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Pragyandipta P, Pedapati RK, Reddy PK, Nayek A, Meher RK, Guru SK, Kantevari S, Naik PK. Rational design of novel microtubule targeting anticancer drugs N-imidazopyridine noscapinoids: Chemical synthesis and experimental evaluation based on in vitro using breast cancer cells and in vivo using xenograft mice model. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110606. [PMID: 37330181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We present N-imidazopyridine-noscapinoids, a new class of noscapine derivatives that bind to tubulin and exhibit antiproliferative activity against triple positive (MCF-7) and triple negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells. The N-atom of the isoquinoline ring of noscapine scaffold was altered in silico by coupling the imidazo [(Ye et al., 1998; Ke et al., 2000) 1,21,2-a] pyridine pharmacophore to rationally develop a series of N-imidazopyridine-noscapinoids (7-11) with high tubulin binding affinity. The predicted ΔGbinding of the N-imidazopyridine-noscapinoids 7-11 varied from -27.45 to -36.15 kcal/mol, a much lower value than noscapine with ΔGbinding -22.49 kcal/mol. The cytotoxicity of N-imidazopyridine-noscapinoids was evaluated using hormone dependent MCF-7, triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines and primary breast cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of these compounds (represented as IC50 concentration) ranges between 4.04 and 33.93 μM against breast cancer cells without affecting normal cells (IC50 value > 952 μM). All the compounds (7-11) perturbed the cell cycle progression at G2/M phase and triggered apoptosis. Among all the N-imidazopyridine-noscapinoids, N-5-Bromoimidazopyridine-noscapine (9) showed promising antiproliferative activity and was selected for detailed investigation. The onset of apoptosis treated with 9 using MDA-MB-231 revealed morphological changes like cellular shrinkage, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, and apoptotic bodies formation. Along with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), there was a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting induction of apoptosis to cancer cells. Compound 9 was also found to significantly regress the implanted tumour in nude mice as xenografts of MCF-7 cells without any apparent side effects after drug administration. We conclude that N-imidazopyridine-noscapinoids possess excellent potential as a promising drug for treating breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyush Pragyandipta
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Sambalpur, 768019, Odisha, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Pedapati
- Fluoro-Agrochemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Reddy
- Fluoro-Agrochemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Arnab Nayek
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Meher
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Sambalpur, 768019, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Guru
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology & Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 037, India
| | - Srinivas Kantevari
- Fluoro-Agrochemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Pradeep K Naik
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Sambalpur, 768019, Odisha, India.
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Kumar Pedapati R, Pragyandipta P, Pranathi Abburi N, Chirra N, Kantevari S, Naik PK. Antiproliferative Noscapinoids Bearing an Amidothiadiazole Scaffold as Apoptosis Inducers: Design, Synthesis and Molecular Docking. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201089. [PMID: 36690497 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Noscapine an FDA-approved antitussive agent. With low cytotoxicity with higher concentrations, noscapine and its derivatives have been shown to have exceptional anticancer properties against a variety of cancer cell lines. In order to increase its potency, in this study, we synthesized a series of new amido-thiadiazol coupled noscapinoids and tested their cytotoxicity in vitro. All of the newly synthesised compounds demonstrated potent cytotoxic potential, with IC50 values ranging from 2.1 to 61.2 μM than the lead molecule, noscapine (IC50 value ranges from 31 to 65.5 μM) across all cell lines, without affecting normal cells (IC50 value is>300 μM). Molecular docking of all these molecules with tubulin (PDB ID: 6Y6D, resolution 2.20 Å) also revealed better binding affinity (docking score range from -5.418 to -9.679 kcal/mol) compared to noscapine (docking score is -5.304 kcal/mol). One of the most promising synthetic derivatives 6aa (IC50 value ranges from 2.5 to 7.3 μM) was found to bind tubulin with the highest binding affinity (ΔGbinding is -28.97 kcal/mol) and induced apoptosis in cancer cells more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Pedapati
- Fluoro and Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pratyush Pragyandipta
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Sambalpur768 019, Odisha, India
| | - Naga Pranathi Abburi
- Fluoro and Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nagaraju Chirra
- Fluoro and Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Srinivas Kantevari
- Fluoro and Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pradeep K Naik
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Sambalpur768 019, Odisha, India
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3
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Nourbakhsh F, Askari VR. Biological and pharmacological activities of noscapine: Focusing on its receptors and mechanisms. Biofactors 2021; 47:975-991. [PMID: 34534373 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Noscapine has been mentioned as one of the effective drugs with potential therapeutic applications. With few side effects and amazing capabilities, noscapine can be considered different from other opioids-like structure compounds. Since 1930, extensive studies have been conducted in the field of pharmacological treatments from against malaria to control cough and cancer treatment. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that noscapine and some analogues, like 9-bromonoscapine, amino noscapine, and 9-nitronoscapine, can be used to treat polycystic ovaries syndrome, stroke, and other diseases. Given the numerous results presented in this field and the role of different receptors in the therapeutic effects of noscapine, we aimed to review the properties, therapeutic effects, and the role of receptors in the treatment of noscapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Nourbakhsh
