease in the label incorporation within the virion (a.a. 184-200) was also observed, indicating possible structural transition leading to the virion compactization. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that part of the surface ΔN-peptide is inserted between the coils of the virion helix thus increasing the helix pitch and providing greater flexibility of the virion, which is important for intercellular transport of the viruses in the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Ksenofontov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
| | - Ludmila A Baratova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Pavel I Semenyuk
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Natalia V Fedorova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Gennadii A Badun
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Poboinev VV, Khrustalev VV, Akunevich AA, Shalygo NV, Stojarov AN, Khrustaleva TA, Kordyukova LV. Peptide Models of the Cytoplasmic Tail of Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Hemagglutinin Expand Understanding its pH-Dependent Modes of Interaction with Matrix Protein M1. Protein J 2023:10.1007/s10930-023-10101-z. [PMID: 36952102 PMCID: PMC10034248 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) is a major virus antigen. No cryo-electron microscopy or X-ray data can be obtained for the HA intraviral (cytoplasmic) domain (CT) post-translationally modified with long fatty acid residues bound to three highly conserved cysteines. We recently proposed a model of HA CT of Influenza A/H1N1 virus possessing an antiparallel beta structure based on the experimental secondary structure analysis of four 14-15 amino acid long synthetic peptides, corresponding to the HA CT sequence, with free or acetaminomethylated cysteines. To dispel doubts about possible non-specific "amyloid-like" aggregation of those synthetic peptides in phosphate buffer solution, we have determined the order of oligomers based on blue native gel electrophoresis, membrane filtration, fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modeling approaches. We have found that unmodified peptides form only low molecular weight oligomers, while modified peptides form both oligomers of low order similar to those found for unmodified peptides and high order conglomerates, which however are not of beta-amyloid-like fold. This study confirms that the beta structure previously detected by circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis is more likely the result of intrinsic propensity of the HA CT amino acid sequence than the consequence of aggregation. The structures of low order oligomers of the synthetic peptides were used for in silico experiments on modeling of HA CT interactions with matrix protein M1 at physiological and acidic pH levels and revealed two different areas of binding. Finally, tripeptides capable of blocking interactions between HA CT and M1 were proposed.
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3
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A review of pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of Forsythiaside A. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105690. [PMID: 34029711 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine plays a significant role in the treatment of various diseases and has attracted increasing attention for clinical applications. Forsythiae Fructus, the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, is a widely used Chinese medicinal herb in clinic for its extensive pharmacological activities. Forsythiaside A is the main active index component isolated from Forsythiae Fructus and possesses prominent bioactivities. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that Forsythiaside A exhibits significant activities in treating various diseases, including inflammation, virus infection, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, liver injury, and bacterial infection. In this review, the pharmacological activities of Forsythiaside A have been comprehensively reviewed and summarized. According to the data, Forsythiaside A shows remarkable anti-inflammation, antivirus, neuroprotection, antioxidant, hepatoprotection, and antibacterial activities through regulating multiple signaling transduction pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT, Nrf2, RLRs, TRAF, TLR7, and ER stress. In addition, the toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties of Forsythiaside A are also discussed in this review, thus providing a solid foundation and evidence for further studies to explore novel effective drugs from Chinese medicine monomers.
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Mohd-Kipli F, Claridge JK, Habjanič J, Jiang A, Schnell JR. Conformational triggers associated with influenza matrix protein 1 polymerization. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100316. [PMID: 33516724 PMCID: PMC7949140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A central role for the influenza matrix protein 1 (M1) is to form a polymeric coat on the inner leaflet of the host membrane that ultimately provides shape and stability to the virion. M1 polymerizes upon binding membranes, but triggers for conversion of M1 from a water-soluble component of the nucleus and cytosol into an oligomer at the membrane surface are unknown. While full-length M1 is required for virus viability, the N-terminal domain (M1NT) retains membrane binding and pH-dependent oligomerization. We studied the structural plasticity and oligomerization of M1NT in solution using NMR spectroscopy. We show that the isolated domain can be induced by sterol-containing compounds to undergo a conformational change and self-associate in a pH-dependent manner consistent with the stacked dimer oligomeric interface. Surface-exposed residues at one of the stacked dimer interfaces are most sensitive to sterols. Several perturbed residues are at the interface between the N-terminal subdomains and are also perturbed by changes in pH. The effects of sterols appear to be indirect and most likely mediated by reduction in water activity. The local changes are centered on strictly conserved residues and consistent with a priming of the N-terminal domain for polymerization. We hypothesize that M1NT is sensitive to changes in the aqueous environment and that this sensitivity is part of a mechanism for restricting polymerization to the membrane surface. Structural models combined with information from chemical shift perturbations indicate mechanisms by which conformational changes can be transmitted from one polymerization interface to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Mohd-Kipli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Jolyon K Claridge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jelena Habjanič
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason R Schnell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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5
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Hom N, Gentles L, Bloom JD, Lee KK. Deep Mutational Scan of the Highly Conserved Influenza A Virus M1 Matrix Protein Reveals Substantial Intrinsic Mutational Tolerance. J Virol 2019; 93:e00161-19. [PMID: 31019050 PMCID: PMC6580950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00161-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus matrix protein M1 is involved in multiple stages of the viral infectious cycle. Despite its functional importance, our present understanding of this essential viral protein is limited. The roles of a small subset of specific amino acids have been reported, but a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between M1 sequence, structure, and virus fitness remains elusive. In this study, we used deep mutational scanning to measure the effect of every amino acid substitution in M1 on viral replication in cell culture. The map of amino acid mutational tolerance we have generated allows us to identify sites that are functionally constrained in cell culture as well as sites that are less constrained. Several sites that exhibit low tolerance to mutation have been found to be critical for M1 function and production of viable virions. Surprisingly, significant portions of the M1 sequence, especially in the C-terminal domain, whose structure is undetermined, were found to be highly tolerant of amino acid variation, despite having extremely low levels of sequence diversity among natural influenza virus strains. This unexpected discrepancy indicates that not all sites in M1 that exhibit high sequence conservation in nature are under strong constraint during selection for viral replication in cell culture.IMPORTANCE The M1 matrix protein is critical for many stages of the influenza virus infection cycle. Currently, we have an incomplete understanding of this highly conserved protein's function and structure. Key regions of M1, particularly in the C terminus of the protein, remain poorly characterized. In this study, we used deep mutational scanning to determine the extent of M1's tolerance to mutation. Surprisingly, nearly two-thirds of the M1 sequence exhibits a high tolerance for substitutions, contrary to the extremely low sequence diversity observed across naturally occurring M1 isolates. Sites with low mutational tolerance were also identified, suggesting that they likely play critical functional roles and are under selective pressure. These results reveal the intrinsic mutational tolerance throughout M1 and shape future inquiries probing the functions of this essential influenza A virus protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lauren Gentles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Ksenofontov AL, Fedorova NV, Badun GA, Serebryakova MV, Nikitin NA, Evtushenko EA, Chernysheva MG, Bogacheva EN, Dobrov EN, Baratova LA, Atabekov JG, Karpova OV. Surface characterization of the thermal remodeling helical plant virus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216905. [PMID: 31150411 PMCID: PMC6544241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that spherical particles (SPs) are formed by the thermal remodeling of rigid helical virions of native tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) at 94°C. SPs have remarkable features: stability, unique adsorption properties and immunostimulation potential. Here we performed a comparative study of the amino acid composition of the SPs and virions surface to characterize their properties and take an important step to understanding the structure of SPs. The results of tritium planigraphy showed that thermal transformation of TMV leads to a significant increase in tritium label incorporation into the following sites of SPs protein: 41-71 а.a. and 93-122 a.a. At the same time, there was a decrease in tritium label incorporation into the N- and C- terminal region (1-15 a.a., 142-158 a.a). The use of complementary physico-chemical methods allowed us to carry out a detailed structural analysis of the surface and to determine the most likely surface areas of SPs. The obtained data make it possible to consider viral protein thermal rearrangements, and to open new opportunities for biologically active complex design using information about SPs surface amino acid composition and methods of non-specific adsorption and bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Ksenofontov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Fedorova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady A. Badun
