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Lv Y, Mo X, Zhang R, Peng Y, Feng T, Zhang Y, Song G, Ge L, Liu Y, Yang G, Wang L. Prostate cancer exploits BRD9-driven metabolic reprogramming to shape the aggressive phenotype. Cell Death Dis 2025; 16:326. [PMID: 40263302 PMCID: PMC12015546 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-025-07561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2025] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/24/2025]
Abstract
The aggressive phenotype of prostate cancer (PCa) requires adaptation to androgen deprivation (AD) to progress into castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), including adaptation to AD-induced oxidative stress. However, our understanding of the oncogenes that maintain the redox balance during CRPC progression is limited. Here, we identified Bromodomain-containing protein 9 (BRD9) as a metabolic checkpoint for reprogramming cell metabolism to support tumor growth and impart a castration-resistant phenotype under metabolic and oxidative stress. Following oxidation, BRD9 recruited the nuclear transcription factor-Y A-subunit (NFYA) to induce glycogen phosphorylase L (PYGL) expression, which directed glucose utilization through the pentose phosphate pathway, generating NADPH, and promoting clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus maintaining redox balance. By disturbing redox homeostasis, BRD9 inhibition exerted oxidative pressure on PCa cells, sensitizing them to radiotherapy. This work identified BRD9 as a novel component in antioxidant reprogramming and indicates BRD9 targeting as a promising treatment strategy for PCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinkai Mo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruojia Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs, Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs, Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Autoimmunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuang Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs, Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Autoimmunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guanhua Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Luna Ge
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs, Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Autoimmunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs, Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs, Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Autoimmunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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PENG L, ZHONG W. [Research Progress on SMARCA4 Mutation Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2024; 27:704-710. [PMID: 39492586 PMCID: PMC11534552 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2024.102.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most prevalent and deadliest cancers worldwide. While the use of targeted therapies and immunotherapies in precision medicine has improved outcomes for some patients, a significant portion of individuals still fail to benefit, emphasizing the need to investigate the underlying mechanisms of resistance. Survival analyses have shown that NSCLC patients with SMARCA4 mutations often have poor prognoses. SMARCA4, the core ATPase subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, plays a critical role in regulating gene transcription by modifying chromatin accessibility. This influences essential cellular processes such as differentiation and cell cycle regulation, and SMARCA4 is widely regarded as a tumor suppressor. This review will explore the role of SMARCA4 mutations in tumor progression, its clinicopathological features in NSCLC, its impact on treatment outcomes, and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Li X, Tian S, Shi H, Ta N, Ni X, Bai C, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Shi D, Huang H, Chen L, Hu Z, Qu L, Fang Y, Bai C. The golden key to open mystery boxes of SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated thoracic tumor: focusing immunotherapy, tumor microenvironment and epigenetic regulation. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:687-697. [PMID: 38347129 PMCID: PMC11101339 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated thoracic tumor is extremely invasive. This tumor with poor prognosis is easily confused with SMARCA4-deficent non-small cell lung cancer or sarcoma. Standard and efficient treatment has not been established. In this review, we summarized the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis, reviewed current and proposed innovative strategies for treatment and improving prognosis. Immunotherapy, targeting tumor microenvironment and epigenetic regulator have improved the prognosis of cancer patients. We summarized clinicopathological features and immunotherapy strategies and analyzed the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with SMARCA4-UT who received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In addition, we proposed the feasibility of epigenetic regulation in the treatment of SMARCA4-UT. To our knowledge, this is the first review that aims to explore innovative strategies for targeting tumor microenvironment and epigenetic regulation and identify potential benefit population for immunotherapy to improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, No. 906 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Ningbo, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China.
| | - Na Ta
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Ni
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Chenguang Bai
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanli Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Dongchen Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Longpei Chen
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhong Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Shanghai, China.
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GAO L, XIE Z, LIN S, LV Z, ZHOU W, CHEN J, ZHU L, ZHANG L, ZENG P, HUANG X, YAN W, CHEN Y, LU D, ZHANG S, GUO W, LI P, ZHANG X. [SWI/SNF Complex Gene Mutations Promote the Liver Metastasis
of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells in NSI Mice]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2023; 26:753-764. [PMID: 37989338 PMCID: PMC10663775 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2023.102.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The switch/sucrose nonfermentable chromatin-remodeling (SWI/SNF) complex is a pivotal chromatin remodeling complex, and the genomic alterations (GAs) of the SWI/SNF complex are observed in several cancer types, correlating with multiple biological features of tumor cells. However, their role in liver metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. Our study aims to investigate the role and potential mechanisms underlying NSCLC liver metastasis induced by the GAs of SWI/SNF complex. METHODS The GAs of SWI/SNF complex in NSCLC cell lines (H1299, H23 and H460) were identified by whole-exome sequencing (WES). ARID1A knockout H1299 cell was constructed with the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The mouse model of liver metastasis from NSCLC was established to simulate lung cancer liver metastasis and observe the metastasis rate under different gene mutation conditions. RNA sequencing and Western blot were conducted for differential gene expression analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was used to assess protein expression levels of SWI/SNF-regulated target molecules in mouse liver metastases. RESULTS WES analysis revealed intracellular gene mutations. The animal experiments demonstrated a correlation between the GAs of SWI/SNF complex and a higher liver metastasis rate in immunodeficient mice. Transcriptome sequencing and Western blot analysis showed upregulated expression of ALDH1A1 and APOBEC3B in SWI/SNF-mut cells, particularly in ARID1A-deficient H460 and H1299 sgARID1A cells. IHC staining of mouse liver metastases further demonstrated elevated expression of ALDH1A1 in the H460 and H1299 sgARID1A group. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the critical role of the GAs of SWI/SNF complex, such as ARID1A and SMARCA4, in promoting liver metastasis of lung cancer cells. The GAs of SWI/SNF complex may promote liver-specific metastasis by upregulating ALDH1A1 and APOBEC3B expression, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer liver metastasis.
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Shi Y, Shin DS. Dysregulation of SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodelers in NSCLC: Its Influence on Cancer Therapies including Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:984. [PMID: 37371564 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Molecularly targeted therapeutics and immunotherapy revolutionized the clinical care of NSCLC patients. However, not all NSCLC patients harbor molecular targets (e.g., mutated EGFR), and only a subset benefits from immunotherapy. Moreover, we are lacking reliable biomarkers for immunotherapy, although PD-L1 expression has been mainly used for guiding front-line therapeutic options. Alterations of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler occur commonly in patients with NSCLC. This subset of NSCLC tumors tends to be undifferentiated and presents high heterogeneity in histology, and it shows a dismal prognosis because of poor response to the current standard therapies. Catalytic subunits SMARCA4/A2 and DNA binding subunits ARID1A/ARID1B/ARID2 as well as PBRM1 were identified to be the most commonly mutated subunits of SWI/SNF complexes in NSCLC. Mechanistically, alteration of these SWI/SNF subunits contributes to the tumorigenesis of NSCLC through compromising the function of critical tumor suppressor genes, enhancing oncogenic activity as well as impaired DNA repair capacity related to genomic instability. Several vulnerabilities of NSCLCS with altered SWI/SNF subunits were detected and evaluated clinically using EZH2 inhibitors, PROTACs of mutual synthetic lethal paralogs of the SWI/SNF subunits as well as PARP inhibitors. The response of NSCLC tumors with an alteration of SWI/SNF to ICIs might be confounded by the coexistence of mutations in genes capable of influencing patients' response to ICIs. High heterogenicity in the tumor with SWI/SNF deficiency might also be responsible for the seemingly conflicting results of ICI treatment of NSCLC patients with alterations of SWI/SNF. In addition, an alteration of each different SWI/SNF subunit might have a unique impact on the response of NSCLC with deficient SWI/SNF subunits. Prospective studies are required to evaluate how the alterations of the SWI/SNF in the subset of NSCLC patients impact the response to ICI treatment. Finally, it is worthwhile to point out that combining inhibitors of other chromatin modulators with ICIs has been proven to be effective for the treatment of NSCLC with deficient SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiang Shi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Daniel Sanghoon Shin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Walhart TA, Vacca B, Hepperla AJ, Hamad SH, Petrongelli J, Wang Y, McKean EL, Moksa M, Cao Q, Yip S, Hirst M, Weissman BE. SMARCB1 Loss in Poorly Differentiated Chordomas Drives Tumor Progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:456-473. [PMID: 36657718 PMCID: PMC10123523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated (PD) chordoma, a rare, aggressive tumor originating from notochordal tissue, shows loss of SMARCB1 expression, a core component of the Switch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes. To determine the impact of SMARCB1 re-expression on cell growth and gene expression, two SMARCB1-negative PD chordoma cell lines with an inducible SMARCB1 expression system were generated. After 72 hours of induction of SMARCB1, both SMARCB1-negative PD chordoma cell lines continued to proliferate. This result contrasted with those observed with SMARCB1-negative rhabdoid cell lines in which SMARCB1 re-expression caused the rapid inhibition of growth. We found that the lack of growth inhibition may arise from the loss of CDKN2A (p16INK4A) expression in PD chordoma cell lines. RNA-sequencing of cell lines after SMARCB1 re-expression showed a down-regulation for rRNA and RNA processing as well as metabolic processing and increased expression of genes involved in cell adhesion, cell migration, and development. Taken together, these data establish that SMARCB1 re-expression in PD chordomas alters the repertoire of SWI/SNF complexes, perhaps restoring those associated with cellular differentiation. These novel findings support a model in which SMARCB1 inactivation blocks the conversion of growth-promoting SWI/SNF complexes to differentiation-inducing ones, and they implicate SMARCB1 loss as a late event in tumorigenic progression. Importantly, the absence of growth inhibition after SMARCB1 restoration creates a unique opportunity to identify therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Walhart
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bryanna Vacca
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Austin J Hepperla
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samera H Hamad
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James Petrongelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yemin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin L McKean
- Department of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michelle Moksa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre at BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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BRG1: Promoter or Suppressor of Cancer? The Outcome of BRG1's Interaction with Specific Cellular Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032869. [PMID: 36769189 PMCID: PMC9917617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BRG1 is one of two catalytic subunits of the SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex. In cancer, it has been hypothesized that BRG1 acts as a tumor suppressor. Further study has shown that, under certain circumstances, BRG1 acts as an oncogene. Targeted knockout of BRG1 has proven successful in most cancers in suppressing tumor growth and proliferation. Furthermore, BRG1 effects cancer proliferation in oncogenic KRAS mutated cancers, with varying directionality. Thus, dissecting BRG1's interaction with various cellular pathways can highlight possible intermediates that can facilitate the design of different treatment methods, including BRG1 inhibition. Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular responses to stress. BRG1 plays a direct role in autophagy and apoptosis and likely promotes autophagy and suppresses apoptosis, supporting unfettered cancer growth. PRMT5 inhibits transcription by interacting with ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, such as SWI/SNF. When PRMT5 associates with the SWI/SNF complex, including BRG1, it represses tumor suppressor genes. The Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway in cancers is a signal transduction pathway involved in the transcription of genes related to cancer survival. BRG1 has been shown to effect KRAS-driven cancer growth. BRG1 associates with several proteins within the signal transduction pathway. In this review, we analyze BRG1 as a promising target for cancer inhibition and possible synergy with other cancer treatments.
