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Single-Molecule Mechanics in Ligand Concentration Gradient. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020212. [PMID: 32093081 PMCID: PMC7074681 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule experiments provide unique insights into the mechanisms of biomolecular phenomena. However, because varying the concentration of a solute usually requires the exchange of the entire solution around the molecule, ligand-concentration-dependent measurements on the same molecule pose a challenge. In the present work we exploited the fact that a diffusion-dependent concentration gradient arises in a laminar-flow microfluidic device, which may be utilized for controlling the concentration of the ligand that the mechanically manipulated single molecule is exposed to. We tested this experimental approach by exposing a λ-phage dsDNA molecule, held with a double-trap optical tweezers instrument, to diffusionally-controlled concentrations of SYTOX Orange (SxO) and tetrakis(4-N-methyl)pyridyl-porphyrin (TMPYP). We demonstrate that the experimental design allows access to transient-kinetic, equilibrium and ligand-concentration-dependent mechanical experiments on the very same single molecule.
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2
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Zhang H, Yi Y, Zhou C, Ying G, Zhou X, Fu C, Zhu Y, Shen Y. SERS detection of microRNA biomarkers for cancer diagnosis using gold-coated paramagnetic nanoparticles to capture SERS-active gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10918k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive magnetic-capture SERS assay for detecting cancer-related microRNAs was developed by enhancing the formation of SERS “hot spots”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Yu Yi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Chunhui Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Guoqing Ying
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Xiangdong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Chaopeng Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Yifeng Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Youqing Shen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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3
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Zhou H, Lin S, Nie Y, Yang D, Wang Q, Chen W, Huang N, Jiang Z, Chen S. Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) simulates PCR for sensitive DNA detection. Analyst 2016; 140:7518-21. [PMID: 26465756 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01887k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel double-stranded DNA detection method through resonance between SYBR Green I and DNA with the surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) assay, which opens an avenue to the quantitative and reliable application of SERRS in DNA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China.
| | - Shenyu Lin
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China. and Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Yichu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 151 Yanjiang Road, Yuexiu Dist., Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, China
| | - Danting Yang
- Schools of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Qiqin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China.
| | - Weijia Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China.
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Preclinical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China.
| | - Shanze Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Preclinical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
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4
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Pang Y, Wang C, Wang J, Sun Z, Xiao R, Wang S. Fe₃O₄@Ag magnetic nanoparticles for microRNA capture and duplex-specific nuclease signal amplification based SERS detection in cancer cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 79:574-80. [PMID: 26749099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A functionalized Fe3O4@Ag magnetic nanoparticle (NP) biosensor for microRNA (miRNA) capture and ultrasensitive detection in total RNA extract from cancer cells was reported in this paper. Herein, Raman tags-DNA probes modified Fe3O4@Ag NPs were designed both as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) SERS and duplex-specific nuclease signal amplification (DSNSA) platform. Firstly, target miRNAs were captured to the surface of Fe3O4@Ag NPs through DNA/RNA hybridization. In the presence of endonuclease duplex specific nuclease (DSN), one target miRNA molecule could rehybrid thousands of DNA probes to trigger the signal-amplifying recycling. Base on the superparamagnetic of Fe3O4@Ag NPs, target miRNA let-7b can be captured, concentrated and direct quantified within a PE tube without any PCR preamplification treatment. The detection limit was 0.3fM (15 zeptomole, 50μL), nearly 3 orders of magnitude lower than conventional fluorescence based DSN biosensors for miRNA(∼100fM), even single-base difference between the let-7 family members can be discriminated. The result provides a novel proposal to combine the perfect single-base recognition and signal-amplifying ability of the endonuclease DSN with cost-effective SERS strategy for miRNA point-of-care (POC) clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Pang
- Capital Medical University, Department of Toxicology, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Techniques for Infectious Dedication, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chongwen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Techniques for Infectious Dedication, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China; College of Life Science &Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Techniques for Infectious Dedication, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Capital Medical University, Department of Toxicology, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Rui Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Techniques for Infectious Dedication, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Techniques for Infectious Dedication, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, PR China
