Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclooxygenases)-1 and -2

Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 promotes thrombosis in atrial fibrillation through modulation of platelet activation, macrophage infiltration, inflammation, and autophagy inhibition

BACKGROUND

Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (PTGS1) is known to regulate platelet function and inflammation. However, its role in atrial fibrillation (AF)-related thrombosis is not well understood. This study investigates the role of PTGS1 in AF-associated thrombus formation and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Left atrial appendage (LAA) tissues were collected from 48 patients undergoing valve replacement surgery, divided into three groups: sinus rhythm (SR), AF with thrombus [AF (+) T (+)], and AF without thrombus [AF (+) T (-)]. PTGS1 expression, platelet activation markers (MPA, sCD40L, and d-dimer), macrophage phenotypes (M1 and M2), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), and autophagy-related proteins (LC3II and p62) were assessed. Furthermore, the effect of PTGS1 manipulation on autophagy in endocardial endothelial cells (EECs) was examined using cell transfection experiments.

RESULTS

PTGS1 expression was significantly higher in LAA tissues of AF (+) T (+) patients compared to AF (+) T (-) and SR groups. It was positively correlated with reduced LAA emptying velocity (LAAEV), higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores, and elevated platelet activation markers (MPA, sCD40L, and d-dimer). Data also showed increased M1 macrophage infiltration and higher pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) in AF (+) T (+) patients, with PTGS1 expression strongly linked to these markers. Furthermore, PTGS1 overexpression inhibited autophagy in EECs by decreasing LC3II/LC3I ratio and increasing p62 levels, while PTGS1 knockdown promoted autophagy, protecting against endothelial dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONS

PTGS1 is overexpressed in AF patients with thrombosis and may play an important role in promoting thrombus formation through enhanced platelet activation, inflammation, and inhibition of autophagy.

The anti-inflammation pharmacodynamics of lithium: Therapy of bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a severe mental disorder that necessitates effective long-term treatment strategies. Clinically, lithium has demonstrated favorable outcomes in managing this condition. The inflammatory theory posits that bipolar disorder is influenced by an inflammatory response, and lithium is thought to mitigate this disorder by inhibiting such responses. In terms of the pharmacodynamics of blocking inflammatory mediators, lithium mainly acts on GSK-3β. Upon interaction with GSK-3β, lithium can suppress the gene expression of inflammatory mediators, subsequently reducing their secretion. This mechanism influences multiple downstream pathways, ultimately contributing to the therapeutic effects observed in bipolar disorder. Specifically, these pathways include the arachidonic acid pathway, nitric oxide synthase pathway, neurotransmitter pathway, and so on. This article reviews the pharmacodynamic targets and mechanisms of lithium, offering insights into the appropriate clinical application of lithium and the advancement of lithium pharmacotherapies.

Antitumor Activity of Warbugia ugandensis: Methanolic Extracts and Gene Regulation in Colorectal Cancer

A promising approach to accelerating the development of innovative anti-cancer therapies involves the evaluation of natural plant compounds. In this study, we focused on examining the effects of Warbugia ugandensis (W. ugandensis) methanolic root and stem infusions on the activity of five target genes-COX-2, CASPS-9, Bcl-xL, Bcl2, and 5-LOX-using colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines (Caco-2). The plant extracts were prepared for testing by dissolving them in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) after undergoing a step-by-step extraction process. Caco-2 cells were then treated with different concentrations of the extracts, and RNA was extracted and purified for analysis. Our results demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship between the phytoconstituents of W. ugandensis and the overexpression of CASP9, along with the downregulation of COX-2, 5-LOX, Bcl-xL, and Bcl2 genes. This suggests that W. ugandensis acts as a potent natural inhibitor of CRC progression. Given the potential clinical benefits, we propose the use of W. ugandensis methanolic root and stem extracts as promising organic inhibitors for CRC tumorigenesis, with more in vitro studies warranted to validate and expand on our findings. Additionally, we recommend further studies to identify and characterize the specific metabolites in W. ugandensis that contribute to the modulation of pathways responsible for inhibiting CRC growth.

Impact of Lysine to Methionine Ratios on Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function in the Rumen of Tibetan Sheep: An RNA-Seq Analysis

With global protein prices on the rise, lowering protein levels in animal feed, together with balancing diet composition and reducing nitrogen emissions, can both reduce the environmental impact of agriculture and save on feed costs. However, the formulation of an ideal amino acid (AA) composition is crucial for better protein utilization by livestock. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different lysine to methionine ratios on the antioxidant capacity and immune function of the rumen in Tibetan sheep. Ninety male Tibetan sheep, weaned at 2 months of age, were randomly divided into three groups (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 lysine ratios) and subjected to a 100-day feeding trial. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was utilized to analyse the impact of different AA ratios on gene expression in rumen tissue, whereas the levels of antioxidant enzymes (total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px] and catalase [CAT]) and immunoglobulins (immunoglobulin A [IgA], immunoglobulin G [IgG] and immunoglobulin M [IgM]) were evaluated. The results indicated that the 1:1 group significantly upregulated the expression of PTGS2, PLA2G12A and PLA2G4 genes, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing free radical production and modulating systemic immune responses. COL16A1 and KCNK5 were highly expressed in the protein digestion and absorption pathway, maintaining the structural integrity and function of the rumen epithelium. BMP4 and TGFBR2 were significantly enriched in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and positively correlated with CAT and T-AOC. ITGA8 was upregulated in the 1:1 group, participating in the regulation of various cellular signalling pathways. ATP2B1 was enriched in the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)- protein kinase G (PKG) signalling and mineral absorption pathways, primarily influencing oxidative stress and immune responses by regulating intracellular calcium ion concentration. This study demonstrates that a 1:1 lysine to methionine ratio is most beneficial for enhancing the antioxidant capacity and immune function of the rumen in Tibetan sheep.

Expression Profiles of Fatty Acid Transporters and the Role of n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Porcine Endometrium

Fatty acids (FAs) are important for cell membrane composition, eicosanoid synthesis, and metabolic processes. Membrane proteins that facilitate FA transport into cells include FA translocase (also known as CD36) and FA transporter proteins (encoded by SLC27A genes). The present study aimed to examine expression profiles of FA transporters in the endometrium of cyclic and early pregnant gilts on days 3 to 20 after estrus and the possible regulation by conceptus signals and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). The effect of PUFAs on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and transcript abundance of genes related to FA action and metabolism, angiogenesis, and immune response was also determined. Day after estrus and reproductive status of animals affected FA transporter expression, with greater levels of CD36, SLC27A1, and SLC27A4 observed in pregnant than in cyclic gilts. Conceptus-conditioned medium and/or estradiol-17β stimulated SLC27A1 and CD36 expression. Among PUFAs, linoleic acid decreased SLC27A1 and SLC27A6 mRNA expression, while arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, and eicosapentaenoic acids increased SLC27A4 transcript abundance. Moreover, arachidonic acid stimulated ACOX1, CPT1A, and IL1B expression and increased PGE2 and PGI2 secretion. In turn, α-linolenic acid up-regulated VEGFA, FGF2, FABP4, and PPARG mRNA expression. These results indicate the presence of an active transport of FAs in the porcine endometrium and the role of PUFAs as modulators of the uterine activity during conceptus implantation.

