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Zheng S, An S, Luo Y, Vithran DTA, Yang S, Lu B, Deng Z, Li Y. HYBID in osteoarthritis: Potential target for disease progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115043. [PMID: 37364478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HYBID is a new hyaluronan-degrading enzyme and exists in various cells of the human body. Recently, HYBID was found to over-express in the osteoarthritic chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. According to these researches, high level of HYBID is significantly correlated with cartilage degeneration in joints and hyaluronic acid degradation in synovial fluid. In addition, HYBID can affect inflammatory cytokine secretion, cartilage and synovium fibrosis, synovial hyperplasia via multiple signaling pathways, thereby exacerbating osteoarthritis. Based on the existing research of HYBID in osteoarthritis, HYBID can break the metabolic balance of HA in joints through the degradation ability independent of HYALs/CD44 system and furthermore affect cartilage structure and mechanotransduction of chondrocytes. In particular, in addition to HYBID itself being able to trigger some signaling pathways, we believe that low-molecular-weight hyaluronan produced by excess degradation can also stimulate some disease-promoting signaling pathways by replacing high-molecular-weight hyaluronan in joints. The specific role of HYBID in osteoarthritis is gradually revealed, and the discovery of HYBID raises the new way to treat osteoarthritis. In this review, the expression and basic functions of HYBID in joints were summarized, and reveal potential role of HYBID as a key target in treatment for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Senbo An
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Djandan Tadum Arthur Vithran
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shaoqu Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bangbao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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2
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Zhang J, Nishida Y, Koike H, Zhuo L, Ito K, Ikuta K, Sakai T, Imagama S. Development of Therapeutic Agent for Osteoarthritis via Inhibition of KIAA1199 Activity: Effect of Ipriflavone In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12422. [PMID: 37569797 PMCID: PMC10419624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the effects of ipriflavone, which effectively reduces KIAA1199 activity, on osteoarthritis (OA) development and progression in an in vivo OA mouse model. The OA model mice were divided into the ipriflavone (200 mg/kg/day) group and the control group. OA onset and progression were evaluated with the Mankin score, and KIAA1199 expression and hyaluronan (HA) accumulation were analyzed by immunostaining. The molecular weight of HA in the cartilage tissue and serum HA concentration were analyzed by chromatography and competitive HA enzyme-linked immunoassay. The effects of ipriflavone on the bovine cartilage explant culture under the influence of IL-1β were also investigated. In the ipriflavone group, Safranin-O stainability was well-preserved, resulting in significant reduction of the Mankin score (p = 0.027). KIAA1199 staining positivity decreased and HA stainability was preserved in the ipriflavone group. The serum HA concentration decreased, and the molecular weight of HA in the cartilage tissue increased in the ipriflavone group. The results of the cartilage explant culture indicated that ipriflavone could reduce GAG losses and increase the molecular weight of HA. Thus, ipriflavone may have an inhibitory effect on OA development/progression. Ipriflavone could be a therapeutic drug for OA by targeting KIAA1199 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (J.Z.); (H.K.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (J.Z.); (H.K.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.S.); (S.I.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koike
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (J.Z.); (H.K.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Lisheng Zhuo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (J.Z.); (H.K.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Kan Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (J.Z.); (H.K.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Kunihiro Ikuta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (J.Z.); (H.K.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Tomohisa Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (J.Z.); (H.K.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.S.); (S.I.)
- Rare Cancer Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Shiro Imagama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; (J.Z.); (H.K.); (K.I.); (K.I.); (T.S.); (S.I.)
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3
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Controlled processivity in glycosyltransferases: A way to expand the enzymatic toolbox. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108081. [PMID: 36529206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GT) catalyse the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates which are the most abundant group of molecules in nature. They are involved in several key mechanisms such as cell signalling, biofilm formation, host immune system invasion or cell structure and this in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. As a result, research towards complete enzyme mechanisms is valuable to understand and elucidate specific structure-function relationships in this group of molecules. In a next step this knowledge could be used in GT protein engineering, not only for rational drug design but also for multiple biotechnological production processes, such as the biosynthesis of hyaluronan, cellooligosaccharides or chitooligosaccharides. Generation of these poly- and/or oligosaccharides is possible due to a common feature of several of these GTs: processivity. Enzymatic processivity has the ability to hold on to the growing polymer chain and some of these GTs can even control the number of glycosyl transfers. In a first part, recent advances in understanding the mechanism of various processive enzymes are discussed. To this end, an overview is given of possible engineering strategies for the purpose of new industrial and fundamental applications. In the second part of this review, we focused on specific chain length-controlling mechanisms, i.e., key residues or conserved regions, and this for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzymes.
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Zhang J, Nishida Y, Koike H, Ito K, Zhuo L, Nishida K, Kimata K, Ikuta K, Sakai T, Urakawa H, Seki T, Imagama S. Hyaluronan in articular cartilage: Analysis of hip osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis of femoral head. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:307-315. [PMID: 35538609 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) plays crucial roles in the maintenance of high-quality cartilage extracellular matrix. Several studies have reported the HA in synovial fluid in patients with osteoarthritis (OA), but few have described the changes of HA in articular cartilage of OA or idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). KIAA1199 was recently reported to have strong hyaluronidase activity. The aim of this study was to clarify the HA metabolism in OA and ONFH, particularly the involvement of KIAA1199. Immunohistochemical analysis of KIAA1199 and HA deposition was performed for human OA (n = 10), ONFH (n = 10), and control cartilage (n = 7). The concentration and molecular weight (MW) of HA were determined by competitive HA ELISA and Chromatography, respectively. Regarding HA metabolism-related molecules, HAS1, HAS2, HAS3, HYAL1, HYAL2, and KIAA1199 gene expression was assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Histological analysis showed the overexpression of KIAA1199 in OA cartilage, which was accompanied by decreased hyaluronic acid binding protein (HABP) staining compared with ONFH and control. Little KIAA1199 expression was observed in cartilage at the collapsed area of ONFH, which was accompanied by a slight decrease in HABP staining. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of HAS2 and KIAA1199 was upregulated in OA cartilage, while the mRNA expression of genes related to HA catabolism in ONFH cartilage showed mostly a downward trend. The MW of HA in OA cartilage increased while that in ONFH cartilage decreased. HA metabolism in ONFH is suggested to be generally indolent, and is activated in OA including high expression of KIAA1199. Interestingly, MW of HA in OA cartilage was not reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koike
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kan Ito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Lisheng Zhuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishida
- Department of Biostatistics Section, Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ikuta
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Urakawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taisuke Seki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shiro Imagama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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5
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Lung Hyaluronasome: Involvement of Low Molecular Weight Ha (Lmw-Ha) in Innate Immunity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050658. [PMID: 35625586 PMCID: PMC9138743 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major component of the extracellular matrix. It is synthesized by hyaluronan synthases (HAS) into high-molecular-weight chains (HMW-HA) that exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. In damaged, infected, and/or inflamed tissues, HMW-HA are degraded by hyaluronidases (HYAL) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) to give rise to low-molecular-weight HAs (LMW-HAs) that are potent pro-inflammatory molecules. Therefore, the size of HA regulates the balance of anti- or pro-inflammatory functions. The activities of HA depend also on its interactions with hyaladherins. HA synthesis, degradation, and activities through HA/receptors interactions define the hyaluronasome. In this review, a short overview of the role of high and low-molecular-weight HA polymers in the lungs is provided. The involvement of LMW-HA in pulmonary innate immunity via the activation of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells is described to highlight LMW-HA as a therapeutic target in inflammatory respiratory diseases. Finally, the possibilities to counter LMW-HA’s deleterious effects in the lungs are discussed.