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai A. Nikitin
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Elena N. Bogacheva
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugeny N. Dobrov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila A. Baratova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joseph G. Atabekov
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Karpova
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Höfer CT, Di Lella S, Dahmani I, Jungnick N, Bordag N, Bobone S, Huang Q, Keller S, Herrmann A, Chiantia S. Structural determinants of the interaction between influenza A virus matrix protein M1 and lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1123-1134. [PMID: 30902626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a pathogen responsible for severe seasonal epidemics threatening human and animal populations every year. One of the ten major proteins encoded by the viral genome, the matrix protein M1, is abundantly produced in infected cells and plays a structural role in determining the morphology of the virus. During assembly of new viral particles, M1 is recruited to the host cell membrane where it associates with lipids and other viral proteins. The structure of M1 is only partially known. In particular, structural details of M1 interactions with the cellular plasma membrane as well as M1-protein interactions and multimerization have not been clarified, yet. In this work, we employed a set of complementary experimental and theoretical tools to tackle these issues. Using raster image correlation, surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopies, we quantified membrane association and oligomerization of full-length M1 and of different genetically engineered M1 constructs (i.e., N- and C-terminally truncated constructs and a mutant of the polybasic region, residues 95-105). Furthermore, we report novel information on structural changes in M1 occurring upon binding to membranes. Our experimental results are corroborated by an all-atom model of the full-length M1 protein bound to a negatively charged lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Höfer
- Institute for Biology, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Di Lella
- Institute for Biology, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Dahmani
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - N Jungnick
- Institute for Biology, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Bordag
- Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Biophysics of Membrane Proteins, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Bobone
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Q Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Rd, WuJiaoChang, Yangpu Qu, Shanghai Shi 200433, China
| | - S Keller
- Molecular Biophysics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - A Herrmann
- Institute for Biology, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Chiantia
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Kordyukova LV, Shtykova EV, Baratova LA, Svergun DI, Batishchev OV. Matrix proteins of enveloped viruses: a case study of Influenza A virus M1 protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:671-690. [PMID: 29388479 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1436089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus, a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family of enveloped viruses, is one of the human and animal top killers, and its structure and components are therefore extensively studied during the last decades. The most abundant component, M1 matrix protein, forms a matrix layer (scaffold) under the viral lipid envelope, and the functional roles as well as structural peculiarities of the M1 protein are still under heavy debate. Despite multiple attempts of crystallization, no high resolution structure is available for the full length M1 of Influenza A virus. The likely reason for the difficulties lies in the intrinsic disorder of the M1 C-terminal part preventing diffraction quality crystals to be grown. Alternative structural methods including synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), atomic force microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy/tomography are therefore widely applied to understand the structure of M1, its self-association and interactions with the lipid membrane and the viral nucleocapsid. These methods reveal striking similarities in the behavior of M1 and matrix proteins of other enveloped RNA viruses, with the differences accompanied by the specific features of the viral lifecycles, thus suggesting common interaction principles and, possibly, common evolutional ancestors. The structural information on the Influenza A virus M1 protein obtained to the date strongly suggests that the intrinsic disorder in the C-terminal domain has important functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V Kordyukova
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Eleonora V Shtykova
- b Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre 'Crystallography and Photonics' of Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russian Federation.,c Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Lyudmila A Baratova
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | | | - Oleg V Batishchev
- e Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russian Federation.,f Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Dolgoprudniy , Russian Federation
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Law AHY, Yang CLH, Lau ASY, Chan GCF. Antiviral effect of forsythoside A from Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl fruit against influenza A virus through reduction of viral M1 protein. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 209:236-247. [PMID: 28716571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yinqiaosan is a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, which has been used to treat respiratory diseases since ancient China. It consists of nine herbs and among them, Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl fruit is one of the major herbal components. Despite the long history of Yinqiaosan, the active compounds and the mechanisms of action of this formula remain elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to examine the suppressive effect of Yinqiaosan on influenza virus and to identify the active components in the formula targeting influenza. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-influenza virus effect of Yinqiaosan was assessed by tissue culture infective dose assay, and was also tested in an in vivo mouse model. Active compound from the formula was identified with a bioactivity-guided fractionation scheme. The potential mode of action of the compound was further investigated by identifying the host cell signaling pathways and viral protein production using in vitro cell culture models. RESULTS Our results showed that forsythoside A from Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl fruit, a major herbal component in Yinqiaosan, reduced the viral titers of different influenza virus subtypes in cell cultures and increased the survival rate of the mice in an in vivo influenza virus infection model. Further experiments on the mode of action of forsythoside A showed that it reduced the influenza M1 protein, which in turn intervened the budding process of the newly formed virions and eventually limited the virus spread. CONCLUSION Results of our present study provides scientific evidence to support to the application of a traditional herbal formula. We also identify novel candidate compound for future drug development against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hing-Yee Law
- Department of Paediatrics&Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Molecular Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Cindy Lai-Hung Yang
- Department of Paediatrics&Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Molecular Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Allan Sik-Yin Lau
- Department of Paediatrics&Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Molecular Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics&Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Molecular Laboratory for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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10
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Crystal structure of an orthomyxovirus matrix protein reveals mechanisms for self-polymerization and membrane association. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8550-8555. [PMID: 28739952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701747114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many enveloped viruses encode a matrix protein. In the influenza A virus, the matrix protein M1 polymerizes into a rigid protein layer underneath the viral envelope to help enforce the shape and structural integrity of intact viruses. The influenza virus M1 is also known to mediate virus budding as well as the nuclear export of the viral nucleocapsids and their subsequent packaging into nascent viral particles. Despite extensive studies on the influenza A virus M1 (FLUA-M1), only crystal structures of its N-terminal domain are available. Here we report the crystal structure of the full-length M1 from another orthomyxovirus that infects fish, the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). The structure of ISAV-M1 assumes the shape of an elbow, with its N domain closely resembling that of the FLUA-M1. The C domain, which is connected to the N domain through a flexible linker, is made of four α-helices packed as a tight bundle. In the crystal, ISAV-M1 monomers form infinite 2D arrays with a network of interactions involving both the N and C domains. Results from liposome flotation assays indicated that ISAV-M1 binds membrane via electrostatic interactions that are primarily mediated by a positively charged surface loop from the N domain. Cryoelectron tomography reconstruction of intact ISA virions identified a matrix protein layer adjacent to the inner leaflet of the viral membrane. The physical dimensions of the virion-associated matrix layer are consistent with the 2D ISAV-M1 crystal lattice, suggesting that the crystal lattice is a valid model for studying M1-M1, M1-membrane, and M1-RNP interactions in the virion.