Prostanoid signaling in retinal vascular diseases

The vasculature of the retina is exposed to systemic and local factors that have the capacity to induce several retinal vascular diseases, each of which may lead to vision loss. Prostaglandin signaling has arisen as a potential therapeutic target for several of these diseases due to the diverse manners in which these lipid mediators may affect retinal blood vessel function. Previous reports and clinical practices have investigated cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to address retinal diseases with varying degrees of success; however, targeting individual prostanoids or their distinct receptors affords more signaling specificity and poses strong potential for therapeutic development. This review offers a comprehensive view of prostanoid signaling involved in five key retinal vascular diseases: retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal occlusive diseases, and uveitis. Mechanistic and clinical studies of these lipid mediators provide an outlook for therapeutic development with the potential to reduce vision loss in each of these conditions.

Particulate Matter and Its Molecular Effects on Skin: Implications for Various Skin Diseases

Particulate matter (PM) is a harmful air pollutant composed of chemicals and metals which affects human health by penetrating both the respiratory system and skin, causing oxidative stress and inflammation. This review investigates the association between PM and skin disease, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms and specific disease pathways involved. Studies have shown that PM exposure is positively associated with skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and skin aging. PM-induced oxidative stress damages lipids, proteins, and DNA, impairing cellular functions and triggering inflammatory responses through pathways like aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), NF-κB, and MAPK. This leads to increased production of inflammatory cytokines and exacerbates skin conditions. PM exposure exacerbates AD by triggering inflammation and barrier disruption. It disrupts keratinocyte differentiation and increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in psoriasis. In acne, it increases sebum production and inflammatory biomarkers. It accelerates skin aging by degrading ECM proteins and increasing MMP-1 and COX2. In conclusion, PM compromises skin health by penetrating skin barriers, inducing oxidative stress and inflammation through mechanisms like ROS generation and activation of key pathways, leading to cellular damage, apoptosis, and autophagy. This highlights the need for protective measures and targeted treatments to mitigate PM-induced skin damage.

Fluorescent imaging probes for in vivo ovarian cancer targeted detection and surgery

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer, with a survival rate of approximately 40% at five years from the diagno. The first-line treatment consists of cytoreductive surgery combined with chemotherapy (platinum- and taxane-based drugs). To date, the main prognostic factor is related to the complete surgical resection of tumor lesions, including occult micrometastases. The presence of minimal residual diseases not detected by visual inspection and palpation during surgery significantly increases the risk of disease relapse. Intraoperative fluorescence imaging systems have the potential to improve surgical outcomes. Fluorescent tracers administered to the patient may support surgeons for better real-time visualization of tumor lesions during cytoreductive procedures. In the last decade, consistent with the discovery of an increasing number of ovarian cancer-specific targets, a wide range of fluorescent agents were identified to be employed for intraoperatively detecting ovarian cancer. Here, we present a collection of fluorescent probes designed and developed for fluorescence-guided ovarian cancer surgery. Original articles published between 2011 and November 2022 focusing on fluorescent probes, currently under preclinical and clinical investigation, were searched in PubMed. The keywords used were targeted detection, ovarian cancer, fluorescent probe, near-infrared fluorescence, fluorescence-guided surgery, and intraoperative imaging. All identified papers were English-language full-text papers, and probes were classified based on the location of the biological target: intracellular, membrane, and extracellular.

Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin and naproxen) on inflammation-associated proteomic profiles in mouse plasma and prostate during TMPRSS2-ERG (fusion)-driven prostate carcinogenesis

Recent preclinical studies have shown that the intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) aspirin and naproxen could be an effective intervention strategy against TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-driven prostate tumorigenesis. Herein, as a follow-up mechanistic study, employing TMPRSS2-ERG (fusion) positive tumors and plasma from TMPRSS2-ERG. Ptenflox/flox mice, we profiled the stage specific proteomic changes (focused on inflammatory circulating and prostate tissue/tumor-specific cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors/growth signaling-associated molecules) that contribute to prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression in the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-driven mouse model of tumorigenesis. In addition, the association of the protective effects of NSAIDs (aspirin 1400 ppm and naproxen 400 ppm) with the modulation of these specific molecular pathways was determined. A sandwich Elisa based membrane array-proteome profiler identifying 111 distinct signaling molecules was employed. Overall, the plasma and prostate tissue sample analyses identified 54 significant and differentially expressed cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors/growth signaling-associated molecules between PCa afflicted mice (TMPRSS2-ERG. Ptenflox/flox, age-matched noncancerous controls, NSAIDs-supplemented and no-drug controls). Bioinformatic analysis of the array outcomes indicated that the protective effect of NSAIDs was associated with reduced expression of (a) tumor promoting inflammatory molecules (M-CSF, IL-33, CCL22, CCL12, CX3CL1, CHI3L1, and CD93), (b) growth factors- growth signaling-associated molecules (Chemerin, FGF acidic, Flt-3 ligand, IGFBP-5, and PEDF), and (c) tumor microenvironment/stromal remodeling proteins MMP2 and MMP9. Overall, our findings corroborate the pathological findings that protective effects of NSAIDs in TMPSS2-ERG fusion-driven prostate tumorigenesis are associated with antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects and possible modulation of the immune cell enriched microenvironment.

Prostaglandin E2 in the Tumor Microenvironment, a Convoluted Affair Mediated by EP Receptors 2 and 4

The involvement of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) system in cancer progression has long been recognized. PGE2 functions as an autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule with pleiotropic effects in the human body. High levels of intratumoral PGE2 and overexpression of the key metabolic enzymes of PGE2 have been observed and suggested to contribute to tumor progression. This has been claimed for different types of solid tumors, including, but not limited to, lung, breast, and colon cancer. PGE2 has direct effects on tumor cells and angiogenesis that are known to promote tumor development. However, one of the main mechanisms behind PGE2 driving cancerogenesis is currently thought to be anchored in suppressed antitumor immunity, thus providing possible therapeutic targets to be used in cancer immunotherapies. EP2 and EP4, two receptors for PGE2, are emerging as being the most relevant for this purpose. This review aims to summarize the known roles of PGE2 in the immune system and its functions within the tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has long been known to be a signaling molecule in cancer. Its presence in tumors has been repeatedly associated with disease progression. Elucidation of its effects on immunological components of the tumor microenvironment has highlighted the potential of PGE2 receptor antagonists in cancer treatment, particularly in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapeutics. Adjuvant treatment could increase the response rates and the efficacy of immune-based therapies.

3D-QSAR pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, molecular docking, MD simulations, in vitro and in vivo studies to identify potential anti-hyperplasia drugs

Psoriasis is a common immune-mediated skin condition characterized by aberrant keratinocytes and cell proliferation. The purpose of this study was to explore the FDA-approved drugs by 3D-QSAR pharmacophore model and evaluate their efficiency by in-silico, in vitro, and in vivo psoriasis animal model. A 3D-QSAR pharmacophore model was developed by utilizing HypoGen algorithm using the structural features of 48 diaryl derivatives with diverse molecular patterns. The model was validated by a test set of 27 compounds, by cost analysis method, and Fischer's randomization test. The correlation coefficient of the best model (Hypo2) was 0.9601 for the training set while it was 0.805 for the test set. The selected model was taken as a 3D query for the virtual screening of over 3000 FDA-approved drugs. Compounds mapped with the pharmacophore model were further screened through molecular docking. The hits that showed the best docking results were screened through in silico skin toxicity approach. Top five hits were selected for the MD simulation studies. Based on MD simulations results, the best two hit molecules, that is, ebastine (Ebs) and mebeverine (Mbv) were selected for in vitro and in vivo antioxidant studies performed in mice. TNF-α and COX pro-inflammatory mediators, biochemical assays, histopathological analyses, and immunohistochemistry observations confirmed the anti-inflammatory response of the selected drugs. Based on these findings, it appeared that Ebs can effectively treat psoriasis-like skin lesions and down-regulate inflammatory responses which was consistent with docking predictions and could potentially be employed for further research on inflammation-related skin illnesses such as psoriasis.

