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Vasconcelos DM, Gonçalves RM, Almeida CR, Pereira IO, Oliveira MI, Neves N, Silva AM, Ribeiro AC, Cunha C, Almeida AR, Ribeiro CC, Gil AM, Seebach E, Kynast KL, Richter W, Lamghari M, Santos SG, Barbosa MA. Fibrinogen scaffolds with immunomodulatory properties promote in vivo bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2016; 111:163-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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2
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Molecular weight determination of high molecular mass (glyco)proteins using CGE-on-a-chip, planar SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3850-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Expression of four mutant fibrinogen γC domains in Pichia pastoris confirms them as causes of hypofibrinogenaemia. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 73:184-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Biliverdin reductase (BVR) was characterized some 25 years ago as a unique dual-cofactor/pH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of biliverdin-IXa. Our knowledge of functions of BVR has increased enormously in recent years. hBVR functions in the IR/IGF-1-controlled regulation of the MAPK and PI3K cascades that are linked by the PKC enzymes. The first of the two culminates in the activation of transcription factors for oxidative stress-responsive genes, including ho-1, where BVR functions as both a bZip (basic leucine zipper) transcription factor and a kinase. The second pathway amplifies the insulin/growth-factor signal for protein/DNA synthesis and glucose transport downstream of PI3K. hBVR is a transactivator of PKC-betaII, and thus an integral component of the "activation loop" linking MAPK, PKC-betaII, and PI3K to insulin/growth-factor signaling. The emergence of biliverdin and bilirubin as a newly defined category of modulators of cell signaling and kinase activity further underscores the critical input of hBVR in the response of intracellular pathways into the external environment. Structural features of BVR and recent findings relevant to its function in cell-signaling pathways are reviewed here and are intended to complement a recent commentary on the role of BVR in linking heme metabolism and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin D Maines
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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5
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Structural Genomics. CELL ENGINEERING 2007. [PMCID: PMC7122701 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-5252-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery based on structural knowledge has proven useful as several structure-based medicines are already on the market. Structural genomics aims at studying a large number of gene products including whole genomes, topologically similar proteins, protein families and protein subtypes in parallel. Particularly, therapeutically relevant targets have been selected for structural genomics initiatives. In this context, integral membrane proteins, which represent 60–70% of the current drug targets, have been of major interest. Paradoxically, membrane proteins present the last frontier to conquer in structural biology as some 100 high resolution structures among the 30,000 entries in public structural databases are available. The modest success rate on membrane proteins relates to the difficulties in their expression, purification and crystallography. To facilitate technology development large networks providing expertise in molecular biology, protein biochemistry and structural biology have been established. The privately funded MePNet program has studied 100 G protein-coupled receptors, which resulted in high level expression of a large number of receptors at structural biology compatible levels. Currently, selected GPCRs have been purified and subjected to crystallization attempts
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6
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Bouma BN, Mosnier LO. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) at the interface between coagulation and fibrinolysis. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HAEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS 2005; 33:375-81. [PMID: 15692247 DOI: 10.1159/000083832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thrombin-catalysed conversion of plasma fibrinogen into fibrin and the development of an insoluble fibrin clot are the final steps of the coagulation cascade during haemostasis. A delicate balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis determines the stability of the fibrin clot. Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI) plays an important role in this process. TAFI is activated by thrombin and protects the fibrin clot against lysis. The role of TAFI in bleeding and thrombotic disorders is discussed as well as its novel emerging role in wound healing and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonno N Bouma
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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7
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Scheraga HA. The thrombin–fibrinogen interaction. Biophys Chem 2004; 112:117-30. [PMID: 15572239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The thrombin-catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen (F) to fibrin consists of three reversible steps, with thrombin (T) being involved in only the first step which is a limited proteolysis to release fibrinopeptides (FpA and FpB) from fibrinogen to produce fibrin monomer. In the second step, fibrin monomers form intermediate polymers through noncovalent interactions. In the third step, the intermediate polymers aggregate to form the fibrin clot. The molecular mechanisms of the first two steps are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Scheraga
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA.