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Rida PCG, LiVecche D, Ogden A, Zhou J, Aneja R. The Noscapine Chronicle: A Pharmaco-Historic Biography of the Opiate Alkaloid Family and its Clinical Applications. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1072-96. [PMID: 26179481 DOI: 10.1002/med.21357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Given its manifold potential therapeutic applications and amenability to modification, noscapine is a veritable "Renaissance drug" worthy of commemoration. Perhaps the only facet of noscapine's profile more astounding than its versatility is its virtual lack of side effects and addictive properties, which distinguishes it from other denizens of Papaver somniferum. This review intimately chronicles the rich intellectual and pharmacological history behind the noscapine family of compounds, the length of whose arms was revealed over decades of patient scholarship and experimentation. We discuss the intriguing story of this family of nontoxic alkaloids, from noscapine's purification from opium at the turn of the 19th century in Paris to the recent torrent of rationally designed analogs with tremendous anticancer potential. In between, noscapine's unique pharmacology; impact on cellular signaling pathways, the mitotic spindle, and centrosome clustering; use as an antimalarial drug and cough suppressant; and exceptional potential as a treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome, strokes, and diverse malignancies are catalogued. Seminal experiments involving some of its more promising analogs, such as amino-noscapine, 9-nitronoscapine, 9-bromonoscapine, and reduced bromonoscapine, are also detailed. Finally, the bright future of these oftentimes even more exceptional derivatives is described, rounding out a portrait of a truly remarkable family of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashree C G Rida
- Novazoi Theranostics, Inc, Plano, Texas, 75025, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Dillon LiVecche
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Angela Ogden
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
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Santoshi S, Manchukonda NK, Suri C, Sharma M, Sridhar B, Joseph S, Lopus M, Kantevari S, Baitharu I, Naik PK. Rational design of biaryl pharmacophore inserted noscapine derivatives as potent tubulin binding anticancer agents. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 29:249-70. [PMID: 25481458 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9820-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have strategically designed a series of noscapine derivatives by inserting biaryl pharmacophore (a major structural constituent of many of the microtubule-targeting natural anticancer compounds) onto the scaffold structure of noscapine. Molecular interaction of these derivatives with α,β-tubulin heterodimer was investigated by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding free energy calculation. The predictive binding affinity indicates that the newly designed noscapinoids bind to tubulin with a greater affinity. The predictive binding free energy (ΔG(bind, pred)) of these derivatives (ranging from -5.568 to -5.970 kcal/mol) based on linear interaction energy (LIE) method with a surface generalized Born (SGB) continuum solvation model showed improved binding affinity with tubulin compared to the lead compound, natural α-noscapine (-5.505 kcal/mol). Guided by the computational findings, these new biaryl type α-noscapine congeners were synthesized from 9-bromo-α-noscapine using optimized Suzuki reaction conditions for further experimental evaluation. The derivatives showed improved inhibition of the proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549), compared to natural noscapine. The cell cycle analysis in MCF-7 further revealed that these compounds alter the cell cycle profile and cause mitotic arrest at G2/M phase more strongly than noscapine. Tubulin binding assay revealed higher binding affinity to tubulin, as suggested by dissociation constant (Kd) of 126 ± 5.0 µM for 5a, 107 ± 5.0 µM for 5c, 70 ± 4.0 µM for 5d, and 68 ± 6.0 µM for 5e compared to noscapine (Kd of 152 ± 1.0 µM). In fact, the experimentally determined value of ΔG(bind, expt) (calculated from the Kd value) are consistent with the predicted value of ΔG(bind, pred) calculated based on LIE-SGB. Based on these results, one of the derivative 5e of this series was used for further toxicological evaluation. Treatment of mice with a daily dose of 300 mg/kg and a single dose of 600 mg/kg indicates that the compound does not induce detectable pathological abnormalities in normal tissues. Also there were no significant differences in hematological parameters between the treated and untreated groups. Hence, the newly designed noscapinoid, 5e is an orally bioavailable, safe and effective anticancer agent with a potential for the treatment of cancer and might be a candidate for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seneha Santoshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Distt. Solan, 173 234, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Shalaby KS, Soliman ME, Casettari L, Bonacucina G, Cespi M, Palmieri GF, Sammour OA, El Shamy AA. Determination of factors controlling the particle size and entrapment efficiency of noscapine in PEG/PLA nanoparticles using artificial neural networks. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4953-64. [PMID: 25364252 PMCID: PMC4211908 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s68737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, di- and triblock copolymers based on polyethylene glycol and polylactide were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization and characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography. Nanoparticles containing noscapine were prepared from these biodegradable and biocompatible copolymers using the nanoprecipitation method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for size and drug entrapment efficiency, and their morphology and size were checked by transmission electron microscopy imaging. Artificial neural networks were constructed and tested for their ability to predict particle size and entrapment efficiency of noscapine within the formed nanoparticles using different factors utilized in the preparation step, namely polymer molecular weight, ratio of polymer to drug, and number of blocks that make up the polymer. Using these networks, it was found that the polymer molecular weight has the greatest effect on particle size. On the other hand, polymer to drug ratio was found to be the most influential factor on drug entrapment efficiency. This study demonstrated the ability of artificial neural networks to predict not only the particle size of the formed nanoparticles but also the drug entrapment efficiency. This may have a great impact on the design of polyethylene glycol and polylactide-based copolymers, and can be used to customize the required target formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim S Shalaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Omaima A Sammour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelhameed A El Shamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Karna P, Rida PC, Turaga RC, Gao J, Gupta M, Fritz A, Werner E, Yates C, Zhou J, Aneja R. A novel microtubule-modulating agent EM011 inhibits angiogenesis by repressing the HIF-1α axis and disrupting cell polarity and migration. