1
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Kotegawa K, Kuroda N, Sakata J, Teramoto W. Association between visuo-spatial working memory and gait motor imagery. Hum Mov Sci 2024; 94:103185. [PMID: 38320427 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Although motor imagery and working memory (WM) appear to be closely linked, no previous studies have demonstrated direct evidence for the relationship between motor imagery and WM abilities. This study investigated the association between WM and gait motor imagery and focused on the individual differences in young adults. This study included 33 participants (mean age: 22.2 ± 0.9 years). We used two methods to measure the ability of different WM domains: verbal and visuo-spatial WM. Gait motor imagery accuracy was assessed via the mental chronometry paradigm. We measured the times participants took to complete an actual and imagined walk along a 5 m walkway, with three different path widths. The linear mixed effects model analysis revealed that visuo-spatial WM ability was a significant predictor of the accuracy of gait motor imagery, but not of verbal WM ability. Specifically, individuals with lower visuo-spatial WM ability demonstrated more inaccuracies in the difficult path-width conditions. However, gait motor imagery was not as accurate as actual walking even in the easiest path width or in participants with high visuo-spatial WM ability. Further, visuo-spatial WM ability was significantly correlated with mental walking but not with actual walking. These results suggest that visuo-spatial WM is related to motor imagery rather than actual movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kotegawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kuroda
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-40-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Junya Sakata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical Corporation Tanakakai, Musashigaoka Hospital, 7-15-1 Kusunoki, Kumamoto 861-8003, Japan
| | - Wataru Teramoto
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-40-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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2
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Jung M, Ryu S, Kang M, Javadi AH, Loprinzi PD. Evaluation of the transient hypofrontality theory in the context of exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1193-1214. [PMID: 34523365 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211048807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating research suggests that, as a result of reduced neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), higher-order cognitive function may be compromised while engaging in high-intensity acute exercise, with this phenomenon referred to as the transient hypofrontality effect. However, findings in this field remain unclear and lack a thorough synthesis of the evidence. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of in-task acute exercise on cognitive function, and further, to examine whether this effect is moderated by the specific type of cognition (i.e., PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent). Studies were identified by electronic databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In total, 22 studies met our inclusion criteria and intercept only meta-regression models with robust variance estimation were used to calculate the weighted average effect sizes across studies. Acute exercise at all intensities did not influence cognitive function (β = -0.16, 95% CI = [-0.58, 0.27], p = .45) when exercise occurred during the cognitive task, and no significant moderation effects emerged. However, there was evidence that cognitive task type (PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent) moderated the effect of high-intensity acute exercise on a concomitant cognitive performance (β = -0.81, 95% CI = [-1.60, -0.02], p = .04). Specifically, our findings suggest that PFC-dependent cognition is impaired while engaging in an acute bout of high-intensity exercise, providing support for the transient hypofrontality theory. We discuss these findings in the context of reticular-activating and cognitive-energetic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Jung
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Amir-Homayoun Javadi
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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3
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Capacity differences in working memory based on resting state brain networks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19502. [PMID: 34593909 PMCID: PMC8484281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we compared the connectivity of resting-state networks between participants with high and low working memory capacity groups. Brain network connectivity was assessed under both resting and working memory task conditions. Task scans comprised dual-task (reading sentences while memorizing target words) and single-task (reading sentences) conditions. The low capacity group showed relatively stronger connectivity during resting-state in most brain regions, and the high capacity group showed a stronger connectivity between the medial prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. During task performance, the dorsal attention and salience networks were relatively strongly connected in the high capacity group. In the comparison between dual- and single-task conditions, increased coupling between the anterior cingulate cortex and other attentional control-related areas were noted in the high capacity group. These findings suggest that working memory differences are related with network connectivity variations in attentional control-associated regions during both resting and task performance conditions.
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4
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Walz JA, Mani R, Alnawmasi MM, Khuu SK. Visuospatial Attention Allocation as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:675376. [PMID: 34354575 PMCID: PMC8329082 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.675376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is defined by changes in brain function resulting from external forces acting on the brain and is typically characterized by a host of physiological and functional changes such as cognitive deficits including attention problems. In the present study, we focused on the effect of TBI on the ability to allocate attention in vision (i.e., the use of endogenous and exogenous visual cues) by systematically reviewing previous literature on the topic. We conducted quantitative synthesis of 16 selected studies of visual attention following TBI, calculating 80 effect size estimates. The combined effect size was large (g = 0.79, p < 0.0001) with medium heterogeneity (I2 = 68.39%). Subgroup analyses revealed an increase in deficit with moderate-to-severe and severe TBI as compared to mild TBI [F(2, 76) = 24.14, p < 0.0001]. Task type was another key source of variability and subgroup analyses indicated that higher order attention processes were severely affected by TBI [F(2, 77) = 5.66, p = 0.0051). Meta-regression analyses revealed significant improvement in visual attention deficit with time [p(mild) = 0.031, p(moderate-to-severe) = 0.002, p(severe) < 0.0001]. Taken together, these results demonstrate that visual attention is affected by TBI and that regular assessment of visual attention, using a systematic attention allocation task, may provide a useful clinical measure of cognitive impairment and change after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta A Walz
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Revathy Mani
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed M Alnawmasi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sieu K Khuu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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5
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Ho HT, Guo NW, Pai MC. The application of a neuropsychological measure of executive working memory in older adults with memory impairment. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2021; 29:1605-1614. [PMID: 33794709 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1901707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The component of working memory that the frontal cortex subserves is frequently characterized as the executive working memory (EWM). This study applied a neuropsychological measure of EWM (NPM-EWM) in older adults with memory impairment to investigate the EWM. Thirty-two older adults from the community were recruited as older healthy controls (OHCs), and 58 older adults from a memory clinic were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia (MD). Significant differences were found among the three groups in the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), the Chinese version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-C), and the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI). The NPM-EWM was applied by using the learning task of the Comprehensive Nonverbal Memory Test Battery, where the 7 scores were divided into two categories: mnemonic capacity and executive error. All OHCs, more than 50% MCI, and less than 25% of MD patients passed the NPM-EWM. The MCI-passed and MD-passed subgroups showed similar mnemonic capacity and executive errors, and both the subgroups had significantly worse performance than the OHC group. The MD-passed subgroup had a higher Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score than did the MD-failed subgroup. The MCI-failed subgroup had a higher Hierarchy of Care Required (HCR) level in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) than did the MCI-passed subgroup. These findings indicated that applying the NPM-EWM for older adults with memory impairment may offer precise and tailored care to a whole person, especially for the MCI patients with poorer EWM and the MD patients with relatively intact EWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ting Ho
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Guo
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Pai
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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6
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Liu YF, Kim J, Wilson C, Bedny M. Computer code comprehension shares neural resources with formal logical inference in the fronto-parietal network. eLife 2020; 9:e59340. [PMID: 33319745 PMCID: PMC7738180 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of programming to modern society, the cognitive and neural bases of code comprehension are largely unknown. Programming languages might 'recycle' neurocognitive mechanisms originally developed for natural languages. Alternatively, comprehension of code could depend on fronto-parietal networks shared with other culturally-invented symbol systems, such as formal logic and symbolic math such as algebra. Expert programmers (average 11 years of programming experience) performed code comprehension and memory control tasks while undergoing fMRI. The same participants also performed formal logic, symbolic math, executive control, and language localizer tasks. A left-lateralized fronto-parietal network was recruited for code comprehension. Patterns of activity within this network distinguish between 'for' loops and 'if' conditional code functions. In terms of the underlying neural basis, code comprehension overlapped extensively with formal logic and to a lesser degree math. Overlap with executive processes and language was low, but laterality of language and code covaried across individuals. Cultural symbol systems, including code, depend on a distinctive fronto-parietal cortical network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Liu
- Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Judy Kim
- Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
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7
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Eghbaria-Ghanamah H, Ghanamah R, Shalhoub-Awwad Y, Karni A. Recitation as a structured intervention to enhance the long-term verbatim retention and gist recall of complex texts in kindergarteners. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 203:105054. [PMID: 33302131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recitation is an effective way for children to become familiar with basic blocks of knowledge. It is not clear, however, whether repeated structured exposure to complex texts via listening or active reciting benefits the ability of kindergarteners to retain verbal material in long-term memory verbatim and as content. Here, we tested the effectiveness of teaching longer texts to kindergarteners by repeated exposure in terms of long-term retention (6 months). A set of 28 rhyming sentences (224 words) were introduced, 3 in each session, and the increasingly longer text was practiced by either voiced recitation or listening. The rhymes were in a literary language, and word meaning in each new rhyme was elaborated when first introduced. Both groups (recitation and listening) showed good long-term retention, but the recitation group outperformed the listening group when assessed at 24 h, 1 month, and 6 months postintervention in terms of the recall rate, error rate, number of prompts required, and sequence fidelity. In the later assessments, the reciting group was the more fluent group in producing the rhymes. Moreover, at 6 months postintervention, the gist (content) of the rhymes and the meaning of vocabulary items from the texts were robustly retained, with an advantage for the recitation group. Thus, practice in affording multiple repetitions, specifically active recitation, resulted in fluent, effortless, and accurate recall of statements and their content. We propose that these results support the notion that repetition-based practice may promote the mastery of complex verbal material by enabling better engagement of procedural memory, that is, by promoting "proceduralization" processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazar Eghbaria-Ghanamah
- Department of Learning Disabilities and Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Rafat Ghanamah
- Department of Learning Disabilities and Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yasmin Shalhoub-Awwad
- Department of Learning Disabilities and Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avi Karni
- Department of Learning Disabilities and Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Brain-Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; FMRI Unit, Diagnostic Imaging Division, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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8
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Wang H, Sun Y, Lan F, Liu Y. Altered brain network topology related to working memory in internet addiction. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:325-338. [PMID: 32644933 PMCID: PMC8939409 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The working memory (WM) ability of internet addicts and the topology underlying the WM processing in internet addiction (IA) are poorly understood. In this study, we employed a graph theoretical framework to characterize the topological properties of the IA brain network in the source cortical space during WM task. METHODS A sample of 24 subjects with IA and 23 matched healthy controls (HCs) performed visual 2-back task. Exact Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography was adopted to project the pre-processed EEG signals into source space. Subsequently, Lagged phase synchronization was calculated between all pairs of Brodmann areas, the graph theoretical approaches were then employed to estimate the brain topological properties of all participants during the WM task. RESULTS We found better WM behavioral performance in IA subjects compared with the HCs. Moreover, compared to the HC group, more integrated and hierarchical brain network was revealed in the IA subjects in alpha band. And altered regional centrality was mainly resided in frontal and limbic lobes. In addition, significant relationships between the IA severity and the significant altered graph indices were found. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these findings provide evidence to support the notion that altered topological configuration may underline changed WM function observed in IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Da Lian, 116029, China,Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Da Lian, 116029, China,Corresponding author’s e-mail:
| | - Fan Lan
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Da Lian, 116029, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Da Lian, 116029, China
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9
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Sánchez N, Masip J, Gómez-Ariza CJ. Both High Cognitive Load and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Right Inferior Frontal Cortex Make Truth and Lie Responses More Similar. Front Psychol 2020; 11:776. [PMID: 32508700 PMCID: PMC7248556 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Deception scholars have argued that increasing the liar’s cognitive system artificially can produce deception cues. However, if too much load is imposed, the truth tellers’ performance can also be impaired. To address this issue, we designed a veracity task that incorporated a secondary task to increase cognitive load gradually. Also, because deception has been associated with activity in the inferior frontal cortex (IFC), we examined the influence of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the IFC on performance. During stimulation, participants truthfully or deceptively indicated whether each of a number of statements shown on screen was true or not. Higher load decreased recall but not general compliance or response times (RTs). Truthful trials yielded higher compliance rates and faster RTs than deceptive trials except for the highest load level. Anodal right stimulation decreased compliance in truthful trials when participants were not overloaded. Truth telling was more vulnerable to cognitive load and tDCS than lying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Sánchez
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jaume Masip
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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10
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Yu JW, Lim SH, Kim B, Kim E, Kim K, Kyu Park S, Seok Byun Y, Sakong J, Choi JW. Prefrontal functional connectivity analysis of cognitive decline for early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1725-1741. [PMID: 32341843 PMCID: PMC7173911 DOI: 10.1364/boe.382197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive decline (CD) is a major symptom of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Patients with MCI have an increased likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although a cure for AD is currently lacking, medication therapies and/or daily training in the early stage can alleviate disease progression and improve patients' quality of life. Accordingly, investigating CD-related biomarkers via brain imaging devices is crucial for early diagnosis. In particular, "portable" brain imaging devices enable frequent diagnostic checks as a routine clinical tool, and therefore increase the possibility of early AD diagnosis. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate functional connectivity (FC) in the prefrontal cortex measured by a portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device during a working memory (WM) task known as the delayed matching to sample (DMTS) task. Differences in prefrontal FC between healthy control (HC) (n = 23) and CD groups (n = 23) were examined. Intra-group analysis (one-sample t-test) revealed significantly greater prefrontal FC, especially left- and inter-hemispheric FC, in the CD group than in the HC. These observations could be due to a compensatory mechanism of the prefrontal cortex caused by hippocampal degeneration. Inter-group analysis (unpaired two-sample t-test) revealed significant intergroup differences in left- and inter-hemispheric FC. These attributes may serve as a novel biomarker for early detection of MCI. In addition, our findings imply that portable fNIRS devices covering the prefrontal cortex may be useful for early diagnosis of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Yu
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Sung-Ho Lim
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
- Brain Engineering Convergence Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Bomin Kim
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Eunho Kim
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Brain Engineering Convergence Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Byun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Joon Sakong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu 42988, South Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Choi
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
- Brain Engineering Convergence Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
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11
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Abstract
Although recent years have seen large decreases in the overall global rate of suicide fatalities, this trend is not reflected everywhere. Suicide and suicidal behaviour continue to present key challenges for public policy and health services, with increasing suicide deaths in some countries such as the USA. The development of suicide risk is complex, involving contributions from biological (including genetics), psychological (such as certain personality traits), clinical (such as comorbid psychiatric illness), social and environmental factors. The involvement of multiple risk factors in conveying risk of suicide means that determining an individual's risk of suicide is challenging. Improving risk assessment, for example, by using computer testing and genetic screening, is an area of ongoing research. Prevention is key to reduce the number of suicide deaths and prevention efforts include universal, selective and indicated interventions, although these interventions are often delivered in combination. These interventions, combined with psychological (such as cognitive behavioural therapy, caring contacts and safety planning) and pharmacological treatments (for example, clozapine and ketamine) along with coordinated social and public health initiatives, should continue to improve the management of individuals who are suicidal and decrease suicide-associated morbidity.