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8
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Hamano A, Mimuro J, Aoshima M, Itoh T, Kitamura N, Nishinarita S, Takano K, Ishiwata A, Kashiwakura Y, Niwa K, Ono T, Madoiwa S, Sugo T, Matsuda M, Sakata Y. Thrombophilic dysfibrinogen Tokyo V with the amino acid substitution of γ Ala327Thr: formation of fragile but fibrinolysis-resistant fibrin clots and its relevance to arterial thromboembolism. Blood 2004; 103:3045-50. [PMID: 15070682 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThrombophilic dysfibrinogen Tokyo V was identified in a 43-year-old man with recurrent thromboembolism. Based on analyses of the patient fibrinogen genes, the amino acid sequence of the aberrant fibrinogen peptide, and deglycosylation experiments, fibrinogen Tokyo V was shown to have an amino acid substitution of γ Ala327Thr and possibly extra glycosylation at γ Asn325 because the mutation confers the N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence Asn-X-Thr. The mutation resulted in impaired function and hypofibrinogenemia (hypodysfibrinogen). Polymerization of fibrin monomers derived from patient fibrinogen was severely impaired with a partial correction in the presence of calcium, resulting in very low clottability. Additionally, a large amount of soluble cross-linked fibrin was formed upon thrombin treatment in the presence of factor XIII and calcium. However, Tokyo V–derived fibrin was resistant to degradation by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)–catalyzed plasmin digestion. The structure of Tokyo V fibrin appeared severely perturbed, since there are large pores inside the tangled fibrin networks and fiber ends at the boundaries. Taken together, these data suggest that Tokyo V fibrin clots are fragile, so that fibrinolysis-resistant insoluble fibrin and soluble fibrin polymers may be released to the circulation, partly accounting for the recurrent embolic episodes in the patient. (Blood. 2004;103:3045-3050)
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiei Hamano
- Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan
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9
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Okumura N, Gorkun OV, Terasawa F, Lord ST. Substitution of the gamma-chain Asn308 disturbs the D:D interface affecting fibrin polymerization, fibrinopeptide B release, and FXIIIa-catalyzed cross-linking. Blood 2004; 103:4157-63. [PMID: 14764520 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallographic structures indicate that gamma-chain residue Asn308 participates in D:D interactions and indeed substitutions of gammaAsn308 with lysine or isoleucine have been identified in dysfibrinogens with impaired polymerization. To probe the role of Asn308 in polymerization, we synthesized 3 variant fibrinogens: gammaAsn308 changed to lysine (gammaN308K), isoleucine (gammaN308I), and alanine (gammaN308A). We measured thrombin-catalyzed polymerization by turbidity, fibrinopeptide release by high-performance liquid chromatography, and factor XIIIa-catalyzed cross-linking by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the absence of added calcium, polymerization was clearly impaired with all 3 variants. In contrast, at 0.1 mM calcium, only polymerization of gammaN308K remained markedly abnormal. The release of thrombin-catalyzed fibrinopeptide B (FpB) was delayed in the absence of calcium, whereas at 1 mM calcium FpB release was delayed only with gammaN308K. Factor XIIIa-catalyzed gamma-gamma dimer formation was delayed with fibrinogen (in absence of thrombin), whereas with fibrin (in presence of thrombin) gamma-gamma dimer formation of only gammaN308K was delayed. These data corroborate the recognized link between FpB release and polymerization. They show fibrin cross-link formation likely depends on the structure of protofibrils. Together, our results show substitution of Asn308 with a hydrophobic residue altered neither polymer formation nor polymer structure at physiologic calcium concentrations, whereas substitution with lysine altered both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okumura
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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10
