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de Assis ALC, de Araújo Rodrigues P, de Morais SM, Rodrigues ALM, Gomes JMP, de Souza Nascimento T, Oliveira AV, de Aguiar MSS, de Andrade GM. Byrsonima sericea Ethanol Extract Protected PC12 Cells from the Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:234-244. [PMID: 37725292 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms that lead to neuronal death in this disease. Previous studies have shown antioxidant activity from the leaves of Byrsonima sericea, a plant of the Malpighiaceae family. This study aimed to evaluate the cytoprotective activity of the B. sericea ethanolic extract (BSEE) against the cytotoxicity induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in PC12 cells, an in vitro model of parkinsonism. The identification of phenolic compounds in the extract by HPLC-DAD revealed the presence of geraniin, rutin, isoquercetin, kaempferol 3-O-β-rutinoside, and quercetin. The BSEE (75-300 µg/mL) protected PC12 cells from toxicity induced by 6-OHDA (25 µg/mL), protected cell membrane integrity and showed antioxidant activity. BSEE was able to decrease nitrite levels, glutathione depletion, and protect cells from 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis. Thus, we suggest that the BSEE can be explored as a possible cytoprotective agent for Parkinson's disease due to its high antioxidant capacity and anti-apoptotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Layo Costa de Assis
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-140, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil
| | - Patricia de Araújo Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil
| | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Natural Product Chemistry Laboratory, State University of Ceará - NUPESA, Avenida Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Livya Moreira Rodrigues
- Natural Product Chemistry Laboratory, State University of Ceará - NUPESA, Avenida Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Jessica Maria Pessoa Gomes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-140, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil
| | - Tyciane de Souza Nascimento
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-140, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil
| | - Alfaete Vieira Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil
| | - Mayara Sandrielly Soares de Aguiar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-140, Brazil.
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil.
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-140, Brazil.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil.
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil.
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Zhang S, Zhang J, Wu L, Chen L, Niu P, Li J. Glutamine supplementation reverses manganese neurotoxicity by eliciting the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. iScience 2023; 26:107136. [PMID: 37408687 PMCID: PMC10318524 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure to manganese (Mn) can cause neurological abnormalities, but the mechanism of Mn neurotoxicity remains unclear. Previous studies have shown that abnormal mitochondrial metabolism is a crucial mechanism underlying Mn neurotoxicity. Therefore, improving neurometabolic in neuronal mitochondria may be a potential therapy for Mn neurotoxicity. Here, single-cell sequencing revealed that Mn affected mitochondrial neurometabolic pathways and unfolded protein response in zebrafish dopaminergic neurons. Metabolomic analysis indicated that Mn inhibited the glutathione metabolic pathway in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. Mechanistically, Mn exposure inhibited glutathione (GSH) and mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Furthermore, supplementation with glutamine (Gln) can effectively increase the concentration of GSH and triggered UPRmt which can alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and counteract the neurotoxicity of Mn. Our findings highlight that UPRmt is involved in Mn-induced neurotoxicity and glutathione metabolic pathway affects UPRmt to reverse Mn neurotoxicity. In addition, Gln supplementation may have potential therapeutic benefits for Mn-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Junrou Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Luli Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Piye Niu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Sokouti H, Mohajeri D, Nourazar MA. 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease: Is Reversed via Anti-Oxidative Activities of Curcumin and Aerobic Exercise Therapy. Physiol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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4
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Fan JQ, Lu WJ, Tan WQ, Feng WC, Zhuang LX. Acupuncture for Parkinson's disease: From theory to practice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112907. [PMID: 35366533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology and biochemistry have improved the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). There has been extensive evidence on the benefit of standard treatment (e.g., deep brain stimulation, levodopa, and dopamine agonists) and acupuncture for PD. This article aims to distill the similarities and differences in the treatment concepts between Chinese and Western medicine from the perspective of reinforcing the deficiency and purging the excess, summarize the latest evidence on the benefits of acupuncture for PD from theory to practice, and propose prospective treatment options for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Qi Fan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Jing Lu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Tan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Feng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Xing Zhuang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China.
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The Positive Role and Mechanism of Herbal Medicine in Parkinson's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9923331. [PMID: 34567415 PMCID: PMC8457986 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9923331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, manifested by the progressive functional impairment of the midbrain nigral dopaminergic neurons. Due to the unclear underlying pathogenesis, disease-modifying drugs for PD remain elusive. In Asia, such as in China and India, herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease for thousands of years, which recently attracted considerable attention because of the development of curative drugs for PD. In this review, we first summarized the pathogenic factors of PD including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, ion accumulation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, and the related recent advances. Secondly, we summarized 32 Chinese herbal medicines (belonging to 24 genera, such as Acanthopanax, Alpinia, and Astragalus), 22 Chinese traditional herbal formulations, and 3 Indian herbal medicines, of which the ethanol/water extraction or main bioactive compounds have been extensively investigated on PD models both in vitro and in vivo. We elaborately provided pictures of the representative herbs and the structural formula of the bioactive components (such as leutheroside B and astragaloside IV) of the herbal medicines. Also, we specified the potential targets of the bioactive compounds or extractions of herbs in view of the signaling pathways such as PI3K, NF-κB, and AMPK which are implicated in oxidative and inflammatory stress in neurons. We consider that this knowledge of herbal medicines or their bioactive components can be favorable for the development of disease-modifying drugs for PD.
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Nitric oxide and dopamine metabolism converge via mitochondrial dysfunction in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108877. [PMID: 33864752 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the degeneration and neuronal death associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) are not clearly understood. Several pathways and models have been explored in an overwhelming number of studies. Overall, from these studies, mitochondrial dysfunction and nitroxidative stress have emerged as major contributors to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. In addition, an excessive or inappropriate production of nitric oxide (•NO) and an abnormal metabolism of dopamine have been independently implicated in both processes. However, the participation of •NO in reactions with dopamine relevant to neurotoxicity strongly suggests that dopamine or its metabolites may be potential targets for •NO, affecting the physiological chemistry of both, •NO and dopamine. In this short review, we provide a critical and integrative appraisal of the nitric oxide-dopamine pathway we have previously suggested and that might be operative in PD. This pathway emphasizes a connection between abnormal dopamine and •NO metabolism, which may potentially converge in an integrated mechanism with toxic cellular outcomes. In particular, it encompasses the synergistic interaction of •NO with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a major dopamine metabolite, leading to dopaminergic cell death via mechanisms that involve mitochondrial dysfunction, gluthathione depletion and nitroxidative stress.