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Li A, Liu J, Liu G, Zhang J, Feng S. Design and synthesis of fluorescent core-shell nanoparticles with tunable lower critical solution temperature behavior and metal-enhanced fluorescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, The Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, The Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
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Zhang H, Harpster MH, Wilson WC, Johnson PA. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of DNAs derived from virus genomes using Au-coated paramagnetic nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:4030-4037. [PMID: 22276995 DOI: 10.1021/la204890t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A magnetic capture-based, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) assay for DNA detection has been developed which utilizes Au-coated paramagnetic nanoparticles (Au@PMPs) as both a SERS substrate and effective bioseparation reagent for the selective removal of target DNAs from solution. Hybridization reactions contained two target DNAs, sequence complementary reporter probes conjugated with spectrally distinct Raman dyes distinct for each target, and Au@PMPs conjugated with sequence complementary capture probes. In this case, target DNAs were derived from the RNA genomes of the Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) or West Nile virus (WNV). The hybridization reactions were incubated for a short period and then concentrated within the focus beam of an interrogating laser by magnetic pull-down. The attendant SERS response of each individually captured DNA provided a limit of detection sensitivity in the range 20-100 nM. X-ray diffraction and UV-vis analysis validated both the desired surface plasmon resonance properties and bimetallic composition of synthesized Au@PMPs, and UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed conjugation of the Raman dye compounds malachite green (MG) and erythrosin B (EB) with the RVFV and WNV reporter probes, respectively. Finally, hybridization reactions assembled for multiplexed detection of both targets yielded mixed MG/EB spectra and clearly differentiated peaks which facilitate the quantitative detection of each DNA target. On the basis of the simple design of a single-particle DNA detection assay, the opportunity is provided to develop magnetic capture-based SERS assays that are easily assembled and adapted for high-level multiplex detection using low-cost Raman instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
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7
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Ma L, Xu M, Oberhauser AF. Single-molecule force spectroscopy of polycystic kidney disease proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 875:297-310. [PMID: 22573448 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-806-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy in its single-molecule force spectroscopy mode is a nanomanipulation technique that is extensively used for the study of the mechanical properties of proteins. It is particularly suited to examine their response to stretching (i.e., molecular elasticity and mechanical stability). Here, we describe protein engineering strategies and single-molecule AFM techniques for probing protein mechanics, with special emphasis on polycystic kidney disease (PKD) proteins. We also provide step-by-step protocols for preparing proteins and performing single-molecule force measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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8
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Spudich JA, Rice SE, Rock RS, Purcell TJ, Warrick HM. Optical traps to study properties of molecular motors. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:1305-18. [PMID: 22046048 PMCID: PMC4784437 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top066662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In vitro motility assays enabled the analysis of coupling between ATP hydrolysis and movement of myosin along actin filaments or kinesin along microtubules. Single-molecule assays using laser trapping have been used to obtain more detailed information about kinesins, myosins, and processive DNA enzymes. The combination of in vitro motility assays with laser-trap measurements has revealed detailed dynamic structural changes associated with the ATPase cycle. This article describes the use of optical traps to study processive and nonprocessive molecular motor proteins, focusing on the design of the instrument and the assays to characterize motility.
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9
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Bustamante C, Chemla YR, Moffitt JR. High-resolution dual-trap optical tweezers with differential detection: an introduction. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2009:pdb.top60. [PMID: 20147062 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Optical traps or "optical tweezers" have become an indispensable tool in understanding fundamental biological processes. The ability to manipulate and probe individual molecules or molecular complexes has led to a new, more refined understanding of the mechanical properties of the fundamental building blocks of the cell, and of the mechanism by which molecular machines function. The field has seen a steady stream of technological advances that have greatly refined the technique. One major effort has been in developing methods to resolve motions at the angstrom level--the fundamental length scale for many biological processes. This drive has only recently come to fruition with the advent of high-resolution optical trapping techniques that can now detect movements on the scale of a single base pair of DNA, 3.4 A. Here we briefly review the basic concepts and components of optical traps and the single-molecule experiments in which they are used.