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Mutch NJ, Moore NR, Wang E, Booth NA. Thrombus lysis by uPA, scuPA and tPA is regulated by plasma TAFI. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:2000-7. [PMID: 12941043 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The carboxypeptidase, TAFIa or CPU, is known to prolong plasma clot lysis by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and to have a role in thrombus stability in vivo. This current study examined lysis by urokinase (uPA) and single chain urokinase (scuPA) in addition to tPA. Further, we investigated the role of TAFIa in a model thrombus system, in which thrombi are formed under conditions of flow. We show that human thrombi, formed in vivo, and model thrombi both contain TAFI. No effect of thrombus TAFIa was observed in thrombus lysis assays, except when thrombi were bathed in plasma, in which case addition of potato tuber carboxypeptidase inhibitor (CPI) resulted in doubling of the rate of lysis. TAFIa inhibited lysis of model thrombi and plasma clots by uPA, scuPA in addition to lysis by tPA. The effect of TAFIa was more evident at high concentrations of plasminogen activator such as those used in thrombolytic therapy. Addition of plasminogen increased lysis and, in its presence, the enhancement by CPI was smaller. Thus the action of TAFIa could be partially overcome by plasminogen, whether lysis was by tPA, uPA or scuPA. This is consistent with TAFIa exerting its effect primarily through modifying the binding of plasminogen to fibrin and to a lesser extent through modification of the binding of tPA to fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Mutch
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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11
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Matsuda M, Sugo T. Structure and function of human fibrinogen inferred from dysfibrinogens. Int J Hematol 2002; 76 Suppl 1:352-60. [PMID: 12430881 DOI: 10.1007/bf03165284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen is a 340-kDa plasma protein that is composed of two identical molecular halves, each consisting of three non-identical subunit polypeptides designated as A alpha, B beta- and gamma-chains held together by multiple disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen has a trinodular structure, i.e., one central E domain comprizing the amino-terminal regions of paired individual three polypeptides, and two identical outer D domains. These three nodules are linked by two coiled-coil regions [1,2]. After activation with thrombin, a tripeptide segment consisting of Gly-Pro-Arg is exposed at the amino-terminus of each alpha-chain residing at the center of the E domain and combines with its complementary binding site, called the 'a' site, residing in the carboxyl-terminal region of the gamma-chain in the outer D domain of another molecule. By crystallographic analysis [3], the alpha-amino group of alpha Gly-1 is shown to be juxtaposed between the carboxyl group of gamma Asp-364 and the carboxyamide of Gln-329 in the 'a' site. Half molecule-staggered, double-stranded fibrin protofibrils are thus formed [4,5]. Upon abutment of two adjacent D domains on the same strand, D-D self association takes place involving Arg-275, Tyr-280 and Ser-300 of the gamma-chain on the surface of the abutting two D domains [3]. Thereafter, carboxyl-terminal regions of the fibrin a-chains are thought to be untethered and interact with those of other protofibrils leading to the formation of thick fibrin bundles and interwoven networks after appropriate branching [6-9]. Although many enigmas still remain regarding the mechanisms of these molecular interactions, fibrin assembly proceeds in a highly ordered fashion. In my talk, I would like to discuss these molecular interactions of fibrinogen and fibrin based on the up-date data provided by analyses of normal as well as hereditary dysfibrinogens, particularly in the latter by introducing representative molecules at each step of fibrin clot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Matsuda
- Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-Ken, Japan
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12
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Lounes KC, Okumura N, Hogan KA, Ping L, Lord ST. Polymerization site a function dependence on structural integrity of its nearby calcium binding site. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 936:205-9. [PMID: 11460475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To explore the functional relationship between the polymerization site a and the nearby high affinity calcium binding site, we analyzed four variant fibrinogens with substitutions at these sites: gamma D364A in the a site and gamma D318A, gamma D320A, and gamma D318 + gamma D320A in the Ca2+ site. In all cases fibrinopeptide A release was normal and thrombin catalyzed polymerization was markedly impaired (unpublished observations). We examined the functional connection between the Ca2+ site and the a site by testing for plasmin protection in the presence of Ca2+ or the a site peptide ligand GPRP. SDS-PAGE analysis of the products showed that gamma D364A fibrinogen was protected from plasmin cleavage by Ca2+ but not by the GPRP peptide. In contrast, neither Ca2+ nor the GPRP peptide protected gamma D318A, gamma D320A, or gamma D318 + gamma D320A fibrinogens from complete plasmin cleavage. These results suggest that the structural integrity of the calcium binding site is required for expression of the a site. In contrast, the structural integrity of the a site has no functional consequence on Ca2+ binding to this high affinity site.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Lounes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