Ferroptosis: Emerging mechanisms, biological function, and therapeutic potential in cancer and inflammation

Ferroptosis represents a distinct form of programmed cell death triggered by excessive iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation-induced damage. This mode of cell death differentiates from classical programmed cell death in terms of morphology and biochemistry. Ferroptosis stands out for its exceptional biological characteristics and has garnered extensive research and conversations as a form of programmed cell death. Its dysfunctional activation is closely linked to the onset of diseases, particularly inflammation and cancer, making ferroptosis a promising avenue for combating these conditions. As such, exploring ferroptosis may offer innovative approaches to treating cancer and inflammatory diseases. Our review provides insights into the relevant regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, examining the impact of ferroptosis-related factors from both physiological and pathological perspectives. Describing the crosstalk between ferroptosis and tumor- and inflammation-associated signaling pathways and the potential of ferroptosis inducers in overcoming drug-resistant cancers are discussed, aiming to inform further novel therapeutic directions for ferroptosis in relation to inflammatory and cancer diseases.

Interaction between escitalopram and ibuprofen or paracetamol: DFT and molecular docking on the drug-drug interactions

A large number of drugs are introduced each year to treat different diseases. Most of the time, patients suffer from more than one health problem which makes it necessary to take multiple drugs. When drugs are combined, the problem of drug-drug interaction becomes relevant. In this work, we studied the drug-drug interaction between escitalopram and ibuprofen or paracetamol using density functional theory and quantum theory of atoms in molecules. The results suggest that following the interactions, the activity of drugs changes according to site of interaction. Most reactive and most stable interactions would be preferable for the purpose of use. The in silico drug-likeness studies show that escitalopram and paracetamol couple is more bioavailable than escitalopram and ibuprofen couple. Moreover, in order to gain additional insights into the mentioned drugs' interactions, the drugs were docked separately and jointly against the potential targets for antidepressants and NSAIDs, namely 6HIS and 2PXX. The molecular docking results showed a potential improvement of the effectiveness of the drugs after combining by forming hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic contacts and π…π stacking.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Molecular Mechanism of the Asarum-Angelica Drug Pair in the Treatment of Periodontitis Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification

(1) To examine the potential mechanism of the Asarum-Angelica drug pair against periodontitis and provide an experimental basis for the treatment of periodontitis with herbal medicine. (2) The core components and core targets of the Asarum-Angelica drug pair in the treatment of periodontitis were detected according to network pharmacology methods. Finally, the effect of the Asarum-Angelica drug pair on osteogenic differentiation was observed in mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells. (3) According to the results of network pharmacology, there are 10 potential active ingredients in the Asarum-Angelica drug pair, and 44 potential targets were obtained by mapping the targets with periodontitis treatment. Ten potential active ingredients, such as kaempferol and β-sitosterol, may play a role in treating periodontitis. Cell experiments showed that the Asarum-Angelica drug pair can effectively promote the expression of osteoblast markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Runt-related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2), and BCL2 mRNA and protein in an inflammatory environment (p < 0.05). (4) Network pharmacology effectively analyzed the molecular mechanism of Asarum-Angelica in the treatment of periodontitis, and the Asarum-Angelica drug pair can promote the differentiation of osteoblasts.

Dual COX-2/15-LOX inhibitors: A new avenue in the prevention of cancer

Dual cyclooxygenase 2/15-lipoxygenase inhibitors constitute a valuable alternative to classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, as well as preventing the cancer. Indeed, these latter present diverse side effects, which are reduced or absent in dual-acting agents. In this review, COX-2 and 15-LOX (15-lipoxygenase) pathways are first described in order to highlight the therapeutic interest of designing such compounds. Various structural families of dual inhibitors are illustrated. This study discloses various structural families of dual 15-LOX/COX-2 inhibitors, thus pave the way to design potentially-active anticancer agents with balanced dual inhibition of these enzymes.

Advances and challenges in regenerative dentistry: A systematic review of calcium phosphate and silicate-based materials on human dental pulp stem cells

Conventional dentistry faces limitations in preserving tooth health due to the finite lifespan of restorative materials. Regenerative dentistry, utilizing stem cells and bioactive materials, offers a promising approach for regenerating dental tissues. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and bioactive materials like calcium phosphate (CaP) and silicate-based materials have shown potential for dental tissue regeneration. This systematic review aims to investigate the effects of CaP and silicate-based materials on hDPSCs through in vitro studies published since 2015. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search strategy was implemented in PubMed MedLine, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect databases. Eligibility criteria were established using the PICOS scheme. Data extraction and risk of bias (RoB) assessment were conducted, with the included studies assessed for bias using the Office of Health and Translation (OHAT) RoB tool. The research has been registered at OSF Registries. Ten in vitro studies met the eligibility criteria out of 1088 initial studies. Methodological heterogeneity and the use of self-synthesized biomaterials with limited generalizability were observed in the included study. The findings highlight the positive effect of CaP and silicate-based materials on hDPSCs viability, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. While the overall RoB assessment indicated satisfactory credibility of the reviewed studies, the limited number of studies and methodological heterogeneity pose challenges for quantitative research. In conclusion, this systematic review provides valuable insights into the effects of CaP and silicate-based materials on hDPSCs. Further research is awaited to enhance our understanding and optimize regenerative dental treatments using bioactive materials and hDPSCs, which promise to improve patient outcomes.

Progesterone control of myometrial contractility

During pregnancy, the primary function of the uterus is to be quiescent and not contract, which allows the growing fetus to develop and mature. A uterine muscle layer, myometrium, is composed of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Before the onset of labor contractions, the uterine SMCs experience a complex biochemical and molecular transformation involving the expression of contraction-associated proteins. Labor is initiated when genes in SMCs are activated in response to a combination of hormonal, inflammatory and mechanical signals. In this review, we provide an overview of molecular mechanisms regulating the process of parturition in humans, focusing on the hormonal control of the myometrium, particularly the steroid hormone progesterone. The primary reason for discussing the regulation of myometrial contractility by progesterone is the importance of the clinical problem of preterm birth. It is thought that the hormonal mechanisms regulating premature uterine contractions represent an untimely triggering of the normal events occurring during term parturition. Yet, our knowledge of the complex and redundant hormonal pathways controlling uterine contractile activity leading to delivery of the neonate remains incomplete. Finally, we introduce recent animal studies using a novel class of drugs, Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators, targeting progesterone signaling to prevent premature myometrial contractions.