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Watkins A, Fasanello D, Stefanovski D, Schurer S, Caracappa K, D'Agostino A, Costello E, Freer H, Rollins A, Read C, Su J, Colville M, Paszek M, Wagner B, Reesink H. Investigation of synovial fluid lubricants and inflammatory cytokines in the horse: a comparison of recombinant equine interleukin 1 beta-induced synovitis and joint lavage models. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:189. [PMID: 33980227 PMCID: PMC8117281 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lameness is a debilitating condition in equine athletes that leads to more performance limitation and loss of use than any other medical condition. There are a limited number of non-terminal experimental models that can be used to study early inflammatory and synovial fluid biophysical changes that occur in the equine joint. Here, we compare the well-established carpal IL-1β-induced synovitis model to a tarsal intra-articular lavage model, focusing on serial changes in synovial fluid inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and the synovial fluid lubricating molecules lubricin/proteoglycan 4 and hyaluronic acid. The objectives of this study were to evaluate clinical signs; synovial membrane and synovial fluid inflammation; and synovial fluid lubricants and biophysical properties in response to carpal IL-1β synovitis and tarsal intra-articular lavage. RESULTS Hyaluronic acid (HA) concentrations, especially high molecular weight HA, and synovial fluid viscosity decreased after both synovitis and lavage interventions. Synovial fluid lubricin concentrations increased 17-20-fold for both synovitis and lavage models, with similar changes in both affected and contralateral joints, suggesting that repeated arthrocentesis alone resulted in elevated synovial fluid lubricin concentrations. Synovitis resulted in a more severe inflammatory response based on clinical signs (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, lameness and joint effusion) and clinicopathological and biochemical parameters (white blood cell count, total protein, prostaglandin E2, sulfated glycosaminoglycans, tumor necrosis factor-α and CC chemokine ligands - 2, - 3, - 5 and - 11) as compared to lavage. CONCLUSIONS Synovial fluid lubricin increased in response to IL-1β synovitis and joint lavage but also as a result of repeated arthrocentesis. Frequent repeated arthrocentesis is associated with inflammatory changes, including increased sulfated glycosaminoglycan concentrations and decreased hyaluronic acid concentrations. Synovitis results in more significant inflammatory changes than joint lavage. Our data suggests that synovial fluid lubricin, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL11 and sGAG may be useful biomarkers for synovitis and post-lavage joint inflammation. Caution should be exercised when performing repeated arthrocentesis clinically or in experimental studies due to the inflammatory response and loss of HA and synovial fluid viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Watkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Diana Fasanello
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sydney Schurer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Caracappa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Albert D'Agostino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Emily Costello
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Heather Freer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Alicia Rollins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Claire Read
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marshall Colville
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Heidi Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Villas-Boas IM, Pidde G, Lichtenstein F, Ching ATC, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IDLM, DeOcesano-Pereira C, Madureira Trufen CE, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM, Morais KLP, Tambourgi DV. Human Chondrocyte Activation by Toxins From Premolis semirufa, an Amazon Rainforest Moth Caterpillar: Identifying an Osteoarthritis Signature. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2191. [PMID: 33072083 PMCID: PMC7531038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pararamosis is a disease that occurs due to contact with the hairs of the larval stage of the Brazilian moth Premolis semirufa. Envenomation induces osteoarticular alterations with cartilage impairment that resembles joint synovitis. Thus, the toxic venom present in the caterpillar hairs interferes with the phenotype of the cells present in the joints, resulting in inflammation and promoting tissue injury. Therefore, to address the inflammatory mechanisms triggered by envenomation, we studied the effects of P. semirufa hair extract on human chondrocytes. We have selected for the investigation, cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), complement components, eicosanoids, and extracellular matrix (ECM) components related to OA and RA. In addition, for measuring protein-coding mRNAs of some molecules associated with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), reverse transcription (RT) was performed followed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and we performed the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the chondrocytes transcriptome. In the supernatant of cell cultures treated with the extract, we observed increased IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, prostaglandin E2, metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13), and complement system components (C3, C4, and C5). We noticed a significant decrease in both aggrecan and type II collagen and an increase in HMGB1 protein in chondrocytes after extract treatment. RNA-seq analysis of the chondrocyte transcriptome allowed us to identify important pathways related to the inflammatory process of the disease, such as the inflammatory response, chemotaxis of immune cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Thus, these results suggest that components of Premolis semirufa hair have strong inflammatory potential and are able to induce cartilage degradation and ECM remodeling, promoting a disease with an osteoarthritis signature. Modulation of the signaling pathways that were identified as being involved in this pathology may be a promising approach to develop new therapeutic strategies for the control of pararamosis and other inflammatory joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giselle Pidde
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio Lichtenstein
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Koike H, Nishida Y, Shinomura T, Zhuo L, Hamada S, Ikuta K, Ito K, Kimata K, Ushida T, Ishiguro N. Forced expression of KIAA1199, a novel hyaluronidase, inhibits tumorigenicity of low-grade chondrosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1942-1951. [PMID: 32068299 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) has been shown to play crucial roles in the tumorigenicity of malignant tumors. Chondrosarcoma, particularly when low-grade, is characterized by the formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) containing abundant HA, and its drug/radiation resistance has become a clinically relevant problem. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a novel hyaluronidase, KIAA1199, on ECM formation as well as antitumor effects on chondrosarcoma. To clarify the roles of KIAA1199 in chondrosarcoma, mouse KIAA1199 was stably transfected to Swarm rat chondrosarcoma (RCS) cells (histologically grade 1). We investigated the effects of KIAA1199 on RCS cells in vitro and an autografted model in vivo. HA binding protein (HABP) stainability and ECM formation in KIAA1199-RCS was markedly suppressed compared with that of control cells. No significant changes in messenger RNA expression of Has1, Has2, Has3, Hyal1, or Hyal2 were observed. KIAA1199 expression did not affect proliferation or apoptosis but inhibited migration and invasion of RCS cells. In contrast, the expression of KIAA1199 significantly inhibited the growth of grafted tumors and suppressed the stainability of alcian blue in tumor tissues. Although there was no direct inhibitory effect on proliferation in vitro, induction of KIAA1199 showed the antitumor effects in grafted tumor growth in vivo possibly due to changes in the tumor microenvironment such as inhibition of ECM formation. Forced expression of KIAA1199 exhibits antitumor effects on low-grade chondrosarcoma, which has chemo- and radio-therapy resistant features. Together, KIAA1199 could be a novel promising therapeutic tool for low-grade chondrosarcoma, mediated by the degradation of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koike
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tamayuki Shinomura
- Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lisheng Zhuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Hamada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ikuta
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kan Ito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ushida
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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9
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Kang D, Shin J, Cho Y, Kim HS, Gu YR, Kim H, You KT, Chang MJ, Chang CB, Kang SB, Kim JS, Kim VN, Kim JH. Stress-activated miR-204 governs senescent phenotypes of chondrocytes to promote osteoarthritis development. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/486/eaar6659. [PMID: 30944169 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A progressive loss of cartilage matrix leads to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Matrix homeostasis is disturbed in OA cartilage as the result of reduced production of cartilage-specific matrix and increased secretion of catabolic mediators by chondrocytes. Chondrocyte senescence is a crucial cellular event contributing to such imbalance in matrix metabolism during OA development. Here, we identify miR-204 as a markedly up-regulated microRNA in OA cartilage. miR-204 is induced by transcription factors GATA4 and NF-κB in response to senescence signals. Up-regulated miR-204 simultaneously targets multiple components of the sulfated proteoglycan (PG) biosynthesis pathway, effectively shutting down PG anabolism. Ectopic expression of miR-204 in joints triggers spontaneous cartilage loss and OA development, whereas miR-204 inhibition ameliorates experimental OA, with concomitant recovery of PG synthesis and suppression of inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors in cartilage. Collectively, we unravel a stress-activated senescence pathway that underlies disrupted matrix homeostasis in OA cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kang
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungkwon Shin
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yongsik Cho
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seop Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Ran Gu
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haedong Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwon Tae You
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon Jong Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Hospital, 07061 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chong Bum Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Hospital, 07061 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Baik Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Hospital, 07061 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - V Narry Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, 08826 Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Agarwal G, K V K, Prasad SB, Bhaduri A, Jayaraman G. Biosynthesis of Hyaluronic acid polymer: Dissecting the role of sub structural elements of hyaluronan synthase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12510. [PMID: 31467312 PMCID: PMC6715743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) based biomaterials have several biomedical applications. HA biosynthesis is catalysed by hyaluronan synthase (HAS). The unavailability of 3-D structure of HAS and gaps in molecular understanding of HA biosynthesis process pose challenges in rational engineering of HAS to control HA molecular weight and titer. Using in-silico approaches integrated with mutation studies, we define a dictionary of sub-structural elements (SSE) of the Class I Streptococcal HAS (SeHAS) to guide rational engineering. Our study identifies 9 SSE in HAS and elucidates their role in substrate and polymer binding and polymer biosynthesis. Molecular modelling and docking assessment indicate a single binding site for two UDP-substrates implying conformationally-driven alternating substrate specificities for this class of enzymes. This is the first report hypothesizing the involvement of sites from SSE5 in polymer binding. Mutation at these sites influence HA production, indicating a tight coupling of polymer binding and synthase functions. Mutation studies show dispensable role of Lys-139 in substrate binding and a key role of Gln-248 and Thr-283 in HA biosynthesis. Based on the functional architecture in SeHAS, we propose a plausible three-step polymer extension model from its reducing end. Together, these results open new avenues for rational engineering of Class I HAS to study and regulate its functional properties and enhanced understanding of glycosyltransferases and processive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Agarwal
- Materials Simulation group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung R&D Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560037, India.