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1769-81. [PMID: 22678119 PMCID: PMC3514903 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial tubular morphogenesis relies on an exquisite interplay of microtubule dynamics and actin remodeling to propel directed cell migration. Recently, the dynamicity and integrity of microtubules have been implicated in the trafficking and efficient translation of the mRNA for HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor), the master regulator of tumor angiogenesis. Thus, microtubule-disrupting agents that perturb the HIF-1α axis and neovascularization cascade are attractive anticancer drug candidates. Here we show that EM011 (9-bromonoscapine), a microtubule-modulating agent, inhibits a spectrum of angiogenic events by interfering with endothelial cell invasion, migration and proliferation. Employing green-fluorescent transgenic zebrafish, we found that EM011 not only inhibited vasculogenesis but also disrupted preexisting vasculature. Mechanistically, EM011 caused proteasome-dependent, VHL-independent HIF-1α degradation and repressed expression of HIF-1α downstream targets, namely VEGF and survivin. Furthermore, EM011 inhibited membrane ruffling and impeded formation of filopodia, lamellipodia and stress fibers, which are critical for cell migration. These events were associated with a drug-mediated decrease in activation of Rho GTPases- RhoA, Cdc42 and Rac1, and correlated with a loss in the geometric precision of centrosome reorientation in the direction of movement. This is the first report to describe a previously unrecognized, antiangiogenic property of a noscapinoid, EM011, and provides evidence for novel anticancer strategies recruited by microtubule-modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanthi Karna
- Department of Biology,
Georgia State University,
Atlanta, GA 30303, USA,
| | | | - Ravi Chakra Turaga
- Department of Biology,
Georgia State University,
Atlanta, GA 30303, USA,
| | - Jinmin Gao
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University,
Tianjin 300071, China,
| | | | | | - Erica Werner
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and
| | - Clayton Yates
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research,
Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University,
Tianjin 300071, China,
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology,
Georgia State University,
Atlanta, GA 30303, USA,
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c-Jun N-terminal kinase mediates microtubule-depolymerizing agent-induced microtubule depolymerization and G2/M arrest in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:98-107. [PMID: 21968419 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32834bc978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-binding agents (MBAs) form one of the most important anticancer-drug families, but their molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. MBAs such as paclitaxel (PTX) stabilize microtubules, whereas XRP44X (a novel pyrazole) and combretastatins A4 (CA4) destabilize microtubules. These two different types of MBAs have potent antitumor activity. Comparisons of their effects on signal transduction and cellular responses will help uncover the molecular mechanism by which MBAs affect tumor cells. We used MCF-7 cells to compare the effects of the three MBAs on the cytoskeleton, cell cycle distribution, and activation of the three major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades [extracellular signal-related kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK] using pharmacological inhibitors. The G2/M phase arrest was induced following polymerization of microtubules by PTX and depolymerization by XRP44X and CA4. The three major MAPKs were rapidly activated by XRP44X, and extracellular signal-related kinases and p38 by PTX, whereas JNK did not quickly respond to PTX. Pharmacological inhibitors indicated that activation of JNK is principally required for XRP44X- and CA4-induced microtubule depolymerization and G2/M phase arrest. Our results suggest that early phosphorylation of JNK is a specific mechanism involved in microtubule depolymerization by certain MBAs.
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Noscapinoids with anti-cancer activity against human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CEM): a three dimensional chemical space pharmacophore modeling and electronic feature analysis. J Mol Model 2011; 18:307-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Stanton RA, Gernert KM, Nettles JH, Aneja R. Drugs that target dynamic microtubules: a new molecular perspective. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:443-81. [PMID: 21381049 DOI: 10.1002/med.20242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules have long been considered an ideal target for anticancer drugs because of the essential role they play in mitosis, forming the dynamic spindle apparatus. As such, there is a wide variety of compounds currently in clinical use and in development that act as antimitotic agents by altering microtubule dynamics. Although these diverse molecules are known to affect microtubule dynamics upon binding to one of the three established drug domains (taxane, vinca alkaloid, or colchicine site), the exact mechanism by which each drug works is still an area of intense speculation and research. In this study, we review the effects of microtubule-binding chemotherapeutic agents from a new perspective, considering how their mode of binding induces conformational changes and alters biological function relative to the molecular vectors of microtubule assembly or disassembly. These "biological vectors" can thus be used as a spatiotemporal context to describe molecular mechanisms by which microtubule-targeting drugs work.
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Mikaelian I, Buness A, de Vera-Mudry MC, Kanwal C, Coluccio D, Rasmussen E, Char HW, Carvajal V, Hilton H, Funk J, Hoflack JC, Fielden M, Herting F, Dunn M, Suter-Dick L. Primary endothelial damage is the mechanism of cardiotoxicity of tubulin-binding drugs. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:144-51. [PMID: 20624997 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of tubulin binders (TBs) in the treatment of cancer often is associated with cardiotoxicity, the mechanism of which has not been elucidated. To test the hypothesis that interstitial cells of the myocardium are the primary target of TBs, we evaluated the acute effects of a single iv administration of three reference TBs: colchicine (0.2 and 2 mg/kg), vinblastine (0.5 and 3 mg/kg), and vincristine (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) 6 and 24 h after dosing. Mitotic arrest was identified at 24 h in all high-dose groups based on an increase in the number of mitotic figures in the interstitium coupled with a decrease in the number of Ki67-positive interstitial cells. Analysis of the myocardial transcriptomic data further supported G2/M cell cycle arrest 6 h after dosing with the high-dose groups of all three compounds. Apoptotic figures and an increase in the number of cleaved caspase 3-positive cells were identified at 6 and 24 h at the highest dose of each compound predominantly in interstitial cells, whereas a few cardiomyocytes were affected as well. Transcriptomic profiling of the myocardium further suggested that some of the affected interstitial cells were endothelial cells based on the upregulation of genes typically associated with vascular damage and downregulation of endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 and apelin. Taken together, these data identify endothelial cells of the myocardium as the primary target of the cardiotoxicity of TBs and identify cell cycle arrest as the mechanism of this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mikaelian
- Non-Clinical Safety, Bldg 100/310, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, USA.