Inactivation of TRPM7 Kinase Targets AKT Signaling and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Human CML Cells

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key regulator of inflammation. High constitutive COX-2 expression enhances survival and proliferation of cancer cells, and adversely impacts antitumor immunity. The expression of COX-2 is modulated by various signaling pathways. Recently, we identified the melastatin-like transient-receptor-potential-7 (TRPM7) channel-kinase as modulator of immune homeostasis. TRPM7 protein is essential for leukocyte proliferation and differentiation, and upregulated in several cancers. It comprises of a cation channel and an atypical α-kinase, linked to inflammatory cell signals and associated with hallmarks of tumor progression. A role in leukemia has not been established, and signaling pathways are yet to be deciphered. We show that inhibiting TRPM7 channel-kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells results in reduced constitutive COX-2 expression. By utilizing a CML-derived cell line, HAP1, harboring CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TRPM7 knockout, or a point mutation inactivating TRPM7 kinase, we could link this to reduced activation of AKT serine/threonine kinase and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2). We identified AKT as a direct in vitro substrate of TRPM7 kinase. Pharmacologic blockade of TRPM7 in wildtype HAP1 cells confirmed the effect on COX-2 via altered AKT signaling. Addition of an AKT activator on TRPM7 kinase-dead cells reconstituted the wildtype phenotype. Inhibition of TRPM7 resulted in reduced phosphorylation of AKT and diminished COX-2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from CML patients, and reduced proliferation in patient-derived CD34+ cells. These results highlight a role of TRPM7 kinase in AKT-driven COX-2 expression and suggest a beneficial potential of TRPM7 blockade in COX-2-related inflammation and malignancy.

The anti-inflammatory and vasoprotective properties of mPGES-1 inhibition offer promising therapeutic potential

INTRODUCTION

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is produced by cyclooxygenases (COX-1/2) and the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1). PGE2 is pro-inflammatory in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. While Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) targeting COX can effectively reduce inflammation, their use is limited by gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects resulting from the blockade of all prostanoids. To overcome this limitation, selective inhibition of mPGES-1 is being explored as an alternative therapeutic strategy to inhibit PGE2 production while sparing or even upregulating other prostaglandins. However, the exact timing and location of PGH2 conversion to PGD2, PGI2, TXB2 or PGF2α, and whether it hinders or supports the therapeutic effect of mPGES-1 inhibition, is not fully understood.

AREAS COVERED

The article briefly describes prostanoid history and metabolism with a strong focus on the vascular effects of prostanoids. Recent advances in mPGES-1 inhibitor development and results from pre-clinical and clinical studies are presented. Prostanoid shunting after mPGES-1 inhibition is highlighted and particularly discussed in the context of cardiovascular diseases.

EXPERT OPINION

The newest research demonstrates that inhibition of mPGES-1 is a potent anti-inflammatory treatment strategy and beneficial and safer regarding cardiovascular side effects compared to NSAIDs. Inhibitors of mPGES-1 hold great potential to advance to the clinic and there are ongoing phase-II trials in endometriosis.

Eccentric contractions during downhill running induce Osgood‒Schlatter disease in the tibial tuberosity in rats: a focus on histological structures

Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD), a condition that affects adolescents, causes inflammation, pain, and prominence at the tibial tuberosity. The causes of OSD are not well understood, but eccentric contractions in the quadriceps have been suggested as a possible factor. To investigate this, a study was conducted in which 24 rats were divided into two groups: the downhill treadmill running (DR) group and the control (CO) group. The DR group underwent a preliminary running program for 1 week, followed by a main running program for 3 weeks. The results showed that the deep region of the tibial tuberosity in the DR group was larger than that in the CO group, and inflammatory cytokines involved in gene expression were upregulated in the DR group. The anterior articular cartilage and deep region in the DR group were also immunoreactive to substance P. Additionally, high-activity chondrocytes of small size were observed in the non-calcified matrix. Thus, the DR group exhibited symptoms similar to OSD, including inflammation, pain, and prominence. These findings suggest that eccentric contractions in the quadriceps may play a role in the development of OSD. Further research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of this condition and develop effective treatment options.

An integrative review of nonobvious puzzles of cellular and molecular cardiooncology

Oncologic patients are subjected to four major treatment types: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. All nonsurgical forms of cancer management are known to potentially violate the structural and functional integrity of the cardiovascular system. The prevalence and severity of cardiotoxicity and vascular abnormalities led to the emergence of a clinical subdiscipline, called cardiooncology. This relatively new, but rapidly expanding area of knowledge, primarily focuses on clinical observations linking the adverse effects of cancer therapy with deteriorated quality of life of cancer survivors and their increased morbidity and mortality. Cellular and molecular determinants of these relations are far less understood, mainly because of several unsolved paths and contradicting findings in the literature. In this article, we provide a comprehensive view of the cellular and molecular etiology of cardiooncology. We pay particular attention to various intracellular processes that arise in cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells treated in experimentally-controlled conditions in vitro and in vivo with ionizing radiation and drugs representing diverse modes of anti-cancer activity.

Development of Pluoronic nanoparticles of fluorocoxib A for endoscopic fluorescence imaging of colonic adenomas

Significance

Current white light colonoscopy suffers from many limitations that allow 22% to 32% of preneoplastic lesions to remain undetected. This high number of false negatives contributes to the appearance of interval malignancies, defined as neoplasms diagnosed between screening colonoscopies at a rate of 2% to 6%.

Aim

The shortcomings of today's white light-based colorectal cancer screening are addressed by colonoscopic fluorescence imaging of preneoplastic lesions using targeted fluorescent agents to enhance contrast between the lesion and the surrounding normal colonic epithelium.

Approach

We describe the development of Pluronic® nanoparticles of fluorocoxib A (FA), a fluorescent cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor that enables targeted imaging of inflammation and cancer in numerous animal models, for endoscopic florescence imaging of colonic adenomas.

Results

We formulated FA, a fluorescent COX-2 inhibitor, or fluorocoxib negative control (FNC), a nontargeted fluorophore and a negative control for FA, in micellar nanoparticles of FDA approved Pluronic tri-block co-polymer using a bulk solvent evaporation method. This afforded FA-loaded micellar nanoparticles (FA-NPs) or FNC-loaded micellar nanoparticles (FNC-NPs) with the hydrodynamic diameters (D h ) of 45.7 ± 2.5    nm and 44.9 ± 3.8    nm and the zeta potentials ( ζ ) of - 1.47 ± 0.3    mV and - 1.64 ± 0.5    mV , respectively. We intravenously injected B6;129 mice bearing colonic adenomas induced by azoxymethane and dextran-sodium sulfate with FA-loaded Pluronic nanoparticles (FA-NPs). The diffusion-mediated local FA release and its binding to COX-2 enzyme allowed for clear detection of adenomas with high signal-to-noise ratios. The COX-2 targeted delivery and tumor retention were validated by negligible tumor fluorescence detected upon colonoscopic imaging of adenoma-bearing mice injected with Pluronic nanoparticles of FNC or of animals predosed with the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, followed by intravenous dosing of FA-NPs.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that the formulation of FA in Pluronic nanoparticles overcomes a significant hurdle to its clinical development for early detection of colorectal neoplasms by fluorescence endoscopy.

Natural product-driven dual COX-LOX inhibitors: Overview of recent studies on the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents

Inflammation is a complicated physiological process that results in a variety of disorders. Several inflammatory mediators are produced during this process, which is responsible for long-term inflammatory conditions like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, cancer, and neurological disorders. Inflammatory mediators are produced by an arachidonic acid pathway that gives us several anti-inflammatory targets. The most commonly used medications are NSAIDs to treat inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase enzymes (5-LOX). However, this therapy is associated with adverse events like gastrointestinal disorders, renal failure, etc., limiting its use. Therefore, novel, efficacious, and safer anti-inflammatory agents are prerequisites for inhibiting both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. Though several synthetic analogs are under development, natural products may act as a potential source to identify novel molecules and herbal remedies. Valuable contributions have been made in this direction by the scientific communities. This review article briefly discusses the implications of phytochemicals and bioactive fractions in the development of dual COX-LOX inhibitors while highlighting different classes of phytoconstituents such as tannins, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, among others, that showed significant dual COX-LOX inhibition.