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11
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Intravirion cohesion of matrix protein M1 with ribonucleocapsid is a prerequisite of influenza virus infectivity. Virology 2016; 492:187-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Wu NC, Du Y, Le S, Young AP, Zhang TH, Wang Y, Zhou J, Yoshizawa JM, Dong L, Li X, Wu TT, Sun R. Coupling high-throughput genetics with phylogenetic information reveals an epistatic interaction on the influenza A virus M segment. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:46. [PMID: 26754751 PMCID: PMC4710013 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epistasis is one of the central themes in viral evolution due to its importance in drug resistance, immune escape, and interspecies transmission. However, there is a lack of experimental approach to systematically probe for epistatic residues. Results By utilizing the information from natural occurring sequences and high-throughput genetics, this study established a novel strategy to identify epistatic residues. The rationale is that a substitution that is deleterious in one strain may be prevalent in nature due to the presence of a naturally occurring compensatory substitution. Here, high-throughput genetics was applied to influenza A virus M segment to systematically identify deleterious substitutions. Comparison with natural sequence variation showed that a deleterious substitution M1 Q214H was prevalent in circulating strains. A coevolution analysis was then performed and indicated that M1 residues 121, 207, 209, and 214 naturally coevolved as a group. Subsequently, we experimentally validated that M1 A209T was a compensatory substitution for M1 Q214H. Conclusions This work provided a proof-of-concept to identify epistatic residues by coupling high-throughput genetics with phylogenetic information. In particular, we were able to identify an epistatic interaction between M1 substitutions A209T and Q214H. This analytic strategy can potentially be adapted to study any protein of interest, provided that the information on natural sequence variants is available. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2358-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA. .,Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA. .,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA.
| | - Yushen Du
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.
| | - Shuai Le
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Arthur P Young
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.
| | - Tian-Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.
| | - Janice M Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.
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A Single Amino Acid in the M1 Protein Responsible for the Different Pathogenic Potentials of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strains. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137989. [PMID: 26368015 PMCID: PMC4569272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains, A/duck/Hokkaido/WZ83/2010 (H5N1) (WZ83) and A/duck/Hokkaido/WZ101/2010 (H5N1) (WZ101), which were isolated from wild ducks in Japan, were found to be genetically similar, with only two amino acid differences in their M1 and PB1 proteins at positions 43 and 317, respectively. We found that both WZ83 and WZ101 caused lethal infection in chickens but WZ101 killed them more rapidly than WZ83. Interestingly, ducks experimentally infected with WZ83 showed no or only mild clinical symptoms, whereas WZ101 was highly lethal. We then generated reassortants between these viruses and found that exchange of the M gene segment completely switched the pathogenic phenotype in both chickens and ducks, indicating that the difference in the pathogenicity for these avian species between WZ83 and WZ101 was determined by only a single amino acid in the M1 protein. It was also found that WZ101 showed higher pathogenicity than WZ83 in mice and that WZ83, whose M gene was replaced with that of WZ101, showed higher pathogenicity than wild-type WZ83, although this reassortant virus was not fully pathogenic compared to wild-type WZ101. These results suggest that the amino acid at position 43 of the M1 protein is one of the factors contributing to the pathogenicity of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in both avian and mammalian hosts.
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Zhang K, Wang Z, Fan GZ, Wang J, Gao S, Li Y, Sun L, Yin CC, Liu WJ. Two polar residues within C-terminal domain of M1 are critical for the formation of influenza A Virions. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1583-93. [PMID: 25939747 PMCID: PMC4682459 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The matrix protein 1 (M1) is the most abundant structural protein in influenza A virus particles. It oligomerizes to form the matrix layer under the lipid membrane, sustaining stabilization of the morphology of the virion. The present study indicates that M1 forms oligomers based on a fourfold symmetrical oligomerization pattern. Further analysis revealed that the oligomerization pattern of M1 was controlled by a highly conserved region within the C-terminal domain. Two polar residues of this region, serine-183 (S183) and threonine-185 (T185), were identified to be critical for the oligomerization pattern of M1. M1 point mutants suggest that single S183A or T185A substitution could result in the production of morphologically filamentous particles, while double substitutions, M1-S183A/T185A, totally disrupted the fourfold symmetry and resulted in the failure of virus production. These data indicate that the polar groups in these residues are essential to control the oligomerization pattern of M1. Thus, the present study will aid in determining the mechanisms of influenza A virus matrix layer formation during virus morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Biophysics, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.,National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gui-Zhen Fan
- Department of Biophysics, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shengyan Gao
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yun Li
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Yin
- Department of Biophysics, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wen-Jun Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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15
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Zhirnov OP, Manykin AA. Abnormal Morphological Vesicles in Influenza A Virus Exposed to Acid pH. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 158:776-80. [PMID: 25896594 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vesicles on the virion surface, which continued the lipoprotein membrane but had no spikes of virus glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), were detected. These vesicles and virus particles were 18±7 and 103±12 nm in diameter, respectively, and, as a rule, one vesicle was found per virion. The locus of the external protrusion in the virion presumably corresponded to the site of virus budding during assembly in infected cell free from HA and NA spikes outside and M1 matrix protein inside, but enriched with ionic channel protein M2. Particles with vesicles constituted ~3-10% of the virus population produced in MDCK-H culture and containing uncleaved HA0 hemagglutinin. The content of vesicular virions increased slightly after trypsin cleavage HA0→HA1+HA2 and reached 10-15%. Exposure of the virus in acid medium (pH 4.3) led to a drastic increase of vesicular virions - to 60-80% for HA0 and HA1+HA2 virus. This was paralleled by changes in contrast permeability (for phosphotungstic acid). HA0 virions remained contrast-impermeable, while HA1+HA2 particles let the contrast in through the vesicles detected on the surface and were rapidly destroyed after incubation in acid medium. Hence, cleavage of the surface glycoprotein HA0 into HA1 and HA2 stimulated the acid-dependent permeability of the lipid membrane and led to attenuation of the ribonucleoprotein and protein matrix M1 contacts inside the virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Zhirnov
- D. I. Ivanovsky Research Institute of Virology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia,