| | - Krishnan K V
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Shashi Bala Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Anirban Bhaduri
- Materials Simulation group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung R&D Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560037, India
| | - Guhan Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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11
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Ishizuka S, Tsuchiya S, Ohashi Y, Terabe K, Askew EB, Ishizuka N, Knudson CB, Knudson W. Hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) overexpression diminishes the procatabolic activity of chondrocytes by a mechanism independent of extracellular hyaluronan. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13562-13579. [PMID: 31270213 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative disease of the joints caused in part by a change in the phenotype of resident chondrocytes within affected joints. This altered phenotype, often termed proinflammatory or procatabolic, features enhanced production of endoproteinases and matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs) as well as secretion of endogenous inflammatory mediators. Degradation and reduced retention of the proteoglycan aggrecan is an early event in OA. Enhanced turnover of hyaluronan (HA) is closely associated with changes in aggrecan. Here, to determine whether experimentally increased HA production promotes aggrecan retention and generates a positive feedback response, we overexpressed HA synthase-2 (HAS2) in chondrocytes via an inducible adenovirus construct (HA synthase-2 viral overexpression; HAS2-OE). HAS2-OE incrementally increased high-molecular-mass HA >100-fold within the cell-associated and growth medium pools. More importantly, our results indicated that the HAS2-OE expression system inhibits MMP3, MMP13, and other markers of the procatabolic phenotype (such as TNF-stimulated gene 6 protein (TSG6)) and also enhances aggrecan retention. These markers were inhibited in OA-associated chondrocytes and in chondrocytes activated by interleukin-1β (IL1β), but also chondrocytes activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), or HA oligosaccharides. However, the enhanced extracellular HA resulting from HAS2-OE did not reduce the procatabolic phenotype of neighboring nontransduced chondrocytes as we had expected. Rather, HA-mediated inhibition of the phenotype occurred only in transduced cells. In addition, high HA biosynthesis rates, especially in transduced procatabolic chondrocytes, resulted in marked changes in chondrocyte dependence on glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation for their metabolic energy needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ishizuka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Saho Tsuchiya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Yoshifumi Ohashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Kenya Terabe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Emily B Askew
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Naoko Ishizuka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Cheryl B Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
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12
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Chijimatsu R, Yano F, Saito T, Kobayashi M, Hamamoto S, Kaito T, Kushioka J, Hart DA, Chung U, Tanaka S, Yoshikawa H, Nakamura N. Effect of the small compound
TD
‐198946 on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and transforming growth factor β3‐associated chondrogenesis of human synovium‐derived stem cells in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:446-458. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Chijimatsu
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
- Sensory and Motor System MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamamoto
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Junichi Kushioka
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - David A. Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint HealthUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Ung‐il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory and Motor System MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
- Global Center of Medical Engineering and InformaticsOsaka University Suita Japan
- Institute for Medical Science in SportsOsaka Health Science University Osaka Japan
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13
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Hamada S, Nishida Y, Zhuo L, Shinomura T, Ikuta K, Arai E, Koike H, Kimata K, Ushida T, Ishiguro N. Suppression of hyaluronan synthesis attenuates the tumorigenicity of low-grade chondrosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1573-1580. [PMID: 29091320 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) has been shown to play crucial roles in the tumorigenicity of malignant tumors. Chondrosarcoma, particularly when low-grade, is characterized by the formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) containing abundant HA, and its drug/radiation resistance has become a clinically relevant problem. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an HA synthesis inhibitor, 4-methylumbelliferone (MU), on ECM formation as well as antitumor effects in chondrosarcoma. We investigated the effects of MU on rat chondrosarcoma (RCS) cells with a grade I histological malignancy in vitro and in vivo grafted model. HA binding protein (HABP) stainability on and around the RCS cells was effectively reduced with treatment of MU. ECM formation was markedly suppressed by MU at a dose of 1.0 mM. Cell proliferation was significantly reduced by MU at 24 h. Cell motility and invasion were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by MU. No significant changes in mRNA expression of Has1-3 were observed. Furthermore, MU inhibited the growth of grafted tumors in vivo. Histologically, chondrosarcoma cells of control tumors showed a cell-clustering structure. HABP stainability was markedly decreased in the MU-treated group. These results suggest that MU exhibits antitumor effects on low-grade chondrosarcoma, via inhibition of HA accumulation and ECM formation. MU, which is an approved drug in bile therapy, could be a new off-label medication for chondrosarcomas. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1573-1580, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Hamada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Lisheng Zhuo
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Tamayuki Shinomura
- Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ikuta
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Eisuke Arai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koike
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ushida
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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14
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Kyostio-Moore S, Berthelette P, Cornell CS, Nambiar B, Figueiredo MD. Hyaluronic acid synthase-2 gene transfer into the joints of Beagles by use of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:505-517. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.5.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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The pericellular hyaluronan of articular chondrocytes. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:32-46. [PMID: 29425696 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The story of hyaluronan in articular cartilage, pericellular hyaluronan in particular, essentially is also the story of aggrecan. Without properly tethered aggrecan, the load bearing function of cartilage is compromised. The anchorage of aggrecan to the cell surface only occurs due to the binding of aggrecan to hyaluronan-with hyaluronan tethered either to a hyaluronan synthase or by multivalent binding to CD44. In this review, details of hyaluronan synthesis are discussed including how HAS2 production of hyaluronan is necessary for normal chondrocyte development and matrix assembly, how an abundance or deficit of pericellular hyaluronan alters chondrocyte metabolism, and whether hyaluronan size matters or changes with aging or disease. The biomechanical role and matrix assembly function of hyaluronan in addition to the functions of hyaluronidases are discussed. The turnover of hyaluronan is considered including mechanisms by which its turnover, at least in part, is mediated by endocytosis by chondrocytes and regulated by aggrecan degradation. Differences between turnover and clearance of newly synthesized hyaluronan and aggrecan versus the half-life of hyaluronan remaining within the inter-territorial matrix of cartilage are discussed. The release of neutral pH-acting hyaluronidase activity remains one unanswered question concerning the loss of cartilage hyaluronan in osteoarthritis. Signaling events driven by changes in hyaluronan-chondrocyte interactions may involve a chaperone function of CD44 with other receptors/cofactors as well as the changes in hyaluronan production functioning as a metabolic rheostat.
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16
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Tanaka T, Furumatsu T, Miyazawa S, Fujii M, Inoue H, Kodama Y, Ozaki T. Hyaluronan stimulates chondrogenic gene expression in human meniscus cells. Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:520-530. [PMID: 27898233 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1264944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose/Aim of the Study: Inner meniscus cells have a chondrocytic phenotype, whereas outer meniscus cells have a fibroblastic phenotype. In this study, we examined the effect of hyaluronan on chondrocytic gene expression in human meniscus cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human meniscus cells were prepared from macroscopically intact lateral meniscus. Inner and outer meniscus cells were obtained from the inner and outer halves of the meniscus. The cells were stimulated with hyaluronan diluted in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium without serum to the desired concentration (0, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/mL) for 2-7 days. Cellular proliferation, migration, and polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed for the inner and outer cells separately. Meniscal samples perforated by a 2 mm diameter punch were maintained for 3 weeks in hyaluronan-supplemented medium and evaluated by histological analyses. RESULTS Hyaluronan increased the proliferation and migration of both meniscus cell types. Moreover, cellular counts at the surface of both meniscal tissue perforations were increased by hyaluronan treatments. In addition, hyaluronan stimulated α1(II) collagen expression in inner meniscus cells. Accumulation of type II collagen at the perforated surface of both meniscal samples was induced by hyaluronan treatment. Hyaluronan did not induce type I collagen accumulation around the injured site of the meniscus. CONCLUSION Hyaluronan stimulated the proliferation and migration of meniscus cells. Our results suggest that hyaluronan may promote the healing potential of meniscus cells in damaged meniscal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tanaka
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Takayuki Furumatsu
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyazawa
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Masataka Fujii
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hiroto Inoue
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yuya Kodama
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School , Okayama , Japan
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17
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Conditional knockdown of hyaluronidase 2 in articular cartilage stimulates osteoarthritic progression in a mice model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7028. [PMID: 28765635 PMCID: PMC5539311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The catabolism of hyaluronan in articular cartilage remains unclear. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of hyaluronidase 2 (Hyal2) knockdown in articular cartilage on the development of osteoarthritis (OA) using genetic manipulated mice. Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model of Col2a promoter specific conditional Hyal2 knockout (Hyal−/−) mice was established and examined. Age related and DMM induced alterations of articular cartilage of knee joint were evaluated with modified Mankin score and immunohistochemical staining of MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, KIAA11199, and biotinylated- hyaluronan binding protein staining in addition to histomorphometrical analyses. Effects of Hyal2 suppression were also analyzed using explant culture of an IL-1α induced articular cartilage degradation model. The amount and size of hyaluronan in articular cartilage were higher in Hyal2−/− mice. Hyal2−/− mice exhibited aggravated cartilage degradation in age-related and DMM induced mice. MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5 positive chondrocytes were significantly higher in Hyal2−/− mice. Articular cartilage was more degraded in explant cultures obtained from Hyal2−/− mice. Knockdown of Hyal2 in articular cartilage induced OA development and progression possibly mediated by an imbalance of HA metabolism. This suggests that Hyal2 knockdown exhibits mucopolysaccharidosis-like OA change in articular cartilage similar to Hyal1 knockdown.