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Ghiam MK, Patel SD, Hoffer A, Selman WR, Hoffer BJ, Hoffer ME. Drug Repurposing in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:635483. [PMID: 33833663 PMCID: PMC8021906 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.635483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of morbidity among trauma patients; however, an effective pharmacological treatment has not yet been approved. Individuals with TBI are at greater risk of developing neurological illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The approval process for treatments can be accelerated by repurposing known drugs to treat the growing number of patients with TBI. This review focuses on the repurposing of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a drug currently approved to treat hepatotoxic overdose of acetaminophen. NAC also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may be suitable for use in therapeutic treatments for TBI. Minocycline (MINO), a tetracycline antibiotic, has been shown to be effective in combination with NAC in preventing oligodendrocyte damage. (-)-phenserine (PHEN), an anti-acetylcholinesterase agent with additional non-cholinergic neuroprotective/neurotrophic properties initially developed to treat AD, has demonstrated efficacy in treating TBI. Recent literature indicates that NAC, MINO, and PHEN may serve as worthwhile repositioned therapeutics in treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Ghiam
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shrey D. Patel
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alan Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Warren R. Selman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael E. Hoffer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) ameliorates lysosomal damage in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-mediated mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Toxicol Lett 2020; 339:60-69. [PMID: 33359019 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) correlates with rupture of lysosome in Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been found that TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) has been attributed to the regulation of metabolic pathways and neuroprotective effect. In the present study, we showed in a mouse model that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) caused lysosomal damage and DA neurons loss in the SNpc. MPTP only induced SP1-mediated TIGAR upregulation in the early stage of neurotoxin-induced pathology, and this compensatory mechanism was not enough to maintain normal lysosomal function. MPTP significantly decreased the levels of NADPH and GSH, and the effects were ameliorated by the expression of exogenous TIGAR but execerbated by knockdown of TIAGR. TIGAR or NADPH alleviated oxidative stress, rescued lysosomal dysfunction and attenuated DA neurons degeneration. Overexpression of TIGAR or NADPH supplement inhibited MPP+-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS), lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and autophagic flux impairment in PC12 cells. Together, these findings suggest that TIGAR reduces MPTP-mediated oxidative stress, lysosomal depletion and DA neuron damage.
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Bjørklund G, Tinkov AA, Hosnedlová B, Kizek R, Ajsuvakova OP, Chirumbolo S, Skalnaya MG, Peana M, Dadar M, El-Ansary A, Qasem H, Adams JB, Aaseth J, Skalny AV. The role of glutathione redox imbalance in autism spectrum disorder: A review. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:149-162. [PMID: 32745763 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of glutathione in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is emerging as a major topic, due to its role in the maintenance of the intracellular redox balance. Several studies have implicated glutathione redox imbalance as a leading factor in ASD, and both ASD and many other neurodevelopmental disorders involve low levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), high levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and abnormalities in the expressions of glutathione-related enzymes in the blood or brain. Glutathione metabolism, through its impact on redox environment or redox-independent mechanisms, interferes with multiple mechanisms involved in ASD pathogenesis. Glutathione-mediated regulation of glutamate receptors [e.g., N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor], as well as the role of glutamate as a substrate for glutathione synthesis, may be involved in the regulation of glutamate excitotoxicity. However, the interaction between glutathione and glutamate in the pathogenesis of brain diseases may vary from synergism to antagonism. Modulation of glutathione is also associated with regulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) and downstream signaling (proinflammatory cytokines and inducible enzymes), thus providing a significant impact on neuroinflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as neuronal apoptosis, may also provide a significant link between glutathione metabolism and ASD. Furthermore, it has been recently highlighted that glutathione can affect and modulate DNA methylation and epigenetics. Review analysis including research studies meeting the required criteria for analysis showed statistically significant differences between the plasma GSH and GSSG levels as well as GSH:GSSG ratio in autistic patients compared with healthy individuals (P = 0.0145, P = 0.0150 and P = 0.0202, respectively). Therefore, the existing data provide a strong background on the role of the glutathione system in ASD pathogenesis. Future research is necessary to investigate the role of glutathione redox signaling in ASD, which could potentially also lead to promising therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo I Rana, Norway.
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Božena Hosnedlová
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Margarita G Skalnaya
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | | | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; CONEM Saudi Autism Research Group, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Qasem
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; CONEM Saudi Autism Research Group, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James B Adams
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
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Firdaus Z, Singh N, Prajapati SK, Krishnamurthy S, Singh TD. Centella asiatica prevents D-galactose-Induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in the adult rat brain. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1417-1426. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1833907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Firdaus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pathology, MSR Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Tryambak Deo Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Bjørklund G, Peana M, Maes M, Dadar M, Severin B. The glutathione system in Parkinson's disease and its progression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:470-478. [PMID: 33068556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox dysfunctions and neuro-oxidative stress play a major role in the pathophysiology and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Glutathione (GSH) and the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio are lowered in oxidative stress conditions and may lead to increased oxidative toxicity. GSH is involved not only in neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative processes, including thiol redox signaling, but also in cell proliferation and differentiation and in the regulation of cell death, including apoptotic pathways. Lowered GSH metabolism and a low GSH/GSSG ratio following oxidative stress are associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions and constitute a critical factor in the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes accompanying PD. This review provides indirect evidence that GSH redox signaling is associated with the pathophysiology of PD. Nevertheless, it has not been delineated whether GSH redox imbalances are a causative factor in PD or whether PD-associated pathways cause the GSH redox imbalances in PD. The results show that antioxidant approaches, including neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory agents, which neutralize reactive oxygen species, may have therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of PD and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Beatrice Severin
- Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
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Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease: Potential Benefits of Antioxidant Supplementation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2360872. [PMID: 33101584 PMCID: PMC7576349 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2360872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) occurs in approximately 1% of the population over 65 years of age and has become increasingly more common with advances in age. The number of individuals older than 60 years has been increasing in modern societies, as well as life expectancy in developing countries; therefore, PD may pose an impact on the economic, social, and health structures of these countries. Oxidative stress is highlighted as an important factor in the genesis of PD, involving several enzymes and signaling molecules in the underlying mechanisms of the disease. This review presents updated data on the involvement of oxidative stress in the disease, as well as the use of antioxidant supplements in its therapy.