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13
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Abstract
Fibrinogen, a 340-kDa plasma protein, is composed of two identical molecular halves each consisting of three non-identical A alpha-, B beta- and gamma-chain subunits held together by multiple disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen is shown to have a trinodular structure; that is, one central nodule, the E domain, and two identical outer nodules, the D-domains, linked by two coiled-coil regions. After activation with thrombin, a pair of binding sites comprising Gly-Pro-Arg is exposed in the central nodule and combines with its complementary binding site a in the outer nodule of another molecules. By using crystallographic analysis, the alpha-amino group of alpha Gly-1 is shown to be juxtaposed between gamma Asp-364 and gamma Asp-330, and guanidino group of alpha Arg-3 between the carboxyl group of gamma Asp-364 and gamma Gln-329 in the a site. Half molecule-staggered, double-stranded protofibrils are thus formed. Upon abutment of two adjacent D domains on the same strand, D-D self association takes place involving Arg-275, Tyr-280, and Ser-300 of the gamma-chain on the surface of the abutting two D domains. Thereafter, carboxyl-terminal regions of the alpha-chains are untethered and interact with those of other protofibrils leading to the formation of thick fibrin bundles and networks. Although many enigmas still remain concerning the exact mechanisms of these molecular interactions, fibrin assembly proceeds in a highly ordered fashion. In this review, these molecular interactions of fibrinogen and fibrin are discussed on the basis of the data provided by hereditary dysfibrinogens on introducing representative molecules at each step of fibrin clot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsuda
- Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, 3311-1 Minamikawachi-Machi, Kawachi-Gun, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan.
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14
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Abstract
Using a two-step cloning strategy, we have synthesized more than 20 variant human fibrinogens for biochemical studies. In preliminary experiments we showed that normal fibrinogen produced in CHO cells serves as an accurate model for plasma fibrinogen. We focus here on those variants whose characterization has provided insight into the mechanism of thrombin-catalyzed polymerization. Analysis of N-terminal variants showed that thrombin specificity dictates the ordered release of fibrinopeptides. Nevertheless, analysis of C-terminal variants indicated that fibrinopeptide B (FpB) release is dependent on polymerization. Changes in the a polymerization site and the high-affinity calcium-binding site were associated with a complete loss of polymerization. These experiments showed that alterations in the calcium-binding site influenced function of the a site; in contrast, alterations in the a site did not alter calcium binding. Analysis of variants in the N-terminus of the B beta chain provided the first direct evidence that this region impacts predominantly on lateral aggregation, as has long been presumed. These experiments also suggested that lateral aggregation facilitated by this region proceeds without the release of FpB. From these studies we learned that individual sites within fibrinogen do not function in isolation. We conclude that thrombin-catalyzed polymerization is mediated by a continuum of concerted interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Lord
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Chemistry, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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15