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Nguyen VT, Tessema M, Weissman BE. The SWI/SNF Complex: A Frequently Mutated Chromatin Remodeling Complex in Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 190:211-244. [PMID: 38113003 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The switch/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex is a global regulator of gene expression known to maintain nucleosome-depleted regions at active enhancers and promoters. The mammalian SWI/SNF protein subunits are encoded by 29 genes and 11-15 subunits including an ATPase domain of either SMARCA4 (BRG1) or SMARCA2 (BRM) are assembled into a complex. Based on the distinct subunits, SWI/SNF are grouped into 3 major types (subfamilies): the canonical BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF/cBAF), polybromo-associated BAF (PBAF), and non-canonical BAF (GBAF/ncBAF). Pan-cancer genome sequencing studies have shown that nearly 25% of all cancers bear mutations in subunits of the SWI/SNF complex, many of which are loss of function (LOF) mutations, suggesting a tumor suppressor role. Inactivation of SWI/SNF complex subunits causes widespread epigenetic dysfunction, including increased dependence on antagonistic components such as polycomb repressor complexes (PRC1/2) and altered enhancer regulation, likely promoting an oncogenic state leading to cancer. Despite the prevalence of mutations, most SWI/SNF-mutant cancers lack targeted therapeutic strategies. Defining the dependencies created by LOF mutations in SWI/SNF subunits will identify better targets for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh The Nguyen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mathewos Tessema
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bernard Ellis Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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Sadek M, Sheth A, Zimmerman G, Hays E, Vélez-Cruz R. The role of SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers in the repair of DNA double strand breaks and cancer therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1071786. [PMID: 36605718 PMCID: PMC9810387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1071786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Switch/Sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodelers hydrolyze ATP to push and slide nucleosomes along the DNA thus modulating access to various genomic loci. These complexes are the most frequently mutated epigenetic regulators in human cancers. SWI/SNF complexes are well known for their function in transcription regulation, but more recent work has uncovered a role for these complexes in the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). As radiotherapy and most chemotherapeutic agents kill cancer cells by inducing double strand breaks, by identifying a role for these complexes in double strand break repair we are also identifying a DNA repair vulnerability that can be exploited therapeutically in the treatment of SWI/SNF-mutated cancers. In this review we summarize work describing the function of various SWI/SNF subunits in the repair of double strand breaks with a focus on homologous recombination repair and discuss the implication for the treatment of cancers with SWI/SNF mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sadek
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Anand Sheth
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Grant Zimmerman
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Emily Hays
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Renier Vélez-Cruz
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
- Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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10
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Jin Y, Zhao Q, Zhu W, Feng Y, Xiao T, Zhang P, Jiang L, Hou Y, Guo C, Huang H, Chen Y, Tong X, Cao J, Li F, Zhu X, Qin J, Gao D, Liu XY, Zhang H, Chen L, Thomas RK, Wong KK, Zhang L, Wang Y, Hu L, Ji H. Identification of TAZ as the essential molecular switch in orchestrating SCLC phenotypic transition and metastasis. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwab232. [PMID: 35967587 PMCID: PMC9365451 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a recalcitrant cancer characterized by high metastasis. However, the exact cell type contributing to metastasis remains elusive. Using a Rb1 L/L /Trp53 L/L mouse model, we identify the NCAMhiCD44lo/- subpopulation as the SCLC metastasizing cell (SMC), which is progressively transitioned from the non-metastasizing NCAMloCD44hi cell (non-SMC). Integrative chromatin accessibility and gene expression profiling studies reveal the important role of the SWI/SNF complex, and knockout of its central component, Brg1, significantly inhibits such phenotypic transition and metastasis. Mechanistically, TAZ is silenced by the SWI/SNF complex during SCLC malignant progression, and its knockdown promotes SMC transition and metastasis. Importantly, ectopic TAZ expression reversely drives SMC-to-non-SMC transition and alleviates metastasis. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses identify SMC as the dominant subpopulation in human SCLC metastasis, and immunostaining data show a positive correlation between TAZ and patient prognosis. These data uncover high SCLC plasticity and identify TAZ as the key molecular switch in orchestrating SCLC phenotypic transition and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weikang Zhu
- Center for Excellence in Mathematical Sciences, National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Key Laboratory of Management, Decision and Information System, Hua Loo-Keng Center for Mathematical Sciences, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tian Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hsinyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinyuan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiayu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jun Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Luonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Roman K Thomas
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center for Excellence in Mathematical Sciences, National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Key Laboratory of Management, Decision and Information System, Hua Loo-Keng Center for Mathematical Sciences, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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11
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Schmiedel D, Hezroni H, Hamburg A, Shulman Z. Brg1 Supports B Cell Proliferation and Germinal Center Formation Through Enhancer Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705848. [PMID: 34539636 PMCID: PMC8440861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation and differentiation of B cells depend on extensive rewiring of gene expression networks through changes in chromatin structure and accessibility. The chromatin remodeling complex BAF with its catalytic subunit Brg1 was previously identified as an essential regulator of early B cell development, however, how Brg1 orchestrates gene expression during mature B cell activation is less clear. Here, we find that Brg1 is required for B cell proliferation and germinal center formation through selective interactions with enhancers. Brg1 recruitment to enhancers following B cell activation was associated with increased chromatin accessibility and transcriptional activation of their coupled promoters, thereby regulating the expression of cell cycle-associated genes. Accordingly, Brg1-deficient B cells were unable to mount germinal center reactions and support the formation of class-switched plasma cells. Our findings show that changes in B cell transcriptomes that support B cell proliferation and GC formation depend on enhancer activation by Brg1. Thus, the BAF complex plays a critical role during the onset of the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schmiedel
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Hezroni
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amit Hamburg
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Sharma T, Robinson DCL, Witwicka H, Dilworth FJ, Imbalzano AN. The Bromodomains of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) ATPases Brahma (BRM) and Brahma Related Gene 1 (BRG1) promote chromatin interaction and are critical for skeletal muscle differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:8060-8077. [PMID: 34289068 PMCID: PMC8373147 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is mediated by myoblasts that undergo epigenomic changes to establish the gene expression program of differentiated myofibers. mSWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes coordinate with lineage-determining transcription factors to establish the epigenome of differentiated myofibers. Bromodomains bind to acetylated lysines on histone N-terminal tails and other proteins. The mutually exclusive ATPases of mSWI/SNF complexes, BRG1 and BRM, contain bromodomains with undefined functional importance in skeletal muscle differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of mSWI/SNF bromodomain function using the small molecule PFI-3 reduced differentiation in cell culture and in vivo through decreased myogenic gene expression, while increasing cell cycle-related gene expression and the number of cells remaining in the cell cycle. Comparative gene expression analysis with data from myoblasts depleted of BRG1 or BRM showed that bromodomain function was required for a subset of BRG1- and BRM-dependent gene expression. Reduced binding of BRG1 and BRM after PFI-3 treatment showed that the bromodomain is required for stable chromatin binding at target gene promoters to alter gene expression. Our findings demonstrate that mSWI/SNF ATPase bromodomains permit stable binding of the mSWI/SNF ATPases to promoters required for cell cycle exit and establishment of muscle-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Daniel C L Robinson
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hanna Witwicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - F Jeffrey Dilworth
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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13
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Xiao ZM, Lv DJ, Yu YZ, Wang C, Xie T, Wang T, Song XL, Zhao SC. SMARCC1 Suppresses Tumor Progression by Inhibiting the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678967. [PMID: 34249931 PMCID: PMC8267926 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily C member 1 (SMARCC1) protein is a potential tumor suppressor in various cancers. However, its role in prostate cancer (PCa) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the biological function of SMARCC1 in PCa and explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Methods The expression of SMARCC1 was validated in PCa tissues by immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, function experiments were used to evaluate the regulatory role on cell proliferation and metastasis in PCa cells with SMARCC1 depletion both in vitro and in vivo. The expression levels of relevant proteins were detected by Western blotting. Results Our finding showed that SMARCC1 was significantly downregulated in prostate adenocarcinoma, with a higher Gleason score (GS) than that in low GS. The decreased expression of SMARCC1 was significantly correlated with a higher GS and poor prognosis. Additionally, we found that silencing of SMARCC1 dramatically accelerated cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle progression and enhancing cell migration by inducing epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, depletion of SMARCC1 facilitated PCa xenograft growth and lung metastasis in murine models. Mechanistically, the loss of SMARCC1 activated the PI3K/AKT pathway in PCa cells. Conclusion SMARCC1 suppresses PCa cell proliferation and metastasis via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and is a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ming Xiao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dao-Jun Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Yu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Lu Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan-Chao Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Direct Regulation of DNA Repair by E2F and RB in Mammals and Plants: Core Function or Convergent Evolution? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050934. [PMID: 33668093 PMCID: PMC7956360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Retinoblastoma (RB) proteins and E2F transcription factors partner together to regulate the cell cycle in many eukaryotic organisms. In organisms that lack one or both of these proteins, other proteins have taken on the essential function of cell cycle regulation. RB and E2F also have important functions outside of the cell cycle, including DNA repair. This review summarizes the non-canonical functions of RB and E2F in maintaining genome integrity and raises the question of whether such functions have always been present or have evolved more recently. Abstract Members of the E2F transcription factor family regulate the expression of genes important for DNA replication and mitotic cell division in most eukaryotes. Homologs of the retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor inhibit the activity of E2F factors, thus controlling cell cycle progression. Organisms such as budding and fission yeast have lost genes encoding E2F and RB, but have gained genes encoding other proteins that take on E2F and RB cell cycle-related functions. In addition to regulating cell proliferation, E2F and RB homologs have non-canonical functions outside the mitotic cell cycle in a variety of eukaryotes. For example, in both mammals and plants, E2F and RB homologs localize to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and directly promote repair by homologous recombination (HR). Here, we discuss the parallels between mammalian E2F1 and RB and their Arabidopsis homologs, E2FA and RB-related (RBR), with respect to their recruitment to sites of DNA damage and how they help recruit repair factors important for DNA end resection. We also explore the question of whether this role in DNA repair is a conserved ancient function of the E2F and RB homologs in the last eukaryotic common ancestor or whether this function evolved independently in mammals and plants.
