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Ramhorst R, Calo G, Paparini D, Vota D, Hauk V, Gallino L, Merech F, Grasso E, Leirós CP. Control of the inflammatory response during pregnancy: potential role of VIP as a regulatory peptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1437:15-21. [PMID: 29740848 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A network of cell-cell communications through contact and soluble factors supports the maternal-placental interaction and provides a suitable environment for fetal growth. Trophoblast cells take center stage at these loops: they interact with maternal leukocytes to sustain the varying demands of gestation, and they synthesize hormones, cytokines among other factors that contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Here, we discuss vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and its potential as a regulatory neuropeptide in pregnancy. VIP is synthesized by trophoblast cells; it regulates trophoblast cell function and interaction with the major immune cell populations present in the pregnant uterus. VIP activity produces an anti-inflammatory microenvironment by modulating the functional profile of monocytes, macrophages, and regulatory T cells. Trophoblast VIP inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation and accelerates neutrophil apoptosis, enabling their silent clearance by phagocytic cells. The effects of VIP on the trophoblast-immune interaction are consistent with its regulatory role throughout pregnancy for immune homeostasis maintenance. These observations may provide new clues for pharmacological targeting of pregnancy complications associated with exacerbated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Ramhorst
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Calo
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Paparini
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Vota
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Hauk
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Gallino
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fatima Merech
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Grasso
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Pérez Leirós
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide modulates trophoblast-derived cell line function and interaction with phagocytic cells through autocrine pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26364. [PMID: 27212399 PMCID: PMC4876379 DOI: 10.1038/srep26364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast cells migrate and invade the decidual stroma in a tightly regulated process to maintain immune homeostasis at the maternal-placental interface during the first weeks of pregnancy. Locally synthesized factors modulate trophoblast cell function and their interaction with maternal leukocytes to promote the silent clearance of apoptotic cells. The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic polypeptide with trophic and anti-inflammatory effects in murine pregnancy models. We explored the effect of VIP on two human first trimester trophoblast cell lines, particularly on their migration, invasiveness and interaction with phagocytic cells, and the signalling and regulatory pathways involved. We found that VIP enhanced trophoblast cell migration and invasion through the activation of high affinity VPAC receptors and PKA-CRE signalling pathways. VIP knocked-down trophoblast cells showed reduced migration in basal and leukemic inhibitor factor (LIF)-elicited conditions. In parallel, VIP-silenced trophoblast cells failed to induce the phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies and the expression of immunosuppressant markers by human monocytes. Our results suggest that VIP-mediated autocrine pathways regulate trophoblast cell function and contribute to immune homeostasis maintenance at placentation and may provide new clues for therapeutic intervention in pregnancies complicated by defective deep placentation.
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Falktoft B, Georg B, Fahrenkrug J. Signaling pathways in PACAP regulation of VIP gene expression in human neuroblastoma cells. Neuropeptides 2009; 43:387-96. [PMID: 19712974 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ganglia expressing the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) innervate vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) containing neurons suggesting a role of PACAP in regulating VIP expression. Human NB-1 neuroblastoma cells were applied to study PACAP regulated VIP gene expression aiming to identify the receptor and the signaling proteins involved. The PACAP receptor subtype PAC1 induced VIP gene expression as (i) PACAP and the PAC1 receptor agonist maxadilan were equally efficient and approximately 200-fold more potent than VIP, and (ii) PACAP6-38 and PG99-465, antagonists of PAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, respectively, abolished and did not affect the PACAP-induced VIP mRNA expression, respectively. A pivotal role of PKA was implicated in addition to partial involvement of PKC and ERK1/2 in PACAP-induced VIP gene expression as H-89, Bisindolylmaleimide I (BIS), Gö6976 and U0126 attenuated the VIP mRNA expression by 93%, 58%, 58% and 40%, respectively. PACAP modulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and