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Laranjinha J, Nunes C, Ledo A, Lourenço C, Rocha B, Barbosa RM. The Peculiar Facets of Nitric Oxide as a Cellular Messenger: From Disease-Associated Signaling to the Regulation of Brain Bioenergetics and Neurovascular Coupling. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:64-76. [PMID: 32193753 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we address the regulatory and toxic role of ·NO along several pathways, from the gut to the brain. Initially, we address the role on ·NO in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration with emphasis on the possible contribution to Parkinson's disease via mechanisms that involve its interaction with a major dopamine metabolite, DOPAC. In parallel with initial discoveries of the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by ·NO, it became clear the potential for toxic ·NO-mediated mechanisms involving the production of more reactive species and the post-translational modification of mitochondrial proteins. Accordingly, we have proposed a novel mechanism potentially leading to dopaminergic cell death, providing evidence that NO synergistically interact with DOPAC in promoting cell death via mechanisms that involve GSH depletion. The modulatory role of NO will be then briefly discussed as a master regulator on brain energy metabolism. The energy metabolism in the brain is central to the understanding of brain function and disease. The core role of ·NO in the regulation of brain metabolism and vascular responses is further substantiated by discussing its role as a mediator of neurovascular coupling, the increase in local microvessels blood flow in response to spatially restricted increase of neuronal activity. The many facets of NO as intracellular and intercellular messenger, conveying information associated with its spatial and temporal concentration dynamics, involve not only the discussion of its reactions and potential targets on a defined biological environment but also the regulation of its synthesis by the family of nitric oxide synthases. More recently, a novel pathway, out of control of NOS, has been the subject of a great deal of controversy, the nitrate:nitrite:NO pathway, adding new perspectives to ·NO biology. Thus, finally, this novel pathway will be addressed in connection with nitrate consumption in the diet and the beneficial effects of protein nitration by reactive nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Laranjinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Pólo 1, 3000-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carla Nunes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Pólo 1, 3000-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Pólo 1, 3000-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Pólo 1, 3000-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Pólo 1, 3000-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Pólo 1, 3000-504, Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Rahman MM, Chakraborti RR, Potol MA, Abir AH, Sharmin O, Alam M, Khan MFR, Afrin R, Jannat H, Wadud R, Habib ZF. Epalrestat improves motor symptoms by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the reserpine induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:9-21. [PMID: 32318655 PMCID: PMC7167235 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting a large number of elderly people worldwide. The current therapies for PD are symptom-based; they do not provide a cure but improve the quality of life. Muscular dysfunction is the hallmark clinical feature of PD and oxidative stress and inflammation play a critical role in its pathogenesis. Epalrestat is used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and is known to improve antioxidative defense mechanisms in the CNS. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of Epalrestat in the reserpine induced mouse model of PD. METHOD We used Swiss Albino mice for the PD model and tested for akinesia/bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, palpebral ptosis, and tremor, as well as conducting swim and open field tests. Brain samples were used to determine oxidative stress parameters and infiltration of immune cells. RESULTS Epalrestat treatment significantly improved akinesia and bradykinesia, muscular dysfunctions, tremor level, and gait functions compared to the reserpine group. It also improved the latency in the swim test. Eplarestat significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and NO concentration in different brain tissues and increased the activity of antioxidative enzymes, glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, Epalrestat reduced neuroinflammation by reducing the number of infiltrating immune cells. CONCLUSION Eplarestat improves muscular dysfunction in PD by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahbubur Rahman
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Rupali Rani Chakraborti
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Abdullah Potol
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Ariful Haque Abir
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Ozayra Sharmin
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Mahabub Alam
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Fazlur Rahman Khan
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Rownock Afrin
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Humayra Jannat
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Rasiqh Wadud
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Zaki Farhad Habib
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
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15
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Bottje W. Oxidative metabolism and efficiency: the delicate balancing act of mitochondria. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4223-4230. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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16
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NADPH ameliorates MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration through inhibiting p38MAPK activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:180-191. [PMID: 29769744 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Although the pathogenic mechanism underlying PD remains largely unknown, decreased nigral glutathione (GSH) in postmortem brains of PD patients supports the presence of oxidative stress in PD. We found that Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is important for maintaining the level of GSH, protected dopaminergic (DA) neurons from neurotoxicity of MPTP/MPP+. In the present study, NADPH prevented DA neurons from MPTP toxicity with increased GSH and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the ventral midbrain of mice, and improved motor activity. Our present results demonstrated that NADPH inhibited the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, decreased the level of TP53 protein, and inhibited TP53 nuclear translocation in DA neurons of SNpc and in MES23.5 cells. Furthermore, NADPH decreased the protein level of TP53 target gene, Bax, cleavage of PARP, and nuclei condensation. Taken together, NADPH abrogated MPTP-induced p38MAPK phosphorylation, TP53 nuclear translocation, and Bax induction, and finally, MPTP/MPP+-induced apoptosis of DA neurons. This study suggests that NADPH may be a novel therapeutic candidate for PD.