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15
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Giles KA, Gould CM, Achinger-Kawecka J, Page SG, Kafer GR, Rogers S, Luu PL, Cesare AJ, Clark SJ, Taberlay PC. BRG1 knockdown inhibits proliferation through multiple cellular pathways in prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:37. [PMID: 33596994 PMCID: PMC7888175 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BRG1 (encoded by SMARCA4) is a catalytic component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex, with key roles in modulating DNA accessibility. Dysregulation of BRG1 is observed, but functionally uncharacterised, in a wide range of malignancies. We have probed the functions of BRG1 on a background of prostate cancer to investigate how BRG1 controls gene expression programmes and cancer cell behaviour. Results Our investigation of SMARCA4 revealed that BRG1 is over-expressed in the majority of the 486 tumours from The Cancer Genome Atlas prostate cohort, as well as in a complementary panel of 21 prostate cell lines. Next, we utilised a temporal model of BRG1 depletion to investigate the molecular effects on global transcription programmes. Depleting BRG1 had no impact on alternative splicing and conferred only modest effect on global expression. However, of the transcriptional changes that occurred, most manifested as down-regulated expression. Deeper examination found the common thread linking down-regulated genes was involvement in proliferation, including several known to increase prostate cancer proliferation (KLK2, PCAT1 and VAV3). Interestingly, the promoters of genes driving proliferation were bound by BRG1 as well as the transcription factors, AR and FOXA1. We also noted that BRG1 depletion repressed genes involved in cell cycle progression and DNA replication, but intriguingly, these pathways operated independently of AR and FOXA1. In agreement with transcriptional changes, depleting BRG1 conferred G1 arrest. Conclusions Our data have revealed that BRG1 promotes cell cycle progression and DNA replication, consistent with the increased cell proliferation associated with oncogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01023-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Giles
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7000, Australia
| | - Cathryn M Gould
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Joanna Achinger-Kawecka
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Scott G Page
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Georgia R Kafer
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Samuel Rogers
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Phuc-Loi Luu
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Susan J Clark
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Phillippa C Taberlay
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7000, Australia.
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16
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Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Protein Roles in Epigenetic Regulation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102807. [PMID: 33003565 PMCID: PMC7600434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Loss of function of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) is the rate-limiting step in the initiation of both the hereditary and sporadic forms of retinoblastoma tumor. Furthermore, loss of function of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB) is frequently found in most human cancers. In retinoblastoma, tumor progression is driven by epigenetic changes following pRB loss. This review focuses on the diverse functions of pRB in epigenetic regulation. Abstract Mutations that result in the loss of function of pRB were first identified in retinoblastoma and since then have been associated with the propagation of various forms of cancer. pRB is best known for its key role as a transcriptional regulator during cell cycle exit. Beyond the ability of pRB to regulate transcription of cell cycle progression genes, pRB can remodel chromatin to exert several of its other biological roles. In this review, we discuss the diverse functions of pRB in epigenetic regulation including nucleosome mobilization, histone modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs.
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17
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Zluhan-Martínez E, Pérez-Koldenkova V, Ponce-Castañeda MV, Sánchez MDLP, García-Ponce B, Miguel-Hernández S, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Beyond What Your Retina Can See: Similarities of Retinoblastoma Function between Plants and Animals, from Developmental Processes to Epigenetic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4925. [PMID: 32664691 PMCID: PMC7404004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a key cell cycle regulator conserved in a wide variety of organisms. Experimental analysis of pRb's functions in animals and plants has revealed that this protein participates in cell proliferation and differentiation processes. In addition, pRb in animals and its orthologs in plants (RBR), are part of highly conserved protein complexes which suggest the possibility that analogies exist not only between functions carried out by pRb orthologs themselves, but also in the structure and roles of the protein networks where these proteins are involved. Here, we present examples of pRb/RBR participation in cell cycle control, cell differentiation, and in the regulation of epigenetic changes and chromatin remodeling machinery, highlighting the similarities that exist between the composition of such networks in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
| | - Vadim Pérez-Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc, 330. Col. Doctores, Alc. Cuauhtémoc 06720, Mexico;
| | - Martha Verónica Ponce-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Sergio Miguel-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda, Manuel Stampa 07738, Mexico;
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
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18
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Marcum RD, Reyes AA, He Y. Structural Insights into the Evolutionarily Conserved BAF Chromatin Remodeling Complex. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070146. [PMID: 32629987 PMCID: PMC7408276 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) family of proteins acts to regulate chromatin accessibility and plays an essential role in multiple cellular processes. A high frequency of mutations has been found in SWI/SNF family subunits by exome sequencing in human cancer, and multiple studies support its role in tumor suppression. Recent structural studies of yeast SWI/SNF and its human homolog, BAF (BRG1/BRM associated factor), have provided a model for their complex assembly and their interaction with nucleosomal substrates, revealing the molecular function of individual subunits as well as the potential impact of cancer-associated mutations on the remodeling function. Here we review the structural conservation between yeast SWI/SNF and BAF and examine the role of highly mutated subunits within the BAF complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Marcum
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA; (R.D.M.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Alexis A. Reyes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA; (R.D.M.); (A.A.R.)
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA; (R.D.M.); (A.A.R.)