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12
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Ellingson LD, Stegner AJ, Schwabacher IJ, Lindheimer JB, Cook DB. Catastrophizing Interferes with Cognitive Modulation of Pain in Women with Fibromyalgia. PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 19:2408-2422. [PMID: 29474665 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Pain modulation is a critical function of the nociceptive system that includes the ability to engage descending pain control systems to maintain a functional balance between facilitation and inhibition of incoming sensory stimuli. Dysfunctional pain modulation is associated with increased risk for chronic pain and is characteristic of fibromyalgia (FM). Catastrophizing is also common in FM. However, its influence on pain modulation is poorly understood. Objective To determine the role of catastrophizing on central nervous system processing during pain modulation in FM via examining brain responses and pain sensitivity during an attention-distraction paradigm. Methods Twenty FM patients and 18 healthy controls (CO) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while receiving pain stimuli, administered alone and during distracting cognitive tasks. Pain ratings were assessed after each stimulus. Catastrophizing was assessed with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). Results The ability to modulate pain during distraction varied among FM patients and was associated with catastrophizing. This was demonstrated by significant positive relationships between PCS scores and pain ratings (P < 0.05) and brain responses in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P < 0.01). Relationships between catastrophizing and pain modulation did not differ between FM and CO (P > 0.05). Conclusions FM patients with higher levels of catastrophizing were less able to distract themselves from pain, indicative of catastrophizing-related impairments in pain modulation. These results suggest that the tendency to catastrophize interacts with attention-resource allocation and may represent a mechanism of chronic pain exacerbation and/or maintenance. Reducing catastrophizing may improve FM symptoms via improving central nervous system regulation of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Ellingson
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Aaron J Stegner
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Isaac J Schwabacher
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jacob B Lindheimer
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dane B Cook
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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13
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Hierarchical contributions of linguistic knowledge to talker identification: Phonological versus lexical familiarity. Atten Percept Psychophys 2019; 81:1088-1107. [PMID: 31218598 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Listeners identify talkers more accurately when listening to their native language compared to an unfamiliar, foreign language. This language-familiarity effect in talker identification has been shown to arise from familiarity with both the sound patterns (phonetics and phonology) and the linguistic content (words) of one's native language. However, it has been unknown whether these two sources of information contribute independently to talker identification abilities, particularly whether hearing familiar words can facilitate talker identification in the absence of familiar phonetics. To isolate the contribution of lexical familiarity, we conducted three experiments that tested listeners' ability to identify talkers saying familiar words, but with unfamiliar phonetics. In two experiments, listeners identified talkers from recordings of their native language (English), an unfamiliar foreign language (Mandarin Chinese), or "hybrid" speech stimuli (sentences spoken in Mandarin, but which can be convincingly coerced to sound like English when presented with subtitles that prime plausible English-language lexical interpretations based on the Mandarin phonetics). In a third experiment, we explored natural variation in lexical-phonetic congruence as listeners identified talkers with varying degrees of a Mandarin accent. Priming listeners to hear English speech did not improve their ability to identify talkers speaking Mandarin, even after additional training, and talker identification accuracy decreased as talkers' phonetics became increasingly dissimilar to American English. Together, these experiments indicate that unfamiliar sound patterns preclude talker identification benefits otherwise afforded by familiar words. These results suggest that linguistic representations contribute hierarchically to talker identification; the facilitatory effect of familiar words requires the availability of familiar phonological forms.
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14
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Platas-Neri D, Hidalgo-Tobón S, Chico-Ponce de León F, Muñoz-Delgado J, Phillips KA, Téllez-Alanís B, Villanueva-Valle J, de Celis Alonso B. Brain Connectivity in Ateles geoffroyi: Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Working Memory and Executive Control. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2019; 93:19-33. [PMID: 31039559 DOI: 10.1159/000499177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to describe the organization and connectivity of the working memory (WM) and executive control (EC) networks in Ateles geoffroyi in resting-state conditions. Recent studies have shown that resting-state activity may underlie rudimentary brain functioning, showing that several brain regions can be tonically active at rest, maximizing the efficiency of information transfer while preserving a low physical connection cost. Whole-brain resting-state images were acquired from three healthy adult Ateles monkeys (2 females, 1 male; mean age 10.5 ± SD 2.5 years). Data were analyzed with independent component analysis, and results were grouped together using the GIFT software. The present study compared the EC and WM networks obtained with human data and with results found in the literature in other primate species. Nine resting-state networks were found, which were similar to resting networks found in healthy human adults in the prefrontal basal portion and frontopolar area. Additionally, components of the WM network were found to be extending into the hypothalamus and the olfactory areas. A key finding was the discovery of connections in the WM and EC networks to the hypothalamus, the motor cortex, and the entorhinal cortex, suggesting that information is integrated from larger brain areas. The correlated areas suggest that many elements of WM and EC may be conserved across primate species. Characterization of these networks in resting-state conditions in nonhuman primate brains is a fundamental prerequisite for understanding of the neural bases underlying the evolution and function of this cognitive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Platas-Neri
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico,
| | - Silvia Hidalgo-Tobón
- Departamento de Imagenología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jairo Muñoz-Delgado
- Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Javier Villanueva-Valle
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benito de Celis Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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15
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Gilmour G, Porcelli S, Bertaina-Anglade V, Arce E, Dukart J, Hayen A, Lobo A, Lopez-Anton R, Merlo Pich E, Pemberton DJ, Havenith MN, Glennon JC, Harel BT, Dawson G, Marston H, Kozak R, Serretti A. Relating constructs of attention and working memory to social withdrawal in Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia: issues regarding paradigm selection. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 97:47-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Yang Y, Jia F, Fox PT, Siok WT, Tan LH. Abnormal neural response to phonological working memory demands in persistent developmental stuttering. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:214-225. [PMID: 30145850 PMCID: PMC6865627 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent developmental stuttering is a neurological disorder that commonly manifests as a motor problem. Cognitive theories, however, hold that poorly developed cognitive skills are the origins of stuttering. Working memory (WM), a multicomponent cognitive system that mediates information maintenance and manipulation, is known to play an important role in speech production, leading us to postulate that the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying stuttering may be associated with a WM deficit. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we aimed to elucidate brain mechanisms in a phonological WM task in adults who stutter and controls. A right-lateralized compensatory mechanism for a deficit in the rehearsal process and neural disconnections associated with the central executive dysfunction were found. Furthermore, the neural abnormalities underlying the phonological WM were independent of memory load. This study demonstrates for the first time the atypical neural responses to phonological WM in PWS, shedding new light on the underlying cause of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
| | - Fanlu Jia
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
- Research Imaging InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Wai Ting Siok
- Department of LinguisticsUniversity of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong
| | - Li Hai Tan
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
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17