CREB/ATF-1 (pCREB/ATF-1) concomitant with a translocation of PKA to the nucleus. Inhibition of conventional PKC isoforms and MEK1/2 completely abolished pERK1/2 without affecting PACAP induced pCREB/ATF-1. In contrast, inhibiting PKA attenuated PACAP induced pCREB/ATF-1. PACAP also enhanced the FOS gene expression and individual presence of H-89, BIS, Gö6976 and U0126 partially attenuated the PACAP induced FOS mRNA expression. Combining the kinase inhibitors completely suppressed the PACAP induced FOS mRNA expression. Immunoblotting confirmed expression of FOS protein upon addition of PACAP, which was diminished by impairment of PKC, ERK1/2 and PKA activities. The resemblance of the signaling pathways involving concomitant activities of PKC, ERK1/2 and PKA in PACAP regulation of the FOS and VIP gene expressions suggest for the first time a role of FOS in PACAP-induced VIP gene expression in human NB-1 neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Falktoft
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Yuan J, Liu X, Wu AW, McGonagill PW, Keller MJ, Galle CS, Meier JL. Breaking human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early gene silence by vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulation of the protein kinase A-CREB-TORC2 signaling cascade in human pluripotent embryonal NTera2 cells. J Virol 2009; 83:6391-403. [PMID: 19369332 PMCID: PMC2698552 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00061-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The triggering mechanisms underlying reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in latently infected persons are unclear. During latency, HCMV major immediate-early (MIE) gene expression breaks silence to initiate viral reactivation. Using quiescently HCMV-infected human pluripotent embryonal NTera2 cells (NT2) to model HCMV reactivation, we show that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an immunomodulatory neuropeptide, immediately and dose-dependently (1 to 500 nM) activates HCMV MIE gene expression. This response requires the MIE enhancer cyclic AMP response elements (CRE). VIP quickly elevates CREB Ser133 and ATF-1 Ser63 phosphorylation levels, although the CREB Ser133 phosphorylation level is substantial at baseline. VIP does not change the level of HCMV genomes in nuclei, Oct4 (pluripotent cell marker), or hDaxx (cellular repressor of HCMV gene expression). VIP-activated MIE gene expression is mediated by cellular protein kinase A (PKA), CREB, and TORC2. VIP induces PKA-dependent TORC2 Ser171 dephosphorylation and nuclear entry, which likely enables MIE gene activation, as TORC2 S171A (devoid of Ser171 phosphorylation) exhibits enhanced nuclear entry and desilences the MIE genes in the absence of VIP stimulation. In conclusion, VIP stimulation of the PKA-CREB-TORC2 signaling cascade activates HCMV CRE-dependent MIE gene expression in quiescently infected NT2 cells. We speculate that neurohormonal stimulation via this signaling cascade is a possible means for reversing HCMV silence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Yuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Hook V, Toneff T, Baylon S, Sei C. Differential activation of enkephalin, galanin, somatostatin, NPY, and VIP neuropeptide production by stimulators of protein kinases A and C in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:503-11. [PMID: 18619673 PMCID: PMC2745396 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides function as peptide neurotransmitters and hormones to mediate cell-cell communication. The goal of this study was to understand how different neuropeptides may be similarly or differentially regulated by protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) intracellular signaling mechanisms. Therefore, this study compared the differential effects of treating neuroendocrine chromaffin cells with stimulators of PKA and PKC on the production of the neuropeptides (Met)enkephalin, galanin, somatostatin, NPY, and VIP. Significantly, selective increases in production of these neuropeptides were observed by forskolin or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) which stimulate PKA and PKC mechanisms, respectively. (Met)enkephalin production was stimulated by up to 2-fold by forskolin treatment, but not by PMA. In contrast, PMA treatment (but not forskolin) resulted in a 2-fold increase in production of galanin and somatostatin, and a 3-fold increase in NPY production. Notably, VIP production was highly stimulated by forskolin and PMA, with increases of 3-fold and 10-15-fold, respectively. Differences in elevated neuropeptides occurred in cell extracts compared to secretion media, which consisted of (i) increased NPY primarily in secretion media, (ii) increased (Met)enkephalin and somatostatin in secretion media (not cell extracts), and (iii) increased galanin and VIP in both cell extracts and secretion media. Involvement of PKA or PKC for forskolin or PMA regulation of neuropeptide biosynthesis, respectively, was confirmed with direct inhibitors of PKA and PKC. The selective activation of neuropeptide production by forskolin and PMA demonstrates that PKA and PKC pathways are involved in the differential regulation of neuropeptide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0744, La Jolla, CA 92093-0744, USA.