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Clair, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Hasan N, Ahuja N. The Emerging Roles of ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1859. [PMID: 31769422 PMCID: PMC6966483 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer with low survival rates. Genetic and epigenetic dysregulation has been associated with the initiation and progression of pancreatic tumors. Multiple studies have pointed to the involvement of aberrant chromatin modifications in driving tumor behavior. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes regulate chromatin structure and have critical roles in stem cell maintenance, development, and cancer. Frequent mutations and chromosomal aberrations in the genes associated with subunits of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes have been detected in different cancer types. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the genomic alterations and mechanistic studies of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes in pancreatic cancer. Our review is focused on the four main subfamilies: SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF), imitation SWI (ISWI), chromodomain-helicase DNA-binding protein (CHD), and INOsitol-requiring mutant 80 (INO80). Finally, we discuss potential novel treatment options that use small molecules to target these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nita Ahuja
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
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20
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Chabanon RM, Morel D, Postel-Vinay S. Exploiting epigenetic vulnerabilities in solid tumors: Novel therapeutic opportunities in the treatment of SWI/SNF-defective cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 61:180-198. [PMID: 31568814 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian switch/sucrose non-fermentable (mSWI/SNF) family complexes are pivotal elements of the chromatin remodeling machinery, which contribute to the regulation of several major cellular functions. Large-scale exome-wide sequencing studies have identified mutations in genes encoding mSWI/SNF subunits in 20% of all human cancers, establishing mSWI/SNF deficiency as a recurrent oncogenic alteration. Accumulating evidence now supports that several mSWI/SNF defects represent targetable vulnerabilities in cancer; notably, recent research advances have unveiled unexpected synthetic lethal opportunities that foster the development of novel biomarker-driven and mechanism-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of mSWI/SNF-deficient tumors. Here, we review the latest breakthroughs and discoveries that inform our understanding of the mSWI/SNF complexes biology in carcinogenesis, and discuss the most promising therapeutic strategies to target mSWI/SNF defects in human solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Chabanon
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médicine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; ATIP-Avenir Group, Inserm Unit U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, France; CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daphné Morel
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médicine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; ATIP-Avenir Group, Inserm Unit U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Postel-Vinay
- Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de médicine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; ATIP-Avenir Group, Inserm Unit U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; DITEP (Département d'Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
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21
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Hosseinipour M, Wan F, Altomare D, Creek KE, Pirisi L. HPV16-transformed human keratinocytes depend on SIX1 expression for proliferation and HPV E6/E7 gene expression. Virology 2019; 537:20-30. [PMID: 31425971 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor SIX1 plays a critical role in embryogenesis, is not expressed in normal adult tissue, but is expressed in many malignancies, including cervical cancer. SIX1 drives the progression of HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes (HKc/HPV16) toward malignancy: HKc/HPV16 express high levels of SIX1 mRNA and protein; overexpression of SIX1 in HKc/HPV16 produces pre-malignant, differentiation-resistant lines (HKc/DR); SIX1 overexpression in HKc/DR induces tumorigenicity. In this paper, we explore the consequences of inhibition of SIX1 expression in premalignant HKc/DR. Only partial inhibition of SIX1 expression could be obtained in HKc/DR by RNA interference. Decreased SIX1 expression (up to 80%) in HKc/DR resulted in slower proliferation, decreased HPV16-E6/E7 mRNA levels, and increased p53 protein levels. Gene expression changes induced in HKc/DR by anti-SIX1 shRNA were indicative of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and changes in TGF-beta signaling. We conclude that HPV16-transformed cells depend on SIX1 for survival, HPV16 E6/E7 gene expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hosseinipour
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine at Columbia, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine at Columbia, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Kim E Creek
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lucia Pirisi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine at Columbia, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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22
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Orlando KA, Nguyen V, Raab JR, Walhart T, Weissman BE. Remodeling the cancer epigenome: mutations in the SWI/SNF complex offer new therapeutic opportunities. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:375-391. [PMID: 30986130 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1605905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer genome sequencing studies have discovered mutations in members of the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complex in nearly 25% of human cancers. The SWI/SNF complex, first discovered in S. cerevisiae, shows strong conservation from yeast to Drosophila to mammals, contains approximately 10-12 subunits and regulates nucleosome positioning through the energy generated by its ATPase subunits. The unexpected finding of frequent mutations in the complex has fueled studies to identify the mechanisms that drive tumor development and the accompanying therapeutic vulnerabilities. Areas covered: In the review, we focus upon the potential roles different SWI/SNF subunit mutations play in human oncogenesis, their common and unique mechanisms of transformation and the potential for translating these mechanisms into targeted therapies for SWI/SNF-mutant tumors. Expert opinion: We currently have limited insights into how mutations in different SWI/SNF subunits drive the development of human tumors. Because the SWI/SNF complex participates in a broad range of normal cellular functions, defining specific oncogenic pathways has proved difficult. In addition, therapeutic options for SWI/SNF-mutant cancers have mainly evolved from high-throughput screens of cell lines with mutations in different subunits. Future studies should follow a more coherent plan to pinpoint common vulnerabilities among these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal A Orlando
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- b Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Jesse R Raab
- c Department of Genetics , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Tara Walhart
- d Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,b Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,d Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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23
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Urbach A, Witte OW. Divide or Commit - Revisiting the Role of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 31069222 PMCID: PMC6491688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus continuously generates new neurons that endow the brain with increased plasticity, helping to cope with changing environmental and cognitive demands. The process leading to the birth of new neurons spans several precursor stages and is the result of a coordinated series of fate decisions, which are tightly controlled by extrinsic signals. Many of these signals act through modulation of cell cycle (CC) components, not only to drive proliferation, but also for linage commitment and differentiation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on key CC components and regulators, with emphasis on G1 phase, and analyze their specific functions in precursor cells of the adult hippocampus. We explore their role for balancing quiescence versus self-renewal, which is essential to maintain a lifelong pool of neural stem cells while producing new neurons “on demand.” Finally, we discuss available evidence and controversies on the impact of CC/G1 length on proliferation versus differentiation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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24
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Ganguly D, Sims M, Cai C, Fan M, Pfeffer LM. Chromatin Remodeling Factor BRG1 Regulates Stemness and Chemosensitivity of Glioma Initiating Cells. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1804-1815. [PMID: 30171737 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive and malignant brain tumor that is refractory to existing therapeutic regimens, which reflects the presence of stem-like cells, termed glioma-initiating cells (GICs). The complex interactions between different signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation of key genes may be critical in the maintaining GICs in their stem-like state. Although several signaling pathways have been identified as being dysregulated in GBM, the prognosis of GBM patients remains miserable despite improvements in targeted therapies. In this report, we identified that BRG1, the catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, plays a fundamental role in maintaining GICs in their stem-like state. In addition, we identified a novel mechanism by which BRG1 regulates glycolysis genes critical for GICs. BRG1 downregulates the expression of TXNIP, a negative regulator of glycolysis. BRG1 knockdown also triggered the STAT3 pathway, which led to TXNIP activation. We further identified that TXNIP is an STAT3-regulated gene. Moreover, BRG1 suppressed the expression of interferon-stimulated genes, which are negatively regulated by STAT3 and regulate tumorigenesis. We further demonstrate that BRG1 plays a critical role in the drug resistance of GICs and in GIC-induced tumorigenesis. By genetic and pharmacological means, we found that inhibiting BRG1 can sensitize GICs to chemotherapeutic drugs, temozolomide and carmustine. Our studies suggest that BRG1 may be a novel therapeutic target in GBM. The identification of the critical role that BRG1 plays in GIC stemness and chemosensitivity will inform the development of better targeted therapies in GBM and possibly other cancers. Stem Cells 2018;36:1806-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Ganguly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michelle Sims
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Chun Cai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Meiyun Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lawrence M Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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25
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Chang Y, Cui M, Fu X, Zhang L, Li X, Li L, Wu J, Sun Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Nan F, Yan J, Zhang M. MiRNA-155 regulates lymphangiogenesis in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma by targeting BRG1. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:31-41. [PMID: 30299211 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1504721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR-155 was up-regulated in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL), an aggressive malignancy, and correlated with disease progression. However, minimal is known on biological activities and underlying mechanisms of miR-155 in NKTCL. In this study, we examined BRG1, a potential target of miR-155, and focused on the miR-155/BRG1 signaling in regulating lymphangiogenesis of NKTCL. METHODS The expression of miR-155, BRG1, VEGFC, and VEGFD was compared between two NKTCL cell lines and normal NK cells. The critical role of miR-155 and STAT3 was assessed using miR-155 inhibitor and STAT3 inhibitor S31-201, respectively. Two biological phenotypes, apoptosis and pro-lymphangiogenesis, were examined in vitro by flow cytometry and lymphatic tube formation, respectively, and in vivo using an NKTCL xenograft model. RESULTS The miR-155 level negatively correlated with BRG1, but positively with VEGFC in normal NK as well as two NKTCL cell lines. Targeting miR-155 in NKTCL cells significantly boosted BRG1 expression and decreased the activated STAT3 or VEGFC level, leading to enhanced apoptosis and reduced lymphangiogenesis. STAT3 acted downstream of BRG1 and essentially regulated miR-155-mediated up-regulation of VEGFC and pro-lymphangiogenesis. In vivo, targeting miR-155 inhibited primary xenograft growth as well as tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS By inhibiting BRG1 expression, miR-155 activated STAT3/VEGFC signaling and promoted lymphangiogenesis. In addition, miR-155 also controlled the viability of NKTCL cells. Therefore, targeting miR-155 provides a novel therapy for NKTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chang
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Meng Cui
- b Department of Head & Neck and Thyroid , The Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xiaorui Fu
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Zhenchang Sun
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Zhaoming Li
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Feifei Nan
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Jiaqin Yan