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18
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Ikuta K, Ota T, Zhuo L, Urakawa H, Kozawa E, Hamada S, Kimata K, Ishiguro N, Nishida Y. Antitumor effects of 4-methylumbelliferone, a hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor, on malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:469-479. [PMID: 27706810 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) has been shown to play important roles in the growth, invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors. Our previous study showing that high HA expression in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) is predictive of poor patient prognosis, prompted us to speculate that inhibition of HA synthesis in MPNST might suppress the tumorigenicity. The aim of our study was to investigate the antitumor effects of 4-methylumbelliferone (MU), an HA synthesis inhibitor, on human MPNST cells and tissues. The effects of MU on HA accumulation and tumorigenicity in MPNST cells were analyzed in the presence or absence of MU in an in vitro as well as in vivo xenograft model using human MPNST cell lines, sNF96.2 (primary recurrent) and sNF02.2 (metastatic). MU significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in both MPNST cell lines. HA binding protein (HABP) staining, particle exclusion assay and quantification of HA revealed that MU significantly decreased HA accumulation in the cytoplasms and pericellular matrices in both MPNST cell lines. The expression levels of HA synthase2 (HAS2) and HA synthase3 (HAS3) mRNA were downregulated after treatment with MU. MU induced apoptosis of sNF96.2 cells, but not sNF02.2 cells. MU administration significantly inhibited the tumor growth of sNF96.2 cells in the mouse xenograft model. To the best of our knowledge, our study demonstrates for the first time the antitumor effects of MU on human MPNST mediated by inhibition of HA synthesis. Our results suggest that MU may be a promising agent with novel antitumor mechanisms for MPNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Ikuta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine 65, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine 65, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Lisheng Zhuo
- Advanced Medical Research center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Urakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine 65, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Eiji Kozawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine 65, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Hamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine 65, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- Advanced Medical Research center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine 65, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School and School of Medicine 65, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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Huang Y, Askew EB, Knudson CB, Knudson W. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of HAS2 in rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes demonstrates the requirement of hyaluronan for aggrecan retention. Matrix Biol 2016; 56:74-94. [PMID: 27094859 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) plays an essential role in cartilage where it functions to retain aggrecan. Previous studies have suggested that aggrecan is anchored indirectly to the plasma membrane of chondrocytes via its binding to cell-associated HA. However, reagents used to test these observations such as hyaluronidase and HA oligosaccharides are short term and may have side activities that complicate interpretation. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing approach, a model system was developed by generating HA-deficient chondrocyte cell lines. HA synthase-2 (Has2)-specific single guide RNA was introduced into two different variant lines of rat chondrosarcoma chondrocytes; knockout clones were isolated and characterized. Two other members of the HA synthase gene family were expressed at very low relative copy number but showed no compensatory response in the Has2 knockouts. Wild type chondrocytes of both variants exhibited large pericellular matrices or coats extending from the plasma membrane. Addition of purified aggrecan monomer expanded the size of these coats as the proteoglycan became retained within the pericellular matrix. Has2 knockout chondrocytes lost all capacity to assemble a particle-excluding pericellular matrix and more importantly, no matrices formed around the knockout cells following the addition of purified aggrecan. When grown as pellet cultures so as to generate a bioengineered neocartilage tissue, the Has2 knockout chondrocytes assumed a tightly-compacted morphology as compared to the wild type cells. When knockout chondrocytes were transduced with Adeno-ZsGreen1-mycHas2, the cell-associated pericellular matrices were restored including the capacity to bind and incorporate additional exogenous aggrecan into the matrix. These results suggest that HA is essential for aggrecan retention and maintaining cell separation during tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Emily B Askew
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Cheryl B Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. The Histochemistry and Cell Biology omnium-gatherum: the year 2015 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:239-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Yoshioka Y, Kozawa E, Urakawa H, Arai E, Futamura N, Zhuo L, Kimata K, Ishiguro N, Nishida Y. Inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis alters sulfated glycosaminoglycans deposition during chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5 cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:167-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Tew SR, McDermott BT, Fentem RB, Peffers MJ, Clegg PD. Transcriptome-wide analysis of messenger RNA decay in normal and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 66:3052-61. [PMID: 25155964 PMCID: PMC4233952 DOI: 10.1002/art.38849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective Messenger RNA (mRNA) decay rates control not only gene expression levels, but also responsiveness to altered transcriptional input. We undertook this study to examine transcriptome-wide posttranscriptional regulation in both normal and osteoarthritic (OA) human articular chondrocytes. Methods Human articular chondrocytes were isolated from normal or OA tissue. Equine articular chondrocytes were isolated from young or old horses at a commercial abattoir. RNA decay was measured across the transcriptome in human cells by microarray analysis following an actinomycin D chase. Messenger RNA levels in samples were confirmed using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Results Examination of total mRNA expression levels demonstrated significant differences in the expression of transcripts between normal and OA chondrocytes. Interestingly, almost no difference was observed in total mRNA expression between chondrocytes from intact OA cartilage and those from fibrillated OA cartilage. Decay analysis revealed a set of rapidly turned over transcripts associated with transcriptional control and programmed cell death that were common to all chondrocytes and contained binding sites for abundant cartilage microRNAs. Many transcripts exhibited altered mRNA half-lives in human OA chondrocytes compared to normal cells. Specific transcripts whose decay rates were altered were generally less stable in these pathologic cells. Examination of selected genes in chondrocytes from young and old healthy horses did not identify any change in mRNA turnover. Conclusion This is the first investigation into the “posttranscriptome” of the chondrocyte. It identifies a set of short-lived chondrocyte mRNAs likely to be highly responsive to altered transcriptional input as well as mRNAs whose decay rates are affected in OA chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Tew
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, UK
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Lord MS, Farrugia BL, Rnjak-Kovacina J, Whitelock JM. Current serological possibilities for the diagnosis of arthritis with special focus on proteins and proteoglycans from the extracellular matrix. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 15:77-95. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.979158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Criado CL. Huge Avenues of Opportunities (With Some Potholes) Opened by the Very Small Things. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2014.01.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Xing G, Ren M, Verma A. Divergent Temporal Expression of Hyaluronan Metabolizing Enzymes and Receptors with Craniotomy vs. Controlled-Cortical Impact Injury in Rat Brain: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2014; 5:173. [PMID: 25309501 PMCID: PMC4161003 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers many secondary changes in tissue biology, which ultimately determine the extent of injury and clinical outcome. Hyaluronan [hyaluronic acid (HA)] is a protective cementing gel present in the intercellular spaces whose degradation has been reported as a causative factor in tissue damage. Yet little is known about the expression and activities of genes involved in HA catabolism after TBI. Young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three groups: naïve control, craniotomy, and controlled-cortical impact-induced TBI (CCI-TBI). Four animals per group were sacrificed at 4 h, 1, 3, and 7 days post-CCI. The mRNA expression of hyaluronan synthases (HAS1-3), hyaluronidases (enzymes for HA degradation, HYAL 1–4, and PH20), and CD44 and RHAMM (membrane receptors for HA signaling and removal) were determined using real-time PCR. Compared to the naïve controls, expression of HAS1 and HAS2 mRNA, but not HAS3 mRNA increased significantly following craniotomy alone and following CCI with differential kinetics. Expression of HAS2 mRNA increased significantly in the ipsilateral brain at 1 and 3 days post-CCI. HYAL1 mRNA expression also increased significantly in the craniotomy group and in the contralateral CCI at 1 and 3 days post-CCI. CD44 mRNA expression increased significantly in the ipsilateral CCI at 4 h, 1, 3, and 7 days post-CCI (up to 25-fold increase). These data suggest a dynamic regulation and role for HA metabolism in secondary responses to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xing