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Shishkov AV, Bogacheva EN. Tritium planigraphy and nanosized biological particles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793114040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Elton D, Bruce EA, Bryant N, Wise HM, MacRae S, Rash A, Smith N, Turnbull ML, Medcalf L, Daly JM, Digard P. The genetics of virus particle shape in equine influenza A virus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 7 Suppl 4:81-9. [PMID: 24224823 PMCID: PMC5655883 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many human strains of influenza A virus produce highly pleomorphic virus particles that at the extremes can be approximated as either spheres of around 100 nm diameter or filaments of similar cross‐section but elongated to lengths of many microns. The role filamentous virions play in the virus life cycle remains enigmatic. Objectives/Methods Here, we set out to define the morphology and genetics of virus particle shape in equine influenza A virus, using reverse genetics and microscopy of infected cells. Results and Conclusions The majority of H3N8 strains tested were found to produce filamentous virions, as did the prototype H7N7 A/eq/Prague/56 strain. The exception was the prototype H3N8 isolate, A/eq/Miami/63. Reassortment of equine influenza virus M genes from filamentous and non‐filamentous strains into the non‐filamentous human virus A/PR/8/34 confirmed that segment 7 is a major determinant of particle shape. Sequence analysis identified three M1 amino acid polymorphisms plausibly associated with determining virion morphology, and the introduction of these changes into viruses confirmed the importance of two: S85N and N231D. However, while either change alone affected filament production, the greatest effect was seen when the polymorphisms were introduced in conjunction. Thus, influenza A viruses from equine hosts also produce filamentous virions, and the major genetic determinants are set by the M1 protein. However, the precise sequence determinants are different to those previously identified in human or porcine viruses.
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Bogacheva EN, Dolgov AA, Chulichkov AL, Shishkov AV, Ksenofontov AL, Fedorova NV, Baratova LA. [Differences in spatial structures of the influenza virus M1 protein in crystal, solution and virion]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012; 38:70-7. [PMID: 22792708 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Spatial structure of the influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8, subtype H1N1) M1 protein in a solution and composition of the virion was studied by tritium planigraphy technique. The special algorithm for modeling of the spatial structure is used to simulate the experiment, as well as a set of algorithms predicting secondary structure and disordered regions in proteins. Tertiary structures were refined using the program Rosetta. To compare the structures in solution and in virion, also used the X-ray diffraction data for NM-domain. The main difference between protein structure in solution and crystal is observed in the contact region of N- and M-domains, which are more densely packed in the crystalline state. Locations include the maximum label is almost identical to the unstructured regions of proteins predicted by bioinformatics analysis. These areas are concentrated in the C-domain and in the loop regions between the M-, N-, and C-domains. Analytical centrifugation and dynamic laser light scattering confirm data of tritium planigraphy. Anomalous hydrodynamic size, and low structuring of the M1 protein in solution were found. The multifunctionality of protein in the cell appears to be associated with its plastic tertiary structure, which provides at the expense of unstructured regions of contact with various molecules-partners.
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Bogacheva EN, Dolgov AA, Chulichkov AL, Shishkov AV. Tritium planigraphy as a tool for studying the structural organization nanobiocomplexes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793112080039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang K, Wang Z, Liu X, Yin C, Basit Z, Xia B, Liu W. Dissection of influenza A virus M1 protein: pH-dependent oligomerization of N-terminal domain and dimerization of C-terminal domain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37786. [PMID: 22655068 PMCID: PMC3360003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The matrix 1 (M1) protein of Influenza A virus plays many critical roles throughout the virus life cycle. The oligomerization of M1 is essential for the formation of the viral matrix layer during the assembly and budding process. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, we report that M1 can oligomerize in vitro, and that the oligomerization is pH-dependent. The N-terminal domain of M1 alone exists as multiple-order oligomers at pH 7.4, and the C-terminal domain alone forms an exclusively stable dimer. As a result, intact M1 can display different forms of oligomers and dimer is the smallest oligomerization state, at neutral pH. At pH 5.0, oligomers of the N-terminal domain completely dissociate into monomers, while the C-terminal domain remains in dimeric form. As a result, oligomers of intact M1 dissociate into a stable dimer at acidic pH. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Oligomerization of M1 involves both the N- and C-terminal domains. The N-terminal domain determines the pH-dependent oligomerization characteristic, and C-terminal domain forms a stable dimer, which contributes to the dimerization of M1. The present study will help to unveil the mechanisms of influenza A virus assembly and uncoating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Biophysics, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changcheng Yin
- Department of Biophysics, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeshan Basit
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (BX)
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (BX)
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Bogacheva EN, Bogachev AN, Dmitriev IB, Dolgov AA, Chulichkov AL, Shishkov AV, Baratova LA. Modeling of protein spatial structure using tritium planigraphy. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350911060030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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22
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A nuclear export signal in the matrix protein of Influenza A virus is required for efficient virus replication. J Virol 2012; 86:4883-91. [PMID: 22345442 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06586-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus matrix 1 protein (M1) shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus during the viral life cycle and plays an important role in the replication, assembly, and budding of viruses. Here, a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) was identified specifically for the nuclear export of the M1 protein. The predicted NES, designated the Flu-A-M1 NES, is highly conserved among all sequences from the influenza A virus subtype, but no similar NES motifs are found in the M1 sequences of influenza B or C viruses. The biological function of the Flu-A-M1 NES was demonstrated by its ability to translocate an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-NES fusion protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in transfected cells, compared to the even nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution of EGFP. The translocation of EGFP-NES from the nucleus to the cytoplasm was not inhibited by leptomycin B. NES mutations in M1 caused a nuclear retention of the protein and an increased nuclear accumulation of NEP during transfection. Indeed, as shown by rescued recombinant viruses, the mutation of the NES impaired the nuclear export of M1 and significantly reduced the virus titer compared to titers of wild-type viruses. The NES-defective M1 protein was retained in the nucleus during infection, accompanied by a lowered efficiency of the nuclear export of viral RNPs (vRNPs). In conclusion, M1 nuclear export was specifically dependent on the Flu-A-M1 NES and critical for influenza A virus replication.