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
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26
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Vélez-Cruz R, Manickavinayaham S, Biswas AK, Clary RW, Premkumar T, Cole F, Johnson DG. RB localizes to DNA double-strand breaks and promotes DNA end resection and homologous recombination through the recruitment of BRG1. Genes Dev 2017; 30:2500-2512. [PMID: 27940962 PMCID: PMC5159665 DOI: 10.1101/gad.288282.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor is recognized as a master regulator that controls entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. Its loss leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation and is a hallmark of cancer. RB works by binding to members of the E2F family of transcription factors and recruiting chromatin modifiers to the promoters of E2F target genes. Here we show that RB also localizes to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) dependent on E2F1 and ATM kinase activity and promotes DSB repair through homologous recombination (HR), and its loss results in genome instability. RB is necessary for the recruitment of the BRG1 ATPase to DSBs, which stimulates DNA end resection and HR. A knock-in mutation of the ATM phosphorylation site on E2F1 (S29A) prevents the interaction between E2F1 and TopBP1 and recruitment of RB, E2F1, and BRG1 to DSBs. This knock-in mutation also impairs DNA repair, increases genomic instability, and renders mice hypersensitive to IR. Importantly, depletion of RB in osteosarcoma and breast cancer cell lines results in sensitivity to DNA-damaging drugs, which is further exacerbated by poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. We uncovered a novel, nontranscriptional function for RB in HR, which could contribute to genome instability associated with RB loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renier Vélez-Cruz
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA
| | - Swarnalatha Manickavinayaham
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA
| | - Anup K Biswas
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA
| | - Regina Weaks Clary
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Tolkappiyan Premkumar
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Francesca Cole
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - David G Johnson
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
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27
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Walter DM, Venancio OS, Buza EL, Tobias JW, Deshpande C, Gudiel AA, Kim-Kiselak C, Cicchini M, Yates TJ, Feldser DM. Systematic In Vivo Inactivation of Chromatin-Regulating Enzymes Identifies Setd2 as a Potent Tumor Suppressor in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1719-1729. [PMID: 28202515 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin-modifying genes are frequently mutated in human lung adenocarcinoma, but the functional impact of these mutations on disease initiation and progression is not well understood. Using a CRISPR-based approach, we systematically inactivated three of the most commonly mutated chromatin regulatory genes in two KrasG12D-driven mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma to characterize the impact of their loss. Targeted inactivation of SWI/SNF nucleosome-remodeling complex members Smarca4 (Brg1) or Arid1a had complex effects on lung adenocarcinoma initiation and progression. Loss of either Brg1 or Arid1a were selected against in early-stage tumors, but Brg1 loss continued to limit disease progression over time, whereas loss of Arid1a eventually promoted development of higher grade lesions. In contrast to these stage-specific effects, loss of the histone methyltransferase Setd2 had robust tumor-promoting consequences. Despite disparate impacts of Setd2 and Arid1a loss on tumor development, each resulted in a gene expression profile with significant overlap. Setd2 inactivation and subsequent loss of H3K36me3 led to the swift expansion and accelerated progression of both early- and late-stage tumors. However, Setd2 loss per se was insufficient to overcome a p53-regulated barrier to malignant progression, nor establish the prometastatic cellular states that stochastically evolve during lung adenocarcinoma progression. Our study uncovers differential and context-dependent effects of SWI/SNF complex member loss, identifies Setd2 as a potent tumor suppressor in lung adenocarcinoma, and establishes model systems to facilitate further study of chromatin deregulation in lung cancer. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1719-29. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Walter
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Olivia S Venancio
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth L Buza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Tobias
- Department of Genetics and Penn Genomics Analysis Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charuhas Deshpande
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A Andrea Gudiel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caroline Kim-Kiselak
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Cicchini
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Travis J Yates
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Feldser
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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28
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Núñez KG, Gonzalez-Rosario J, Thevenot PT, Cohen AJ. Cyclin D1 in the Liver: Role of Noncanonical Signaling in Liver Steatosis and Hormone Regulation. Ochsner J 2017; 17:56-65. [PMID: 28331449 PMCID: PMC5349637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin D1 is an important protein for cell cycle progression; however, functions independent of the cell cycle have been described in the liver. Cyclin D1 is also involved in DNA repair, is overexpressed in many cancers, and functions as a proto-oncogene. The lesser-known roles of Cyclin D1, specifically in hepatocytes, impact liver steatosis and hormone regulation in the liver. METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed was conducted using the keywords Cyclin D1, steatosis, lipogenesis, and liver transplantation. In this article, we review the results from this literature search, with a focus on the role of Cyclin D1 in hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, as well as the impact and function of this protein in hepatic steatosis. RESULTS Cyclin D1 represses carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) and results in a decrease in transcription of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC). Cyclin D1 also inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) which is involved in hepatic lipogenesis. Cyclin D1 inhibits both hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) and represses transcription of lipogenic genes FAS and liver-type pyruvate kinase (Pklr), along with the gluconeogenic genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). CONCLUSION Cyclin D1 represses multiple proteins involved in both lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Targeting Cyclin D1 to decrease hepatic steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or alcoholic fatty liver disease may help improve patient health and the quality of the donor liver pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley G. Núñez
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Paul T. Thevenot
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Ari J. Cohen
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
- The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA
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29
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Marquez-Vilendrer SB, Rai SK, Gramling SJ, Lu L, Reisman DN. BRG1 and BRM loss selectively impacts RB and P53, respectively: BRG1 and BRM have differential functions in vivo. Oncoscience 2016; 3:337-350. [PMID: 28105458 PMCID: PMC5235922 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SWI/SNF complex is an important regulator of gene expression that functions by interacting with a diverse array of cellular proteins. The catalytic subunits of SWI/SNF, BRG1 and BRM, are frequently lost alone or concomitantly in a range of different cancer types. This loss abrogates SWI/SNF complex function as well as the functions of proteins that are required for SWI/SNF function, such as RB1 and TP53. Yet while both proteins are known to be dependent on SWI/SNF, we found that BRG1, but not BRM, is functionally linked to RB1, such that loss of BRG1 can directly or indirectly inactivate the RB1 pathway. This newly discovered dependence of RB1 on BRG1 is important because it explains why BRG1 loss can blunt the growth-inhibitory effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We also observed that selection for Trp53 mutations occurred in Brm-positive tumors but did not occur in Brm-negative tumors. Hence, these data indicate that, during cancer development, Trp53 is functionally dependent on Brm but not Brg1. Our findings show for the first time the key differences in Brm- and Brg1-specific SWI/SNF complexes and help explain why concomitant loss of Brg1 and Brm frequently occurs in cancer, as well as how their loss impacts cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhir K Rai
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Jb Gramling
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David N Reisman
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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30
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Toto PC, Puri PL, Albini S. SWI/SNF-directed stem cell lineage specification: dynamic composition regulates specific stages of skeletal myogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3887-96. [PMID: 27207468 PMCID: PMC5158306 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes are key regulators of the epigenetic modifications that determine whether stem cells maintain pluripotency or commit toward specific lineages through development and during postnatal life. Dynamic combinatorial assembly of multiple variants of SWI/SNF subunits is emerging as the major determinant of the functional versatility of SWI/SNF. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the structural and functional properties of the alternative SWI/SNF complexes that direct stem cell fate toward skeletal muscle lineage and control distinct stages of skeletal myogenesis. In particular, we will refer to recent evidence pointing to the essential role of two SWI/SNF components not expressed in embryonic stem cells-the catalytic subunit BRM and the structural component BAF60C-whose induction in muscle progenitors coincides with the expansion of their transcriptional repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Coutinho Toto
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Pier Lorenzo Puri
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sonia Albini
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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Karnezis AN, Wang Y, Ramos P, Hendricks WP, Oliva E, D'Angelo E, Prat J, Nucci MR, Nielsen TO, Chow C, Leung S, Kommoss F, Kommoss S, Silva A, Ronnett BM, Rabban JT, Bowtell DD, Weissman BE, Trent JM, Gilks CB, Huntsman DG. Dual loss of the SWI/SNF complex ATPases SMARCA4/BRG1 and SMARCA2/BRM is highly sensitive and specific for small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type. J Pathol 2015; 238:389-400. [PMID: 26356327 PMCID: PMC4832362 DOI: 10.1002/path.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type (SCCOHT) is a lethal and sometimes familial ovarian tumour of young women and children. We and others recently discovered that over 90% of SCCOHTs harbour inactivating mutations in the chromatin remodelling gene SMARCA4 with concomitant loss of its encoded protein SMARCA4 (BRG1), one of two mutually exclusive ATPases of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex. To determine the specificity of SMARCA4 loss for SCCOHT, we examined the expression of SMARCA4 by immunohistochemistry in more than 3000 primary gynaecological tumours. Among ovarian tumours, it was only absent in clear cell carcinoma (15 of 360, 4%). In the uterus, it was absent in endometrial stromal sarcomas (4 of 52, 8%) and high‐grade endometrioid carcinomas (2 of 338, 1%). Recent studies have shown that SMARCA2 (BRM), the other mutually exclusive ATPase of the SWI/SNF complex, is necessary for survival of tumour cells lacking SMARCA4. Therefore, we examined SMARCA2 expression and discovered that all SMARCA4‐negative SCCOHTs also lacked SMARCA2 protein by IHC, including the SCCOHT cell lines BIN67 and SCCOHT1. Among ovarian tumours, the SMARCA4/SMARCA2 dual loss phenotype appears completely specific for SCCOHT. SMARCA2 loss was not due to mutation but rather from an absence of mRNA expression, which was restored by treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Re‐expression of SMARCA4 or SMARCA2 inhibited the growth of BIN67 and SCCOHT1 cell lines. Our results indicate that SMARCA4 loss, either alone or with SMARCA2, is highly sensitive and specific for SCCOHT and that restoration of either SWI/SNF ATPase can inhibit the growth of SCCOHT cell lines. © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Karnezis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yemin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pilar Ramos
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - William Pd Hendricks
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Esther Oliva
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emanuela D'Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Prat
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisa R Nucci
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine Chow
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel Leung
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stefan Kommoss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Annacarolina Silva
- The James Homer Wright Pathology Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Joseph T Rabban
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David D Bowtell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Trent