How Is Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in the Uterus Connected with the Immune Status of Red Deer Females (Cervus elaphus L.) in Different Reproductive Stages?

Reproductive and condition parameters' dependency on immune status in seasonally reproducing ruminants such as red deer have not been outlined to date. We determined T and B blood lymphocytes; the concentration of IgG, cAMP, haptoglobulin, and 6-keto-PGF1α in blood plasma; and the mRNA and protein expression of PG endoperoxide synthase 2, 5-lipoxygenase, PGE2 synthase (PGES), PGF2α synthase (PGFS), PGI2 synthase (PGIS), leukotriene (LT)A4 hydrolase, and LTC4 synthase (LTC4S) in the uterine endo- and myometrium, on the 4th (N = 7) and 13th (N = 8) days of the estrous cycle, in anestrus (N = 6) and pregnancy (N = 8) in hinds. An increase in CD4+ T regulatory lymphocyte percentage during the estrous cycle and anestrus compared with pregnancy was recorded; the opposite effect was observed for CD21+ B cells (p < 0.05). cAMP and haptoglobin concentration were elevated during the cycle, as was IgG on the fourth day of the cycle, whereas 6-keto-PGF1α concentration was the highest in pregnancy, and the nearest in anestrus similarly were LTC4S, PGES, PGFS, and PGIS protein expression in the endometrium (p < 0.05). We showed an interaction between the immune system activation and AA-metabolite production in the uterus throughout different reproductive stages. IgG, cAMP, haptoglobin, and 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations are valuable candidates for markers of reproductive status in hinds. The results help expand our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying seasonal reproduction in ruminants.

Polymorphic renal transporters and cisplatin's toxicity in urinary bladder cancer patients: current perspectives and future directions

Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) holds a potentially profound social burden and affects over 573,278 new cases annually. The disease's primary risk factors include occupational tobacco smoke exposure and inherited genetic susceptibility. Over the past 30 years, a number of treatment modalities have emerged, including cisplatin, a platinum molecule that has demonstrated effectiveness against UBC. Nevertheless, it has severe dose-limiting side effects, such as nephrotoxicity, among others. Since intracellular accumulation of platinum anticancer drugs is necessary for cytotoxicity, decreased uptake or enhanced efflux are the root causes of platinum resistance and response failure. Evidence suggests that genetic variations in any transporter involved in the entry or efflux of platinum drugs alter their kinetics and, to a significant extent, determine patients' responses to them. This review aims to consolidate and describe the major transporters and their polymorphic variants in relation to cisplatin-induced toxicities and resistance in UBC patients. We concluded that the efflux transporters ABCB1, ABCC2, SLC25A21, ATP7A, and the uptake transporter OCT2, as well as the organic anion uptake transporters OAT1 and OAT2, are linked to cisplatin accumulation, toxicity, and resistance in urinary bladder cancer patients. While suppressing the CTR1 gene's expression reduced cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, inhibiting the expression of the MATE1 and MATE2-K genes has been shown to increase cisplatin's nephrotoxicity and resistance. The roles of ABCC5, ABCA8, ABCC10, ABCB10, ABCG1, ATP7B, ABCG2, and mitochondrial SLC25A10 in platinum-receiving urinary bladder cancer patients should be the subject of further investigation.

Perspectives of the Application of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Cancer Therapy: Attempts to Overcome Their Unfavorable Side Effects

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) express anti-tumoral activity mainly by blocking cyclooxygenase-2 involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Therefore, in the last few decades, many have attempted to explore the possibilities of applying this group of drugs as effective agents for the inhibition of neoplastic processes. This review summarizes the evidence presented in the literature regarding the anti-tumoral actions of NSAIDs used as monotherapies as well as in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics and natural products. In several clinical trials, it was proven that combinations of NSAIDs and chemotherapeutic drugs (CTDs) were able to obtain suitable results. The combination with phospholipids may resolve the adverse effects of NSAIDs and deliver derivatives with increased antitumor activity, whereas hybrids with terpenoids exhibit superior activity against their parent drugs or physical mixtures. Therefore, the application of NSAIDs in cancer therapy seems to be still an open chapter and requires deep and careful evaluation. The literature's data indicate the possibilities of re-purposing anti-inflammatory drugs currently approved for cancer treatments.

Whole-Body PET Imaging in Humans Shows That 11C-PS13 Is Selective for Cyclooxygenase-1 and Can Measure the In Vivo Potency of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

Both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H₂, which has proinflammatory effects. The recently developed PET radioligand ¹¹C-PS13 has excellent in vivo selectivity for COX-1 over COX-2 in nonhuman primates. This study sought to evaluate the selectivity of ¹¹C-PS13 binding to COX-1 in humans and assess the utility of ¹¹C-PS13 to measure the in vivo potency of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Methods: Baseline ¹¹C-PS13 whole-body PET scans were obtained for 26 healthy volunteers, followed by blocked scans with ketoprofen (n = 8), celecoxib (n = 8), or aspirin (n = 8). Ketoprofen is a highly potent and selective COX-1 inhibitor, celecoxib is a preferential COX-2 inhibitor, and aspirin is a selective COX-1 inhibitor with a distinct mechanism that irreversibly inhibits substrate binding. Because blood cells, including platelets and white blood cells, also contain COX-1, ¹¹C-PS13 uptake inhibition from blood cells was measured in vitro and ex vivo (i.e., using blood obtained during PET scanning). Results: High ¹¹C-PS13 uptake was observed in major organs with high COX-1 density, including the spleen, lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. Ketoprofen (1-75 mg orally) blocked uptake in these organs far more effectively than did celecoxib (100-400 mg orally). On the basis of the plasma concentration to inhibit 50% of the maximum radioligand binding in the spleen (in vivo IC ₅₀), ketoprofen (<0.24 μM) was more than 10-fold more potent than celecoxib (>2.5 μM) as a COX-1 inhibitor, consistent with the in vitro potencies of these drugs for inhibiting COX-1. Blockade of ¹¹C-PS13 uptake from blood cells acquired during the PET scans mirrored that in organs of the body. Aspirin (972-1,950 mg orally) blocked such a small percentage of uptake that its in vivo IC ₅₀ could not be determined. Conclusion: ¹¹C-PS13 selectively binds to COX-1 in humans and can measure the in vivo potency of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs that competitively inhibit arachidonic acid binding to COX-1. These in vivo studies, which reflect the net effect of drug absorption and metabolism in all organs of the body, demonstrated that ketoprofen had unexpectedly high potency, that celecoxib substantially inhibited COX-1, and that aspirin acetylation of COX-1 did not block binding of the representative nonsteroidal inhibitor ¹¹C-PS13.