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17
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Mehmood A, Zhao L, Wang C, Hossen I, Raka RN, Zhang H. Stevia residue extract increases intestinal uric acid excretion via interactions with intestinal urate transporters in hyperuricemic mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:7900-7912. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The supplementation of STVRE significantly attenuated hyperuricemia and oxidative stress, upregulated ABCG2 and downregulated GLUT9 (protein and mRNA) expression in hyperuricemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives
| | - Imam Hossen
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives
| | - Rifat Nowshin Raka
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Beijing Advance Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives
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18
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Tardiolo G, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Overview on the Effects of N-Acetylcysteine in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123305. [PMID: 30551603 PMCID: PMC6320789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is an acetylated cysteine compound, has aroused scientific interest for decades due to its important medical applications. It also represents a nutritional supplement in the human diet. NAC is a glutathione precursor and shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to the uses quoted in the literature, NAC may be considered helpful in therapies to counteract neurodegenerative and mental health diseases. Furthermore, this compound has been evaluated for its neuroprotective potential in the prevention of cognitive aging dementia. NAC is inexpensive, commercially available and no relevant side effects were observed after its administration. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview on the effects and applications of NAC in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disorders and in neuropathic pain and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tardiolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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19
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Oral supplements of inulin during gestation offsets rotenone-induced oxidative impairments and neurotoxicity in maternal and prenatal rat brain. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:751-762. [PMID: 29807225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental insults including pesticide exposure and their entry into the immature brain are of increased concern due to their developmental neurotoxicity. Several lines of evidence suggest that maternal gut microbiota influences in utero fetal development via modulation of host's microbial composition with prebiotics. Hence we examined the hypothesis if inulin (IN) supplements during pregnancy in rats possess the potential to alleviate brain oxidative response and mitochondrial deficits employing a developmental model of rotenone (ROT) neurotoxicity. Initially, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged during gestational days (GDs) 6-19 with 0 (control), 10 (low), 30 (mid) or 50 (high) mg/kg bw/day of ROT to recapitulate developmental effects on general fetotoxicity (assessed by the number of fetuses, fetal body and placental weights), markers of oxidative stress and cholinergic activities in maternal brain regions and whole fetal-brain. Secondly, dams orally supplemented with inulin (2×/day, 2 g/kg/bw) on GD 0-21 were administered ROT (50 mg/kg, GD 6-19). IN supplements increased maternal cecal bacterial numbers that significantly corresponded with improved exploratory-related behavior among ROT administered rats. In addition, IN supplements improved fetal and placental weight on GD 19. IN diminished gestational ROT-induced increased reactive oxygen species levels, protein and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, and cholinesterase activity in maternal brain regions (cortex, cerebellum, and striatum) and fetal brain. Moreover, in the maternal cortex, mitochondrial assessment revealed IN protected against ROT-induced reduction in NADH cytochrome c oxidoreductase and ATPase activities. These data suggest a potential role for indigestible oligosaccharides in reducing oxidative stress-mediated developmental origins of neurodegenerative disorders.
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20
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Srinivas Bharath MM. Post-Translational Oxidative Modifications of Mitochondrial Complex I (NADH: Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase): Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapeutics in Human Diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:S69-S86. [PMID: 28582861 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I (NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase; CI) is central to the electron transport chain (ETC), oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production in eukaryotes. CI is a multi-subunit complex with a complicated yet organized structure that optimally connects electron transfer with proton translocation and forms higher-order supercomplexes with other ETC complexes. Efforts to understand the molecular genetics, expression profile of subunits, and structure-function relationship of CI have increased over the years due to the direct role of the complex in human diseases. Although mutations in the nuclear and mitochondrial genes of CI and altered expression of subunits could potentially lower CI activity leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in many diseases, oxidative post-translational modifications (PTMs) have emerged as an important mechanism contributing to altered CI activity. These mainly include reversible and irreversible cysteine modifications, tyrosine nitration, carbonylation, and tryptophan oxidation that are generated following exposure to reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species. Interestingly, oxidative PTMs could contribute either to CI damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ensuing cell death or a response mechanism with potential cytoprotective effects. This has also emerged as a promising field for structural biologists since analysis of PTMs could assist in understanding the structure-function relationship of the complex and correlate electron transfer mechanism with energy production. However, analysis of PTMs of CI and their contribution to CI function are incomplete in many physiological and pathological conditions. This review aims to highlight the role of oxidative PTMs in modulating CI activity with implications toward pathobiology of CNS diseases and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology Laboratory at the Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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21
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Deveci HA, Karapehlivan M. Chlorpyrifos-induced parkinsonian model in mice: Behavior, histopathology and biochemistry. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 144:36-41. [PMID: 29463406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on Paraoxonase (PON1) activity, and levels of lipid profile, total sialic acid (TSA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant capacity (TOC) in the plasma and brain tissue of mice with chlorpyrifos-ethyl (CPF)-induced Parkinson. MATERIAL AND METHOD In the study, 35 male Swiss albino mice were divided into 5 groups including equal number of mice as follows; intraperitoneal injection of saline for mice in control (C) group, subcutaneous injection of 80mg/kg CPF for CPF group, intraperitoneal injection of 10μmol/kg CAPE for CAPE group, subcutaneous injection of 80mg/kg CPF and intraperitoneal injection of 10μmol/kg CAPE for CPF+CAPE group and intraperitoneal injection of 10% ethanol diluted in physiological saline solution for 21days for ethanol (E) group. All the mice were fed with normal feed and tap water ad libitum. At the end of the study, PON1 activity, lipid profile (except for brain), and TSA, TAC and TOC levels in the plasma and brain tissue were analyzed. Tissue samples of brain substantia nigra were evaluated histopathologically. RESULTS Levels of plasma TAC, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and PON1 activity were statistically lower in CPF group than the other groups (P<0.001). Also, levels of plasma TOC, TSA, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were statistically higher in CPF group than the other groups(P<0.001). PON1 activity and level of TAC were significantly lower in brain tissue of CPF groups (P<0.001). In addition, TOC and TSA levels were significantly higher in brain tissue in CPF group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, CAPE showed a protective effect on PON1 activity and levels of lipid profile, TSA, TAC and TOC in plasma and brain tissue and prevented the neurodegenerations in brain tissue in CPF-induced Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haci Ahmet Deveci
- Gaziantep University, Islahiye Vocational School, 27800 Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Karapehlivan
- Kafkas University, Medical Faculty, Biochemistry Department, 36100 Kars, Turkey
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22