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Saxena S, Majnemer A, Li K, Beauchamp M, Gagnon I. A cross-sectional analysis on the effects of age on dual tasking in typically developing children. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 83:104-115. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Gu C, Liu ZX, Tannock R, Woltering S. Neural processing of working memory in adults with ADHD in a visuospatial change detection task with distractors. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5601. [PMID: 30245935 PMCID: PMC6149497 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are often characterized by deficits in working memory (WM), which manifest in academic, professional, and mental health difficulties. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of these presumed WM deficits, we compared adults with ADHD to their peers on behavioral and neural indices of WM. We used a visuospatial change detection task with distractors which was designed to assess the brain’s ability to effectively filter out distractors from WM, in addition to testing for effects of WM load. Twenty-seven unmedicated adults with ADHD were compared to 27 matched peers on event-related potential (ERP) measures of WM, i.e., the contralateral delay activity (CDA). Despite severe impairments in everyday life functioning, findings showed no difference in deficits in behavioral tests of working memory for adults with ADHD compared to their peers. Interestingly, there were differences in neural activity between individuals with ADHD and their peers showing that the CDA of individuals with ADHD did not distinguish between high, distractor, and low memory load conditions. These data suggest, in the face of comparable behavioral performance, a difference in neural processing efficiency, wherein the brains of individuals with ADHD may not be as selective in the allocation of neural resources to perform a WM task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gu
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Zhong-Xu Liu
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rosemary Tannock
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Program, Sickkids Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Woltering
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America.,Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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19
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Gong T, Shuai L, Wu Y. Rethinking foundations of language from a multidisciplinary perspective. Phys Life Rev 2018; 26-27:120-138. [PMID: 29709463 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The issue of language foundations has been of great controversy ever since it was first raised in Lenneberg's (1967) monograph Biological Foundations of Language. Based on a survey of recent findings relevant to the study of language acquisition and evolution, we propose that: (i) the biological predispositions for language are largely domain-general, not necessarily language-specific or human-unique; (ii) the socio-cultural environment of language serves as another important foundation of language, which helps shape language components, induce and drive language shift; and (iii) language must have coevolved with the cognitive mechanisms associated with it through intertwined biological and cultural evolution. In addition to theoretical issues, this paper also evaluates the primary approaches recently joining the endeavor of studying language foundations and evolution, including human experiments and computer simulations. Most of the evidence surveyed in this paper comes from a variety of disciplines, and methodology therein complements each other to form a global picture of language foundations. These reflect the complexity of the issue of language foundations and the necessity of taking a multidisciplinary perspective to address it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Center for Linguistics & Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China; Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ, United States of America.
| | - Lan Shuai
- Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Yicheng Wu
- Department of Linguistics and Translation, School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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20
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Ivanova MV, Dragoy O, Kuptsova SV, Yu Akinina S, Petrushevskii AG, Fedina ON, Turken A, Shklovsky VM, Dronkers NF. Neural mechanisms of two different verbal working memory tasks: A VLSM study. Neuropsychologia 2018. [PMID: 29526647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, a distributed bilateral network of frontal-parietal areas is regarded as the neural substrate of working memory (WM), with the verbal WM network being more left-lateralized. This conclusion is based primarily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data that provides correlational evidence for brain regions involved in a task. However, fMRI cannot differentiate the areas that are fundamentally required for performing a task. These data can only come from brain-injured individuals who fail the task after the loss of specific brain areas. In addition to the lack of complimentary data, is the issue of the variety in the WM tasks used to assess verbal WM. When different tasks are assumed to measure the same behavior, this may mask the contributions of different brain regions. Here, we investigated the neural substrate of WM by using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) in 49 individuals with stroke-induced left hemisphere brain injuries. These participants completed two different verbal WM tasks: complex listening span and a word 2-back task. Behavioral results indicated that the two tasks were only slightly related, while the VLSM analysis revealed different critical regions associated with each task. Specifically, significant detriments in performance on the complex span task were found with lesions in the inferior frontal gyrus, while for the 2-back task, significant deficits were seen after injury to the superior and middle temporal gyri. Thus, the two tasks depend on the structural integrity of different, non-overlapping frontal and temporal brain regions, suggesting distinct neural and cognitive mechanisms triggered by the two tasks: rehearsal and cue-dependent selection in the complex span task, versus updating/auditory recognition in the 2-back task. These findings call into question the common practice of using these two tasks interchangeably in verbal WM research and undermine the legitimacy of aggregating data from studies with different WM tasks. Thus, the present study points out the importance of lesion studies in complementing functional neuroimaging findings and highlights the need to consider task demands in neuroimaging and neuropsychological investigations of WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Ivanova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya street, office 510, 105066 Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road 126R, 94553 Martinez, CA, USA.
| | - O Dragoy
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya street, office 510, 105066 Moscow, Russian Federation; Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 3 Poteshnaya street 3, 107076 Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Kuptsova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya street, office 510, 105066 Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya street, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - S Yu Akinina
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya street, office 510, 105066 Moscow, Russian Federation; University of Groningen, Graduate School for the Humanities, P.O. Box 716, NL-9700 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A G Petrushevskii
- Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya street, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - O N Fedina
- Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya street, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Turken
- Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road 126R, 94553 Martinez, CA, USA
| | - V M Shklovsky
- Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 3 Poteshnaya street 3, 107076 Moscow, Russia; Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation, 20 Nikoloyamskaya street, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Dronkers
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Center for Language and Brain, 21/4 Staraya Basmannaya street, office 510, 105066 Moscow, Russian Federation; Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road 126R, 94553 Martinez, CA, USA; University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, 95616 Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Watanabe K, Funahashi S. Toward an understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying dual-task performance: Contribution of comparative approaches using animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 84:12-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Zouraraki C, Karamaouna P, Karagiannopoulou L, Giakoumaki SG. Schizotypy-Independent and Schizotypy-Modulated Cognitive Impairments in Unaffected First-Degree Relatives of Schizophrenia-spectrum Patients. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:1010-1025. [PMID: 28383650 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to compare the neurocognitive profile of unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients with control individuals, controlling for different schizotypal traits. Method One hundred and fifteen adult unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia-spectrum patients and 122 controls were tested for schizotypy with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. They also underwent a thorough neurocognitive assessment with a range of tasks covering several aspects of executive functioning. Between-group differences in cognition were examined first with multivariate analysis of variance and then with a series of multivariate analyses of covariance, including the schizotypal dimensions as covariates. Results The relatives had higher scores on all schizotypal dimensions compared with controls and poorer planning, problem solving, strategy formation and working memory, irrespective of schizotypal traits. They also scored lower in executive working memory and verbal fluency. The difference in executive working memory was sensitive to the effects of paranoid and negative schizotypy (both dimensions abolished the between-group difference) whereas the difference in verbal fluency was sensitive only to the effects of paranoid schizotypy. Neither cognitive-perceptual nor disorganized schizotypy accounted for any differences in neurocognition between relatives and the controls. Conclusions Impairments in planning, problem solving, strategy formation and working memory are "core" impairments in the schizophrenia-spectrum, possibly due to high heritability effects in these functions. Impairments in executive working memory and verbal fluency are associated with paranoid and negative schizotypy, possibly due to alterations in a common fronto-temporo-parietal neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Zouraraki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Penny Karamaouna
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Leda Karagiannopoulou
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