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12
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Li R, Tang XL, Miao SY, Zong SD, Wang LF. Regulation of the G2/M phase of the cell cycle by sperm associated antigen 8 (SPAG8) protein. Cell Biochem Funct 2009; 27:264-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Jaiswal AS, Aneja R, Connors SK, Joshi HC, Multani AS, Pathak S, Narayan S. 9-bromonoscapine-induced mitotic arrest of cigarette smoke condensate-transformed breast epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:1146-56. [PMID: 19229861 PMCID: PMC2728348 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, we determined the chemotherapeutic efficacy of 9-bromonoscapine (Br-Nos), a more potent noscapine analog, on MCF10A, spontaneously immortalized human normal breast epithelial cells and MCF10A-CSC3, cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-transformed cells. The results from cytogenetic analysis showed that Br-Nos induced polyploidy and telomeric association in MCF10A-CSC3 cells, while MCF10A cells remained unaffected. Our immunofluorescence data further demonstrated that MCF10A-CSC3 cells were susceptible to mitotic catastrophe on exposure to Br-Nos and failed to recover after drug withdrawal. MCF10A-CSC3 cells exhibited Br-Nos-induced aberrant multipolar spindle formation, which irreversibly impaired the alignment of replicated chromosome to the equatorial plane and finally culminated in cell death. Although MCF10A cells upon Br-Nos treatment showed bipolar spindles with some uncongressed chromosomes, these cells recovered fairly well after drug withdrawal. Our flow-cytometry analysis data reconfirmed that MCF10A-CSC3 cells were more susceptible to cell death compared to MCF10A cells. Furthermore, our results suggest that decreased levels of cdc2/cyclin B1 and cdc2 kinase activity are responsible for Br-Nos-induced mitotic cell arrest leading to cell death in MCF10A-CSC3 cells. This study thus explores the underlying mechanism of Br-Nos-induced mitotic catastrophe in CSC-transformed MCF10A-CSC3 cells and its potential usefulness as a chemotherapeutic agent for prevention of cigarette smoke-induced breast cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna S. Jaiswal
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and UF Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Shahnjayla K. Connors
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and UF Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Harish C. Joshi
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Asha S. Multani
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sen Pathak
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and UF Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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Heidari N, Goliaei B, Moghaddam PR, Rahbar-Roshandel N, Mahmoudian M. Apoptotic pathway induced by noscapine in human myelogenous leukemic cells. Anticancer Drugs 2008; 18:1139-47. [PMID: 17893514 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3282eea257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that noscapine, an opium-derived phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid that is currently being used as an oral antitussive drug, induces apoptosis in myeloid leukemia cells. The molecular mechanism responsible for the anticancer effects of noscapine is poorly understood. In the current study, the apoptotic effects of noscapine on two myeloid cell lines, apoptosis-proficient HL60 cells and apoptosis-resistant K562 cells, were analyzed. An increase in the activity of caspase-2, -3, -6, -8 and -9, poly(ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage, detection of phosphatidylserine on the outer layer of the cell membrane, nucleation of chromatin, and DNA fragmentation suggested the induction of apoptosis. Noscapine increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio with a significant decrease of Bcl-2 expression accompanied with Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Using an inhibitory approach, the activation of the caspase cascade involved in the noscapine-induced apoptosis was analyzed. We observed no inhibitory effect of the caspase-8 inhibitor on caspase-9 activity. In view of these results and taking into consideration that K562 cells are Fas-null, we suggested that caspase-8 is activated in a Fas-independent manner downstream of caspase-9. In conclusion, noscapine can induce apoptosis in both apoptosis-proficient and apoptosis-resistant leukemic cells, and it can be a novel candidate in the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Heidari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Kim TJ, Ravoori M, Landen CN, Kamat AA, Han LY, Lu C, Lin YG, Merritt WM, Jennings N, Spannuth WA, Langley R, Gershenson DM, Coleman RL, Kundra V, Sood AK. Antitumor and antivascular effects of AVE8062 in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9337-45. [PMID: 17909042 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of action of a vascular-disrupting agent, AVE8062, and to determine its effects on tumor metabolic activity. The in vitro and in vivo effects of AVE8062 alone and in combination with docetaxel were tested in chemotherapy-sensitive and chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer models. Tumors were analyzed for necrosis, microvessel density, endothelial cell apoptosis, and proliferation following treatment. The effect of AVE8062 on tumor regression and metabolic activity was examined by magnetic resonance (MR) or by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) uptake by positron emission tomography (PET) with MR imaging, respectively. AVE8062 monotherapy was effective in inhibiting tumor growth in all models (range 43-51% versus control; P < 0.05). Combination therapy was even more effective in inhibiting tumor growth (range 76-90% compared with controls, P < 0.01). AVE8062 in combination with chemotherapy significantly prolonged survival in HeyA8-injected mice (P < 0.001) compared with other groups. AVE8062-based therapy resulted in rapid development of central tumor necrosis, decreased microvessel density, decreased proliferation, and induction of apoptosis of tumor-associated endothelial cells. MR imaging showed regression of established HeyA8 ovarian tumors and [18F]FDG PET with MR showed rapid decrease in metabolic activity after AVE8062 therapy. Combination of AVE8062 plus docetaxel results in potent inhibition of ovarian cancer growth. These results suggest that AVE8062 may be useful as a clinical therapeutic approach for ovarian cancer patients and that functional [18F]FDG PET imaging may predict clinical response before an anatomic reduction in tumor size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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16