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Kikumori T, Cote GJ, Gagel RF. Promiscuity of pre-mRNA spliceosome-mediated trans splicing: a problem for gene therapy? Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:1429-41. [PMID: 11485634 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750298580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans splicing of messenger RNA has been used in experimental settings to replace mutant RNA sequences. We investigated the feasibility of utilizing trans splicing to replace a mutant RET protooncogene sequence known to inappropriately activate this tyrosine kinase receptor. We constructed a pre-trans-splicing molecule (PTM) consisting of a binding domain complementary to the target intron, the 3' splicing signal sequence (3'ss), derived from adenovirus major late transcript intron 1 and a molecular tag sequence. Accurately targeted trans splicing between the human RET exons and the PTM was demonstrated in NIH 3T3 cells cotransfected with the human RET minigene and the PTM. The efficiency of specific trans splicing was estimated to be no more than 15% in the cotransfection experiment. However, in addition to the targeted trans splicing, nontargeted trans splicing to RET exons was observed. Furthermore, the rapid amplification of 5' cDNA ends (5' RACE) analysis demonstrated that nontargeted trans splicing occurred with endogenously expressed pre-mRNAs in TT cells and that specific trans splicing to RET was a rare event. Attempts to reduce nonspecificity by the addition of a stem-loop to the trans-splicing construct designed to suppress nonspecific splicing failed to have the desired effect. These observations suggest that overexpression of a trans-splicing construct containing a 3'ss results in promiscuous trans splicing and raise significant questions about the specificity and usefulness of currently used trans-splicing approaches. In addition, these findings raise the possibility that nonspecific spliced products may be produced by a variety of gene therapy constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kikumori
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is now one of the standard tools used in molecular biology for the generation of recombinant protein. P. pastoris has demonstrated its most powerful success as a large-scale (fermentation) recombinant protein production tool. What began more than 20 years ago as a program to convert abundant methanol to a protein source for animal feed has been developed into what is today two important biological tools: a model eukaryote used in cell biology research and a recombinant protein production system. To date well over 200 heterologous proteins have been expressed in P. pastoris. Significant advances in the development of new strains and vectors, improved techniques, and the commercial availability of these tools coupled with a better understanding of the biology of Pichia species have led to this microbe's value and power in commercial and research labs alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cregg
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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17
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Linenberger ML, Kindelan J, Bennett RL, Reiner AP, Côté HC. Fibrinogen bellingham: a gamma-chain R275C substitution and a beta-promoter polymorphism in a thrombotic member of an asymptomatic family. Am J Hematol 2000; 64:242-50. [PMID: 10911375 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8652(200008)64:4<242::aid-ajh2>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Congenital dysfibrinogenemia is a rare cause of unexplained thrombosis. However, most individuals with dysfibrinogenemia are asymptomatic, suggesting that co-morbid factors contribute to thrombo-embolic events. The potential roles of additional genetic or acquired prothrombotic risk factors are poorly understood because detailed family studies are lacking. Herein, we describe a family whose propositus was a young Caucasian man with recurrent venous thrombo-emboli and dysfibrinogenemia due to heterozygosity for an Arg-->Cys substitution at residue 275 in the gamma-chain. The only additional thrombophilic abnormality found in the proband was heterozygosity for a G/A transition at position -455 in the fibrinogen beta-chain promoter; a genotype associated with high acute phase levels of fibrinogen. The proband's father, who died of a cerebral artery thrombosis, carried the gammaR275C substitution but not the beta-promoter -455 variant. Among 14 living relatives, eight were heterozygous for one or the other mutation and only one, a 21-year-old niece, was dually affected. None had suffered bleeding or thrombosis. In vitro studies of the proband's purified fibrinogen revealed markedly abnormal thrombin-catalyzed polymerization and delayed fibrin clot lysis by tPA-activated plasmin. We hypothesize that the gammaR275C substitution predisposes to thrombosis by generating clots that are relatively resistant to fibrinolysis. The clinical risk is low, however, in the absence of an additional thrombophilic mutation. The beta-promoter variant could, theoretically, contribute to this risk by augmenting expression of the dysfibrinogen under conditions of stress. Like the common hereditary thrombophilias, heterozygous familial dysfibrinogenemia induces thrombosis in the setting of multiple prothrombotic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Linenberger
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7710, USA.