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Badun GA, Chernysheva MG, Ksenofontov AL. Increase in the specific radioactivity of tritium-labeled compounds obtained by tritium thermal activation method. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2012. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2012.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A method of tritium introduction into different types of organic molecules that is based on the interaction of atomic tritium with solid organic target is described. Tritium atoms are formed on the hot W-wire, which is heated by the electric current. Such an approach is called “tritium thermal activation method”. Here we summarize the results of labeling globular proteins (lysozyme, human and bovine serum albumins); derivatives of pantothenic acid and amino acids; ionic surfactants (sodium dodecylsulfate and alkyltrimethylammonium bromides) and nonionic high-molecular weight surfactants – pluronics. For the first time it is observed that if the target-compound is fixed and its radicals are stable the specific radioactivity of the labeled product can be drastically increased (up to 400 times) when the target temperature is ca. 295 K compared with the results obtained at 77 K. The influence of labeling parameters as tritium gas pressure, exposure time and W-wire temperature was tested for each target temperature that results in the optimum labeling conditions with high specific radioactivity and chemical yield of the resulting compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. G. Chernysheva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Radiochemistry Division, Moscow, Russische Föderation
| | - A. L. Ksenofontov
- Lomonosow Moscow State University, N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biolog, Moscow, 119991, Russische Föderation
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Shishkov A, Bogacheva E, Fedorova N, Ksenofontov A, Badun G, Radyukhin V, Lukashina E, Serebryakova M, Dolgov A, Chulichkov A, Dobrov E, Baratova L. Spatial structure peculiarities of influenza A virus matrix M1 protein in an acidic solution that simulates the internal lysosomal medium. FEBS J 2011; 278:4905-16. [PMID: 21985378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the C-terminal domain of the influenza virus A matrix M1 protein, for which X-ray diffraction data were still missing, was studied in acidic solution. Matrix M1 protein was bombarded with thermally-activated tritium atoms, and the resulting intramolecular distribution of the tritium label was analyzed to assess the steric accessibility of the amino acid residues in this protein. This technique revealed that interdomain loops and the C-terminal domain of the protein are the most accessible to labeling with tritium atoms. A model of the spatial arrangement of the C-terminal domain of matrix M1 protein was generated using rosetta software adjusted to the data obtained by tritium planigraphy experiments. This model suggests that the C-terminal domain is an almost flat layer with a three-α-helical structure. To explain the high level of tritium label incorporation into the C-terminal domain of the M1 protein in an acidic solution, we also used independent experimental approaches (CD spectroscopy, limited proteolysis and MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the proteolysis products, dynamic light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation), as well as multiple computational algorithms, to analyse the intrinsic protein disorder. Taken together, the results obtained in the present study indicate that the C-terminal domain is weakly structured. We hypothesize that the specific 3D structural peculiarities of the M1 protein revealed in acidic pH solution allow the protein greater structural flexibility and enable it to interact effectively with the components of the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Shishkov
- N N Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Ksenofontov AL, Dobrov EN, Fedorova NV, Radyukhin VA, Badun GA, Arutyunyan AM, Bogacheva EN, Baratova LA. Intrinsically unstructured regions in the C domain of the influenza virus M1 protein. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893311030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rossman JS, Lamb RA. Influenza virus assembly and budding. Virology 2011; 411:229-36. [PMID: 21237476 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus causes seasonal epidemics, sporadic pandemics and is a significant global health burden. Influenza virus is an enveloped virus that contains a segmented negative strand RNA genome. Assembly and budding of progeny influenza virions is a complex, multi-step process that occurs in lipid raft domains on the apical membrane of infected cells. The viral proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are targeted to lipid rafts, causing the coalescence and enlargement of the raft domains. This clustering of HA and NA may cause a deformation of the membrane and the initiation of the virus budding event. M1 is then thought to bind to the cytoplasmic tails of HA and NA where it can then polymerize and form the interior structure of the emerging virion. M1, bound to the cytoplasmic tails of HA and NA, additionally serves as a docking site for the recruitment of the viral RNPs and may mediate the recruitment of M2 to the site of virus budding. M2 initially stabilizes the site of budding, possibly enabling the polymerization of the matrix protein and the formation of filamentous virions. Subsequently, M2 is able to alter membrane curvature at the neck of the budding virus, causing membrane scission and the release of the progeny virion. This review investigates the latest research on influenza virus budding in an attempt to provide a step-by-step analysis of the assembly and budding processes for influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Rossman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
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Zolotarev YA, Dadayan AK, Borisov YA, Kozik VS. Solid state isotope exchange with spillover hydrogen in organic compounds. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5425-46. [PMID: 20536148 DOI: 10.1021/cr100053w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu A Zolotarev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, pl. Kurchatova 2, Moscow, 123182 Russia.
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Chernysheva MG, Badun GA. In vitro study of proteins surface activity by tritium probe. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Badun GA, Chernysheva MG, Tyasto ZA, Kulikova NA, Kudryavtsev AV, Perminova IV. A new technique for tritium labeling of humic substances. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2010. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2010.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lukashina E, Badun G, Fedorova N, Ksenofontov A, Nemykh M, Serebryakova M, Mukhamedzhanova A, Karpova O, Rodionova N, Baratova L, Dobrov E. Tritium planigraphy study of structural alterations in the coat protein of Potato virus X induced by binding of its triple gene block 1 protein to virions. FEBS J 2009; 276:7006-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huang S, Chen J, Wang H, Sun B, Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Chen Z. Influenza A virus matrix protein 1 interacts with hTFIIIC102-s, a short isoform of the polypeptide 3 subunit of human general transcription factor IIIC. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1101-10. [PMID: 19521658 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus matrix protein 1 (M1) is a multifunctional protein that plays important roles during replication, assembly and budding of the virus. To search for intracellular protein components that interact with M1 protein and explore the potential roles of these interactions in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection, 11 independent proteins, including hTFIIIC102-s protein, encoding a short isoform of the TFIIIC102 subunit of the human TFIIIC transcription factor, were screened from a human cell cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid technique. The interaction between M1 protein and hTFIIIC102-s was studied in more detail. Mapping assays showed that the N-terminal globular region (amino acids 1-164) of the M1 protein and the five tandem tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR1-5, amino acids 149-362) in hTFIIIC102-s were necessary for the interaction. The interaction was confirmed by both glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays and coimmunoprecipitation assays. In addition, coexpression of hTFIIIC102-s with M1 in HeLa cells inhibited the translocation of M1 into the nucleus. Taken together, the present data indicate that hTFIIIC102-s can interact with the structural M1 protein of the influenza virus, which provides a novel clue toward further understanding of the roles of M1 protein in the interactions between influenza virus and host cells.