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10
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Fu Y, Zhang J, Lakowicz JR. Plasmon-enhanced fluorescence from single fluorophores end-linked to gold nanorods. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5540-1. [PMID: 20364827 PMCID: PMC2863293 DOI: 10.1021/ja9096237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We reported a method to fabricate fluorescent probes preferentially end-linked to Au nanorods. In comparison with organic dyes, the single nanocomplexes provide significant improvement in signal brightness. The bioconjugated nanoantenna structure implicates an approach that is more convenient and amenable to integration for photonic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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11
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Fu Y, Zhang J, Lakowicz JR. Highly efficient detection of single fluorophores in blood serum samples with high autofluorescence. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:646-51. [PMID: 19192209 PMCID: PMC2755222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single molecule detection (SMD) is usually performed on surface-immobilized molecules with diffraction-limited observation volumes, typically with confocal optics to suppress background from the sample and instrument. In this paper we consider the more difficult task of detecting single fluorophores in the presence of a substantial fluorescence background. We determined that for a readily accessible macroscopic observation volume of 1 pL that the background from undiluted blood serum was approximately equal to 2700 Cy5 molecules, and the background from whole blood equal to about 14 000 Cy5 molecules in whole blood. These high backgrounds appear to preclude the possibility of SMD of Cy5 molecules. However, we show that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in high background samples can be increased dramatically by reduction of the observed volume. We were able to detect single surface-bound Cy5-labeled DNA (Cy5-DNA) oligomers in diluted blood serum with an SNR near 40. We also examined freely diffusing Cy5-DNA in blood serum. The data showed that single Cy5-DNA molecules could be detected even in the undiluted serum. We further investigated the SNR on silver island films. We found that the fluorescence signal was greatly enhanced in the presence of metallic nanostructures showing a larger SNR in the application tested. These results suggest the possibility of clinical assays based on SMD in blood serum and possibly whole blood. Increased SNR near metallic nanostructure could probably overcome the need for diffraction-limited volumes and enhance our ability to do in situ SMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Moffitt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Yann R. Chemla
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Steven B. Smith
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Carlos Bustamante
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Departments of Chemistry, and Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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13
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Beyer MK, Clausen-Schaumann H. Mechanochemistry: The Mechanical Activation of Covalent Bonds. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2921-48. [PMID: 16092823 DOI: 10.1021/cr030697h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 717] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Beyer
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Single-molecule imaging and manipulation techniques have evolved in the past decade from mere jaw-dropping attractions to essential laboratory tools. By applying single-molecule methods important insights otherwise unavailable have been obtained on various biomolecular systems. Constantly improving single-molecule imaging techniques keep expanding the scale of the explorable spatial detail, thereby providing possible solutions to getting around the debilitating diffraction limit present in physiological-condition structural investigations. In some areas, such as motor protein studies, single-molecule methods have become part of the routine and essential research toolkit. Entire research fields, such as single-molecule force spectroscopy, have been born. In the present review single-molecule visualization and manipulation methods are reviewed with a focus on proteins. Relevant signals and prominent applications are discussed along with experimental examples and recent important results. Finally, the perspectives of the single-molecule field are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós S Z Kellermayer
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12. Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
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15
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Barclay CJ. Back to the future: cross-bridge working stroke in muscle fibres measured using force steps. J Physiol 2002; 545:1. [PMID: 12433942 PMCID: PMC2290657 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.032193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C J Barclay
- School of Physiotherapy & Exercise Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, PMB 50 Gold Coast Mail Centre, Queensland 9726, Australia.
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Kuthan H. Self-organisation and orderly processes by individual protein complexes in the bacterial cell. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 75:1-17. [PMID: 11311713 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(00)00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the bacterial cell, individual multimeric proteins and multiprotein assemblies perform and control orderly processes. Individual motor enzyme complexes accomplish highly complex functions, such as nucleic acid and protein syntheses, with impressive efficiency and fidelity. Lac operon repression by the lac repressor is effectively controlled via a single molecular switch. There are only few copies of, for example, DNA polymerase holoenzyme and lac repressor and few specific target molecules/sites, with which these protein complexes interact, present in a single E. coli cell. These interactive processes take place in submicron-sized spaces characterised by extreme crowding (volume exclusion) of macromolecules and small molecules, heterogeneity and non-ideality. Recent evidence reinforces the fundamental difference of the cytoplasmic as compared with in vitro ("test tube") reaction conditions. This is reflected in the breakdown of the applicability of "bulk phase" thermodynamic, macroscopic chemical kinetic and diffusion laws to interactions of individual macromolecules and target sites in a single cell. Stochastic kinetic models and stochastic simulations enable the statistical description and analysis of biochemical reactions and binding processes which involve small numbers of reactants. New unifying concepts and models are required for the quantitative understanding of the microscopic self-organisation of multi-protein complexes and the dynamic order at the single-protein assembly and single-switch level in the living cell.
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17
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The Chemistry of Movement. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bustamante C, Macosko JC, Wuite GJ. Grabbing the cat by the tail: manipulating molecules one by one. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000; 1:130-6. [PMID: 11253365 DOI: 10.1038/35040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methods for manipulating single molecules are yielding new information about both the forces that hold biomolecules together and the mechanics of molecular motors. We describe here the physical principles behind these methods, and discuss their capabilities and current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bustamante
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California, USA.
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