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18
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Wetterauer BW. Protein kinases from Dictyostelium discoideum with similarity to LIM kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1480:377-83. [PMID: 10899639 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We cloned a protein kinase (DdKinY) from Dictyostelium discoideum by low stringency hybridization using the catalytic domain from DdKinX [B.W. Wetterauer et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1265 (1995) 97-101] as a probe. Both kinases have low sequence similarity to other protein kinases in the databases. However, phylogenetic analysis showed that both kinases cluster with vertebrate LIM kinases due to homology within the catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Wetterauer
- Zoologisches Institut der LMU, Luisenstrasse 14, 80333, Munich, Germany.
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Okumura N, Terasawa F, Fujita K, Tozuka M, Ota H, Katsuyama T. Difference in electrophoretic mobility and plasmic digestion profile between four recombinant fibrinogens, gamma 308K, gamma 308I, gamma 308A, and wild type (gamma 308N). Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2309-15. [PMID: 10939439 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000701)21:12<2316::aid-elps2309>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have produced recombinant gamma-chain variant fibrinogens, gamma308K, gamma308I, and gamma308A simultaneously with wild-type fibrinogen, gamma-308N, by genetic protein engineering using Chinese hamster ovary cells. Although all three variant fibrinogens are a result of a single amino acid substitution, the aberrant gamma-chains of gamma308K and gamma308I fibrinogens migrated faster than gamma308N. Furthermore, plasmic digestion profiles were examined in the presence of 5 mM ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or 1 mM CaCl2. In the presence of EGTA, the three variant fibrinogens were digested into D1 and D2 fragments slightly faster than wild type. In addition, the D2 fragment derived from gamma308K was further digested into D3 by plasmin much faster than that from gamma308N. These data suggest that cleavage of gamma356Lys-gamma357Ala bond by plasmin in gamma308K, gamma308I, and gamma308A is slightly accelerated and the gamma302Lys-gamma303Phe bond is cleaved by plasmin rapidly in only the gamma308K variant. Furthermore, the substitution of Lys for gamma308Asn results in the generation of a new plasmin cleavage site between gamma308Lys and gamma309Gly in the presence of EGTA. In conclusion, a substitution at residue gamma308Asn may cause a conformational change in the gammachain of fragment D affecting polymerization and plasmin cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Okumura
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
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20
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21
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Abstract
During the past 15 years, the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris has developed into a highly successful system for the production of a variety of heterologous proteins. The increasing popularity of this particular expression system can be attributed to several factors, most importantly: (1) the simplicity of techniques needed for the molecular genetic manipulation of P. pastoris and their similarity to those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the most well-characterized experimental systems in modern biology; (2) the ability of P. pastoris to produce foreign proteins at high levels, either intracellularly or extracellularly; (3) the capability of performing many eukaryotic post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, disulfide bond formation and proteolytic processing; and (4) the availability of the expression system as a commercially available kit. In this paper, we review the P. pastoris expression system: how it was developed, how it works, and what proteins have been produced. We also describe new promoters and auxotrophic marker/host strain combinations which extend the usefulness of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cereghino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, 20000 N.W. Walker Road, Beaverton, OR, USA
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Lorand L. Sol Sherry Lecture in Thrombosis : research on clot stabilization provides clues for improving thrombolytic therapies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:2-9. [PMID: 10634794 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and the Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
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23