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Henley D, Isbill M, Fernando R, Foster JS, Wimalasena J. Paclitaxel induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells requires cell cycle transit but not Cdc2 activity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 59:235-49. [PMID: 16972069 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Paclitaxel (PTX) is a widely used chemotherapy agent and may cause cell death by apoptosis subsequent to microtubule (MT) disruption. In this paper, we have investigated whether cell cycle transit and or Cdc2 (Cdk1) activity is required for the apoptosis induced by PTX. METHODS Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry, Cdc2 was assayed bio chemically. Cdc2 activity was decreased by siRNA and dominant negative (dn) Cdc2 expression. Cells were arrested by chemical or biological inhibitors in a G1 or S phase. Apoptosis was measured by DNA fragmentation and examination of nuclei by microscopy. JNK and AKT activations were assessed as well. RESULTS Cell cycle inhibition was highly effective in decreasing PTX induced apoptosis. MT morphology was not altered by these inhibitors. PTX induced JNK activity or AKT mediated BAD phosphorylation was unaffected by cell cycle inhibitors. Abrogation of Cdc 2 activity was without effect on PTX induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS While cell cycle transit is required for PTX induced apoptosis; Cdc2 activity is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Henley
- Department of OB/GYN, GSM, UTMCK, University of Tennessee, Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
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17
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Wink M. Molecular modes of action of cytotoxic alkaloids: from DNA intercalation, spindle poisoning, topoisomerase inhibition to apoptosis and multiple drug resistance. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2007; 64:1-47. [PMID: 18085328 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(07)64001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Aneja R, Zhou J, Zhou B, Chandra R, Joshi HC. Treatment of hormone-refractory breast cancer: apoptosis and regression of human tumors implanted in mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:2366-77. [PMID: 16985071 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Following surgery, the hormone dependence of breast tumors is exploited for therapy using antagonists such as tamoxifen, although occasional hormone-resistant clones do appear. Another chemotherapeutic strategy uses microtubule inhibitors such as taxanes. Unfortunately, these agents elicit toxicities such as leukocytopenia, diarrhea, alopecia, and peripheral neuropathies and are also associated with the emergence of drug resistance. We have previously described a tubulin-binding, natural compound, noscapine, that was nontoxic and triggered apoptosis in many cancer types albeit at 10 mumol/L or higher concentrations depending on the cell type. We now show that a synthetic analogue of noscapine, 9-bromonoscapine, is approximately 10-fold to 15-fold more potent than noscapine in inhibiting cell proliferation and induces apoptosis following G2-M arrest in hormone-insensitive human breast cancers (MDA-MB-231). Furthermore, a clear loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, activation of the terminal caspase-3, and the cleavage of its substrates such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, suggest an intrinsic apoptotic mechanism. Taken together, these data point to a mitochondrially mediated apoptosis of hormone-insensitive breast cancer cells. Human tumor xenografts in nude mice showed significant tumor volume reduction and a surprising increase in longevity without signs of obvious toxicity. Thus, our data provide compelling evidence that 9-bromonoscapine can be useful for the therapy of hormone-refractory breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Aneja
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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19
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Altinoz MA, Bilir A, Del Maestro RF, Tuna S, Ozcan E, Gedikoglu G. Noscapine and diltiazem augment taxol and radiation-induced S-phase arrest and clonogenic death of C6 glioma in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 65:478-84; discussion 485. [PMID: 16630910 DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2005.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy after surgical resection is the approved treatment of gliomas, and survival benefits are reported with taxane-based chemotherapy. We investigated whether these regimes could be augmented with blood-brain barrier permeable drugs, N and D. Noscapine is an opioid antitussive, which acts anti cancer via blocking microtubule dynamics. Diltiazem is a calcium channel-blocking cardiac antiarrythmic, which also blocks tumor growth and P-glycoprotein. METHODS Effects of N (11.1 micromol/L), D (11.1 micromol/L), and T (11.7 micromol/L) were monitored in C6 glioma cells via S phase, colony formation, and fine structure analysis. RESULTS Taxol depleted S phase from 35.2% to 12.2%. Both N and D synergistically augmented T-mediated S-phase depletion, and they also effectively reduced colonies, which were more potent by N by 49%. Taxol reduced colonies by 98%, and there were almost no surviving colonies in copresence of T with either N or D. Colony reduction by radiotherapy was increased strongly by T and significantly by N. Taxol and radiation profoundly increased number of mitochondria. Both D and N suppressed this increase via myelinosis and autophagy. CONCLUSION Noscapine and D should be further tested in animal models because of their potential and already-present clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric A Altinoz
- Golden Horn (Halic) University, Capa, Istanbul 34390, Turkey.