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Miao T, Wu D, Zhang Y, Bo X, Xiao F, Zhang X, Magoulas C, Subang MC, Wang P, Richardson PM. SOCS3 suppresses AP-1 transcriptional activity in neuroblastoma cells through inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 37:367-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Muller JM, Philippe M, Chevrier L, Héraud C, Alleaume C, Chadéneau C. The VIP-receptor system in neuroblastoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 137:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gerhold LM, Sellix MT, Freeman ME. Antagonism of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus disrupts the rhythm of FRAs expression in neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons. J Comp Neurol 2002; 450:135-43. [PMID: 12124758 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether there is a functional relationship between cfos expression in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) -containing neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and Fos-related antigens (FRAs) expression in neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons of the arcuate (ARN) and periventricular (PeVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus. Brains were obtained from ovariectomized (OVX) female rats killed at 12:00 AM, 7:00 AM, 9:00 AM, 12:00 PM, and 7:00 PM (12 hours illumination beginning 6:00 AM). Antibodies against FRAs and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) identified activated neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons. Antibodies against cfos and VIP identified activated VIP-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the SCN. The proportion of neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons in the ARN and PeVN expressing FRAs was greatest and equivalent at 7:00 AM, 9:00 AM, 12:00 PM, and 12:00 AM. At 7:00 PM, the proportion of neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons expressing FRAs was significantly lower than all other time points. In the SCN, a subpopulation of VIP-IR neurons maximally expressed cfos at 7:00 AM, which decreased through 9:00 AM. cFos was not expressed at 7:00 PM and 12:00 AM in VIP-IR neurons. Antisense VIP oligonucleotides were injected into the SCN to determine whether attenuation of VIP expression disturbs rhythms in neuroendocrine dopaminergic neuronal activity. OVX rats were infused with either antisense VIP oligonucleotides or scrambled sequence oligonucleotides bilaterally (0.5 microg in 0.5 microl of saline per side) in the SCN. Animals were killed 34 hours (7:00 PM) and 46 hours (7:00 AM) after receiving infusions, and brains were recovered. Administration of antisense VIP oligonucleotides decreased VIP protein expression in the SCN and prevented the decrease in the percentage of neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons expressing FRAs at 7:00 PM but did not affect FRAs expression at 7:00 AM when compared with animals receiving scrambled oligonucleotides. These data suggest that VIP fibers from the SCN may relay time-of-day information to neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons to inhibit their activity and, thus, initiate prolactin release in the evening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette M Gerhold
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306, USA
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Liu D, Krajniak K, Chun D, Sena M, Casillas R, Lelièvre V, Nguyen T, Bravo D, Colburn S, Waschek JA. VIP gene transcription is regulated by far upstream enhancer and repressor elements. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 284:211-8. [PMID: 11374892 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma subclones differ widely in basal and second messenger induction of the gene encoding the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). These differences were recapitulated by a chimeric gene which consisted of 5.2 kb of the human VIP gene 5' flanking sequence fused to a reporter. Subsequent gene deletion experiments revealed several regulatory regions on the gene, including a 645-bp sequence located approximately 4.0 upstream from the transcription start site. Here we examined this upstream region in detail. Inhibitory sequences were found to be present on each end of the 645-bp fragment. When removed, basal transcription increased more than 50-fold. Subsequent deletion/mutation analysis showed that the 213-bp fragment contained at least two enhancer elements. One of these was localized to an AT-rich 42-bp sequence shown by others to bind Oct proteins in neuroblastoma cells, while the other corresponded to a composite AP-1/ets element. In addition to these enhancers, a 28-bp sequence on the 213-bp fragment with no apparent homology to known silencers inhibited transcription. The studies provide molecular details of a complex regulatory region on the VIP gene that is likely to be used to finely tune the level of gene transcription in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room 68-225 NPI, Los Angeles, California, 90024-1759
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Jones EA, Conover J, Symes AJ. Identification of a novel gp130-responsive site in the vasoactive intestinal peptide cytokine response element. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:36013-20. [PMID: 10964933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007373200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropoietic cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) potently induces transcription of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene through a 180-base pair (bp) cytokine response element (CyRE) in the VIP promoter. We have previously shown that CNTF induction of STAT and AP-1 protein binding within the CyRE is necessary to mediate CNTF induction of VIP gene transcription. We now show that a third, previously uncharacterized site at the 3'-end of the CyRE is also critical to CNTF induction of CyRE transcription. A 4-bp mutation in this 3'-region reduced CNTF-mediated induction of transcription approximately 80%. Whereas mutations in both the STAT and AP-1 sites substantially reduced CNTF induction of transcription, mutations in these sites together with the novel 3'-site completely abolished the ability of CNTF to induce CyRE-mediated transcription. Gel shift analysis indicated that a complex in neuroblastoma cells bound specifically to this 3'-site. This complex was not altered by CNTF treatment. Mutations in an 8-bp sequence (TTACTGGA) eliminated binding of this protein complex and markedly reduced transcriptional activation of the CyRE by CNTF. Thus, we have identified a protein complex binding to a novel DNA sequence that is necessary for full CNTF induction of VIP gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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