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - C Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Yaswen P, MacKenzie KL, Keith WN, Hentosh P, Rodier F, Zhu J, Firestone GL, Matheu A, Carnero A, Bilsland A, Sundin T, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Helferich B, Boosani CS, Guha G, Ciriolo MR, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bhakta D, Halicka D, Niccolai E, Aquilano K, Ashraf SS, Nowsheen S, Yang X. Therapeutic targeting of replicative immortality. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S104-S128. [PMID: 25869441 PMCID: PMC4600408 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of malignant cell populations is the ability to undergo continuous proliferation. This property allows clonal lineages to acquire sequential aberrations that can fuel increasingly autonomous growth, invasiveness, and therapeutic resistance. Innate cellular mechanisms have evolved to regulate replicative potential as a hedge against malignant progression. When activated in the absence of normal terminal differentiation cues, these mechanisms can result in a state of persistent cytostasis. This state, termed "senescence," can be triggered by intrinsic cellular processes such as telomere dysfunction and oncogene expression, and by exogenous factors such as DNA damaging agents or oxidative environments. Despite differences in upstream signaling, senescence often involves convergent interdependent activation of tumor suppressors p53 and p16/pRB, but can be induced, albeit with reduced sensitivity, when these suppressors are compromised. Doses of conventional genotoxic drugs required to achieve cancer cell senescence are often much lower than doses required to achieve outright cell death. Additional therapies, such as those targeting cyclin dependent kinases or components of the PI3K signaling pathway, may induce senescence specifically in cancer cells by circumventing defects in tumor suppressor pathways or exploiting cancer cells' heightened requirements for telomerase. Such treatments sufficient to induce cancer cell senescence could provide increased patient survival with fewer and less severe side effects than conventional cytotoxic regimens. This positive aspect is countered by important caveats regarding senescence reversibility, genomic instability, and paracrine effects that may increase heterogeneity and adaptive resistance of surviving cancer cells. Nevertheless, agents that effectively disrupt replicative immortality will likely be valuable components of new combinatorial approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yaswen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Karen L MacKenzie
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | - Jiyue Zhu
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | | | | | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, HUVR, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universdad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amr Amin
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Asfar S Azmi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - S Salman Ashraf
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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Wu Q, Madany P, Akech J, Dobson JR, Douthwright S, Browne G, Colby JL, Winter GE, Bradner JE, Pratap J, Sluder G, Bhargava R, Chiosea SI, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB, Nickerson JA, Imbalzano AN. The SWI/SNF ATPases Are Required for Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2683-94. [PMID: 25808524 PMCID: PMC4516601 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Brahma (BRM) and Brahma-related Gene 1 (BRG1) ATPases are highly conserved homologs that catalyze the chromatin remodeling functions of the multi-subunit human SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes in a mutually exclusive manner. SWI/SNF enzyme subunits are mutated or missing in many cancer types, but are overexpressed without apparent mutation in other cancers. Here, we report that both BRG1 and BRM are overexpressed in most primary breast cancers independent of the tumor's receptor status. Knockdown of either ATPase in a triple negative breast cancer cell line reduced tumor formation in vivo and cell proliferation in vitro. Fewer cells in S phase and an extended cell cycle progression time were observed without any indication of apoptosis, senescence, or alterations in migration or attachment properties. Combined knockdown of BRM and BRG1 showed additive effects in the reduction of cell proliferation and time required for completion of cell cycle, suggesting that these enzymes promote cell cycle progression through independent mechanisms. Knockout of BRG1 or BRM using CRISPR/Cas9 technology resulted in the loss of viability, consistent with a requirement for both enzymes in triple negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Pasil Madany
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jacqueline Akech
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jason R Dobson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Stephen Douthwright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gillian Browne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jennifer L Colby
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Georg E Winter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jitesh Pratap
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Greenfield Sluder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Simion I Chiosea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Nickerson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Sengupta S, Henry RW. Regulation of the retinoblastoma–E2F pathway by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1289-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pfister NT, Fomin V, Regunath K, Zhou JY, Zhou W, Silwal-Pandit L, Freed-Pastor WA, Laptenko O, Neo SP, Bargonetti J, Hoque M, Tian B, Gunaratne J, Engebraaten O, Manley JL, Børresen-Dale AL, Neilsen PM, Prives C. Mutant p53 cooperates with the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex to regulate VEGFR2 in breast cancer cells. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1298-315. [PMID: 26080815 PMCID: PMC4495400 DOI: 10.1101/gad.263202.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Pfister et al. identified a new mutant p53 target gene, VEGFR2, and demonstrated that mutant p53 stimulates expression of VEGFR2 by cooperating with the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex to superactivate the VEGFR2 gene. They also show that >50% of all mutant p53-regulated gene expression is mediated by SWI/SNF, providing insight into the observation that mutant p53 alters the expression of many genes. Mutant p53 impacts the expression of numerous genes at the level of transcription to mediate oncogenesis. We identified vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), the primary functional VEGF receptor that mediates endothelial cell vascularization, as a mutant p53 transcriptional target in multiple breast cancer cell lines. Up-regulation of VEGFR2 mediates the role of mutant p53 in increasing cellular growth in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. Mutant p53 binds near the VEGFR2 promoter transcriptional start site and plays a role in maintaining an open conformation at that location. Relatedly, mutant p53 interacts with the SWI/SNF complex, which is required for remodeling the VEGFR2 promoter. By both querying individual genes regulated by mutant p53 and performing RNA sequencing, the results indicate that >40% of all mutant p53-regulated gene expression is mediated by SWI/SNF. We surmise that mutant p53 impacts transcription of VEGFR2 as well as myriad other genes by promoter remodeling through interaction with and likely regulation of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Therefore, not only might mutant p53-expressing tumors be susceptible to anti VEGF therapies, impacting SWI/SNF tumor suppressor function in mutant p53 tumors may also have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil T Pfister
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Vitalay Fomin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Kausik Regunath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Jeffrey Y Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Laxmi Silwal-Pandit
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radiumhospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - William A Freed-Pastor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Oleg Laptenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Suat Peng Neo
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore S138673
| | - Jill Bargonetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore S138673; Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Olav Engebraaten
- The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radiumhospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul M Neilsen
- Swinburne University of Technology, Kuching 93350, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Marquez SB, Thompson KW, Lu L, Reisman D. Beyond Mutations: Additional Mechanisms and Implications of SWI/SNF Complex Inactivation. Front Oncol 2015; 4:372. [PMID: 25774356 PMCID: PMC4343012 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED SWI/SNF is a major regulator of gene expression. Its role is to facilitate the shifting and exposure of DNA segments within the promoter and other key domains to transcription factors and other essential cellular proteins. This complex interacts with a wide range of proteins and does not function within a single, specific pathway; thus, it is involved in a multitude of cellular processes, including DNA repair, differentiation, development, cell adhesion, and growth control. Given SWI/SNF's prominent role in these processes, many of which are important for blocking cancer development, it is not surprising that the SWI/SNF complex is targeted during cancer initiation and progression both by mutations and by non-mutational mechanisms. Currently, the understanding of the types of alterations, their frequency, and their impact on the SWI/SNF subunits is an area of intense research that has been bolstered by a recent cadre of NextGen sequencing studies. These studies have revealed mutations in SWI/SNF subunits, indicating that this complex is thus important for cancer development. The purpose of this review is to put into perspective the role of mutations versus other mechanisms in the silencing of SWI/SNF subunits, in particular, BRG1 and BRM. In addition, this review explores the recent development of synthetic lethality and how it applies to this complex, as well as how BRM polymorphisms are becoming recognized as potential clinical biomarkers for cancer risk. SIGNIFICANCE Recent reviews have detailed the occurrence of mutations in nearly all SWI/SNF subunits, which indicates that this complex is an important target for cancer. However, when the frequency of mutations in a given tumor type is compared to the frequency of subunit loss, it becomes clear that other non-mutational mechanisms must play a role in the inactivation of SWI/SNF subunits. Such data indicate that epigenetic mechanisms that are known to regulate BRM may also be involved in the loss of expression of other SWI/SNF subunits. This is important since epigenetically silenced genes are inducible, and thus, the reversal of the silencing of these non-mutationally suppressed subunits may be a viable mode of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie B Marquez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Kenneth W Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - David Reisman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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Popov B, Petrov N. pRb-E2F signaling in life of mesenchymal stem cells: Cell cycle, cell fate, and cell differentiation. Genes Dis 2014; 1:174-187. [PMID: 30258863 PMCID: PMC6150080 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can differentiate into various mesodermal lines forming fat, muscle, bone, and other lineages of connective tissue. MSCs possess plasticity and under special metabolic conditions may transform into cells of unusual phenotypes originating from ecto- and endoderm. After transplantation, MSCs release the humoral factors promoting regeneration of the damaged tissue. During last five years, the numbers of registered clinical trials of MSCs have increased about 10 folds. This gives evidence that MSCs present a new promising resource for cell therapy of the most dangerous diseases. The efficacy of the MSCs therapy is limited by low possibilities to regulate their conversion into cells of damaged tissues that is implemented by the pRb-E2F signaling. The widely accepted viewpoint addresses pRb as ubiquitous regulator of cell cycle and tumor suppressor. However, current publications suggest that basic function of the pRb-E2F signaling in development is to regulate cell fate and differentiation. Through facultative and constitutive chromatin modifications, pRb-E2F signaling promotes transient and stable cells quiescence, cell fate choice to differentiate, to senesce, or to die. Loss of pRb is associated with cancer cell fate. pRb regulates cell fate by retaining quiescence of one cell population in favor of commitment of another or by suppression of genes of different cell phenotype. pRb is the founder member of the "pocket protein" family possessing functional redundancy. Critical increase in the efficacy of the MSCs based cell therapy will depend on precise understanding of various aspects of the pRb-E2F signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Popov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.Petersburg, 4, Tikhoretsky Av., 194064, Russia