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23
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Bomyea J, Taylor CT, Spadoni AD, Simmons AN. Neural mechanisms of interference control in working memory capacity. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:772-782. [PMID: 29139174 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which one can use cognitive resources to keep information in working memory is known to rely on (1) active maintenance of target representations and (2) downregulation of interference from irrelevant representations. Neurobiologically, the global capacity of working memory is thought to depend on the prefrontal and parietal cortices; however, the neural mechanisms involved in controlling interference specifically in working memory capacity tasks remain understudied. In this study, 22 healthy participants completed a modified complex working memory capacity task (Reading Span) with trials of varying levels of interference control demands while undergoing functional MRI. Neural activity associated with interference control demands was examined separately during encoding and recall phases of the task. Results suggested a widespread network of regions in the prefrontal, parietal, and occipital cortices, and the cingulate and cerebellum associated with encoding, and parietal and occipital regions associated with recall. Results align with prior findings emphasizing the importance of frontoparietal circuits for working memory performance, including the role of the inferior frontal gyrus, cingulate, occipital cortex, and cerebellum in regulation of interference demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bomyea
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Charles T Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Andrea D Spadoni
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Alan N Simmons
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California
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24
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Lutz PE, Mechawar N, Turecki G. Neuropathology of suicide: recent findings and future directions. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1395-1412. [PMID: 28696430 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a major public health concern and a leading cause of death in most societies. Suicidal behaviour is complex and heterogeneous, likely resulting from several causes. It associates with multiple factors, including psychopathology, personality traits, early-life adversity and stressful life events, among others. Over the past decades, studies in fields ranging from neuroanatomy, genetics and molecular psychiatry have led to a model whereby behavioural dysregulation, including suicidal behaviour (SB), develops as a function of biological adaptations in key brain systems. More recently, the unravelling of the unique epigenetic processes that occur in the brain has opened promising avenues in suicide research. The present review explores the various facets of the current knowledge on suicidality and discusses how the rapidly evolving field of neurobehavioural epigenetics may fuel our ability to understand, and potentially prevent, SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-E Lutz
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - N Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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25
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A locus coeruleus-norepinephrine account of individual differences in working memory capacity and attention control. Psychon Bull Rev 2017; 24:1282-1311. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Hessl D, Sansone SM, Berry-Kravis E, Riley K, Widaman KF, Abbeduto L, Schneider A, Coleman J, Oaklander D, Rhodes KC, Gershon RC. The NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery for intellectual disabilities: three preliminary studies and future directions. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:35. [PMID: 27602170 PMCID: PMC5012003 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in understanding molecular and synaptic mechanisms of intellectual disabilities (ID) in fragile X syndrome (FXS) and Down syndrome (DS) through animal models have led to targeted controlled trials with pharmacological agents designed to normalize these underlying mechanisms and improve clinical outcomes. However, several human clinical trials have failed to demonstrate efficacy of these targeted treatments to improve surrogate behavioral endpoints. Because the ultimate index of disease modification in these disorders is amelioration of ID, the validation of cognitive measures for tracking treatment response is essential. Here, we present preliminary research to validate the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery (NIH-TCB) for ID. METHODS We completed three pilot studies of patients with FXS (total n = 63; mean age 19.3 ± 8.3 years, mean mental age 5.3 ± 1.6 years), DS (n = 47; mean age 16.1 ± 6.2, mean mental age 5.4 ± 2.0), and idiopathic ID (IID; n = 16; mean age 16.1 ± 5.0, mean mental age 6.6 ± 2.3) measuring processing speed, executive function, episodic memory, word/letter reading, receptive vocabulary, and working memory using the web-based NIH-TB-CB, addressing feasibility, test-retest reliability, construct validity, ecological validity, and syndrome differences and profiles. RESULTS Feasibility was good to excellent (≥80 % of participants with valid scores) for above mental age 4 years for all tests except list sorting (working memory). Test-retest stability was good to excellent, and convergent validity was similar to or better than results obtained from typically developing children in the normal sample for executive function and language measures. Examination of ecological validity revealed moderate to very strong correlations between the NIH-TCB composite and adaptive behavior and full-scale IQ measures. Syndrome/group comparisons demonstrated significant deficits for the FXS and DS groups relative to IID on attention and inhibitory control, a significant reading weakness for FXS, and a receptive vocabulary weakness for DS. CONCLUSIONS The NIH-TCB has potential for assessing important dimensions of cognition in persons with ID, and several tests may be useful for tracking response to intervention. However, more extensive psychometric studies, evaluation of the NIH-TCB's sensitivity to change, both developmentally and in the context of treatment, and perhaps establishing links to brain function in these populations, are required to determine the true utility of the battery as a set of outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hessl
- Translational Psychophysiology and Assessment Laboratory (T-PAL), MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Stephanie M. Sansone
- Translational Psychophysiology and Assessment Laboratory (T-PAL), MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Karen Riley
- Morgridge College of Education, The University of Denver, Denver, CO USA
| | - Keith F. Widaman
- Graduate School of Education, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Leonard Abbeduto
- Translational Psychophysiology and Assessment Laboratory (T-PAL), MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Translational Psychophysiology and Assessment Laboratory (T-PAL), MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Jeanine Coleman
- Morgridge College of Education, The University of Denver, Denver, CO USA
| | - Dena Oaklander
- School of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kelly C. Rhodes
- School of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
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27
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Huang CY, Chang GC, Tsai YY, Hwang IS. An Increase in Postural Load Facilitates an Anterior Shift of Processing Resources to Frontal Executive Function in a Postural-Suprapostural Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:420. [PMID: 27594830 PMCID: PMC4990564 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in postural-demand resources does not necessarily degrade a concurrent motor task, according to the adaptive resource-sharing hypothesis of postural-suprapostural dual-tasking. This study investigated how brain networks are organized to optimize a suprapostural motor task when the postural load increases and shifts postural control into a less automatic process. Fourteen volunteers executed a designated force-matching task from a level surface (a relative automatic process in posture) and from a stabilometer board while maintaining balance at a target angle (a relatively controlled process in posture). Task performance of the postural and suprapostural tasks, synchronization likelihood (SL) of scalp EEG, and graph-theoretical metrics were assessed. Behavioral results showed that the accuracy and reaction time of force-matching from a stabilometer board were not affected, despite a significant increase in postural sway. However, force-matching in the stabilometer condition showed greater local and global efficiencies of the brain networks than force-matching in the level-surface condition. Force-matching from a stabilometer board was also associated with greater frontal cluster coefficients, greater mean SL of the frontal and sensorimotor areas, and smaller mean SL of the parietal-occipital cortex than force-matching from a level surface. The contrast of supra-threshold links in the upper alpha and beta bands between the two stance conditions validated load-induced facilitation of inter-regional connections between the frontal and sensorimotor areas, but that contrast also indicated connection suppression between the right frontal-temporal and the parietal-occipital areas for the stabilometer stance condition. In conclusion, an increase in stance difficulty alters the neurocognitive processes in executing a postural-suprapostural task. Suprapostural performance is not degraded by increase in postural load, due to (1) increased effectiveness of information transfer, (2) an anterior shift of processing resources toward frontal executive function, and (3) cortical dissociation of control hubs in the parietal-occipital cortex for neural economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ya Huang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei City, Taiwan; Physical Therapy Center, National Taiwan University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Ching Chang
- Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Tsai
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan City, Taiwan; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan City, Taiwan