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Knyazev DG, Radyukhin VA, Sokolov VS. Intermolecular interactions of influenza M1 proteins on the model lipid membrane surface: A study using the inner field compensation method. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747809010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zolotarev YA, Dadayan AK, Ziganshin RK, Borisov YA, Kozik VS, Dorokhova EM, Vaskovsky BV, Myasoedov NF. Solid phase reaction of hemoglobin with spillover hydrogen. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 35:30-9. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816200901004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Thaa B, Herrmann A, Veit M. The polybasic region is not essential for membrane binding of the matrix protein M1 of influenza virus. Virology 2008; 383:150-5. [PMID: 19004463 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The matrix protein M1, the organizer of assembly of influenza virus, interacts with other virus components and with cellular membranes. It has been proposed that M1 binding to lipids is mediated by its polybasic region, but this could hitherto not been investigated in vivo since M1 accumulates in the nucleus of transfected cells. We have equipped M1 with nuclear export signals and showed that the constructs are bound to cellular membranes. Exchange of the complete polybasic region and of further hydrophobic amino acids in its vicinity did not prevent association of M1 with membranes. We therefore suppose that M1 probably interacts with membranes via multiple binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Thaa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Smirnova YA, Kordyukova LV, Serebryakova MV, Filippova IY, Lysogorskaya EN, Baratova LA. Flu virion as a substrate for proteolytic enzymes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008; 34:409-15. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162008030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Volynskaya AV, Kasumov EA, Shishkov AV. Examination of intermediates in globular protein unfolding by the tritium labeling method. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036320711031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Noton SL, Medcalf E, Fisher D, Mullin AE, Elton D, Digard P. Identification of the domains of the influenza A virus M1 matrix protein required for NP binding, oligomerization and incorporation into virions. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2280-2290. [PMID: 17622633 PMCID: PMC2884976 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M1) protein of influenza A virus is a multifunctional protein that plays essential structural and functional roles in the virus life cycle. It drives virus budding and is the major protein component of the virion, where it forms an intermediate layer between the viral envelope and integral membrane proteins and the genomic ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). It also helps to control the intracellular trafficking of RNPs. These roles are mediated primarily via protein–protein interactions with viral and possibly cellular proteins. Here, the regions of M1 involved in binding the viral RNPs and in mediating homo-oligomerization are identified. In vitro, by using recombinant proteins, it was found that the middle domain of M1 was responsible for binding NP and that this interaction did not require RNA. Similarly, only M1 polypeptides containing the middle domain were able to bind to RNP–M1 complexes isolated from purified virus. When M1 self-association was examined, all three domains of the protein participated in homo-oligomerization although, again, the middle domain was dominant and self-associated efficiently in the absence of the N- and C-terminal domains. However, when the individual fragments of M1 were tagged with green fluorescent protein and expressed in virus-infected cells, microscopy of filamentous particles showed that only full-length M1 was incorporated into budding virions. It is concluded that the middle domain of M1 is primarily responsible for binding NP and self-association, but that additional interactions are required for efficient incorporation of M1 into virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Noton
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Elizabeth Medcalf
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Dawn Fisher
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Anne E Mullin
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Debra Elton
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Paul Digard
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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Lukashina EV, Badun GA, Chulichkov AL. Atomic tritium as an instrument for study of protein behavior at the air–water interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:125-9. [PMID: 16870505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atomic tritium was successfully applied as an instrument for study of protein behavior at the air-water interface. Samples of lysozyme solution in 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) with concentration of 2 mg/ml incubated at the room temperature for 1 h were exposed to bombardment with tritium atoms generated on hot tungsten wire in special vacuum device. This procedure resulted in substitution of hydrogen atoms by radioactive tritium in the thin surface layer of studied preparations. Analysis of experimental data on intramolecular radioactivity distribution in lysozyme and computer simulation of tritium bombardment allowed us to suggest two equally probable opposite orientations of lysozyme molecule in the adsorption layer at the air-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Lukashina
- Department of Chromatography, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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Volynskaya AV, Kasumov EA, Goldanskii VI. An evidence for the equilibrium unfolding intermediates of ribonuclease A by tritium labeling method. Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 39:256-64. [PMID: 16712923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A formation of a molten globule in the unfolding of ribonuclease A could be considered as an evidence supporting a hypothesis on the existence of such intermediates on the pathway of a protein folding. Using a novel technique (tritium labeling method) we have showed that the ribonuclease A equilibrium unfolding in urea and guanidinium chloride (GuCl) solutions proceeds through a formation of intermediates whose properties (compactness, retention of the larger part hydrophobic core, secondary structure, and native-like folding pattern) correspond to the fundamental characteristics of the molten globule state. The both intermediates are the "wet" molten globules (the globule interior contains the water molecules). The results reveal the noticeable distinctions in intermediates structure, first of all, in the extent of their compactness. The urea intermediate is less compact than that in GuCl. It is shown that the refolding of the protein denatured by GuCl results in the formation of the intermediate which enzyme activity is virtually the same as the activity of the native protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleftina V Volynskaya
- NN Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin St 4, Moscow, Russia.