Anti-inflammatory effects of extracellular vesicles from Morchella on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells via the ROS-mediated p38 MAPK signaling pathway

Morchella is a kind of important edible and medicinal fungi, which is rich in polysaccharides, enzymes, fatty acids, amino acids and other active components. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have a typical membrane structure, and the vesicles contain some specific lipids, miRNAs and proteins, and their can deliver the contents to different cells to change their functions. The present study investigated whether Morchella produce extracellular vesicles and its anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW246.7 macrophages. The experimental results showed that Morchella produced extracellular vesicles and significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a model of LPS-induced inflammation. In addition, the expression of inflammatory factor-related genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) showed dose-dependent inhibition. Morchella extracellular vesicles also can inhibit the inflammatory response induced by LPS by inhibiting the production of ROS and reducing the phosphorylation levels of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. These results indicate that the Morchella extracellular vesicles can be used as a potential anti-inflammatory substance in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

The effects of metyrosine on ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative ovarian injury in rats: Biochemical and histopathological assessment

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of metyrosine on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced ovarian injury in rats in terms of biochemistry and histopathology. Rats were divided into: ovarian I/R (OIR), ovarian I/R+50 mg/kg metyrosine (OIRM) and sham (SG) operations. OIRM group received 50 mg/kg metyrosine one hour before the application of the anesthetic agent, OIR and SG group rats received equal amount of distilled water to be used as a solvent orally through cannula. Following the application of the anesthetic agent, ovaries of OIRM and OIR group rats were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion, each of which took two hours. This biochemical experiment findings revealed high levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and low levels of total glutathione (tGSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1) in the ovarian tissue of OIR group, with significant histopathological injury. In metyrosine group, MDA and COX-2 levels were lower than the OIR group whereas tGSH, SOD and COX-1 levels were higher, with slighter histopathological injury. Our experimental findings indicate that metyrosine inhibits oxidative and pro-inflammatory damage associated with ovarian I/R in rats. These findings suggest that metyrosine could be useful in the treatment of ovarian injury associated with I/R.

Gene Expression Profiles of the Immuno-Transcriptome in Equine Asthma

BACKGROUND

Mild equine asthma (MEA) and severe equine asthma (SEA) are two of the most frequent equine airway inflammatory diseases, but knowledge about their pathogenesis is limited. The goal of this study was to investigate gene expression differences in the respiratory tract of MEA- and SEA-affected horses and their relationship with clinical signs.

METHODS

Clinical examination and endoscopy were performed in 8 SEA- and 10 MEA-affected horses and 7 healthy controls. Cytological and microbiological analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were performed. Gene expression profiling of BAL fluid was performed by means of a custom oligo-DNA microarray.

RESULTS

In both MEA and SEA, genes involved in the genesis, length, and motility of respiratory epithelium cilia were downregulated. In MEA, a significant overexpression for genes encoding inflammatory mediators was observed. In SEA, transcripts involved in bronchoconstriction, apoptosis, and hypoxia pathways were significantly upregulated, while genes involved in the formation of the protective muco-protein film were underexpressed. The SEA group also showed enrichment of gene networks activated during human asthma.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study provides new insight into equine asthma pathogenesis, representing the first step in transcriptomic analysis to improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this respiratory disease.

Indication of Pd–C or Cu–C Intermediates in Bimetallic Nanoclusters During Pd/Au-PVP- or Cu/Au-PVP-Catalyzed Oxidations of endo-4-Oxatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]-8-decene and Tetrahydro-γ-carbolines

Catalytic oxidation of tricyclic endo-norbornene-fused tetrahydrofuran with the bimetallic nanocluster Cu/Au-PVP in the presence of H2O2 or t-BuOOH as the oxidant leads to C–H bond oxidation adjacent to the ether function to give 4-oxa-tricyclo[5.2.1.0]-8,9-exo-epoxydecane, however, oxidation with Pd/Au-PVP takes place at the C=C double bond to give the same epoxide and the oxidative three-bond forming dimeric product, dodecahydro-1,4:6,9-dimethanodibenzofurano[2,3-b:7,8-b′]bisoxolane. Formation of the latter product suggests the involvement of a reactive Pd–C intermediate. Similarly, oxidative C–C bond-forming reactions are observed in cycloaddition reactions of N2-Boc-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-γ-carbolines and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid with Cu/Au-PVP (2–5 mol%) and H2O2 at 25 °C, providing two-bond-forming [4+2] cycloadducts. Under similar reaction conditions, Pd/Au-PVP did not produce the corresponding cycloadduct, indicating a need for complexation between Cu and the carboxylic acid group of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and the allylic amine function of the γ-carbolines during the cyclization reaction. The reported intermolecular coupling reactions using Pd/Au-PVP or Cu/Au-PVP nanocluster catalysts under oxidative conditions at 25 °C are unprecedented.

Options of Therapeutics and Novel Delivery Systems of Drugs for the Treatment of Melanoma

Melanoma is one of the most severe cancerous diseases. The cells employ multiple signaling pathways, such as ERK, HGF/c-MET, WNT, and COX-2 to cause the cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. Treatment of melanoma, including surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapy, is based on 4 major or 11 substages of the disease. Fourteen drugs, including dacarbazine, interferon α-2b, interleukin-12, ipilimumab, peginterferon α-2b, vemurafenib, trametinib, talimogene laherparepvec, cobimetinib, pembrolizumab, dabrafenib, binimetinib, encorafenib, and nivolumab, have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of melanoma. All of them are in conventional dosage forms of injection solutions, suspensions, oral tablets, or capsules. Major drawbacks of the treatment are side effects of the drugs and patients' incompliance to them. These are consequences of high doses and long-term treatments for the diseases. Currently more than 350 NCI-registered clinical trials are being carried out to treat advanced and/or metastatic melanoma using novel treatment methods, such as immune cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and new therapeutic targets. In addition, novel delivery systems using biomaterials of the approved drugs have been developed attempting to increase the drug delivery, targeting, stability, bioavailability, thus potentially reducing the toxicity and increasing the treatment effectiveness. Nanoparticles and liposomes have been emerging as advanced delivery systems which can improve drug stability and systemic circulation time. In this review, the most recent findings in the options for treatment and development of novel drug delivery systems for the treatment of melanoma are comprehensively discussed.

Uncovering mechanisms of brain inflammation in Alzheimer's disease with APOE4: Application of single cell-type lipidomics

A chronic state of unresolved inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is intrinsically involved with the remodeling of brain lipids. This review highlights the effect of carrying the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4) on various brain cell types in promoting an unresolved inflammatory state. Among its pleotropic effects on brain lipids, we focus on APOE4's activation of Ca²⁺ -dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and its effects on arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid signaling cascades in the brain. During the process of neurodegeneration, various brain cell types, such as astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, together with the neurovascular unit, develop distinct inflammatory phenotypes that impact their functions and have characteristic lipidomic fingerprints. We propose that lipidomic phenotyping of single cell-types harvested from brains differing by age, sex, disease severity stage, and dietary and genetic backgrounds can be employed to probe mechanisms of neurodegeneration. A better understanding of the brain cellular inflammatory/lipidomic response promises to guide the development of nutritional and drug interventions for AD dementia.

Utilizing network pharmacology and experimental validation to investigate the underlying mechanism of phellodendrine on inflammation

Background

Phellodendrine, one of the characteristic and important active components of Cortex phellodendri, has been proven to show anti-inflammatory effects. However, the underlying mechanism of phellodendrine on inflammation remains largely unclear.

Aim of the study

In this study, network pharmacology and experimental validation were used to explore the underlying mechanism of phellodendrine on inflammation.

Materials and Methods

PubChem and SwissADME database were used to evaluate the drug-likeness and other characteristics of phellodendrine. The targets of phellodendrine for the treatment of inflammation were analyzed with multiple databases. Other extensive analyses including protein-protein interaction, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment were accomplished with the STRING database, Cytoscape software, and DAVID database. Moreover, the effect of phellodendrine on anti-inflammation was proven in RAW264.7.