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Terron A, Bal-Price A, Paini A, Monnet-Tschudi F, Bennekou SH, Leist M, Schildknecht S. An adverse outcome pathway for parkinsonian motor deficits associated with mitochondrial complex I inhibition. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:41-82. [PMID: 29209747 PMCID: PMC5773657 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have observed an association between pesticide exposure and the development of Parkinson's disease, but have not established causality. The concept of an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has been developed as a framework for the organization of available information linking the modulation of a molecular target [molecular initiating event (MIE)], via a sequence of essential biological key events (KEs), with an adverse outcome (AO). Here, we present an AOP covering the toxicological pathways that link the binding of an inhibitor to mitochondrial complex I (i.e., the MIE) with the onset of parkinsonian motor deficits (i.e., the AO). This AOP was developed according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines and uploaded to the AOP database. The KEs linking complex I inhibition to parkinsonian motor deficits are mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired proteostasis, neuroinflammation, and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. These KEs, by convention, were linearly organized. However, there was also evidence of additional feed-forward connections and shortcuts between the KEs, possibly depending on the intensity of the insult and the model system applied. The present AOP demonstrates mechanistic plausibility for epidemiological observations on a relationship between pesticide exposure and an elevated risk for Parkinson's disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, PO Box M657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, PO Box M657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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Gao W, Pu L, Chen M, Wei J, Xin Z, Wang Y, Yao Z, Shi T, Guo C. Glutathione homeostasis is significantly altered by quercetin via the Keap1/Nrf2 and MAPK signaling pathways in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2017; 62:56-62. [PMID: 29371754 PMCID: PMC5773830 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that 0.5% quercetin simultaneously decreased serum homocysteine and glutathione (GSH) levels in rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 0.5% quercetin on GSH metabolism, related enzymes and signal pathways in rats. Rats were fed the control diet and 0.5% quercetin-supplemented diet for 6 weeks. The results showed that quercetin reduced serum and hepatic content of GSH and the ratio of GSH and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), enhanced hepatic activity and mRNA expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST), inhibited hepatic activity and mRNA expression of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), and decreased hepatic glutathione reductase (GR) mRNA expression. Levels of phosphorylated p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) increased, while that of nuclear factor E2-like 2 (Nrf2) protein decreased after quercetin treatment. However, no significant hepatotoxicity was noted. We concluded that quercetin treatment altered hepatic GSH metabolism by modulating GSH metabolic enzyme activities and mRNA expression in rats, and p38, ERK1/2 MAPKs, and Nrf2 were involved in modulating GSH metabolism-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, NO.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Pu
- Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, NO.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- The People's Hospital of Lichuan, Jiangxi Province, 344600, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, NO.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghao Xin
- Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, NO.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, NO.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Zhanxin Yao
- Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, NO.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Tala Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, NO.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
| | - Changjiang Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, NO.1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, P. R. China
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Oxidative Stress: Mechanistic Insights into Inherited Mitochondrial Disorders and Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6110100. [PMID: 29077060 PMCID: PMC5704117 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress arises when cellular antioxidant defences become overwhelmed by a surplus generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Once this occurs, many cellular biomolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins become susceptible to free radical-induced oxidative damage, and this may consequently lead to cellular and ultimately tissue and organ dysfunction. Mitochondria, as well as being a source of ROS, are vulnerable to oxidative stress-induced damage with a number of key biomolecules being the target of oxidative damage by free radicals, including membrane phospholipids, respiratory chain complexes, proteins, and mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA). As a result, a deficit in cellular energy status may occur along with increased electron leakage and partial reduction of oxygen. This in turn may lead to a further increase in ROS production. Oxidative damage to certain mitochondrial biomolecules has been associated with, and implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases. It is the purpose of this review to discuss the impact of such oxidative stress and subsequent damage by reviewing our current knowledge of the pathophysiology of several inherited mitochondrial disorders together with our understanding of perturbations observed in the more commonly acquired neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Furthermore, the potential use and feasibility of antioxidant therapies as an adjunct to lower the accumulation of damaging oxidative species and hence slow disease progression will also be discussed.
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Liddell JR, White AR. Nexus between mitochondrial function, iron, copper and glutathione in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2017; 117:126-138. [PMID: 28577988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is neuropathologically characterised by loss of catecholamine neurons in vulnerable brain regions including substantia nigra pars compacta and locus coeruleus. This review discusses how the susceptibility of these regions is defined by their shared biochemical characteristics that differentiate them from other neurons. Parkinson's disease is biochemically characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of iron, diminished copper content and depleted glutathione levels in these regions. This review also discusses this neuropathology, and provides evidence for how these pathological features are mechanistically linked to each other. This leads to the conclusion that disruption of mitochondrial function, or iron, copper or glutathione metabolism in isolation provokes the pathological impairment of them all. This creates a vicious cycle that drives pathology leading to mitochondrial failure and neuronal cell death in vulnerable brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Anthony R White
- Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
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26
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Meng F, Miao P, Wang B, Tang Y, Yin J. Identification of glutathione by voltammetric analysis with rolling circle amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Campolo J, De Maria R, Cozzi L, Parolini M, Bernardi S, Proserpio P, Nobili L, Gelosa G, Piccolo I, Agostoni EC, Trivella MG, Marraccini P. Antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers for the identification of prodromal Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2016; 370:167-172. [PMID: 27772753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored the role of oxidative stress and inflammatory molecules as potential Parkinson (PD) biomarkers and correlated biological with non-motor abnormalities (olfactory impairment and dysautonomia), in patients with idiopathic REM behavior disorder (iRBD) (prodromal PD) and established PD. METHODS We recruited 11 iRBD and 15 patients with idiopathic PD (Hohen&Yahr 1-3, on L-DOPA and dopamine agonists combination therapy) and 12 age- and sex-matched controls (CTRL). We measured total olfactory score (TOS), autonomic function [deep breathing (DB), lying to standing (LS) and Valsalva manoeuvre (VM) ratios], blood reduced glutathione (Br-GSH), oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (neopterin). RESULTS Anosmia was similarly prevalent in iRBD (36%) and PD (33%) patients, but absent in CTRL. Orthostatic hypotension was more common among iRBD (73%) and PD (60%) than in CTRL (25%). By univariable ordinal logistic regression, TOS, Br-GSH, LS and VM ratio worsened from CTRL to iRBD and PD groups. Only reduced Br-GSH levels (p=0.037, OR=0.994; 95%CI 0.988-1.000) were independently associated to PD. TOS correlated with Br-GSH (R=0.34, p=0.037), VM ratio (R=0.43, p=0.015), and neopterin (rho=0.39, p=0.016). CONCLUSIONS Reduced systemic antioxidant capacity is found in prodromal and overt PD and may represent, in association with olfactory loss and cardiovascular dysautonomia, a useful biomarker for an integrative, early diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonica Campolo