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Hui EKW, Barman S, Tang DHP, France B, Nayak DP. YRKL sequence of influenza virus M1 functions as the L domain motif and interacts with VPS28 and Cdc42. J Virol 2006; 80:2291-308. [PMID: 16474136 PMCID: PMC1395382 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.5.2291-2308.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that the C-terminal half of helix 6 (H6) of the influenza A virus matrix protein (M1) containing the YRKL sequence is involved in virus budding (E. K.-W. Hui, S. Barman, T. Y. Yang, and D. P. Nayak, J. Virol. 77:7078-7092, 2003). In this report, we show that the YRKL sequence is the L domain motif of influenza virus. Like other L domains, YRKL can be inserted at different locations on the mutant M1 protein and can restore virus budding in a position-independent manner. Although YRKL is a part of the nuclear localization signal (NLS), the function of YRKL was independent of the NLS activity and the NLS function of M1 was not required for influenza virus replication. Some mutations in YRKL and the adjacent region caused a reduction in the virus titer by blocking virus release, and some affected virus morphology, producing elongated particles. Coimmunoprecipitation and Western blotting analyses showed that VPS28, a component of the ESCRT-I complex, and Cdc42, a member of the Rho family GTP-binding proteins, interacted with the M1 protein via the YRKL motif. In addition, depletion of VPS28 and Cdc42 by small interfering RNA resulted in reduction of influenza virus production. Moreover, overexpression of dominant-negative Cdc42 inhibited influenza virus replication, whereas a constitutively active Cdc42 mutant enhanced virus production in infected cells. These results indicated that VPS28, a component of ESCRT-I, and Cdc42, a small G protein, are associated with the M1 protein and involved in the influenza virus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ka-Wai Hui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
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Zolotarev YA, Dadayan AK, Dolotov OV, Kozik VS, Kost NV, Sokolov OY, Dorokhova EM, Meshavkin VK, Inozemtseva LS, Gabaeva MV, Andreeva LA, Alfeeva LY, Pavlov TS, Badmaeva KE, Badmaeva SE, Bakaeva ZV, Kopylova GN, Samonina GE, Vaskovsky BV, Grivennikov IA, Zozulya AA, Myasoedov NF. Evenly tritium labeled peptides in study of peptide in vivo and in vitro biodegradation. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162006020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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McCullers JA, Hoffmann E, Huber VC, Nickerson AD. A single amino acid change in the C-terminal domain of the matrix protein M1 of influenza B virus confers mouse adaptation and virulence. Virology 2005; 336:318-26. [PMID: 15892972 PMCID: PMC2737340 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Serial passage of an initially avirulent influenza B virus, B/Memphis/12/97, resulted in the selection of a variant which was lethal in mice. Virulence correlated with improved growth in vivo and prolonged replication. Sequencing of the complete coding regions of the parent and mouse-adapted viruses revealed 8 amino acid differences. Sequencing and characterization of intermediate passages suggested that one change in the C-terminal domain of the M1 protein, an asparagine to a serine at position 221, was responsible for acquisition of virulence and lethality. Site-directed mutagenesis of the M segment of a different virus, B/Yamanashi/166/98, to change this amino acid residue confirmed its importance by conferring improved growth and virulence in mice. This observation suggests a role for the C domain of the M1 protein in growth and virulence in a mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
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Zolotarev IA, Dadaian AK, Borisov IA. Solid phase isotope exchange with spillover hydrogen in amino acids, peptides, and proteins. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005; 31:3-21. [PMID: 15787209 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We summarize here information on the theoretical and experimental study of high-temperature (150-200 degrees C) solid phase catalytic isotope exchange (HTSPCIE) carried out with amino acids, peptides, and proteins under the action of spillover hydrogen. Main specific features of the HTSPCIE reaction, its mechanism, and its use for studying spatial interactions in polypeptides are discussed. A virtually complete absence of racemization makes this reaction a valuable preparative method. The main regularities of the HTSPCIE reaction with the participation of spillover tritium have been revealed in the case of peptides and proteins, and the dependence of reactivity of peptide fragments on the spatial organization of their molecules has been studied. An important peculiarity of this reaction is that HTSPCIE proceeds at 150-200 degrees C with a high degree of chirality retention in amino acids and peptides. This is provided by its reaction mechanism, which consists in a synchronous one-center substitution at the saturated carbon atom characterized by the formation of pentacoordinated carbon and a three-center bond between the carbon and the incoming and outgoing hydrogen atoms.
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Abstract
Influenza viruses are causative agents of an acute febrile respiratory disease called influenza (commonly known as "flu") and belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family. These viruses possess segmented, negative stranded RNA genomes (vRNA) and are enveloped, usually spherical and bud from the plasma membrane (more specifically, the apical plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells). Complete virus particles, therefore, are not found inside infected cells. Virus particles consist of three major subviral components, namely the viral envelope, matrix protein (M1), and core (viral ribonucleocapsid [vRNP]). The viral envelope surrounding the vRNP consists of a lipid bilayer containing spikes composed of viral glycoproteins (HA, NA, and M2) on the outer side and M1 on the inner side. Viral lipids, derived from the host plasma membrane, are selectively enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. M1 forms the bridge between the viral envelope and the core. The viral core consists of helical vRNP containing vRNA (minus strand) and NP along with minor amounts of NEP and polymerase complex (PA, PB1, and PB2). For viral morphogenesis to occur, all three viral components, namely the viral envelope (containing lipids and transmembrane proteins), M1, and the vRNP must be brought to the assembly site, i.e. the apical plasma membrane in polarized epithelial cells. Finally, buds must be formed at the assembly site and virus particles released with the closure of buds. Transmembrane viral proteins are transported to the assembly site on the plasma membrane via the exocytic pathway. Both HA and NA possess apical sorting signals and use lipid rafts for cell surface transport and apical sorting. These lipid rafts are enriched in cholesterol, glycosphingolipids and are relatively resistant to neutral detergent extraction at low temperature. M1 is synthesized on free cytosolic polyribosomes. vRNPs are made inside the host nucleus and are exported into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore with the help of M1 and NEP. How M1 and vRNPs are directed to the assembly site on the plasma membrane remains unclear. The likely possibilities are that they use a piggy-back mechanism on viral glycoproteins or cytoskeletal elements. Alternatively, they may possess apical determinants or diffuse to the assembly site, or a combination of these pathways. Interactions of M1 with M1, M1 with vRNP, and M1 with HA and NA facilitate concentration of viral components and exclusion of host proteins from the budding site. M1 interacts with the cytoplasmic tail (CT) and transmembrane domain (TMD) of glycoproteins, and thereby functions as a bridge between the viral envelope and vRNP. Lipid rafts function as microdomains for concentrating viral glycoproteins and may serve as a platform for virus budding. Virus bud formation requires membrane bending at the budding site. A combination of factors including concentration of and interaction among viral components, increased viscosity and asymmetry of the lipid bilayer of the lipid raft as well as pulling and pushing forces of viral and host components are likely to cause outward curvature of the plasma membrane at the assembly site leading to bud formation. Eventually, virus release requires completion of the bud due to fusion of the apposing membranes, leading to the closure of the bud, separation of the virus particle from the host plasma membrane and release of the virus particle into the extracellular environment. Among the viral components, M1 contains an L domain motif and plays a critical role in budding. Bud completion requires not only viral components but also host components. However, how host components facilitate bud completion remains unclear. In addition to bud completion, influenza virus requires NA to release virus particles from sialic acid residues on the cell surface and spread from cell to cell. Elucidation of both viral and host factors involved in viral morphogenesis and budding may lead to the development of drugs interfering with the steps of viral morphogenesis and in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debi P Nayak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Atomic tritium as a surface nanoprobe in a structural investigation of molecular assemblies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2003.