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Ming Ren
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Ajay Verma
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Luo N, Knudson W, Askew EB, Veluci R, Knudson CB. CD44 and hyaluronan promote the bone morphogenetic protein 7 signaling response in murine chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1547-58. [PMID: 24497488 DOI: 10.1002/art.38388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell-matrix interactions promote cartilage homeostasis. We previously found that Smad1, the transcriptional modulator of the canonical bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) pathway, interacted with the cytoplasmic domain of CD44, the principal hyaluronan receptor on chondrocytes. To elucidate the physiologic function of CD44-Smad1 interactions, as well as the role of hyaluronan, we studied the response of chondrocytes isolated from CD44(-/-) and BALB/c (wild-type [WT]) mice to stimulation with BMP-7. METHODS In primary murine chondrocytes, CD44 expression was decreased by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection or was enhanced by plasmid transfection. Pericellular hyaluronan was removed by hyaluronidase treatment, or its endogenous synthesis was inhibited. Changes in response to BMP-7 stimulation were evaluated by Western blotting of Smad1 phosphorylation and aggrecan messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. RESULTS Chondrocytes from CD44(-/-) mice and WT mice transfected with CD44 siRNA were less responsive than untransfected chondrocytes from WT mice to BMP-7. CD44(-/-) mouse chondrocytes transfected with pCD44 showed increased sensitivity to BMP-7. Significant increases in aggrecan mRNA were observed in WT mouse chondrocytes in response to 10 ng/ml of BMP-7, whereas at least 100 ng/ml of BMP-7 was required for CD44(-/-) mouse chondrocytes. However, in chondrocytes from CD44(-/-) and WT mice, hyaluronidase treatment decreased cellular responses to BMP-7. Treatment of both bovine and murine chondrocytes with 4-methylumbelliferone to reduce the synthesis of endogenous hyaluronan confirmed that hyaluronan promoted BMP-7 signaling. CONCLUSION Taken together, these investigations into the mechanisms underlying BMP-7 signaling in chondrocytes revealed that while hyaluronan-dependent pericellular matrix is critical for BMP-7 signaling, the expression of CD44 promotes the cellular response to lower concentrations of BMP-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Luo
- East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina; Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Ono Y, Ishizuka S, Knudson CB, Knudson W. Chondroprotective Effect of Kartogenin on CD44-Mediated Functions in Articular Cartilage and Chondrocytes. Cartilage 2014; 5:172-80. [PMID: 25610529 PMCID: PMC4297178 DOI: 10.1177/1947603514528354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recent report identified the small molecule kartogenin as a chondrogenic and chondroprotective agent. Since changes in hyaluronan metabolism occur during cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis, we began studies to determine whether there was a connection between extracellular hyaluronan, CD44-hyaluronan interactions and the effects of kartogenin on articular chondrocytes. METHODS Chondrocytes cultured in monolayers, bioengineered neocartilages, or cartilage explants were treated with kartogenin with or without stimulation by IL-1β. Accumulation of matrix was visualized by a particle exclusion assay or by safranin O staining and release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans was determined. Production of aggrecanases and aggrecan G1-ITEGE neoepitope, fragmentation of CD44 and the SMAD1/5/8 signaling pathway were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Kartogenin treatment enhanced chondrocyte pericellular matrix assembly and retention in the presence of IL-1β. The chondroprotective effects of kartogenin on IL-1β-induced release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans from articular cartilage explants, reduction in safranin O staining of neocartilage discs as well as a reduction in aggrecan G1-ITEGE neoepitope in chondrocyte and explant cartilage cultures were observed. Kartogenin partially blocked the IL-1β-induced increased expression of ADAMTS-5. Additionally, kartogenin-treated articular chondrocytes exhibited a decrease in CD44 proteolytic fragmentation. However, kartogenin treatment did not enhance proteoglycan in control, non-IL-1β-treated cultures. Similarly, kartogenin enhanced the SMAD1 phosphorylation but only following pretreatment with IL-1β. CONCLUSION These studies provide novel information on the chondroprotective function of kartogenin in adult articular cartilage. The effects of kartogenin are significant after activation of chondrocytic chondrolysis, which may occur following disruption of homeostasis maintained by hyaluronan-CD44 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Shinya Ishizuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Cheryl B. Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Absorption, distribution and mechanism of action of SYSADOAS. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:362-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tissue distribution and subcellular localization of hyaluronan synthase isoenzymes. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 141:17-31. [PMID: 24057227 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan synthases (HAS) are unique plasma membrane glycosyltransferases secreting this glycosaminoglycan directly to the extracellular space. The three HAS isoenzymes (HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3) expressed in mammalian cells differ in their enzymatic properties and regulation by external stimuli, but clearly distinct functions have not been established. To overview the expression of different HAS isoenzymes during embryonic development and their subcellular localization, we immunostained mouse embryonic samples and cultured cells with HAS antibodies, correlating their distribution to hyaluronan staining. Their subcellular localization was further studied by GFP-HAS fusion proteins. Intense hyaluronan staining was observed throughout the development in the tissues of mesodermal origin, like heart and cartilages, but also for example during the maturation of kidneys and stratified epithelia. In general, staining for one or several HASs correlated with hyaluronan staining. The staining of HAS2 was most widespread, both spatially and temporally, correlating with hyaluronan staining especially in early mesenchymal tissues and heart. While epithelial cells were mostly negative for HASs, stratified epithelia became HAS positive during differentiation. All HAS isoenzymes showed cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, both in tissue sections and cultured cells, while plasma membrane staining was also detected, often in cellular extensions. HAS1 had brightest signal in Golgi, HAS3 in Golgi and microvillous protrusions, whereas most of the endogenous HAS2 immunoreactivity was localized in the ER. This differential pattern was also observed with transfected GFP-HASs. The large proportion of intracellular HASs suggests that HAS forms a reserve that is transported to the plasma membrane for rapid activation of hyaluronan synthesis.
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Markway BD, Cho H, Johnstone B. Hypoxia promotes redifferentiation and suppresses markers of hypertrophy and degeneration in both healthy and osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R92. [PMID: 23965235 PMCID: PMC3979022 DOI: 10.1186/ar4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia is considered to be a positive influence on the healthy chondrocyte phenotype and cartilage matrix formation. However, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Thus, we assessed whether healthy and OA chondrocytes have distinct responses to oxygen, particularly with regard to hypertrophy and degradation during redifferentiation. METHODS Monolayer-expanded healthy and OA chondrocytes were redifferentiated for 14 days in pellet cultures under standard (20% oxygen) or hypoxic (2% oxygen) conditions. Cartilage matrix gene expression, matrix quality and quantity, degradative enzyme expression and HIF expression were measured. RESULTS In hypoxia, both healthy and OA chondrocytes had higher human collagen type II, α1 gene (COL2A1), and aggrecan (ACAN) expression and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) accumulation, concomitant with lower human collagen type X, α1 gene (COL10A1), and human collagen type I, α1 gene (COL1A1), expression and collagen I extracellular accumulation. OA chondrocytes had significantly lower sGAGs/DNA than healthy chondrocytes, but only in high oxygen conditions. Hypoxia also caused significantly greater sGAG retention and hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS2) expression by OA chondrocytes. Both healthy and OA chondrocytes had significantly lower expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP1, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP13 in hypoxia and less active MMP2 enzyme, consistent with lower MMP14 expression. However, aggrecanase (ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5) expression was significantly lowered by hypoxia only in healthy cells, and COL10A1 and MMP13 remained significantly higher in OA chondrocytes than in healthy chondrocytes in hypoxic conditions. HIF-1α and HIF-2α had similar expression profiles in healthy and OA cells, increasing to maximal levels early in hypoxia and decreasing over time. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic culture of human chondrocytes has long been acknowledged to result in increased matrix accumulation, but still little is known of its effects on catabolism. We show herein that the increased expression of matrix proteins, combined with decreased expression of numerous degradative enzymes by hypoxia, minimizes but does not abolish differences between redifferentiated healthy and OA chondrocytes. Hypoxia-induced HIF expression is associated with hypertrophic marker and degradative enzyme downregulation and increased measures of redifferentiation in both healthy and OA chondrocytes. Therefore, though HIFs may be involved in the pathogenesis of OA, conditions that promote HIF expression in vitro promote matrix accumulation and decrease degradation and hypertrophy, even in cells from OA joints.