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Navarro EA, Gomez-Perretta C, Montes F. Low intensity magnetic field influences short-term memory: A study in a group of healthy students. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 37:37-48. [PMID: 26661640 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzes if an external magnetic stimulus (2 kHz and approximately 0.1 μT applied near frontal cortex) influences working memory, perception, binary decision, motor execution, and sustained attention in humans. A magnetic stimulus and a sham stimulus were applied to both sides of the head (frontal cortex close to temporal-parietal area) in young and healthy male test subjects (n = 65) while performing Sternberg's memory scanning task. There was a significant change in reaction time. Times recorded for perception, sustained attention, and motor execution were lower in exposed subjects (P < 0.01). However, time employed in binary decision increased for subjects exposed to magnetic fields. From results, it seems that a low intensity 2 kHz exposure modifies short-term working memory, as well as perception, binary decision, motor execution, and sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A Navarro
- Department of Applied Physics and Electromagnetism, Universitat de València, Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Montes
- Department of Statistics and Operation Research, Universitat de València, Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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Wong CN, Chaddock-Heyman L, Voss MW, Burzynska AZ, Basak C, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Szabo-Reed AN, Phillips SM, Wojcicki T, Mailey EL, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Brain activation during dual-task processing is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:154. [PMID: 26321949 PMCID: PMC4532928 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better cognitive performance and enhanced brain activation. Yet, the extent to which cardiorespiratory fitness-related brain activation is associated with better cognitive performance is not well understood. In this cross-sectional study, we examined whether the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function was mediated by greater prefrontal cortex activation in healthy older adults. Brain activation was measured during dual-task performance with functional magnetic resonance imaging in a sample of 128 healthy older adults (59–80 years). Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with greater activation during dual-task processing in several brain areas including the anterior cingulate and supplementary motor cortex (ACC/SMA), thalamus and basal ganglia, right motor/somatosensory cortex and middle frontal gyrus, and left somatosensory cortex, controlling for age, sex, education, and gray matter volume. Of these regions, greater ACC/SMA activation mediated the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and dual-task performance. We provide novel evidence that cardiorespiratory fitness may support cognitive performance by facilitating brain activation in a core region critical for executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea N Wong
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA ; The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Laura Chaddock-Heyman
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michelle W Voss
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Agnieszka Z Burzynska
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chandramallika Basak
- The Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ruchika S Prakash
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amanda N Szabo-Reed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Siobhan M Phillips
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Wojcicki
- Exercise Science, Lansing School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Bellarmine University Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Emily L Mailey
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Edward McAuley
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
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30
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Burke M. The neuroaesthetics of prose fiction: pitfalls, parameters and prospects. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:442. [PMID: 26283953 PMCID: PMC4522565 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of neuroaesthetic studies on prose fiction. This is in contrast to the very many impressive studies that have been conducted in recent times on the neuroaesthetics of sister arts such as painting, music and dance. Why might this be the case, what are its causes and, of greatest importance, how can it best be resolved? In this article, the pitfalls, parameters and prospects of a neuroaesthetics of prose fiction will be explored. The article itself is part critical review, part methodological proposal and part opinion paper. Its aim is simple: to stimulate, excite and energize thinking in the discipline as to how prose fiction might be fully integrated in the canon of neuroaesthetics and to point to opportunities where neuroimaging studies on literary discourse processing might be conducted in collaborative work bringing humanists and scientists together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Burke
- Rhetoric, University College Roosevelt, Utrecht UniversityMiddelburg, Netherlands
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31
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Hsu WY, Zanto TP, Anguera JA, Lin YY, Gazzaley A. Delayed enhancement of multitasking performance: Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on the prefrontal cortex. Cortex 2015; 69:175-85. [PMID: 26073148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been proposed to play an important role in neural processes that underlie multitasking performance. However, this claim is underexplored in terms of direct causal evidence. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to delineate the causal involvement of the DLPFC during multitasking by modulating neural activity with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) prior to engagement in a demanding multitasking paradigm. METHODS The study is a single-blind, crossover, sham-controlled experiment. Anodal tDCS or sham tDCS was applied over left DLPFC in forty-one healthy young adults (aged 18-35 years) immediately before they engaged in a 3-D video game designed to assess multitasking performance. Participants were separated into three subgroups: real-sham (i.e., real tDCS in the first session, followed by sham tDCS in the second session 1 h later), sham-real (sham tDCS first session, real tDCS second session), and sham-sham (sham tDCS in both sessions). RESULTS The real-sham group showed enhanced multitasking performance and decreased multitasking cost during the second session, compared to first session, suggesting delayed cognitive benefits of tDCS. Interestingly, performance benefits were observed only for multitasking and not on a single-task version of the game. No significant changes were found between the first and second sessions for either the sham-real or the sham-sham groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a causal role of left prefrontal cortex in facilitating the simultaneous performance of more than one task, or multitasking. Moreover, these findings reveal that anodal tDCS may have delayed benefits that reflect an enhanced rate of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Hsu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Integrated Brain Research Laboratory, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joaquin A Anguera
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yung-Yang Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Integrated Brain Research Laboratory, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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32
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Klineburger PC, Harrison DW. The dynamic functional capacity theory: A neuropsychological model of intense emotions. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2015.1029691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Klineburger
- Clinical Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24060, VA, USA
| | - David W. Harrison
- Clinical Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24060, VA, USA
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33
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Chan JL, Kucyi A, DeSouza JFX. Stable Task Representations under Attentional Load Revealed with Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Human Brain Activity. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:1789-800. [PMID: 25941872 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Performing multiple tasks concurrently places a load on limited attentional resources and results in disrupted task performance. Although human neuroimaging studies have investigated the neural correlates of attentional load, how attentional load affects task processing is poorly understood. Here, task-related neural activity was investigated using fMRI with conventional univariate analysis and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) while participants performed blocks of prosaccades and antisaccades, either with or without a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Performing prosaccades and antisaccades with RSVP increased error rates and RTs, decreased mean activation in frontoparietal brain areas associated with oculomotor control, and eliminated differences in activation between prosaccades and antisaccades. However, task identity could be decoded from spatial patterns of activation both in the absence and presence of an attentional load. Furthermore, in the FEFs and intraparietal sulcus, these spatial representations were found to be similar using cross-trial-type MVPA, which suggests stability under attentional load. These results demonstrate that attentional load may disrupt the strength of task-related neural activity, rather than the identity of task representations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Kucyi
- University of Toronto.,Harvard Medical School.,Massachusetts General Hospital
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34