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST- Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata De Maria
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST- Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorena Cozzi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST- Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Parolini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST- Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bernardi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST- Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Proserpio
- Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Centre of Sleep Medicine, ASST- Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Centre of Sleep Medicine, ASST- Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gelosa
- Neurology and Stoke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, ASST-Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elio C Agostoni
- Neurology and Stoke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, ASST-Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria G Trivella
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST- Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Marraccini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST- Great Metropolitan Hospital Niguarda, Milan, Italy
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Regulators of mitochondrial complex I activity: A review of literature and evaluation in postmortem prefrontal cortex from patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2016; 236:148-157. [PMID: 26723136 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenomenologically, bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by biphasic increases and decreases in energy. As this is a state-related phenomenon, identifying regulators responsible for this phasic dysregulation has the potential to uncover key elements in the pathophysiology of BD. Given the evidence suggesting mitochondrial complex I dysfunction in BD, we aimed to identify the main regulators of complex I in BD by reviewing the literature and using the published microarray data to examine their gene expression profiles. We also validated protein expression levels of the main complex I regulators by immunohistochemistry. Upon reviewing the literature, we found PARK-7, STAT-3, SIRT-3 and IMP-2 play an important role in regulating complex I activity. Published microarray studies however revealed no significant direction of regulation of STAT-3, SIRT-3, and IMP-2, but a trend towards downregulation of PARK-7 was observed in BD. Immunocontent of DJ-1 (PARK-7-encoded protein) were not elevated in post mortem prefrontal cortex from patients with BD. We also found a trend towards upregulation of DJ-1 expression with age. Our results suggest that DJ-1 is not significantly altered in BD subjects, however further studies are needed to examine DJ-1 expression levels in a cohort of older patients with BD.
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Uğuz AC, Öz A, Nazıroğlu M. Curcumin inhibits apoptosis by regulating intracellular calcium release, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial depolarization levels in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:395-401. [PMID: 26608462 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1108337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are incurable progressive neurological disorders caused by the degeneration of neuronal cells and characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. Curcumin, a turmeric product, is an anti-inflammatory agent and an effective reactive oxygen and nitrogen species scavenging molecule. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the main source of oxidative stress, which is claimed to be the major source of neurological disorders. Hence, in this study we aimed to investigate the effect of curcumin on Ca(2+) signaling, oxidative stress parameters, mitochondrial depolarization levels and caspase-3 and -9 activities that are induced by the H2O2 model of oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were divided into four groups namely, the control, curcumin, H2O2, and curcumin + H2O2 groups. The dose and duration of curcumin and H2O2 were determined from published data. The cells in the curcumin, H2O2, and curcumin + H2O2 groups were incubated for 24 h with 5 µM curcumin and 100 µM H2O2. Lipid peroxidation and cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentrations were higher in the H2O2 group than in the control group; however, their levels were lower in the curcumin and curcumin + H2O2 groups than in the H2O2 group alone. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) values were lower in the H2O2 group although they were higher in the curcumin and curcumin + H2O2 groups than in the H2O2 group. Caspase-3 activity was lower in the curcumin group than in the H2O2 group. In conclusion, curcumin strongly induced modulator effects on oxidative stress, intracellular Ca(2+) levels, and the caspase-3 and -9 values in an experimental oxidative stress model in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdülhadi Cihangir Uğuz
- a Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey and.,b Neuroscience Research Center, Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Ahmi Öz
- a Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey and
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- a Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey and.,b Neuroscience Research Center, Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
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Martinez BA, Kim H, Ray A, Caldwell GA, Caldwell KA. A bacterial metabolite induces glutathione-tractable proteostatic damage, proteasomal disturbances, and PINK1-dependent autophagy in C. elegans. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1908. [PMID: 26469957 PMCID: PMC4632299 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene-by-environment interactions are thought to underlie the majority of idiopathic cases of neurodegenerative disease. Recently, we reported that an environmental metabolite extracted from Streptomyces venezuelae increases ROS and damages mitochondria, leading to eventual neurodegeneration of C. elegans dopaminergic neurons. Here we link those data to idiopathic disease models that predict loss of protein handling as a component of disorder progression. We demonstrate that the bacterial metabolite leads to proteostatic disruption in multiple protein-misfolding models and has the potential to synergistically enhance the toxicity of aggregate-prone proteins. Genetically, this metabolite is epistatically regulated by loss-of-function to pink-1, the C. elegans PARK6 homolog responsible for mitochondrial maintenance and autophagy in other animal systems. In addition, the metabolite works through a genetic pathway analogous to loss-of-function in the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), which we find is also epistatically regulated by loss of PINK-1 homeostasis. To determine remitting counter agents, we investigated several established antioxidants and found that glutathione (GSH) can significantly protect against metabolite-induced proteostasis disruption. In addition, GSH protects against the toxicity of MG132 and can compensate for the combined loss of both pink-1 and the E3 ligase pdr-1, a Parkin homolog. In assessing the impact of this metabolite on mitochondrial maintenance, we observe that it causes fragmentation of mitochondria that is attenuated by GSH and an initial surge in PINK-1-dependent autophagy. These studies mechanistically advance our understanding of a putative environmental contributor to neurodegeneration and factors influencing in vivo neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - H Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - A Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - G A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.,Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.,Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Mancozeb affects mitochondrial activity, redox status and ATP production in mouse granulosa cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:438-45. [PMID: 26407525 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mancozeb (MZ) is a fungicide that belongs to the subclass of metal (Mn/Zn) ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate pesticides. In mouse and human granulosa cells (GCs) exposed to MZ (0.01 μg/ml), morphological modifications and significant alterations of p53 expression level in comparison with control GCs were recorded. OBJECTIVES To investigate if MZ (0.01 μg/ml) induces oxidative stress and alters energy metabolism in exposed mouse GCs. RESULTS Following fungicide exposure, GCs showed low p53 content, a depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), as well as low ATP and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. No remarkable differences on other parameters such as ATP/ADP ratio, energy charge, as well as induction of apoptosis and DNA damage were found. The activation of AKT and PDK1 kinases in MZ-treated cells was observed. Inhibition of ROS generation by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) restored a normal expression level of p53. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the low dose of MZ here used induces a mild oxidative stress in GCs, and provides evidence for the possible involvement of AKT/PKB signaling pathway in triggering adaptive and survival response.