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Ono Y, Sakai T, Hiraiwa H, Hamada T, Omachi T, Nakashima M, Ishizuka S, Matsukawa T, Knudson W, Knudson CB, Ishiguro N. Chondrogenic capacity and alterations in hyaluronan synthesis of cultured human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:733-9. [PMID: 23702485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During osteoarthritis there is a disruption and loss of the extracellular matrix of joint cartilage, composed primarily of type II collagen, aggrecan and hyaluronan. In young patients, autologous chondrocyte implantation can be used to repair cartilage defects. However, for more elderly patients with osteoarthritis, such a repair approach is contraindicated because the procedure requires a large expansion of autologous chondrocytes in vitro leading a rapid, perhaps irreversible, loss of the chondrocyte phenotype. This study investigates whether osteoarthritic chondrocytes obtained from older patients can be expanded in vitro and moreover, induced to re-activate their chondrocyte phenotype. A decrease in chondrocyte phenotype markers, collagen II, aggrecan and SOX9 mRNA was observed with successive expansion of cells in monolayer culture. However, chondrogenic induction in three-dimensional pellet culture successfully rescued the expression of all three marker genes to native levels, even with 4th passage cells-cells representing an approximate 625-fold expansion in cell number. This data supports the use of osteoarthritic cells for autologous implantation repair. In addition, another set of gene products were explored as useful markers of the chondrocyte phenotype. Differentiated primary chondrocytes exhibited a common pattern of hyaluronan synthase isoforms that changed upon cell expansion in vitro and, reverted back to the original pattern following pellet culture. Moreover, the change in isoform pattern correlated with changes in the molecular size of synthesized hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Hunt LC, Gorman C, Kintakas C, McCulloch DR, Mackie EJ, White JD. Hyaluronan synthesis and myogenesis: a requirement for hyaluronan synthesis during myogenic differentiation independent of pericellular matrix formation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13006-21. [PMID: 23493399 PMCID: PMC3642344 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.453209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous hyaluronan is known to alter muscle precursor cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, ultimately inhibiting myogenesis in vitro. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of endogenous hyaluronan synthesis during myogenesis. In quantitative PCR studies, the genes responsible for synthesizing hyaluronan were found to be differentially regulated during muscle growth, repair, and pathology. Although all Has genes (Has1, Has2, and Has3) were differentially regulated in these models, only Has2 gene expression consistently associated with myogenic differentiation. During myogenic differentiation in vitro, Has2 was the most highly expressed of the synthases and increased after induction of differentiation. To test whether this association between Has2 expression and myogenesis relates to a role for Has2 in myoblast differentiation and fusion, C2C12 myoblasts were depleted of Has2 by siRNA and induced to differentiate. Depletion of Has2 inhibited differentiation and caused a loss of cell-associated hyaluronan and the hyaluronan-dependent pericellular matrix. The inhibition of differentiation caused by loss of hyaluronan was confirmed with the hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor 4-methylumbelliferone. In hyaluronan synthesis-blocked cultures, restoration of the pericellular matrix could be achieved through the addition of exogenous hyaluronan and the proteoglycan versican, but this was not sufficient to restore differentiation to control levels. These data indicate that intrinsic hyaluronan synthesis is necessary for myoblasts to differentiate and form syncytial muscle cells, but the hyaluronan-dependent pericellular matrix is not sufficient to support differentiation alone; additional hyaluronan-dependent cell functions that are yet unknown may be required for myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam C. Hunt
- From the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Chris Gorman
- From the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- the School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher Kintakas
- From the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- the School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia, and
| | - Daniel R. McCulloch
- the School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia, and
| | - Eleanor J. Mackie
- the School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jason D. White
- From the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- the School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Yoshioka Y, Kozawa E, Urakawa H, Arai E, Futamura N, Zhuo L, Kimata K, Ishiguro N, Nishida Y. Suppression of Hyaluronan Synthesis Alleviates Inflammatory Responses in Murine Arthritis and in Human Rheumatoid Synovial Fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1160-70. [DOI: 10.1002/art.37861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The Role of HA and Has2 in the Development and Function of the Skeleton. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35935-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Benz K, Stippich C, Osswald C, Gaissmaier C, Lembert N, Badke A, Steck E, Aicher WK, Mollenhauer JA. Rheological and biological properties of a hydrogel support for cells intended for intervertebral disc repair. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:54. [PMID: 22490206 PMCID: PMC3375205 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-based approaches towards restoration of prolapsed or degenerated intervertebral discs are hampered by a lack of measures for safe administration and placement of cell suspensions within a treated disc. In order to overcome these risks, a serum albumin-based hydrogel has been developed that polymerizes after injection and anchors the administered cell suspension within the tissue. Methods A hydrogel composed of chemically activated albumin crosslinked by polyethylene glycol spacers was produced. The visco-elastic gel properties were determined by rheological measurement. Human intervertebral disc cells were cultured in vitro and in vivo in the hydrogel and their phenotype was tested by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Matrix production and deposition was monitored by immuno-histology and by biochemical analysis of collagen and glycosaminoglycan deposition. Species specific in situ hybridization was performed to discriminate between cells of human and murine origin in xenotransplants. Results The reproducibility of the gel formation process could be demonstrated. The visco-elastic properties were not influenced by storage of gel components. In vitro and in vivo (subcutaneous implants in mice) evidence is presented for cellular differentiation and matrix deposition within the hydrogel for human intervertebral disc cells even for donor cells that have been expanded in primary monolayer culture, stored in liquid nitrogen and re-activated in secondary monolayer culture. Upon injection into the animals, gels formed spheres that lasted for the duration of the experiments (14 days). The expression of cartilage- and disc-specific mRNAs was maintained in hydrogels in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating the maintenance of a stable specific cellular phenotype, compared to monolayer cells. Significantly higher levels of hyaluronan synthase isozymes-2 and -3 mRNA suggest cell functionalities towards those needed for the support of the regeneration of the intervertebral disc. Moreover, mouse implanted hydrogels accumulated 5 times more glycosaminoglycans and 50 times more collagen than the in vitro cultured gels, the latter instead releasing equivalent quantities of glycosaminoglycans and collagen into the culture medium. Matrix deposition could be specified by immunohistology for collagen types I and II, and aggrecan and was found only in areas where predominantly cells of human origin were detected by species specific in situ hybridization. Conclusions The data demonstrate that the hydrogels form stable implants capable to contain a specifically functional cell population within a physiological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Benz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
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Tlapak-Simmons VL, Medina AP, Baggenstoss BA, Nguyen L, Baron CA, Weigel PH. Clustered Conserved Cysteines in Hyaluronan Synthase Mediate Cooperative Activation by Mg 2+ Ions and Severe Inhibitory Effects of Divalent Cations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Suppl 1:001. [PMID: 25267933 DOI: 10.4172/2153-0637.s1-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan synthase (HAS) uses UDP-GlcUA and UDP-GlcNAc to make hyaluronan (HA). Streptococcus equisimilis HAS (SeHAS) contains four conserved cysteines clustered near the membrane, and requires phospholipids and Mg2+ for activity. Activity of membrane-bound or purified enzyme displayed a sigmoidal saturation profile for Mg2+ with a Hill coefficient of 2. To assess if Cys residues are important for cooperativity we examined the Mg2+ dependence of mutants with various combinations of Cys-to-Ala mutations. All Cys-mutants lost the cooperative response to Mg2+. In the presence of Mg2+, other divalent cations inhibited SeHAS with different potencies (Cu2+~Zn2+ >Co2+ >Ni2+ >Mn2+ >Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+). Some divalent metal ions likely inhibit by displacement of Mg2+-UDP-Sugar complexes (e.g. Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ had apparent Ki values of 2-5 mM). In contrast, Zn2+ and Cu2+ inhibited more potently (apparent Ki ≤ 0.2 mM). Inhibition of Cys-null SeHAS by Cu2+, but not Zn2+, was greatly attenuated compared to wildtype. Double and triple Cys-mutants showed differing sensitivities to Zn2+ or Cu2+. Wildtype SeHAS allowed to make HA prior to exposure to Zn2+ or Cu2+ was protected from inhibition, indicating that access of metal ions to sensitive functional groups was hindered in processively acting HA•HAS complexes. We conclude that clustered Cys residues mediate cooperative interactions with Mg2+ and that transition metal ions inhibit SeHAS very potently by interacting with one or more of these -SH groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarie L Tlapak-Simmons
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - Andria P Medina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - Bruce A Baggenstoss
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - Long Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - Christina A Baron
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
| | - Paul H Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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Inhibition of hyaluronan retention by 4-methylumbelliferone suppresses osteosarcoma cells in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1839-49. [PMID: 22045192 PMCID: PMC3251882 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyaluronan (HA) plays crucial roles in the tumourigenicity of many types of malignant tumours. 4-Methylumbelliferone (MU) is an inhibitor of HA synthesis. Several studies have shown its inhibitory effects on malignant tumours; however, none have focused on its effects on osteosarcoma. Methods: We investigated the effects of MU on HA accumulation and tumourigenicity of highly metastatic murine osteosarcoma cells (LM8) that have HA-rich cell-associated matrix, and human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63 and HOS). Results: In vitro, MU inhibited HA retention, thereby reducing the formation of functional cell-associated matrices, and also inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Akt phosphorylation was suppressed by MU (1.0 mM). In vivo, although MU showed only a mild inhibitory effect on the growth of the primary tumour, it markedly inhibited (75% reduction) the development of lung metastasis. Hyaluronan retention in the periphery of the primary tumour was markedly suppressed by MU. Conclusion: These findings suggested that MU suppressed HA retention and cell-associated matrix formation in osteosarcoma cells, resulting in a reduction of tumourigenicity, including lung metastasis. 4-Methylumbelliferone is a promising therapeutic agent targeting both primary tumours and distant metastasis of osteosarcoma, possibly via suppression of HA retention.