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Moisala M, Salmela V, Salo E, Carlson S, Vuontela V, Salonen O, Alho K. Brain activity during divided and selective attention to auditory and visual sentence comprehension tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:86. [PMID: 25745395 PMCID: PMC4333810 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we measured brain activity of human participants while they performed a sentence congruence judgment task in either the visual or auditory modality separately, or in both modalities simultaneously. Significant performance decrements were observed when attention was divided between the two modalities compared with when one modality was selectively attended. Compared with selective attention (i.e., single tasking), divided attention (i.e., dual-tasking) did not recruit additional cortical regions, but resulted in increased activity in medial and lateral frontal regions which were also activated by the component tasks when performed separately. Areas involved in semantic language processing were revealed predominantly in the left lateral prefrontal cortex by contrasting incongruent with congruent sentences. These areas also showed significant activity increases during divided attention in relation to selective attention. In the sensory cortices, no crossmodal inhibition was observed during divided attention when compared with selective attention to one modality. Our results suggest that the observed performance decrements during dual-tasking are due to interference of the two tasks because they utilize the same part of the cortex. Moreover, semantic dual-tasking did not appear to recruit additional brain areas in comparison with single tasking, and no crossmodal inhibition was observed during intermodal divided attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Moisala
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viljami Salmela
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University Espoo, Finland
| | - Emma Salo
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Synnöve Carlson
- Brain Research Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science Espoo, Finland ; Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virve Vuontela
- Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oili Salonen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Alho
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University Espoo, Finland ; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Marighetto A, Brayda-Bruno L, Etchamendy N. Studying the impact of aging on memory systems: contribution of two behavioral models in the mouse. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 10:67-89. [PMID: 21805395 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present chapter, we describe our own attempts to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of memory in aging. First, we tried to improve animal models of memory degradations occurring in aging, and develop common behavioral tools between mice and humans. Second, we began to use these behavioral tools to identify the molecular/intracellular changes occurring within the integrate network of memory systems in order to bridge the gap between the molecular and system level of analysis. The chapter is divided into three parts (i) modeling aging-related degradation in declarative memory (DM) in mice, (ii) assessing the main components of working memory (WM) with a common radial-maze task in mice and humans and (iii) studying the role of the retinoid cellular signaling path in aging-related changes in memory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Marighetto
- Neurocentre Magendie-Inserm U862, 146 Rue Leo Saignat, 33077, Bordeaux-Cedex, France,
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36
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Fernandez F, Reeves RH. Assessing cognitive improvement in people with Down syndrome: important considerations for drug-efficacy trials. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 228:335-80. [PMID: 25977089 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16522-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental research over just the past decade has raised the possibility that learning deficits connected to Down syndrome (DS) might be effectively managed by medication. In the current chapter, we touch on some of the work that paved the way for these advances and discuss the challenges associated with translating them. In particular, we highlight sources of phenotypic variability in the DS population that are likely to impact performance assessments. Throughout, suggestions are made on how to detect meaningful changes in cognitive-adaptive function in people with DS during drug treatment. The importance of within-subjects evaluation is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA,
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37
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Forbes CE, Leitner JB. Stereotype threat engenders neural attentional bias toward negative feedback to undermine performance. Biol Psychol 2014; 102:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Tulsky DS, Carlozzi NE, Chevalier N, Espy KA, Beaumont JL, Mungas D. V. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): measuring working memory. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2014; 78:70-87. [PMID: 23952203 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Test, which was developed to assess processing speed within the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB). This test is a sequencing task requiring children and adults to process stimuli (presented both visually and auditorily) and sequence the stimuli according to size. We describe the development of the NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Test, highlighting its utility in children. We examine descriptive data, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. Results indicated that List Sorting performance was positively correlated with age indicating that performance on the task improved throughout childhood and early adolescence. Further, test-retest reliability coefficients were high and there was support for both convergent and discriminant validity. These data suggest that the NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Test is reliable and shows evidence of construct validity.
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Neural mechanisms of dual-task interference and cognitive capacity limitation in the prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:601-11. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Khundakar AA, Thomas AJ. Cellular morphometry in late-life depression: a review of postmortem studies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 22:122-32. [PMID: 24012224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of major depression in late life is considerable and set to intensify with a worldwide shift in demographic profile toward an elderly population. Although the precise neurobiological mechanisms are not fully understood, a significant body of clinical, epidemiological, and imaging data have suggested divergent pathophysiological pathways underlie depression in late life, when compared with younger patients. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated significant increases in white matter hyperintensities in late-life depression in several key areas involved in affective circuitry. Postmortem cellular morphometry studies have played a vital role in the identification of discrete changes in the brain microstructure in depression. This review draws together such postmortem studies, which have utilized tissue from younger/mixed age and late-life depressed patients. These findings have suggested varying neuronal and glial cell pathology in depression between different age cohorts. This age-related disparity may suggest different pathophysiological basis for depression, with vascular factors playing a potentially greater role in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Khundakar
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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41
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Kates JM, Arehart KH, Souza PE. Integrating cognitive and peripheral factors in predicting hearing-aid processing effectiveness. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 134:4458. [PMID: 25669257 PMCID: PMC3874061 DOI: 10.1121/1.4824700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Individual factors beyond the audiogram, such as age and cognitive abilities, can influence speech intelligibility and speech quality judgments. This paper develops a neural network framework for combining multiple subject factors into a single model that predicts speech intelligibility and quality for a nonlinear hearing-aid processing strategy. The nonlinear processing approach used in the paper is frequency compression, which is intended to improve the audibility of high-frequency speech sounds by shifting them to lower frequency regions where listeners with high-frequency loss have better hearing thresholds. An ensemble averaging approach is used for the neural network to avoid the problems associated with overfitting. Models are developed for two subject groups, one having nearly normal hearing and the other mild-to-moderate sloping losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Kates
- Department of Speech Language and Hearing Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Kathryn H Arehart
- Department of Speech Language and Hearing Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Pamela E Souza
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201
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Osaka M, Yaoi K, Minamoto T, Osaka N. When do negative and positive emotions modulate working memory performance? Sci Rep 2013; 3:1375. [PMID: 23459220 PMCID: PMC3587882 DOI: 10.1038/srep01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated when emotion modulates working memory from the perspective of neural activation. Using fMRI, we measured brain activity during the encoding and retrieval phases of a reading span test (RST) that used emotional contexts. The emotional RST required participants to read sentences that elicited negative, neural or positive emotional states while they were memorizing target words from the sentences. Compared with the neutral RST, the negative RST activated the right amygdala during the reading phase. Significant activation was also found in the parahippocampal gyrus, albeit only after activation of the amygdala became comparable to that in the neutral RST. In contrast, the positive RST activated the substantia nigra during the reading phase relative to the neutral RST. These findings suggest that negative and positive emotions modulate working memory through distinctive neural circuits. We also discuss possible relationships between emotional modulation and working memory capacity.