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20
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Aneja R, Lopus M, Zhou J, Vangapandu SN, Ghaleb A, Yao J, Nettles JH, Zhou B, Gupta M, Panda D, Chandra R, Joshi HC. Rational design of the microtubule-targeting anti-breast cancer drug EM015. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3782-91. [PMID: 16585205 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied in silico docking of noscapine onto tubulin, combined with calculations of surface charge, pi-pi, van der Waals, and hydrogen bonding interactions, to rationally design a new compound, EM015. This tubulin-binding semisynthetic compound is a selective and potent anti-breast cancer agent and displays a 20-fold lower IC(50) against many tumor cells compared with our founding compound, (S)-6,7-dimethoxy-3-((R)-4-methoxy-6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]-dioxolo-[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)isobenzo-furan-1(3H)-one (noscapine). Furthermore, EM015 is also effective against a variety of drug-resistant cells. Surprisingly, the cell cycle profile of nontumorigenic normal cells is not affected. Many antimicrotubule cancer drugs in clinic today, particularly taxanes and Vincas, face challenges including frequent visits to the hospital for prolonged i.v. infusions, toxicities, and tumor recurrences due to drug resistance. EM015, on the other hand, is orally available, regresses breast tumor xenografts in nude mice models, and increases longevity. Furthermore, we have failed to observe any detectable toxicity in tissues, such as liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart, and brain, as well as neurons, which are common targets of antimicrotubule drug therapy. Thus, EM015 has a great promise in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Aneja
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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21
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Aneja R, Vangapandu SN, Lopus M, Viswesarappa VG, Dhiman N, Verma A, Chandra R, Panda D, Joshi HC. Synthesis of microtubule-interfering halogenated noscapine analogs that perturb mitosis in cancer cells followed by cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:415-26. [PMID: 16780803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified the naturally occurring non-toxic antitussive phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, noscapine as a tubulin-binding agent that arrests mitosis and induces apoptosis. Here we present high-yield efficient synthetic methods and an evaluation of anticancer activity of halogenated noscapine analogs. Our results show that all analogs display higher tubulin-binding activity than noscapine and inhibit proliferation of human cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and CEM). Surprisingly, the bromo-analog is approximately 40-fold more potent than noscapine in inhibiting cellular proliferation of MCF-7 cells. The ability of these analogs to inhibit cellular proliferation is mediated by cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, in that all analogs except 9-iodonoscapine, caused selective mitotic arrest with a higher efficiency than noscapine followed by apoptotic cell death as shown by immunofluorescence and quantitative FACS analyses. Furthermore, our results reveal the appearance of numerous fragmented nuclei as evidenced by DAPI staining. Thus, our data indicate a great potential of these compounds for studying microtubule-mediated processes and as chemotherapeutic agents for the management of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Aneja
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Research, Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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22
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Aneja R, Vangapandu SN, Lopus M, Chandra R, Panda D, Joshi HC. Development of a novel nitro-derivative of noscapine for the potential treatment of drug-resistant ovarian cancer and T-cell lymphoma. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 69:1801-9. [PMID: 16517755 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.021899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that an antitussive plant alkaloid, noscapine, binds tubulin, displays anticancer activity, and has a safe pharmacological profile in humans. Structure-function analyses pointed to a proton at position-9 of the isoquinoline ring that can be modified without compromising tubulin binding activity. Thus, many noscapine analogs with different functional moieties at position-9 were synthesized. Those analogs that kill human cancer cells resistant to other antimicrotubule agents, vincas and taxanes, were screened. Here, we present one such analog, 9-nitro-noscapine (9-nitro-nos), which binds tubulin and induces apoptosis selectively in tumor cells (ovarian and T-cell lymphoma) resistant to paclitaxel, vinblastine, and teniposide. 9-Nitro-nos treatment at doses as high as 100 microM did not affect the cell cycle profile of normal human fibroblasts. This selectivity of 9-nitro-nos for cancer cells represents a unique edge over the other available antimitotics. 9-Nitro-nos perturbs the progression of cell cycle by mitotic arrest, followed by apoptotic cell death associated with increased caspase-3 activation and appearance of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells. Thus, we conclude that 9-nitro-nos has great potential to be a novel therapeutic agent for ovarian and T-cell lymphoma cancers, even those that have become drug-resistant to currently available chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Aneja
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Research, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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23
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Andorfer C, Acker CM, Kress Y, Hof PR, Duff K, Davies P. Cell-cycle reentry and cell death in transgenic mice expressing nonmutant human tau isoforms. J Neurosci 2006; 25:5446-54. [PMID: 15930395 PMCID: PMC6725006 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4637-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau gene have been linked to neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation in several neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies; however, no tau mutations occur in Alzheimer's disease, although this disease is also characterized by NFT formation and cell death. Importantly, the mechanism of tau-mediated neuronal death remains elusive. Aged mice expressing nonmutant human tau in the absence of mouse tau (htau mice) developed NFTs and extensive cell death. The mechanism of neuron death was investigated in htau mice, and surprisingly, the presence of tau filaments did not correlate directly with death within individual cells, suggesting that cell death can occur independently of NFT formation. Our observations show that the mechanism of neurodegeneration involved reexpression of cell-cycle proteins and DNA synthesis, indicating that nonmutant tau pathology and neurodegeneration may be linked via abnormal, incomplete cell-cycle reentry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Andorfer
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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24