Results

The network pharmacology results indicated that phellodendrine had drug potential. Phellodendrine acted directly on 12 targets, including PTGS1, PTGS2, HTR1A, and PIK3CA, and then regulated cAMP, estrogen, TNF, serotonergic synapse, and other signaling pathways to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The experimental results showed that phellodendrine reduced the levels of IL-6 compared with the LPS group in 24 h and changed the mRNA expression of PTGS1, PTGS2, HSP90ab1, AKT1, HTR1A, PI3CA, and F10.

Conclusion

Our research preliminarily uncovered the therapeutic mechanisms of phellodendrine on inflammation with multiple targets and pathways. Phellodendrine may be a potential treatment for inflammation-related diseases related to the cAMP and TNF signaling pathways.

Preterm Birth Therapies to Target Inflammation

Preterm birth (PTB; defined as delivery before 37 weeks of pregnancy) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and children aged <5 years, conferring potentially devastating short- and long-term complications. Despite extensive research in the field, there is currently a paucity of medications available for PTB prevention and treatment. Over the past few decades, inflammation in gestational tissues has emerged at the forefront of PTB pathophysiology. Even in the absence of infection, inflammation alone can prematurely activate the main components of parturition resulting in uterine contractions, cervical ripening and dilatation, membrane rupture, and subsequent PTB. Mechanistic studies have identified critical elements of the complex inflammatory molecular pathways involved in PTB. Here, we discuss therapeutic options that target such key mediators with an aim to prevent, postpone, or treat PTB. We provide an overview of more traditional therapies that are currently used or being tested in humans, and we highlight recent advances in preclinical studies introducing novel approaches with therapeutic potential. We conclude that urgent collaborative action is required to address the unmet need of developing effective strategies to tackle the challenge of PTB and its complications.

Protective or Inhibitory Effect of Pharmacological Therapy on Cardiac Ischemic Preconditioning: A Literature Review

Ischemic preconditioning (IP) is an innate phenomenon, triggered by brief, non-lethal cycles of ischemia/reperfusion applied to a tissue or organ that confers tolerance to a subsequent more prolonged ischemic event. Once started, it can reduce the severity of myocardial ischemia associated with some clinical situations, such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and intermittent aortic clamping during coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Although the mechanisms underlying IP have not been completely elucidated, several studies have shown that this phenomenon involves the participation of cell triggers, intracellular signaling pathways, and end-effectors. Understanding this mechanism enables the development of preconditioning mimetic agents. It is known that a range of medications that activate the signaling cascades at different cellular levels can interfere with both the stimulation and the blockade of IP. Investigations of signaling pathways underlying ischemic conditioning have identified a number of therapeutic targets for pharmacological manipulation. This review aims to present and discuss the effects of several medications on myocardial IP.

Prostacyclin Synthesis and Prostacyclin Receptor Expression in the Porcine Myometrium: Prostacyclin Potential to Regulate Fatty Acid Transporters, Cytokines and Contractility-Related Factors

Simple Summary

Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2; PGI2) is an important modulator of vascular functions and is involved in various reproductive processes. PGI2 was also described as a modulator of uterine contractility in several species, including the pig. However, its synthesis and role in the myometrium of the porcine uterus are still not fully described. The objective of this study was to evaluate profiles of PGI2 synthesis and PGI2 receptor expression in the myometrium of gilts throughout the estrous cycle and during early pregnancy and to investigate the in vitro effect of PGI2 on the mRNA expression of factors engaged in smooth muscle contraction, nutrient transport, prostaglandin synthesis and action, and inflammatory response. The obtained results showed that the synthesis of PGI2 changes in the myometrium of pigs during both the estrous cycle and early pregnancy, resulting in much greater concentrations of PGI2 in cyclic than in pregnant gilts. Moreover, PGI2 stimulated the expression of fatty acid transporters and contractility-related calponin 1 and caldesmon 1, whereas it decreased cytokine expression. This study indicates that PGI2 may participate in the regulation of myometrial functions modulating the availability of factors involved in smooth muscle activity and inflammatory reaction in the uterus of pigs.

Abstract

Although prostacyclin (PGI2) has been well described as a regulator of smooth muscle activity, limited data are available concerning its role in the myometrium of pigs. The present research aimed to examine profiles of PGI2 synthase (PTGIS) and PGI2 receptor (PTGIR) expression and 6-keto PGF1α (a PGI2 metabolite) concentrations in the myometrium of gilts throughout the estrous cycle and during early pregnancy using qPCR, Western blot, and/or ELISA methods. Furthermore, myometrial explants were exposed to iloprost (a stable PGI2 analog) to investigate the effect of PGI2 on the mRNA expression of factors engaged in smooth muscle contraction, nutrient transport, prostaglandin synthesis and action, and inflammatory response. PTGIS mRNA expression was greater in cyclic than in pregnant gilts on days 11–12 after estrus and was accompanied by greater concentrations of 6-keto PGF1α detected in cyclic than in pregnant animals on days 11–20. Iloprost stimulated fatty acid transporters and contractility-related calponin 1 and caldesmon 1 mRNA expression and decreased interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor transcript abundance. The obtained results indicate a physiologically relevant role of PGI2 during the estrous cycle in the porcine myometrium with its importance for regulating the expression of contractility-, nutrient transport- and inflammatory response-related factors.

Nrf2-mediated anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages as therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis

Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells within the synovial joints, and also the main innate immune effector cells triggering the initial inflammatory responses in the pathological process of osteoarthritis (OA). The transition of synovial macrophages between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes can play a key role in building the intra-articular microenvironment. The pro-inflammatory cascade induced by TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 is closely related to M1 macrophages, resulting in the production of pro-chondrolytic mediators. However, IL-10, IL1RA, CCL-18, IGF, and TGF are closely related to M2 macrophages, leading to the protection of cartilage and the promoted regeneration. The inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway is central in OA treatment via controlling inflammatory responses in macrophages, while the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway appears not to attract widespread attention in the field. Nrf2 is a transcription factor encoding a large number of antioxidant enzymes. The activation of Nrf2 can have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which can also have complex crosstalk with NF-κB signaling pathway. The activation of Nrf2 can inhibit the M1 polarization and promote the M2 polarization through potential signaling transductions including TGF-β/SMAD, TLR/NF-κB, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, with the regulation or cooperation of Notch, NLRP3, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK signaling. And the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the negative regulation of Nrf2 for NF-κB can be the main mechanisms for promotion. Furthermore, the candidates of OA treatment by activating Nrf2 to promote M2 phenotype macrophages in OA are also reviewed in this work, such as itaconate and fumarate derivatives, curcumin, quercetin, melatonin, mesenchymal stem cells, and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound.

Discovery of a Redox-Activatable Chemical Probe for Detection of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Cells and Animals

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is up-regulated in inflammatory tissues and many premalignant and malignant tumors. Assessment of COX-2 protein in vivo, therefore, promises to be a powerful strategy to distinguish pathologic cells from normal cells in a complex disease setting. Herein, we report the first redox-activatable COX-2 probe, fluorocoxib Q (FQ), for in vivo molecular imaging of pathogenesis. FQ inhibits COX-2 selectively in purified enzyme and cell-based assays. FQ exhibits extremely low fluorescence and displays time- and concentration-dependent fluorescence enhancement upon exposure to a redox environment. FQ enters the cells freely and binds to the COX-2 enzyme. FQ exhibits high circulation half-life and metabolic stability sufficient for target site accumulation and demonstrates COX-2-targeted uptake and retention in cancer cells and pathologic tissues. Once taken up, it undergoes redox-mediated transformation into a fluorescent compound fluorocoxib Q-H that results in high signal-to-noise contrast and differentiates pathologic tissues from non-pathologic tissues for real-time in vivo imaging.