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hui EKW, Ralston K, Judd AK, Nayak DP. Conserved cysteine and histidine residues in the putative zinc finger motif of the influenza A virus M1 protein are not critical for influenza virus replication. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:3105-3113. [PMID: 14573816 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus matrix protein (M1) possesses a cysteine and histidine (CCHH) motif in the helix 9 (H9) and adjacent region ((148)CATCEQIADSQHRSH(162)). The CCHH motif has been proposed as a putative zinc finger motif and zinc-binding activity has been implicated in virus uncoating as well as transcription inhibition and mRNA regulation. The function of the CCHH motif in the influenza virus life cycle was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis (alanine replacement) and by rescuing mutant viruses by reverse genetics. Mutant viruses containing an alanine replacement of the cysteine and histidine residues, either individually or in combination, were seen to exhibit wt phenotype in multiple virus growth cycles and plaque morphology. In addition, synthetic peptides containing the putative zinc finger motif did not inhibit virus replication in MDCK cells. However, mutation of Ala(155) in H9 was lethal for rescuing infectious virus. These data show that the CCHH motif does not provide a critical function in the influenza virus life cycle in cell culture and that the zinc-binding function may not be involved in virus biology. However, the lethal phenotype of the Ala(155) mutation shows that the H9 region of M1 provides some other critical function(s) in virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ka-Wai Hui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Ralston
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Debi P Nayak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Dobrov EN, Badun GA, Lukashina EV, Fedorova NV, Ksenofontov AL, Fedoseev VM, Baratova LA. Tritium planigraphy comparative structural study of tobacco mosaic virus and its mutant with altered host specificity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:3300-8. [PMID: 12899688 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spatial organization of wild-type (strain U1) tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and of the temperature-sensitive TMV ts21-66 mutant was compared by tritium planigraphy. The ts21-66 mutant contains two substitutions in the coat protein (Ile21-->Thr and Asp66-->Gly) and, in contrast with U1, induces a hypersensitive response (formation of necroses) on the leaves of plants bearing a host resistance gene N' (for example Nicotiana sylvestris); TMV U1 induces systemic infection (mosaic) on the leaves of such plants. Tritium distribution along the coat protein (CP) polypeptide chain was determined after labelling of both isolated CP preparations and intact virions. In the case of the isolated low-order (3-4S) CP aggregates no reliable differences in tritium distribution between U1 and ts21-66 were found. But in labelling of the intact virions a significant difference between the wild-type and mutant CPs was observed: the N-terminal region of ts21-66 CP incorporated half the amount of tritium than the corresponding region of U1 CP. This means that in U1 virions the CP N-terminal segment is more exposed on the virion surface than in ts21-66 virions. The possibility of direct participation of the N-terminal tail of U1 CP subunits in the process of the N' hypersensitive response suppression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie N Dobrov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Russia.
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Hui EKW, Barman S, Yang TY, Nayak DP. Basic residues of the helix six domain of influenza virus M1 involved in nuclear translocation of M1 can be replaced by PTAP and YPDL late assembly domain motifs. J Virol 2003; 77:7078-92. [PMID: 12768027 PMCID: PMC156155 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.12.7078-7092.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza type A virus matrix (M1) protein possesses multiple functional motifs in the helix 6 (H6) domain (amino acids 91 to 105), including nuclear localization signal (NLS) (101-RKLKR-105) involved in translocating M1 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. To determine the role of the NLS motif in the influenza virus life cycle, we mutated these and the neighboring sequences by site-directed mutagenesis, and influenza virus mutants were generated by reverse genetics. Our results show that infectious viruses were rescued by reverse genetics from all single alanine mutations of amino acids in the H6 domain and the neighboring region except in three positions (K104A and R105A within the NLS motif and E106A in loop 6 outside the NLS motif). Among the rescued mutant viruses, R101A and R105K exhibited reduced growth and small-plaque morphology, and all other mutant viruses showed the wild-type phenotype. On the other hand, three single mutations (K104A, K105A, and E106A) and three double mutations (R101A/K102A, K104A/K105A, and K102A/R105A) failed to generate infectious virus. Deletion (Delta YRKL) or mutation (4A) of YRKL also abolished generation of infectious virus. However, replacement of the YRKL motif with PTAP or YPDL as well as insertion of PTAP after 4A mutation yielded infectious viruses with the wild-type phenotype. Furthermore, mutant M1 proteins (R101A/K102A, Delta YRKL, 4A, PTAP, 4A+PTAP, and YPDL) when expressed alone from cloned cDNAs were only cytoplasmic, whereas the wild-type M1 expressed alone was both nuclear and cytoplasmic as expected. These results show that the nuclear translocation function provided by the positively charged residues within the NLS motif does not play a critical role in influenza virus replication. Furthermore, these sequences of H6 domain can be replaced by late (L) domain motifs and therefore may provide a function similar to that of the L domains of other negative-strand RNA and retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ka-Wai Hui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1747, USA
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Shishkov AV, Ksenofontov AL, Bogacheva EN, Kordyukova LV, Badun GA, Alekseevsky AV, Tsetlin VI, Baratova LA. Studying the spatial organization of membrane proteins by means of tritium stratigraphy: bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane. Bioelectrochemistry 2002; 56:147-9. [PMID: 12009462 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(02)00018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The topography of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) in situ was earlier studied by using the tritium bombardment approach [Eur. J. Biochem. 178 (1988) 123]. Now, having the X-ray crystallography data of bR at atom resolution [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95 (1998) 11673], we estimated the influence of membrane environment (lipid and protein) on tritium incorporation into amino acid residues forming transmembrane helices. We have determined the tritium flux attenuation coefficients for residues 10-29 of helix A. They turned out to be low (0.04+/-0.02 A(-1)) for residues adjacent to the lipid matrix, and almost fourfold higher (0.15+/-0.05 A(-1)) for those oriented to the neighboring transmembrane helices. We believe that tritium incorporation data could help modeling transmembrane segment arrangement in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Shishkov
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117977 Moscow, Russia
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Baratova LA, Efimov AV, Dobrov EN, Fedorova NV, Hunt R, Badun GA, Ksenofontov AL, Torrance L, Järvekülg L. In situ spatial organization of Potato virus A coat protein subunits as assessed by tritium bombardment. J Virol 2001; 75:9696-702. [PMID: 11559802 PMCID: PMC114541 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.20.9696-9702.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2001] [Accepted: 07/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus A (PVA) particles were bombarded with thermally activated tritium atoms, and the intramolecular distribution of the label in the amino acids of the coat protein was determined to assess their in situ steric accessibility. This method revealed that the N-terminal 15 amino acids of the PVA coat protein and a region comprising amino acids 27 to 50 are the most accessible at the particle surface to labeling with tritium atoms. A model of the spatial arrangement of the PVA coat protein polypeptide chain within the virus particle was derived from the experimental data obtained by tritium bombardment combined with predictions of secondary-structure elements and the principles of packing alpha-helices and beta-structures in proteins. The model predicts three regions of tertiary structure: (i) the surface-exposed N-terminal region, comprising an unstructured N terminus of 8 amino acids and two beta-strands, (ii) a C-terminal region including two alpha-helices, as well as three beta-strands that form a two-layer structure called an abCd unit, and (iii) a central region comprising a bundle of four alpha-helices in a fold similar to that found in tobacco mosaic virus coat protein. This is the first model of the three-dimensional structure of a potyvirus coat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Baratova
- N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
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