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Aneja R, Zhou J, Vangapandu SN, Zhou B, Chandra R, Joshi HC. Drug-resistant T-lymphoid tumors undergo apoptosis selectively in response to an antimicrotubule agent, EM011. Blood 2005; 107:2486-92. [PMID: 16282340 PMCID: PMC1895738 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that EM011, a synthetic compound, binds tubulin with a higher affinity than the founding compound, noscapine, without changing total microtubule polymer mass. Now we show that EM011 is potently effective against vinblastine-resistant human lymphoblastoid line CEM/VLB100 and its parental vinblastine-sensitive line CEM. The cytotoxicity is mediated by cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and subsequent apoptosis, as indicated by altered plasma membrane asymmetry, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, activation of caspase-3, and increased DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, oral EM011 treatment of nude mice bearing human lymphoma xenografts results in pronounced tumor regression by triggering apoptosis and significantly lengthens the survival time of mice. EM011 treatment does not have obvious side effects in tissues with frequently dividing cells, such as the spleen and duodenum. In addition, EM011 does not show any toxicity in the liver, lung, heart, brain, and sciatic nerve. More importantly, EM011 does not affect hematopoiesis as determined by complete blood count profiles. These findings suggest that EM011 may be a safe and effective chemotherapeutic agent for oral treatment of drug-resistant human lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Aneja
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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25
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Li Q, Sham HL. Discovery and development of antimitotic agents that inhibit tubulin polymerisation for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.11.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Zhou J, Liu M, Aneja R, Chandra R, Joshi HC. Enhancement of paclitaxel-induced microtubule stabilization, mitotic arrest, and apoptosis by the microtubule-targeting agent EM012. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:2435-41. [PMID: 15548390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
EM012, a semisynthetic phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, has been recently found to target microtubules and possess anti-cancer activity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of EM012 in combination with the classic microtubule-targeting agent paclitaxel. Our results demonstrated that EM012 enhanced the anti-proliferative activity of nanomolar concentrations of paclitaxel in human breast cancer (MCF7), prostate cancer (DU145), and non-small-cell lung cancer (A549) cells. Further studies revealed that EM012 increased the ability of nanomolar concentrations of paclitaxel to induce mitotic arrest and apoptosis, without affecting microtubule polymerization. In contrast, when micromolar concentrations of paclitaxel were used, EM012 promoted paclitaxel-induced microtubule polymerization both in vitro and in cultured cells. Nevertheless, EM012 enhanced the ability of nanomolar concentrations of paclitaxel to stabilize microtubules, as indicated by increased tubulin acetylation. Our results therefore suggest a therapeutic potential of EM012/paclitaxel combination in the management of human cancer and provide mechanistic insights into the combined effects of these two microtubule-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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27
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Kanthou C, Greco O, Stratford A, Cook I, Knight R, Benzakour O, Tozer G. The tubulin-binding agent combretastatin A-4-phosphate arrests endothelial cells in mitosis and induces mitotic cell death. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1401-11. [PMID: 15466404 PMCID: PMC3118836 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The tubulin-binding agent combretastatin A-4-phosphate (CA-4-P), rapidly disrupts the vascular network of tumors leading to secondary tumor cell death. In vitro, CA-4-P destabilizes microtubules and causes endothelial cell death. In this study we analyze the mechanisms by which CA-4-P induces the death of proliferating endothelial cells. We demonstrate that at >/=7.5 nmol/L, CA-4-P damages mitotic spindles, arrests cells at metaphase, and leads to the death of mitotic cells with characteristic G(2)/M DNA content. Mitotic arrest was associated with elevated levels of cyclin B1 protein and p34(cdc2) activity. Inhibition of p34(cdc2) activity by purvalanol A caused mitotic-arrested cells to rapidly exit mitosis, suggesting that sustained p34(cdc2) activity was responsible for metaphase arrest. Pharmacological prevention of entry into mitosis protected cells from undergoing cell death, further establishing the link between mitosis and cell death induction by CA-4-P. CA-4-P-mediated cell death shared characteristics of apoptosis but was independent of caspase activation suggesting the involvement of a non-caspase pathway(s). These data suggest that induction of apoptosis in endothelial cells by CA-4-P is associated with prolonged mitotic arrest. Therefore, by activating cell death pathways, CA-4-P, in addition to being an effective anti-vascular agent, may also interfere with regrowth of blood vessels in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryso Kanthou
- Tumour Microcirculation Group, Gray Cancer Institute, PO Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, HA6 2JR, UK.
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Liu XW, Lu FG, Zhang GS, Wu XP, You Y, Ouyang CH, Yang DY. Proteomics to display tissue repair opposing injury response to LPS-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2701-5. [PMID: 15309722 PMCID: PMC4572196 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i18.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the protein expression alterations in liver injury/repair network regulation as a response to gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, in order to anticipate the possible signal molecules or biomarkers in signaling LPS-related liver injury.
METHODS: Male BALB/c mice were treated with intra-peritoneal (i.p.) LPS (4 mg/kg) and sacrificed at 0, 6, 24 and 30 h to obtain livers. The livers were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathologic analyses. Total liver protein was separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The peptide mass of liver injury or repair related proteins were drawn up and the protein database was searched to identify the proteins.
RESULTS: Observations were as follows: (1) TRAIL-R2 was down regulated in livers of LPS-treated mice. TNFAIP1 was significantly up regulated at 6 h, then down-regulated at 24, 30 h with silent expression during senescent stage. (2) The amount of metaxin 2 and mitochondria import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM8a (TIMM8A) was increased upon treatment with LPS. (3) P34 cdc2 kinase was significantly up-regulated 30 h after LPS administration with silent expression during senescent, 6, 24 h treated stage. (4) The amount of proteasome activator 28 alpha subunit (PA28), magnesium dependent protein phosphatase (MDPP) and lysophospholipase 2 was decreased 6 h after LPS treatment but recovered or up-regulated 24 and 30 h after LPS treatment.