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Ramos P, Karnezis AN, Hendricks WPD, Wang Y, Tembe W, Zismann VL, Legendre C, Liang WS, Russell ML, Craig DW, Farley JH, Monk BJ, Anthony SP, Sekulic A, Cunliffe HE, Huntsman DG, Trent JM. Loss of the tumor suppressor SMARCA4 in small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT). Rare Dis 2014; 2:e967148. [PMID: 26942101 PMCID: PMC4755243 DOI: 10.4161/2167549x.2014.967148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT), is a rare and understudied cancer with a dismal prognosis. SCCOHT's infrequency has hindered empirical study of its biology and clinical management. However, we and others have recently identified inactivating mutations in the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling gene SMARCA4 with concomitant loss of SMARCA4 protein in the majority of SCCOHT tumors.(1-4) Here we summarize these findings and report SMARCA4 status by targeted sequencing and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC) in an additional 12 SCCOHT tumors, 3 matched germlines, and the cell line SCCOHT-1. We also report the identification of a homozygous inactivating mutation in the gene SMARCB1 in one SCCOHT tumor with wild-type SMARCA4, suggesting that SMARCB1 inactivation may also play a role in the pathogenesis of SCCOHT. To date, SMARCA4 mutations and protein loss have been reported in the majority of 69 SCCOHT cases (including 2 cell lines). These data firmly establish SMARCA4 as a tumor suppressor whose loss promotes the development of SCCOHT, setting the stage for rapid advancement in the biological understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ramos
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen); Phoenix, AZ USA; School of Life Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Anthony N Karnezis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada; Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics; British Columbia Cancer Agency; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - William P D Hendricks
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Yemin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada; Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics; British Columbia Cancer Agency; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Waibhav Tembe
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Center; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Victoria L Zismann
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Christophe Legendre
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Center; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Winnie S Liang
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Megan L Russell
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - David W Craig
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - John H Farley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Creighton University School of Medicine; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Bradley J Monk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Creighton University School of Medicine; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center ; Phoenix, AZ USA
| | | | - Aleksandar Sekulic
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen); Phoenix, AZ USA; Department of Dermatology; Mayo Clinic; Scottsdale, AZ USA
| | - Heather E Cunliffe
- Department of Pathology; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago ; Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada; Centre for Translational and Applied Genomics; British Columbia Cancer Agency; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Trent
- Division of Integrated Cancer Genomics; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) ; Phoenix, AZ USA
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Yaniv M. Chromatin remodeling: from transcription to cancer. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:352-7. [PMID: 24825771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this short review article, I have tried to trace the path that led my laboratory from the early studies of the structure of papova minichromosomes and transcription control to the investigation of chromatin remodeling complexes of the SWI/SNF family. I discuss briefly the genetic and biochemical studies that lead to the discovery of the SWI/SNF complex in yeast and drosophila and summarize some of the studies on the developmental role of the murine complex. The discovery of the tumor suppressor function of the SNF5/INI1/SMARCB1 gene in humans and the identification of frequent mutations in other subunits of this complex in different human tumors opened a fascinating field of research on this epigenetic regulator. The hope is to better understand tumor development and to develop novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Yaniv
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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40
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Zhu B, Tian J, Zhong R, Tian Y, Chen W, Qian J, Zou L, Xiao M, Shen N, Yang H, Lou J, Qiu Q, Ke J, Lu X, Song W, Li H, Liu L, Wang L, Miao X. Genetic variants in the SWI/SNF complex and smoking collaborate to modify the risk of pancreatic cancer in a Chinese population. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:761-8. [PMID: 24585446 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive malignancy with extremely low 5-year survival rate (<5%). SWItch/Sucrose Non Fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex is a core factor for chromatin-remodeling that utilize energy of ATP hydrolysis to mobilize nucleosomes, and modulate gene transcription. Recent studies have identified recurrent mutations in major components of SWI/SNF in a variety of human cancers, including PC. We conducted a two-stage case-control study to investigate the associations between 14 common variants in 6 genes (SMARCA4, SMCRB1, PBRM1, BRD7, ARID1, and ARID2) encoding major components of the SWI/SNF complex and the risk of PC. Three promising variants, rs11644043, rs11085754, and rs2073389 in the discovery stage comprising 310 cases and 457 controls were further genotyped in the validation stage containing 429 cases and 585 controls. rs11644043 in BRD7 and rs11085754 in SMARCA4 showed consistent significant association with increased risk of PC in both stages, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.04 (1.17-3.56) and 1.64 (1.16-2.33) in stage one, and 1.97 (1.24-3.14) and 1.45 (1.04-2.02) in stage two, respectively in a recessive model. Furthermore, the accumulative effects of rs11644043, rs11085754, and rs2073389 in SMARCB1 were observed (P for trend <0.0001). Intriguingly, gene-environmental interactions analysis consistently revealed the potential interactions of rs2073389 (P(add) - FDR = 6.00 × 10(-4), P(mul) - FDR = 1.50 × 10(-2)) and rs11085754 (P(add) - FDR = 0.03) collaborating with smoking to modify the risk of PC. In conclusion, the current study provides evidence that genetic variants of SWI/SNF may contribute to the susceptibility of PC in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaming Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juntao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghua Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Guangdong Key Lab of Molecular Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhong R, Liu L, Tian Y, Wang Y, Tian J, Zhu BB, Chen W, Qian JM, Zou L, Xiao M, Shen N, Yang H, Lou J, Qiu Q, Ke JT, Lu XH, Wang ZL, Song W, Zhang T, Li H, Wang L, Miao XP. Genetic variant in SWI/SNF complexes influences hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a new clue for the contribution of chromatin remodeling in carcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4147. [PMID: 24556940 PMCID: PMC3930892 DOI: 10.1038/srep04147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling has been newly established as an important cancer genome characterization and recent exome and whole-genome sequencing studies of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) showed that recurrent inactivating mutations in SWI/SNF subunits involved in the molecular basis of hepatocarcinogenesis. To test the hypothesis that genetic variants in the key subunits of SWI/SNF complexes may contribute to HCC susceptibility, we systematically assessed associations of genetic variants in SWI/SNF complexes with HCC risk using a two-staged case-control study in Chinese population. A set of 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SWI/SNF complexes were examined in stage 1 with 502 HCC patients and 487 controls and three promising SNPs (SMARCA4 rs11879293, rs2072382 and SMARCB1 rs2267032) were further genotyped in stage 2 comprising 501 cases and 545 controls for validation. SMARCA4 rs11879293 presented consistently significant associations with the risk of HCC at both stages, with an OR of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.62-0.87) using additive model in combined analysis. Moreover, the decreased risk of HCC associated with SMARCA4 rs11879293 AG/AA was more evident among HBsAg positive individuals (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.27-0.80) in combined analysis. The study highlighted the potential role of the SWI/SNF complexes in conferring susceptibility to HCC, especially modified HCC risk by HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Liu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Molecular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Virology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bei-bei Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia-ming Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Jiao Lou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-tao Ke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing-hua Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Zhen-ling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ti Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-ping Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Song S, Walter V, Karaca M, Li Y, Bartlett CS, Smiraglia DJ, Serber D, Sproul CD, Plass C, Zhang J, Hayes DN, Zheng Y, Weissman BE. Gene silencing associated with SWI/SNF complex loss during NSCLC development. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:560-70. [PMID: 24445599 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex regulates gene expression and alters chromatin structures in an ATP-dependent manner. Recent sequencing efforts have shown mutations in BRG1 (SMARCA4), one of two mutually exclusive ATPase subunits in the complex, in a significant number of human lung tumor cell lines and primary non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) clinical specimens. To determine how BRG1 loss fuels tumor progression in NSCLC, molecular profiling was performed after restoration of BRG1 expression or treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor or a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor in a BRG1-deficient NSCLC cells. Importantly, validation studies from multiple cell lines revealed that BRG1 reexpression led to substantial changes in the expression of CDH1, CDH3, EHF, and RRAD that commonly undergo silencing by other epigenetic mechanisms during NSCLC development. Furthermore, treatment with DNMT inhibitors did not restore expression of these transcripts, indicating that this common mechanism of gene silencing did not account for their loss of expression. Collectively, BRG1 loss is an important mechanism for the epigenetic silencing of target genes during NSCLC development. IMPLICATIONS Inactivation of the SWI/SNF complex provides a novel mechanism to induce gene silencing during NSCLC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Song
- Lineberger Cancer Center, Room 32-048, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295.
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Fulvestrant induces resistance by modulating GPER and CDK6 expression: implication of methyltransferases, deacetylases and the hSWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2751-62. [PMID: 24169358 PMCID: PMC3833203 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women living in the western hemisphere. Despite major advances in first-line endocrine therapy of advanced oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, the frequent recurrence of resistant cancer cells represents a serious obstacle to successful treatment. Understanding the mechanisms leading to acquired resistance, therefore, could pave the way to the development of second-line therapeutics. To this end, we generated an ER-positive breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with resistance to the therapeutic anti-oestrogen fulvestrant (FUL) and studied the molecular changes involved in resistance. Methods: Naive MCF-7 cells were treated with increasing FUL concentrations and the gene expression profile of the resulting FUL-resistant strain (FR.MCF-7) was compared with that of naive cells using GeneChip arrays. After validation by real-time PCR and/or western blotting, selected resistance-associated genes were functionally studied by siRNA-mediated silencing or pharmacological inhibition. Furthermore, general mechanisms causing aberrant gene expression were investigated. Results: Fulvestrant resistance was associated with repression of GPER and the overexpression of CDK6, whereas ERBB2, ABCG2, ER and ER-related genes (GREB1, RERG) or genes expressed in resistant breast cancer (BCAR1, BCAR3) did not contribute to resistance. Aberrant GPER and CDK6 expression was most likely caused by modification of DNA methylation and histone acetylation, respectively. Therefore, part of the resistance mechanism was loss of RB1 control. The hSWI/SNF (human SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable) chromatin remodelling complex, which is tightly linked to nucleosome acetylation and repositioning, was also affected, because as a stress response to FUL treatment-naive cells altered the expression of five subunits within a few hours (BRG1, BAF250A, BAF170, BAF155, BAF47). The aberrant constitutive expression of BAF250A, BAF170 and BAF155 and a deviant stress response of BRG1, BAF170 and BAF47 in FR.MCF-7 cells to FUL treatment accompanied acquired FUL resistance. The regular and aberrant expression profiles of BAF155 correlated directly with that of CDK6 in naive and in FR.MCF-7 cells corroborating the finding that CDK6 overexpression was due to nucleosome alterations. Conclusion: The study revealed that FUL resistance is associated with the dysregulation of GPER and CDK6. A mechanism leading to aberrant gene expression was most likely unscheduled chromatin remodelling by hSWI/SNF. Hence, three targets should be conceptually addressed in a second-line adjuvant therapy: the catalytic centre of SWI/SNF (BRG1) to delay the development of FUL resistance, GPER to increase sensitivity to FUL and the reconstitution of the RB1 pathway to overcome resistance.