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Tammi RH, Passi AG, Rilla K, Karousou E, Vigetti D, Makkonen K, Tammi MI. Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of hyaluronan synthesis. FEBS J 2011; 278:1419-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Moffatt P, Lee ER, St-Jacques B, Matsumoto K, Yamaguchi Y, Roughley PJ. Hyaluronan production by means of Has2 gene expression in chondrocytes is essential for long bone development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:404-12. [PMID: 21246657 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice possessing no Has2 expression in chondrocytes died near birth and displayed abnormalities throughout their skeleton. By embryonic day 18.5, the long bones were short and wide, and possessed excessive mineralization within their diaphysis, with little evidence of diaphyseal bone modeling. However, this does not appear to be associated with an absence of blood vessel invasion or the reduced presence of osteoclasts. There was no evidence for the formation of an organized growth plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis, and while hypertrophic chondrocytes were present in this region they were abnormal in both appearance and organization. There was also increased cellularity in the epiphyseal cartilage and a corresponding decrease in the abundance of extracellular matrix, but aggrecan was still present. Thus, hyaluronan production by chondrocytes is not only essential for formation of an organized growth plate and subsequent long bone growth but also for normal modeling of the diaphyseal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Moffatt
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kwok JCF, Carulli D, Fawcett JW. In vitro modeling of perineuronal nets: hyaluronan synthase and link protein are necessary for their formation and integrity. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1447-59. [PMID: 20584105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that all perineuronal nets (PNNs) bearing neurons express a hyaluronan synthase (HAS), a link protein (usually cartilage link protein-1; Crtl1) and a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (usually aggrecan). Animal lacking Crtl1 in the CNS lacks normal PNNs. PNNs are implicated in the control of neuronal plasticity, and interventions to modulate PNN formation will be useful for manipulating plasticity. We have developed an in vitro model which demonstrates how the structural components of PNNs trigger their formation, using human embryonic kidney cells, which do not normally produce a pericellular matrix. Expression of HAS3 leads to the production of a diffuse matrix. It was converted into a compact PNN-like structure when the cells also expressed Crtl1 and aggrecan. This matrix was stained by Wisteria floribunda, contained Crtl1 and aggrecan, and like PNNs, could only be solubilized in 6 M urea. In the absence of hyaluronan produced by HAS3, aggrecan and Crtl1 dissipated into the medium, but when the cells were transfected to produce a hyaluronan matrix, Crtl1 and aggrecan were incorporated into it. Cells lacking any one of these molecules showed impaired integrity of the PNNs. Cells expressing HAS3 and Crtl1 were able to incorporate exogenous aggrecan into their pericellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C F Kwok
- Cambridge University Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Takahashi N, Knudson CB, Thankamony S, Ariyoshi W, Mellor L, Im HJ, Knudson W. Induction of CD44 cleavage in articular chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:1338-48. [PMID: 20178130 DOI: 10.1002/art.27410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hyaluronan receptor CD44 provides chondrocytes with a mechanism for sensing and responding to changes in the extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to document the fragmentation and loss of CD44 and to determine the likely mechanisms involved. METHODS A polyclonal anti-CD44 cytotail antibody was generated to detect CD44 fragmentation by Western blot analysis. Chondrocytes were isolated from human or bovine articular cartilage. Primary articular chondrocytes were treated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), hyaluronan oligosaccharides, or phorbol myristate acetate or were passaged and subcultured in monolayer to induce dedifferentiation. Conditions that altered the capacity of CD44 to transit into lipid rafts, or pharmacologic inhibitors of metalloproteinase or gamma-secretase activity were used to define the mechanism of fragmentation of CD44. RESULTS Chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage exhibited CD44 fragmentation as low molecular mass bands, corresponding to the CD44-EXT and CD44-ICD bands. Following dedifferentiation of chondrocytes or treatment of primary chondrocytes with hyaluronan oligosaccharides, IL-1beta, or phorbol myristate acetate, CD44 fragmentation was enhanced. Subsequent culture of the dedifferentiated chondrocytes in 3-dimensional alginate beads rescued the chondrocyte phenotype and diminished the fragmentation of CD44. Fragmentation of CD44 in chondrocytes was blocked in the presence of the metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 and the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT. CONCLUSION CD44 fragmentation, consistent with a signature pattern reported for sequential metalloproteinase/gamma-secretase cleavage of CD44, is a common metabolic feature of chondrocytes that have undergone dedifferentiation in vitro and osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Transit of CD44 into lipid rafts may be required for its fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobunori Takahashi
- The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834-4354, USA
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Divya P, Krishnan LK. Glycosaminoglycans restrained in a fibrin matrix improve ECM remodelling by endothelial cells grown for vascular tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:377-88. [PMID: 19452443 DOI: 10.1002/term.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The success of a biocompatible vascular graft depends upon its mechanical attributes and post-implantation healing responses. Mechanical strength is a paramount issue because grafts placed in the arterial circulation must be capable of withstanding long-term haemodynamic stress without graft failure. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that are deposited by the cells to remodel the environment play a major role in determining the construct stability and strength. A suitable scaffold that stimulates ECM deposition and remodelling by cells grown in vitro may generate tissues with normal function. The objective of this study was to prove that fibrin matrix composition can be modified with growth factors (GFs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to promote ECM remodelling coupled with endothelial cell (EC) growth. Effect of GFs and GAGs on ECM production and remodelling was studied separately and in combination. Matrices recovered after EC cultures were analysed after immunochemical staining and it was observed that GFs and GAGs influence collagen IV and elastin deposition. Quantitative PCR analysis of mRNA after specific periods of culture demonstrated significant upregulation of elastin and collagen expression in EC by combination of GFs and GAGS when compared to their individual effects. The results of experiments conducted with various combinations of GFs and GAGs show that a biomimetic approach of immobilization of signalling molecules in fibrin can upregulate ECM remodelling with simultaneous degradation of the fibrin matrix and deposition of collagen IV and elastin. Hence, this combination may be suitable for cardiovascular tissue generation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankajakshan Divya
- Thrombosis Research Unit, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695012, India
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Andhare RA, Takahashi N, Knudson W, Knudson CB. Hyaluronan promotes the chondrocyte response to BMP-7. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:906-16. [PMID: 19195913 PMCID: PMC2855217 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chondrocytes exhibit specific responses to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas). The bioactivity of these growth factors is regulated by numerous mediators. In our previous study, Smad1 was found to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of the hyaluronan receptor CD44. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of hyaluronan in the pericellular matrix to modulate the chondrocyte responses to BMP-7 or TGF-beta1. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Nuclear translocation of Smad1, Smad2 and Smad4 was studied in bovine articular chondrocytes in response to BMP-7 and TGF-beta1. The effects of matrix disruption by hyaluronidase treatment and the initiation of matrix repair by the addition of hyaluronan on the nuclear translocation of Smad proteins, Smad1 phosphorylation and luciferase expression by a CD44 reporter construct in response to BMP-7 were also studied. RESULTS The disruption of the hyaluronan-dependent pericellular matrix of chondrocytes resulted in diminished nuclear translocation of endogenous Smad1 and Smad4 in response to BMP-7; however, the nuclear translocation of Smad2 and Smad4 in these matrix-depleted chondrocytes in response to TGF-beta1 was not diminished. Incubation of the matrix-depleted chondrocytes with exogenous hyaluronan restored Smad1 and Smad4 nuclear translocation and increased pCD44(499)-Luc luciferase expression in response to BMP-7. Both exogenous hyaluronan and matrix re-growth enhanced by hyaluronan synthase-2 (HAS2) transfection restored Smad1 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of hyaluronan-CD44 interactions has little effect on the TGF-beta responses; however, re-establishing CD44-hyaluronan ligation promotes a robust cellular response to BMP-7 by articular chondrocytes. Thus, changes in cell-hyaluronan interactions may serve as a mechanism to modulate cellular responsiveness to BMP-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Andhare
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - N. Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - W. Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - C. B. Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Address correspondence to: C. Knudson, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA. Tel: 1-252-744-2851; FAX: 1-252-744-2850; E-mail:
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Rilla K, Tiihonen R, Kultti A, Tammi M, Tammi R. Pericellular hyaluronan coat visualized in live cells with a fluorescent probe is scaffolded by plasma membrane protrusions. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 56:901-10. [PMID: 18574248 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.951665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell types wear up to 20-mum-wide hyaluronidase-sensitive surface coats, detected by exclusion of sedimenting particles like fixed erythrocytes. The structure of the coat is enigmatic, being apparently too thick to be accounted by random coils or even extended chains of just hyaluronan attached to cell surface. We have shown that hyaluronan synthesis enforced by green fluorescent protein-hyaluronan synthase transfection creates microvillous protrusions. The idea that the plasma membrane protrusions rather than hyaluronan alone is responsible for the exclusion space was studied with a fluorescent probe for hyaluronan and a dye with membrane affinity, applied to live cell cultures. Mesothelial and smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and chondrocytes, all known for their endogenously active hyaluronan synthesis, showed hyaluronan-coated plasma membrane protrusions, barely visible in phase contrast microscopy. Treatment with hyaluronidase and inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis caused retraction of the protrusions unless they were attached to substratum. Hyaluronan and the exclusion space were reduced, but did not disappear, by purified hyaluronan hexasaccharides that compete with hyaluronan attached to CD44. The results suggest that slender plasma membrane protrusions are an inherent feature of hyaluronan coats, form their scaffold, and largely result from ongoing hyaluronan synthesis in their plasma membrane. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Rilla