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Boisgontier MP, Beets IAM, Duysens J, Nieuwboer A, Krampe RT, Swinnen SP. Age-related differences in attentional cost associated with postural dual tasks: increased recruitment of generic cognitive resources in older adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1824-37. [PMID: 23911924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dual-task designs have been used widely to study the degree of automatic and controlled processing involved in postural stability of young and older adults. However, several unexplained discrepancies in the results weaken this literature. To resolve this problem, a careful selection of dual-task studies that met certain methodological criteria are considered with respect to reported interactions of age (young vs. older adults)×task (single vs. dual task) in stable and unstable postural conditions. Our review shows that older adults are able to perform a postural dual task as well as younger adults in stable conditions. However, when the complexity of the postural task is increased by dynamic conditions (surface and surround), performance in postural, concurrent, or both tasks is more affected in older relative to young adults. In light of neuroimaging studies and new conceptual frameworks, these results demonstrate an age-related increase of controlled processing of standing associated with greater intermittent adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu P Boisgontier
- Motor Control Laboratory, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuurse vest 101, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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44
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Mosebach J, Keilhoff G, Gos T, Schiltz K, Schoeneck L, Dobrowolny H, Mawrin C, Müller S, Schroeter ML, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Steiner J. Increased nuclear Olig1-expression in the pregenual anterior cingulate white matter of patients with major depression: a regenerative attempt to compensate oligodendrocyte loss? J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1069-79. [PMID: 23615187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural and functional oligodendrocyte deficits as well as impaired myelin integrity have been described in affective disorders and schizophrenia, and may disturb the connectivity between disease-relevant brain regions. Olig1, an oligodendroglial transcription factor, might be important in this context, but has not been systematically studied so far. METHODS Nissl- and Olig1-stained oligodendrocytes were quantified in the pregenual anterior cingulate (pACC)/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and adjacent white matter of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD, n = 9), bipolar disorder (BD, n = 8), schizophrenia (SZ, n = 13), and matched controls (n = 16). Potential downstream effects of increased Olig1-expression were analyzed. Antidepressant drug effects on Olig1-expression were further explored in OLN-93 oligodendrocyte cultures. RESULTS Nissl-stainings of both white matter regions showed a 19-27% reduction of total oligodendrocyte densities in MDD and BD, but not in SZ. In contrast, nuclear Olig1-immunoreactivity was elevated in MDD in the pACC-adjacent white matter (left: p = 0.008; right: p = 0.018); this effect tended to increase with antidepressant dosage (r = 0.631, p = 0.069). This reactive increase of Olig1 was confirmed by partly dose-dependent effects of imipramine and amitriptyline in oligodendrocyte cultures. Correspondingly, MBP expression in the pACC-adjacent white matter tended to increase with antidepressant dosage (r = 0.637, p = 0.065). Other tested brain regions showed no diagnosis-dependent differences regarding Olig1-immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS Since nuclear Olig1-expression marks oligodendrocyte precursor cells, its increased expression along with reduced total oligodendrocyte densities (Nissl-stained) in the pACC-adjacent white matter of MDD patients might indicate a (putatively medication-boosted) regenerative attempt to compensate oligodendrocyte loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mosebach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Nakae A, Endo K, Adachi T, Ikeda T, Hagihira S, Mashimo T, Osaka M. The influence of working memory capacity on experimental heat pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 14:1088-96. [PMID: 23773342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pain processing and attention have a bidirectional interaction that depends upon one's relative ability to use limited-capacity resources. However, correlations between the size of limited-capacity resources and pain have not been evaluated. Working memory capacity, which is a cognitive resource, can be measured using the reading span task (RST). In this study, we hypothesized that an individual's potential working memory capacity and subjective pain intensity are related. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated 31 healthy participants' potential working memory capacity using the RST, and then applied continuous experimental heat stimulation using the listening span test (LST), which is a modified version of the RST. Subjective pain intensities were significantly lower during the challenging parts of the RST. The pain intensity under conditions where memorizing tasks were performed was compared with that under the control condition, and it showed a correlation with potential working memory capacity. These results indicate that working memory capacity reflects the ability to process information, including precise evaluations of changes in pain perception. PERSPECTIVE In this work, we present data suggesting that changes in subjective pain intensity are related, depending upon individual potential working memory capacities. Individual working memory capacity may be a phenotype that reflects sensitivity to changes in pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Nakae
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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Executive functions in mild cognitive impairment: Emergence and breakdown of neural plasticity. Cortex 2013; 49:1268-79. [PMID: 22841389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Piai V, Roelofs A. Working memory capacity and dual-task interference in picture naming. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2013; 142:332-42. [PMID: 23419811 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have found no agreement on whether dual-task interference in language performance, such as dual-task interference from tone discrimination on picture naming, reflects passive queuing or active scheduling of processes for each task. According to a passive-queuing account, while a central response-selection bottleneck is occupied by the tone discrimination task, picture naming is held in a passive queue until the bottleneck is freed. In contrast, according to an active-scheduling account, participants determine the order in which the tasks proceed, monitor progress on the tasks, suspend picture naming and hold it in working memory, and determine when to resume picture naming. Here, we report a study that assessed the relative merits of the queuing and scheduling accounts by examining whether the magnitude of dual-task interference in picture naming is associated with individual differences in the capacity of monitoring and updating of working memory representations, as assessed by the operation-span task. We observed that the updating/monitoring ability correlated with the speed of picture naming and with the magnitude of the interference from tone discrimination on picture naming. These results lend support to the active-scheduling account of dual-task interference in picture naming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Piai
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Trebbastoni A, Raccah R, de Lena C, Zangen A, Inghilleri M. Repetitive deep transcranial magnetic stimulation improves verbal fluency and written language in a patient with primary progressive aphasia-logopenic variant (LPPA). Brain Stimul 2012; 6:545-53. [PMID: 23122915 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no therapies are available for the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (LPPA). Even though deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may improve cognitive functions in some neurodegenerative disorders, no previous studies investigated its effects in patients with LPPA. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the effects on cognitive function of high frequency rTMS (hf-rTMS) delivered over the left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) through a coil designed for deep rTMS, compared to a SHAM stimulation, in a right-handed patient with LPPA. METHODS The patient presented a progressive language impairment (phonological errors in speech and naming, impaired single word retrieval and sentences repetition) and predominant left perisylvian atrophy and hypoperfusion. He received four stimulation cycles (two REAL and two SHAM) each of whom lasted 20 min for 5 consecutive days. Patient's performances in frontal, visuo-spatial and linguistic tasks were evaluated before and after each stimulation session. Test scores after REAL were compared with those obtained at baseline and after SHAM. RESULTS We found a temporary and highly significant improvement in the linguistic skills (both oral and written tasks) but not in the other cognitive domains tested, after REAL, but not SHAM stimulations. DISCUSSION Hf-rTMS delivered over the DLPFC could improve language in LPPA by enhancing long-term potentiation and synaptic plasticity within the stimulated and interconnected areas involved in language network. Our findings might prompt future researches into the feasibility and efficacy of deep hf-rTMS as a therapeutic tool in progressive aphasia syndromes and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Wu T, Liu J, Hallett M, Zheng Z, Chan P. Cerebellum and integration of neural networks in dual-task processing. Neuroimage 2012; 65:466-75. [PMID: 23063842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing two tasks simultaneously (dual-task) is common in human daily life. The neural correlates of dual-task processing remain unclear. In the current study, we used a dual motor and counting task with functional MRI (fMRI) to determine whether there are any areas additionally activated for dual-task performance. Moreover, we investigated the functional connectivity of these added activated areas, as well as the training effect on brain activity and connectivity. We found that the right cerebellar vermis, left lobule V of the cerebellar anterior lobe and precuneus are additionally activated for this type of dual-tasking. These cerebellar regions had functional connectivity with extensive motor- and cognitive-related regions. Dual-task training induced less activation in several areas, but increased the functional connectivity between these cerebellar regions and numbers of motor- and cognitive-related areas. Our findings demonstrate that some regions within the cerebellum can be additionally activated with dual-task performance. Their role in dual motor and cognitive task processes is likely to integrate motor and cognitive networks, and may be involved in adjusting these networks to be more efficient in order to perform dual-tasking properly. The connectivity of the precuneus differs from the cerebellar regions. A possible role of the precuneus in dual-tasks may be to monitor the operation of active brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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