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Wang X, Haswell JR, Roberts CWM. Molecular pathways: SWI/SNF (BAF) complexes are frequently mutated in cancer--mechanisms and potential therapeutic insights. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:21-7. [PMID: 24122795 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes are pleomorphic multisubunit cellular machines that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to modulate chromatin structure. The complexes interact with transcription factors at promoters and enhancers to modulate gene expression and contribute to lineage specification, differentiation, and development. Initial clues to a role in tumor suppression for SWI/SNF complexes came over a decade ago when the gene encoding the SMARCB1/SNF5 core subunit was found specifically inactivated in nearly all pediatric rhabdoid tumors. In the last three years, cancer-genome sequencing efforts have revealed an unexpectedly high mutation rate of SWI/SNF subunit genes, which are collectively mutated in 20% of all human cancers and approach the frequency of p53 mutations. Here, we provide a background on these newly recognized tumor suppressor complexes, discuss mechanisms implicated in the tumor suppressor activity, and highlight findings that may lead to potential therapeutic targets for SWI/SNF-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston; and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kreßner C, Nollau P, Grosse R, Brandt DT. Functional interaction of SCAI with the SWI/SNF complex for transcription and tumor cell invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69947. [PMID: 23936361 PMCID: PMC3732290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently characterized SCAI (Suppressor of Cancer Cell Invasion), a transcriptional modulator regulating cancer cell motility through suppression of MAL/SRF dependent gene transcription. We show here that SCAI is expressed in a wide range of normal human tissues and its expression is diminished in a large array of primary human breast cancer samples indicating that SCAI expression might be linked to the etiology of human cancer. To establish a functional link between SCAI and tumorigenesis we performed affinity columns to identify SCAI-interacting proteins. Our data show that SCAI interacts with the tumor suppressing SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex to promote changes in gene expression and the invasive capacities of human tumor cells. Moreover our data implicate a functional hierarchy between SCAI and BRM, since SCAI function is abrogated in the absence of BRM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Kreßner
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nollau
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Su S, Minges JT, Grossman G, Blackwelder AJ, Mohler JL, Wilson EM. Proto-oncogene activity of melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11) regulates retinoblastoma-related p107 and E2F1 proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24809-24. [PMID: 23853093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.468579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11) is a low-abundance, primate-specific steroid receptor coregulator in normal tissues of the human reproductive tract that is expressed at higher levels in prostate cancer. Increased expression of MAGE-A11 enhances androgen receptor transcriptional activity and promotes prostate cancer cell growth. Further investigation into the mechanisms of MAGE-A11 function in prostate cancer demonstrated interactions with the retinoblastoma-related protein p107 and Rb tumor suppressor but no interaction with p130 of the Rb family. MAGE-A11 interaction with p107 was associated with transcriptional repression in cells with low MAGE-A11 and transcriptional activation in cells with higher MAGE-A11. Selective interaction of MAGE-A11 with retinoblastoma family members suggested the regulation of E2F transcription factors. MAGE-A11 stabilized p107 by inhibition of ubiquitination and linked p107 to hypophosphorylated E2F1 in association with the stabilization and activation of E2F1. The androgen receptor and MAGE-A11 modulated endogenous expression of the E2F1-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). The ability of MAGE-A11 to increase E2F1 transcriptional activity was similar to the activity of adenovirus early oncoprotein E1A and depended on MAGE-A11 interactions with p107 and p300. The immunoreactivity of p107 and MAGE-A11 was greater in advanced prostate cancer than in benign prostate, and knockdown with small inhibitory RNA showed that p107 is a transcriptional activator in prostate cancer cells. These results suggest that MAGE-A11 is a proto-oncogene whose increased expression in prostate cancer reverses retinoblastoma-related protein p107 from a transcriptional repressor to a transcriptional activator of the androgen receptor and E2F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Su
- Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Kadoch C, Hargreaves DC, Hodges C, Elias L, Ho L, Ranish J, Crabtree GR. Proteomic and bioinformatic analysis of mammalian SWI/SNF complexes identifies extensive roles in human malignancy. Nat Genet 2013; 45:592-601. [PMID: 23644491 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1071] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Subunits of mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF or BAF) complexes have recently been implicated as tumor suppressors in human malignancies. To understand the full extent of their involvement, we conducted a proteomic analysis of endogenous mSWI/SNF complexes, which identified several new dedicated, stable subunits not found in yeast SWI/SNF complexes, including BCL7A, BCL7B and BCL7C, BCL11A and BCL11B, BRD9 and SS18. Incorporating these new members, we determined mSWI/SNF subunit mutation frequency in exome and whole-genome sequencing studies of primary human tumors. Notably, mSWI/SNF subunits are mutated in 19.6% of all human tumors reported in 44 studies. Our analysis suggests that specific subunits protect against cancer in specific tissues. In addition, mutations affecting more than one subunit, defined here as compound heterozygosity, are prevalent in certain cancers. Our studies demonstrate that mSWI/SNF is the most frequently mutated chromatin-regulatory complex (CRC) in human cancer, exhibiting a broad mutation pattern, similar to that of TP53. Thus, proper functioning of polymorphic BAF complexes may constitute a major mechanism of tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigall Kadoch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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Shu XS, Li L, Tao Q. Chromatin regulators with tumor suppressor properties and their alterations in human cancers. Epigenomics 2013; 4:537-49. [PMID: 23130835 DOI: 10.2217/epi.12.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Key components of the cell epigenome include DNA CpG methylation profile and chromatin modification patterns. Chromatin regulators act as master controllers of gene transcription in normal cells through regulation of histone modifications and chromatin remodeling. During human cancer pathogenesis, the functions of chromatin regulators are frequently disrupted by genetic mutations and/or epigenetic alterations, causing perturbation of broad or even genome-wide scale gene-expression profiles. Thus, histone-modifying and chromatin-remodeling genes can be taken as critical 'cancer genes'. This review summarizes the current knowledge on chromatin regulators with tumor suppressor properties, as well as their aberrant alterations in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Sheng Shu
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer & Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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49
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Identifying targets for the restoration and reactivation of BRM. Oncogene 2013; 33:653-64. [PMID: 23524580 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brahma (BRM) is a novel anticancer gene, which is frequently inactivated in a variety of tumor types. Unlike many anticancer genes, BRM is not mutated, but rather epigenetically silenced. In addition, histone deacetylase complex (HDAC) inhibitors are known to reverse BRM silencing, but they also inactivate it via acetylation of its C-terminus. High-throughput screening has uncovered many compounds that are effective at pharmacologically restoring BRM and thereby inhibit cancer cell growth. As we do not know which specific proteins, if any, regulate BRM, we sought to identify the proteins, which underlie the epigenetic suppression of BRM. By selectively knocking down each HDAC, we found that HDAC3 and HDAC9 regulate BRM expression, whereas HDAC2 controls its acetylation. Similarly, we ectopically overexpressed 21 different histone acetyltransferases and found that KAT6A, KAT6B and KAT7 induce BRM expression, whereas KAT2B and KAT8 induce its acetylation. We also investigated the role of two transcription factors (TFs) linked to either BRM (GATA3) or HDAC9 (MEF2D) expression. Knockdown of either GATA3 and/or MEF2D downregulated HDAC9 and induced BRM. As targets for molecular biotherapy are typically uniquely, or simply differentially expressed in cancer cells, we also determined if any of these proteins are dysregulated. However, by sequencing, no mutations were found in any of these BRM-regulating HDACs, HATs or TFs. We selectively knocked down GATA3, MEF2D, HDAC3 and HDAC9, and found that each gene-specific knockdown induced growth inhibition. We observed that both GATA3 and HDAC9 were greatly overexpressed only in BRM-negative cell lines indicating that HDAC9 may be a good target for therapy. We also found that the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway regulates both BRM acetylation and BRM silencing as MAP kinase pathway inhibitors both induced BRM as well as caused BRM deacetylation. Together, these data identify a cadre of key proteins, which underlie the epigenetic regulation of BRM.
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Gjidoda A, Henry RW. RNA polymerase III repression by the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1829:385-92. [PMID: 23063750 PMCID: PMC3549324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor protein regulates multiple pathways that influence cell growth, and as a key regulatory node, its function is inactivated in most cancer cells. In addition to its canonical roles in cell cycle control, RB functions as a global repressor of RNA polymerase (Pol) III transcription. Indeed, Pol III transcripts accumulate in cancer cells and their heightened levels are implicated in accelerated growth associated with RB dysfunction. Herein we review the mechanisms of RB repression for the different types of Pol III genes. For type 1 and type 2 genes, RB represses transcription through direct contacts with the core transcription machinery, notably Brf1-TFIIIB, and inhibits preinitiation complex formation and Pol III recruitment. A contrasting model for type 3 gene repression indicates that RB regulation involves stable and simultaneous promoter association by RB, the general transcription machinery including SNAPc, and Pol III, suggesting that RB may impede Pol III promoter escape or elongation. Interestingly, analysis of published genomic association data for RB and Pol III revealed added regulatory complexity for Pol III genes both during active growth and during arrested growth associated with quiescence and senescence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Transcription by Odd Pols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gjidoda
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - R. William Henry
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824
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