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Murphy MB, Egelhoff TT. Biochemical characterization of a Dictyostelium myosin II heavy-chain phosphatase that promotes filament assembly. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 264:582-90. [PMID: 10491107 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Dictyostelium cells, myosin II is found as cytosolic nonassembled monomers and cytoskeletal bipolar filaments. It is thought that the phosphorylation state of three threonine residues in the tail of myosin II heavy chain regulates the molecular motor's assembly state and localization. Phosphorylation of the myosin heavy chain at threonine residues 1823, 1833 and 2029 is responsible for maintaining myosin in the nonassembled state, and subsequent dephosphorylation of these residues is a prerequisite for assembly into the cytoskeleton. We report here the characterization of myosin heavy-chain phosphatase activities in Dictyostelium utilizing myosin II phosphorylated by myosin heavy-chain kinase A as a substrate. One of the myosin heavy-chain phosphatase activities was identified as protein phosphatase 2A and the purified holoenzyme was composed of a 37-kDa catalytic subunit, a 65-kDa A subunit and a 55-kDa B subunit. The protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme displays two orders of magnitude higher activity towards myosin phosphorylated on the heavy chains than it does towards myosin phosphorylated on the regulatory light chains, consistent with a role in the control of filament assembly. The purified myosin heavy-chain phosphatase activity promotes bipolar filament assembly in vitro via dephosphorylation of the myosin heavy chain. This system should provide a valuable model for studying the regulation and localization of protein phosphatase 2A in the context of cytoskeletal reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Murphy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA
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24
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Autoimmune Antibody in a Hemorrhagic Patient Interacts With Thrombin-Activated Factor XIII in a Unique Manner. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.3.909.403k17_909_917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Without a prior history of hemorrhagic disease, a 62-year-old man suffered recurrent episodes of bleeding. Solubility of the patient’s clot in 5 mol/L urea indicated a problem with fibrin stabilization. The transamidase activity potential of factor XIII, measured by the incorporation of radioactive putrescine into N,N-dimethylcasein as test substrate, was 62% of control, close to the normal range of values. Examination of the patient’s clot from recalcified plasma by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that essentially none of the chains and only about two thirds of the γ chains of fibrin became cross-linked under conditions where both were fully cross-linked in the controls. An antibody to factor XIII was isolated which, although recognizing the recombinant rA2subunits, as well as the virgin A2B2 plasma ensemble, showed a 100-fold greater affinity for the thrombin-activated rA2′ and A2′B2 forms of the zymogen, suggesting that the latter would be its main target during coagulation. Furthermore, the patient’s IgG has an ability, never seen before, for inducing an enzymatically active configuration in the thrombin-activated zymogen in the absence of Ca2+.
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25
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Autoimmune Antibody in a Hemorrhagic Patient Interacts With Thrombin-Activated Factor XIII in a Unique Manner. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.3.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWithout a prior history of hemorrhagic disease, a 62-year-old man suffered recurrent episodes of bleeding. Solubility of the patient’s clot in 5 mol/L urea indicated a problem with fibrin stabilization. The transamidase activity potential of factor XIII, measured by the incorporation of radioactive putrescine into N,N-dimethylcasein as test substrate, was 62% of control, close to the normal range of values. Examination of the patient’s clot from recalcified plasma by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that essentially none of the chains and only about two thirds of the γ chains of fibrin became cross-linked under conditions where both were fully cross-linked in the controls. An antibody to factor XIII was isolated which, although recognizing the recombinant rA2subunits, as well as the virgin A2B2 plasma ensemble, showed a 100-fold greater affinity for the thrombin-activated rA2′ and A2′B2 forms of the zymogen, suggesting that the latter would be its main target during coagulation. Furthermore, the patient’s IgG has an ability, never seen before, for inducing an enzymatically active configuration in the thrombin-activated zymogen in the absence of Ca2+.
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26
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Doolittle RF, Spraggon G, Everse SJ. Three-dimensional structural studies on fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1998; 8:792-8. [PMID: 9914253 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-440x(98)80100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen is a 340 kDa glycoprotein found in the blood plasma of all vertebrates. It is transformed into a fibrin clot by the action of thrombin. Recent X-ray structures of core fragments of both fibrinogen and fibrin have revealed many details about this polymerization event. These include structures of a 30 kDa recombinant gammaC domain, an 86 kDa fragment D from human fibrinogen and a cross-linked double-D fragment from fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Doolittle
- Center for Molecular Genetics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0634 USA.