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Dennis KE, Valentine WM. Ziram and sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate inhibit ubiquitin activation through intracellular metal transport and increased oxidative stress in HEK293 cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:682-90. [PMID: 25714994 PMCID: PMC4406076 DOI: 10.1021/tx500450x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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Ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 plays
a pivotal role in ubiquitin
based protein signaling through regulating the initiating step of
the cascade. Previous studies demonstrated that E1 is inhibited by
covalent modification of reactive cysteines contained within the ubiquitin-binding
groove and by conditions that increase oxidative stress and deplete
cellular antioxidants. In this study, we determined the relative contribution
of covalent adduction and oxidative stress to E1 inhibition produced
by ziram and sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate
(DMDC) in HEK293 cells. Although no dithiocarbamate-derived E1 adducts
were identified on E1 using shotgun LC/MS/MS for either ziram or DMDC,
both dithiocarbamates significantly decreased E1 activity, with ziram
demonstrating greater potency. Ziram increased intracellular levels
of zinc and copper, DMDC increased intracellular levels of only copper,
and both dithiocarbamates enhanced oxidative injury evidenced by elevated
levels of protein carbonyls and expression of heme oxygenase-1. To
assess the contribution of intracellular copper transport to E1 inhibition,
coincubations were performed with the copper chelator triethylenetetramine
hydrochloride (TET). TET significantly protected E1 activity for both
of the dithiocarbamates and decreased the associated oxidative injury
in HEK293 cells as well as prevented dithiocarbamate-mediated lipid
peroxidation assayed using an ethyl aracidonate micelle system. Because
TET did not completely ameliorate intracellular transport of copper
or zinc for ziram, TET apparently maintained E1 activity through its
ability to diminish dithiocarbamate-mediated oxidative stress. Experiments
to determine the relative contribution of elevated intracellular zinc
and copper were performed using a metal free incubation system and
showed that increases in either metal were sufficient to inhibit E1.
To evaluate the utility of the HEK293 in vitro system for screening
environmental agents, a series of additional pesticides and metals
was assayed, and eight agents that produced a significant decrease
and five that produced a significant increase in activated E1 were
identified. These studies suggest that E1 is a sensitive redox sensor
that can be modulated by exposure to environmental agents and can
regulate downstream cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Dennis
- †Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, ‡Center in Molecular Toxicology, §Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561, United States
| | - William M Valentine
- †Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, ‡Center in Molecular Toxicology, §Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561, United States
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Involvement of oxidative stress in SAMP10 mice with age-related neurodegeneration. Neurol Sci 2014; 36:743-50. [PMID: 25491662 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-2029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in the brain tissue are reflected in many aspects. We sought to determine the morphology, Nissl bodies, behavioral appearance and oxidative stress in the brain using SAMP10 mice, a substrain of the senescence-accelerated mouse. SAMP10 mice groups divided by different ages (3, 5, 8 and 14 months) were compared with those of control groups with the above corresponding ages. Cortical thickness, Nissl bodies, behavioral appearance and oxidative stress were evaluated through image software, thionine staining, step-down test and colorimetry, respectively. The weight and cortical thickness of the brain in SAMP10 mice significantly reduced from 8 months of age. The results showed that the number of Nissl bodies decreased or Nissl bodies shrank with dark staining in histology. The same result appeared in a step-down test. As the SAMP10 mice grew older, the oxidative stress-related markers superoxide dismutase decreased and malondialdehyde increased after 8 months. Glutathione peroxidase activities showed no age-related changes. The changes of brain morphology and productions of oxidative stress in the brain tissue might contribute to the behavioral abnormality. Deceleration of age-related production of oxidative stress might be expected to be a potent strategy for anti-aging interventions.
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Mailloux RJ, Willmore WG. S-glutathionylation reactions in mitochondrial function and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:68. [PMID: 25453035 PMCID: PMC4233936 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly efficient energy-transforming organelles that convert energy stored in nutrients into ATP. The production of ATP by mitochondria is dependent on oxidation of nutrients and coupling of exergonic electron transfer reactions to the genesis of transmembrane electrochemical potential of protons. Electrons can also prematurely “spin-off” from prosthetic groups in Krebs cycle enzymes and respiratory complexes and univalently reduce di-oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), important signaling molecules that can be toxic at high concentrations. Production of ATP and ROS are intimately linked by the respiratory chain and the genesis of one or the other inherently depends on the metabolic state of mitochondria. Various control mechanisms converge on mitochondria to adjust ATP and ROS output in response to changing cellular demands. One control mechanism that has gained a high amount of attention recently is S-glutathionylation, a redox sensitive covalent modification that involves formation of a disulfide bridge between glutathione and an available protein cysteine thiol. A number of S-glutathionylation targets have been identified in mitochondria. It has also been established that S-glutathionylation reactions in mitochondria are mediated by the thiol oxidoreductase glutaredoxin-2 (Grx2). In the following review, emerging knowledge on S-glutathionylation reactions and its importance in modulating mitochondrial ATP and ROS production will be discussed. Major focus will be placed on Complex I of the respiratory chain since (1) it is a target for reversible S-glutathionylation by Grx2 and (2) deregulation of Complex I S-glutathionylation is associated with development of various disease states particularly heart disease. Other mitochondrial enzymes and how their S-glutathionylation profile is affected in different disease states will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Mailloux
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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35
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Mukherjee A, Swarnakar S. Implication of matrix metalloproteinases in regulating neuronal disorder. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Curcumin and hesperidin improve cognition by suppressing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis induced by D-galactose in rat brain. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:51-9. [PMID: 25217884 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
D-galactose, a reducing sugar, induces oxidative stress resulting in alteration in mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis of neurons. Curcumin and hesperidin are antioxidants possessing multimodal functions; hence, their contribution in minimizing D-galactose induced ageing was assessed in the present study. A week prior to D-galactose treatment (150 mg/kg; s.c. for 56 days), animals were treated with curcumin alone, hesperidin alone and a combination of curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg; orally) with hesperidin (10 and 25 mg/kg; orally) for 63 days. A naïve control was also maintained. Behavioural studies, tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, mitochondrial complexes, protein and lipid oxidation and glutathione levels were assessed in the brain mitochondrial fraction. Western blot analysis of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and histological assessment of the CA1 region of the hippocampus were carried out. D-galactose induced significant cognitive deficits, biochemical changes and histological alterations. Individually, curcumin was more effective than hesperidin in reducing the levels of oxidized lipids, proteins, cleaved caspase-3 expression and mitochondrial enzymes. The combination reduced the expression of cleaved caspase-3, malondialdehyde, improved mitochondrial enzymes and glutathione levels. In combination, curcumin and hesperidin protect the morphological facets and improve biochemical functions of neurons thereby improving cognition.