Structural basis for endoperoxide-forming oxygenases

Endoperoxide natural products are widely distributed in nature and exhibit various biological activities. Due to their chemical features, endoperoxide and endoperoxide-derived secondary metabolites have attracted keen attention in the field of natural products and organic synthesis. In this review, we summarize the structural analyses, mechanistic investigations, and proposed reaction mechanisms of endoperoxide-forming oxygenases, including cyclooxygenase, fumitremorgin B endoperoxidase (FtmOx1), and the asnovolin A endoperoxygenase NvfI.

MAEL Augments Cancer Stemness Properties and Resistance to Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through the PTGS2/AKT/STAT3 Axis

Simple Summary

Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is the most common and lethal subtype of liver cancer without effective therapeutics. Understanding and targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs), a stem-cell-like subpopulation, which are emerging as effective ways to decipher tumor biology and develop therapies, may help to revolutionize cancer management. Cancer/testis antigen Maelstrom (MAEL) has been implicated in the regulation of CSC phenotypes, while the role of CSCs remains unclear. We demonstrated that MAEL positively regulates cancer stem-cell-like properties in HCC, and MAEL silencing provokes tumor cells’ sensitivity to sorafenib. We further discovered that the MAEL-dependent stemness was operated via PGST2/IL8/AKT/STAT3 signaling. Collectively, our study suggests the MAEL/PGST2 axis as a potential therapeutic target against CSC and sorafenib resistance in HCC.

Abstract

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumorigenesis, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis in hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Cancer/testis antigen Maelstrom (MAEL) is implicated in the formation of CSC phenotypes, while the exact role and underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, we found the upregulation of MAEL in HCC, with its expression negatively correlated with survival outcome. Functionally, MAEL promoted tumor cell aggressiveness, tumor stem-like potentials, and resistance to sorafenib in HCC cell lines. Transcriptional profiling indicated the dysregulation of stemness in MAEL knockout cells and identified PTGS2 as a critical downstream target transactivated by MAEL. The suppression effect of MAEL knockout in tumor aggressiveness was rescued in PTGS2 overexpression HCC cells. A molecular mechanism study revealed that the upregulation of PTGS2 by MAEL subsequently resulted in IL-8 secretion and the activation of AKT/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling. Collectively, our work identifies MAEL as an important stemness regulation gene in HCC. Targeting MAEL or its downstream molecules may provide a novel possibility for the elimination of CSC to enhance therapeutic efficacy for HCC patients in the future.

Fluorine-18 Labelled Radioligands for PET Imaging of Cyclooxygenase-2

Molecular imaging probes enable the early and accurate detection of disease-specific biomarkers and facilitate personalized treatment of many chronic diseases, including cancer. Among current clinically used functional imaging modalities, positron emission tomography (PET) plays a significant role in cancer detection and in monitoring the response to therapeutic interventions. Several preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isozyme in cancer development and progression, making COX-2 a promising cancer biomarker. A variety of COX-2-targeting PET radioligands has been developed based on anti-inflammatory drugs and selective COX-2 inhibitors. However, many of those suffer from non-specific binding and insufficient metabolic stability. This article highlights examples of COX-2-targeting PET radioligands labelled with the short-lived positron emitter ¹⁸F, including radiosynthesis and PET imaging studies published in the last decade (2012–2021).

Fluorescent probes for biomolecule detection under environmental stress

The use of fluorescent probes in visible detection has been developed over the last several decades. Biomolecules are essential in the biological processes of organisms, and their distribution and concentration are largely influenced by environmental factors. Significant advances have occurred in the applications of fluorescent probes for the detection of the dynamic localization and quantity of biomolecules during various environmental stress-induced physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we summarize representative examples of small molecule-based fluorescent probes that provide bimolecular information when the organism is under environmental stress. The discussion includes strategies for the design of smart small-molecule fluorescent probes, in addition to their applications in biomolecule imaging under environmental stresses, such as hypoxia, ischemia-reperfusion, hyperthermia/hypothermia, organic/inorganic chemical exposure, oxidative/reductive stress, high glucose stimulation, and drug treatment-induced toxicity. We believe that comprehensive insight into the beneficial applications of fluorescent probes in biomolecule detection under environmental stress should enable the further development and effective application of fluorescent probes in the biochemical and biomedical fields.

Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies

In this study, two polar extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) from the aerial part of Anemone nemorosa L. (dried plant) were assessed to reveal their polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, cytotoxic, and antiproliferative activity on Caco-2 (ATCC-HTB-37) cell line. In silico studies on two key compounds, protoanemonin and anemonin, on four molecular targets – cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, and human tankyrase 1 and human tankyrase 2 in relation to human colon cancer cell development have also been achieved. The results are as follows: caffeic acid esters and quercetin glycosides, including (iso)rhamnetin derivates, are the major polyphenol compounds in wood anemone polar extracts; the two polar extracts indicated very strong antioxidant activity in the interval from 0.1 to 5 µg [GAE] per 1 mL sample (IC50 < 0.290 µg GAE/mL), and in vitro studies on Caco-2 cells have revealed their simultaneous stimulatory and protective activity exactly in the concentration area with the strongest antioxidant activity. In silico studies have revealed moderate inhibitory activity of the two key compounds, anemonin and protoanemonin, on the four molecular targets studied; it was concluded having particular benefits of the wood anemone polar extracts in managing postoperative intestinal recovery, and generally in regenerative medicine.

Short-term exposure of PM2.5 and PM10 increases the number of outpatients with eczema in Guangzhou: A time-series study

Background

The worldwide prevalence of eczema has continued to rise over the past decades. This has led to the emphasis on the association between air pollution and eczema. This study investigated the relationship between daily exposure to air pollution and the number of eczema outpatient visits in Guangzhou with the overarching goal of providing novel insights on the interventions for eczema aggravation and prevention.

Methods

Daily air pollution data, meteorological data, and the number of eczema outpatients were obtained from 18 January 2013 to 31 December 2018 in Guangzhou. A generalized additive model with Poisson distribution was used to assess the association between the number of eczema outpatient visits and short-term exposure to PM_2.5 and PM₁₀. In addition, the association of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ by age (<65 years, ≥65 years) and gender was evaluated.

Results

A total of 293,343 eczema outpatient visits were recorded. The obtained results indicated that a 10 μg/m³ increase of the same day/lag 1 day/lag 2 days PM_2.5 was associated with increments of 2.33%, 1.81%, and 0.95% in eczema outpatient risk, respectively. On the other hand, a 10 μg/m³ increase of PM₁₀ was associated with eczema outpatients risk increments of 1.97%, 1.65%, and 0.98% respectively. Furthermore, the associations of PM on the increment of eczema were similar in the male and female groups. Results obtained after age stratified analyses indicated that the strongest positive association between PM_2.5 exposure and eczema was observed at lag 0 day with the percent changes being 4.72% and 3.34% in <12 years old, ≥12 and <65 years old, and ≥65 years old groups, respectively.

Conclusion

Short-term exposure to PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ increases the number of eczema outpatients, especially among children and the elderly. The relationship between air quality trends and hospital resource arrangement should be paid attention to by hospital managers which may aid in disease prevention and lower the health burden.