CONCLUSION: LPS-treated mouse liver displaying a time-dependent liver injury can result in expression change of some liver injury or repair related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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Abstract
Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (TAP) gene family that exhibits differential expression in nearly all human cancers but not in most normal tissues. Recent progress identified a multifunctional survivin pathway positioned at the interface between mitotic progression and apoptosis inhibition, and required to preserve viability of dividing tumor cells (Altieri, 2001; Andersen and Thor, 2002; Jaattela, 1999). The unique properties of survivin have recently found concrete applications for cancer detection, diagnosis, and outcome prediction. In addition, targeting the survivin pathway may offer new therapeutic prospects to lower a general survival threshold in cancer cells. This chapter will focus on the current developments in the field of survivin and its role in apoptosis regulation and mitotic progression. Current perspectives on exploiting the survivin pathway for cancer diagnosis and treatment will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C Altieri
- Department of Cancer Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Wang S, Hasham MG, Isordia-Salas I, Tsygankov AY, Colman RW, Guo YL. Upregulation of Cdc2 and cyclin A during apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284:H1917-23. [PMID: 12742823 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00861.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We (8) reported that the cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen (HKa) and its domain 5 (D5) inhibited angiogenesis. Further studies (15) revealed that D5 could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells, which together may represent a critical part of antiangiogenic activity of HKa and D5. In the present study, we further examined the effect of HKa on cell cycle progression and cell viability. We report that HKa induced a significant upregulation of Cdc2 and cyclin A in proliferating endothelial cells, concurrent with a marked increase of Cdc2 activity. The increased expression of Cdc2 and cyclin A by HKa was not associated with an apparent change in cell cycle profiles of basic fibroblast growth factor-stimulated proliferating cells, but closely correlated with a marked increase of apoptosis, suggesting that the elevated Cdc2 activity is involved in HKa-induced apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells. Our results support an emerging hypothesis that Cdc2 and cyclin A are important regulators for cell cycle as well as for apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Zhou J, Gupta K, Aggarwal S, Aneja R, Chandra R, Panda D, Joshi HC. Brominated derivatives of noscapine are potent microtubule-interfering agents that perturb mitosis and inhibit cell proliferation. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 63:799-807. [PMID: 12644580 DOI: 10.1124/mol.63.4.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Noscapine, a microtubule-interfering agent, has been shown to arrest mitosis, to induce apoptosis, and to have potent antitumor activity. We report herein that two brominated derivatives of noscapine, 5-bromonoscapine (5-Br-nosc) and reduced 5-bromonoscapine (Rd 5-Br-nosc), have higher tubulin binding activity than noscapine and affect tubulin polymerization differently from noscapine. In addition, they are able to arrest cell cycle progression at mitosis at concentrations much lower than noscapine. Interestingly, whereas noscapine-arrested cells have nearly normal bipolar spindles, cells arrested by 5-Br-nosc and Rd 5-Br-nosc form multipolar spindles. Nevertheless, noscapine and the two derivatives all affect the attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules and they impair the tension across paired kinetochores to similar degrees. 5-Br-nosc and Rd 5-Br-nosc are also more active than noscapine in inhibiting the proliferation of various human cancer cells, including those that are resistant to paclitaxel and epothilone. Our results thus indicate a great potential for the use of 5-Br-nosc and Rd 5-Br-nosc both as biological tools for studying microtubule-mediated processes and as chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Zhou J, Gupta K, Yao J, Ye K, Panda D, Giannakakou P, Joshi HC. Paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian cancer cells undergo c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated apoptosis in response to noscapine. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:39777-85. [PMID: 12183452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203927200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously discovered the opium alkaloid noscapine as a microtubule interacting agent that binds to tubulin, alters the dynamics of microtubule assembly, and arrests mammalian cells at mitosis (Ye, K., Ke, Y., Keshava, N., Shanks, J., Kapp, J. A., Tekmal, R. R., Petros, J., and Joshi, H. C. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 1601-1606; Ye, K., Zhou, J., Landen, J. W., Bradbury, E. M., and Joshi, H. C. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 46697-46700; Zhou, J., Panda, D., Landen, J. W., Wilson, L., and Joshi, H. C. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 17200-17208). Here we show that noscapine does not compete with paclitaxel for tubulin binding and can efficiently inhibit the proliferation of both paclitaxel-sensitive and paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells (i.e. the parental cell line 1A9 and two derivative cell lines, 1A9PTX10 and 1A9PTX22, which harbor beta-tubulin mutations that impair paclitaxel-tubulin interaction (Giannakakou, P., Sackett, D. L., Kang, Y. K., Zhan, Z., Buters, J. T., Fojo, T., and Poruchynsky, M. S. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 17118-17125). Strikingly, these cells undergo apoptotic death upon noscapine treatment, accompanied by activation of the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNK). Furthermore, inhibition of JNK activity by treatment with antisense oligonucleotide or transfection with dominant-negative JNK blocks noscapine-induced apoptosis. These findings thus indicate a great potential for noscapine in the treatment of paclitaxel-resistant human cancers. In addition, our results suggest that the JNK pathway plays an essential role in microtubule inhibitor-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Abstract
A checkpoint surveying the entry into mitosis responds to defects in spindle microtubule assembly/stability. This has been used to trigger apoptosis in cancer cells, but how the spindle checkpoint couples to the cell survival machinery has remained elusive. Here, we report that microtubule stabilization engenders a survival pathway that depends on elevated activity of p34(cdc2) kinase and increased expression of the apoptosis inhibitor and mitotic regulator, survivin. Pharmacologic, genetic, or molecular ablation of p34(cdc2) kinase after microtubule stabilization resulted in massive apoptosis independent of p53, suppression of tumor growth, and indefinite survival without toxicity in mice. By ablating this survival checkpoint, inhibitors of p34(cdc2) kinase could safely improve the efficacy of microtubule-stabilizing agents used to treat common cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S O'Connor
- Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
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