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Yokoyama A, Muneta T, Nimura A, Koga H, Mochizuki T, Hata Y, Sekiya I. FGF2 and dexamethasone increase the production of hyaluronan in two-dimensional culture of elastic cartilage-derived cells: in vitro analyses and in vivo cartilage formation. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 329:469-78. [PMID: 17587060 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Elastic cartilage-derived cells cultured two-dimensionally with FGF2 and corticosteroid produce gel-type masses that become mature cartilage when injected into a subcutaneous pocket. This unique method has previously been clinically applied for treatments of nasal augmentation. However, the components of the gel-type mass and the mechanism of its synthesis remain unknown. Here, we have investigated the components of the gel-type mass produced by elastic cartilage-derived cells, and whether this gel-type mass can be produced by using other cell sources or other media. Human elastic cartilage-derived cells from auricular cartilage, hyaline cartilage-derived cells from articular cartilage, and mesenchymal stem cells from synovium were cultured in three media: "redifferentiation medium" containing FGF2 and dexamethasone; "chondrogenic medium" containing bone morphogenetic protein-2, transforming growth factor-beta3, and dexamethasone specific for in vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells; control medium. The elastic cartilage-derived cells cultured in redifferentiation medium produced a gelatinous matrix positive for Alcian blue. During culture, the amount of chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, and especially hyaluronan increased. However, the expression of RNAs for most chondrogenic genes did not increase. We also reproduced cartilage tissue formation by the injection of elastic cartilage-derived cells with the gelatinous mass into the subcutaneous space of the nude mouse. The synthesis of gelatinous matrix in vitro and the formation of cartilage tissue in vivo could be obtained only for the combination of elastic cartilage-derived cells with redifferentiation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yokoyama
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Saavalainen K, Tammi MI, Bowen T, Schmitz ML, Carlberg C. Integration of the activation of the human hyaluronan synthase 2 gene promoter by common cofactors of the transcription factors retinoic acid receptor and nuclear factor kappaB. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11530-9. [PMID: 17307735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607871200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a polysaccharide of the vertebrate extracellular matrix, produced by three related HA synthases (HASs) that influence numerous physiological processes. We screened the first 2250 bp of the HAS2 promoter for transcription factor response elements (REs) in silico and found 1 cluster of 2 retinoic acid (RA) REs, 3 discrete NF-kappaB factors, and 12 Sp1 REs. In parallel, we scanned nine overlapping promoter regions in HaCaT human immortalized keratinocytes using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to identify binding of mediator, coactivator, and corepressor proteins and Sp1 transcription factor in response to all-trans-RA and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). We found that all-trans-RA modulated the binding of the RA receptor and several coregulators to the region containing the RARE cluster at position -1230. The importance of this region is supported in reporter gene assays by the all-trans-RA induction of the respective promoter region. Similarly, we showed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays as well as by gel-shift assays with nuclear extracts that TNF-alpha induced NF-kappaB binding to regions at positions -380, -1420, and -1890, demonstrated its association with RNA polymerase II and cofactor proteins, and confirmed the functionality of the respective promoter regions in vivo. These findings partially explain the induction of HAS2 mRNA by all-trans-RA and TNF-alpha and provide an example how the action of different transcription factor families can use the same cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Saavalainen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Yates AC, Stewart AA, Byron CR, Pondenis HC, Kaufmann KM, Constable PD. Effects of sodium hyaluronate and methylprednisolone acetate on proteoglycan metabolism in equine articular chondrocytes treated with interleukin-1. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1980-6. [PMID: 17144797 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.12.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of sodium hyaluronate (HA) in combination with methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) on interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced inflammation in equine articular cartilage pellets. SAMPLE POPULATION Chondrocytes collected from 7 horses euthanatized for problems unrelated to the musculoskeletal system. PROCEDURES Chondrocyte pellets were treated with medium (negative control); medium containing IL-1 (positive control); or medium containing IL-1 with MPA only (0.05 or 0.5 mg/mL), HA only (0.2 or 2 mg/mL), or MPA (0.05 or 0.5 mg/mL) and HA (0.2 or 2 mg/mL) in combination. Proteoglycan (PG) synthesis was determined by incorporation of sulfur 35-labeled sodium sulfate into PGs. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of the media and the pellets and total pellet DNA content were determined. RESULTS Methylprednisolone acetate at 0.5 mg/mL caused an increase in PG synthesis, whereas HA had no effect alone. The combination of MPA, both 0.05 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, with HA at 2 mg/mL increased PG synthesis, compared with IL-1-treated control. All treatment groups containing the high concentration of MPA (0.5 mg/mL) and the high concentration of HA (2.0 mg/mL) had pellets with increased GAG content. The addition of HA caused an increase in total GAG content in the media, regardless of MPA treatment. Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and aggrecan mRNA expression was significantly reduced with MPA treatment. Total pellet DNA content was unchanged by any treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results indicate that MPA in combination with HA has beneficial effects on PG metabolism of IL-1-treated equine chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Yates
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802
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Abstract
The adult mammalian hemopoietic system maintains an extraordinarily large, yet well regulated supply of mature blood cells within the circulation throughout life. The system is capable of rapid recovery and compensation following injury, environmental stress or as a result of genetic disease such as the hemoglobinopathies. Despite the vast amount of research conducted there is still an incomplete understanding of hemopoietic regulation. Nevertheless, it is evident from transplantation studies that ongoing blood cell production is absolutely dependent upon hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These rare and potent cells have the capacity for extensive proliferation and the ability to differentiate into all blood cell types. An understanding of HSC regulation is fundamental to understanding hemopoiesis. There is now considerable evidence to demonstrate that in vivo, HSCs are located within defined anatomical sites or niches within the bone marrow. Regulation of HSC fate is mediated by both cell-autonomous mechanisms and extrinsic cues resulting from interactions between cells and extracellular components within the niche. This review focuses on the role of hyaluronic acid, a component of the HSC niche and moreover a HSC-associated glycosaminoglycan, in hemopoiesis and specifically HSC regulation. It is now evident that hyaluronic acid not only provides a physical scaffold or support within the marrow to facilitate localization and retention of HSCs to the stem cell niche but moreover, through ligation with its counter-receptors is able to directly affect the cellular functions of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Haylock
- Australian Stem Cell Centre, PO Box 8002, Monash University LPO, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Selbi W, Day AJ, Rugg MS, Fülöp C, de la Motte CA, Bowen T, Hascall VC, Phillips AO. Overexpression of hyaluronan synthase 2 alters hyaluronan distribution and function in proximal tubular epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:1553-67. [PMID: 16687630 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005080879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional consequences of increased renal cortical hyaluronan that is associated with both acute injury and progressive scarring are unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize hyaluronan synthase-2 (HAS2)-driven HA synthesis and determine its effect on renal proximal tubular epithelial cell (PTC) function, because this is known to be the inducible form of HA synthase in this cell type. Overexpression of HAS2 mRNA increased HA generation, which in the supernatant predominantly was HA of large molecular weight, whereas there was an increase in low molecular weight HA in cell-associated fractions. This was associated with increased expression of hyaluronidases, inhibition of HA cable formation concurrent with reduction in HA-dependent monocyte binding, and increased pericellular HA matrix. Overexpression of HAS2 led to enhanced cell migration. HA can be modified by the covalent attachment of heavy chains that are derived from the serum protein inter-alpha-inhibitor (IalphaI), a process that is known to be catalyzed by TNF-alpha-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6; an inflammation-associated protein). Enhanced migration was abrogated by blocking antibodies to either IalphaI or TSG-6. Addition of recombinant full-length TSG-6 (TSG-6Q) or TSG-6Q_Y94F, a mutant variant with impaired HA binding, increased cell migration. Both of these proteins were able to mediate the covalent transfer of heavy chains, from IalphaI and pre-alpha-inhibitor, onto HA. Addition of the isolated TSG-6-Link module (Link_TSG-6), which binds HA but is unable to form covalent complexes with IalphaI/pre-alpha-inhibitor, had no effect on migration, suggesting that TSG-6-mediated formation of heavy chain-HA complexes is critical in the formation of a pericellular HA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam Selbi
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Cardiff School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, CF14 4XN, UK
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Shiftan L, Israely T, Cohen M, Frydman V, Dafni H, Stern R, Neeman M. Magnetic resonance imaging visualization of hyaluronidase in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10316-23. [PMID: 16288020 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan, a high molecular weight, negatively charged polysaccharide, is a major constituent of the extracellular matrix. High molecular weight hyaluronan is antiangiogenic, but its degradation by hyaluronidase generates proangiogenic breakdown products. Thus, by expression of hyaluronidase, cancer cells can tilt the angiogenic balance of their microenvironment. Indeed, hyaluronidase-mediated breakdown of hyaluronan correlates with aggressiveness and invasiveness of ovarian cancer metastasis and with tumor angiogenesis. The goal of this work was to develop a novel smart contrast material for detection of hyaluronidase activity by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (GdDTPA) covalently linked to hyaluronan on the surface of agarose beads showed attenuated relaxivity. Hyaluronidase, either purified from bovine testes or secreted by ES-2 and OVCAR-3 human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells, activated the hyaluronan-GdDTPA-beads by rapidly altering the R1 and R2 relaxation rates. The change in relaxation rates was consistent with the different levels of biologically active hyaluronidase secreted by those cells. Hyaluronan-GdDTPA-beads were further used for demonstration of MRI detection of hyaluronidase activity in the proximity of s.c. ES-2 ovarian carcinoma tumors in nude mice. Thus, hyaluronan-GdDTPA-beads could allow noninvasive molecular imaging of hyaluronidase-mediated tilt of the peritumor angiogenic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Shiftan
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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