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27
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The EC Domains of Human Fibrinogen420Contain Calcium Binding Sites But Lack Polymerization Pockets. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.10.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe extended (E) isoform unique to Fibrinogen420 (Fib420) is distinguished from the conventional chain of Fibrinogen340 by the presence of an additional 236-residue carboxyl terminus globular domain (EC). A recombinant form of EC (rEC), having a predicted mass of 27,653 Daltons, was expressed in yeast (Pichia pastoris) and purified by anion exchange column chromatography. Purified rEC appears to be predominantly intact, as judged by N-terminal sequence analysis, mass spectral analysis of the C-terminal cyanogen bromide (CNBr) fragment, and comparison of recognition by epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies. Carbohydrate determination, coupled with analysis of CNBr digestion fragments, confirms N-linked glycosylation at Asn667, the site at which sugar is attached in E. Analysis of CNBr digestion fragments confirms that two disulfide bridges exist at cysteine pairs E613/644 and E780/793. In the presence of 5 mmol/L EDTA, rEC is highly susceptible to plasmic degradation, but Ca2+ (5 mmol/L) renders rEC resistant. No protective effect from plasmic degradation was conferred to rEC by the peptides GPRPamide or GHRP, nor did rEC bind to a GPR peptide column. These results suggest that the EC domain contains a calcium-binding site, but lacks a polymerization pocket. By analogy with the site elucidated in the γC domain, we predict that the EC calcium binding site involves residues E772-778: DADQWEE.
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28
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Abstract
The extended (E) isoform unique to Fibrinogen420 (Fib420) is distinguished from the conventional chain of Fibrinogen340 by the presence of an additional 236-residue carboxyl terminus globular domain (EC). A recombinant form of EC (rEC), having a predicted mass of 27,653 Daltons, was expressed in yeast (Pichia pastoris) and purified by anion exchange column chromatography. Purified rEC appears to be predominantly intact, as judged by N-terminal sequence analysis, mass spectral analysis of the C-terminal cyanogen bromide (CNBr) fragment, and comparison of recognition by epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies. Carbohydrate determination, coupled with analysis of CNBr digestion fragments, confirms N-linked glycosylation at Asn667, the site at which sugar is attached in E. Analysis of CNBr digestion fragments confirms that two disulfide bridges exist at cysteine pairs E613/644 and E780/793. In the presence of 5 mmol/L EDTA, rEC is highly susceptible to plasmic degradation, but Ca2+ (5 mmol/L) renders rEC resistant. No protective effect from plasmic degradation was conferred to rEC by the peptides GPRPamide or GHRP, nor did rEC bind to a GPR peptide column. These results suggest that the EC domain contains a calcium-binding site, but lacks a polymerization pocket. By analogy with the site elucidated in the γC domain, we predict that the EC calcium binding site involves residues E772-778: DADQWEE.
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29
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γ-Chain Dysfibrinogenemias: Molecular Structure-Function Relationships of Naturally Occurring Mutations in the γ Chain of Human Fibrinogen. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.7.2195.2195_2195_2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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30
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γ-Chain Dysfibrinogenemias: Molecular Structure-Function Relationships of Naturally Occurring Mutations in the γ Chain of Human Fibrinogen. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.7.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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31
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Lorand L, Parameswaran KN, Murthy SN. A double-headed Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro ligand mimics the functions of the E domain of fibrin for promoting the end-to-end crosslinking of gamma chains by factor XIIIa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:537-41. [PMID: 9435227 PMCID: PMC18455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.2.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The E domain of fibrinogen represents the central region of the protein that, after the removal of fibrinopeptides from the N-termini of its alpha chains by thrombin, orders the noncovalent assembly of fibrin units into a half-staggered array. This structural organization is accomplished purely through noncovalent binding between the E domain of one molecule and the distal D domains of two others. The process of assembly has a physiologically important up-regulatory effect on the next enzymatic phase of blood coagulation, which is the factor XIIIa-catalyzed end-to-end ligation of the gamma chains at the D domains of the protein. Fibrin assembly, as well as the acceleration of the factor XIIIa reaction, could be prevented by Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro, a homologue of the natural sequence of amino acids at the N termini of alpha chains in the E domain. We have now succeeded with a simple double-headed ligand, bis(Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-amido)polyethylene glycol, in fully replacing the regulatory functions of the large E domains of the native protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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