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37
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Yeh YT, Yeh H, Su SH, Lin JS, Lee KJ, Shyu HW, Chen ZF, Huang SY, Su SJ. Phenethyl isothiocyanate induces DNA damage-associated G2/M arrest and subsequent apoptosis in oral cancer cells with varying p53 mutations. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 74:1-13. [PMID: 24952138 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a naturally occurring cruciferous vegetable-derived compound that inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in oral cancer cells. However, the exact mechanism of PEITC action has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the molecular mechanism and anticancer potential of PEITC in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells with various p53 statuses. PEITC inhibited the growth of OC2, SCC4, and SCC25 cells (functional p53 mutants) in a dose-dependent manner with low toxicity to normal cells. Treatment with PEITC induced reactive oxygen species production, nitric oxide generation, and GSH depletion and triggered DNA damage response as evidenced by flow cytometry, 8-OHdG formation, and comet assay. Furthermore, the subsequent activation of ATM, Chk2, and p53 as well as the increased expression of downstream proteins p21 and Bax resulted in a G2/M phase arrest by inhibiting Cdc25C, Cdc2, and cyclin B1. The PEITC-induced apoptotic cell death, following a diminished mitochondrial transmembrane potential, reduced the expression of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, released mitochondrial cytochrome c, and activated caspase 3 and PARP cleavage. The p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α and the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and glutathione (GSH) protected the cells from PEITC-mediated apoptosis. However, mito-TEMPO, catalase, apocynin, and L-NAME did not prevent PEITC-induced cell death, suggesting that PEITC induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in oral cancer cells via a GSH redox stress and oxidative DNA damage-induced ATM-Chk2-p53-related pathway. These results provide new insights into the critical roles of both GSH redox stress and p53 in the regulation of PEITC-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Tsung Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 83102, Taiwan
| | - Hua Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 83102, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Su
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 83102, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jui Lee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 83102, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Wen Shyu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 83102, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Feng Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 83102, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yun Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 83102, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jem Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City 83102, Taiwan.
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Badenhorst CPS, Erasmus E, van der Sluis R, Nortje C, van Dijk AA. A new perspective on the importance of glycine conjugation in the metabolism of aromatic acids. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:343-61. [PMID: 24754494 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.908903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A number of endogenous and xenobiotic organic acids are conjugated to glycine, in animals ranging from mosquitoes to humans. Glycine conjugation has generally been assumed to be a detoxification mechanism, increasing the water solubility of organic acids in order to facilitate urinary excretion. However, the recently proposed glycine deportation hypothesis states that the role of the amino acid conjugations, including glycine conjugation, is to regulate systemic levels of amino acids that are also utilized as neurotransmitters in the central nervous systems of animals. This hypothesis is based on the observation that, compared to glucuronidation, glycine conjugation does not significantly increase the water solubility of aromatic acids. In this review it will be argued that the major role of glycine conjugation is to dispose of the end products of phenylpropionate metabolism. Furthermore, glucuronidation, which occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, would not be ideal for the detoxification of free benzoate, which has been shown to accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix. Glycine conjugation, however, prevents accumulation of benzoic acid in the mitochondrial matrix by forming hippurate, a less lipophilic conjugate that can be more readily transported out of the mitochondria. Finally, it will be explained that the glycine conjugation of benzoate, a commonly used preservative, exacerbates the dietary deficiency of glycine in humans. Because the resulting shortage of glycine can negatively influence brain neurochemistry and the synthesis of collagen, nucleic acids, porphyrins, and other important metabolites, the risks of using benzoate as a preservative should not be underestimated.
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Urrutia PJ, Mena NP, Núñez MT. The interplay between iron accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation during the execution step of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:38. [PMID: 24653700 PMCID: PMC3948003 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing set of observations points to mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, oxidative damage and chronic inflammation as common pathognomonic signs of a number of neurodegenerative diseases that includes Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedrich’s ataxia and Parkinson’s disease. Particularly relevant for neurodegenerative processes is the relationship between mitochondria and iron. The mitochondrion upholds the synthesis of iron–sulfur clusters and heme, the most abundant iron-containing prosthetic groups in a large variety of proteins, so a fraction of incoming iron must go through this organelle before reaching its final destination. In turn, the mitochondrial respiratory chain is the source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from leaks in the electron transport chain. The co-existence of both iron and ROS in the secluded space of the mitochondrion makes this organelle particularly prone to hydroxyl radical-mediated damage. In addition, a connection between the loss of iron homeostasis and inflammation is starting to emerge; thus, inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6 induce the synthesis of the divalent metal transporter 1 and promote iron accumulation in neurons and microglia. Here, we review the recent literature on mitochondrial iron homeostasis and the role of inflammation on mitochondria dysfunction and iron accumulation on the neurodegenerative process that lead to cell death in Parkinson’s disease. We also put forward the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation and inflammation are part of a synergistic self-feeding cycle that ends in apoptotic cell death, once the antioxidant cellular defense systems are finally overwhelmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Urrutia
- Department of Biology and Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia P Mena
- Department of Biology and Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco T Núñez
- Department of Biology and Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
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He X, Aker WG, Leszczynski J, Hwang HM. Using a holistic approach to assess the impact of engineered nanomaterials inducing toxicity in aquatic systems. J Food Drug Anal 2014; 22:128-146. [PMID: 24673910 PMCID: PMC9359143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we critically reviewed selected intrinsic physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and their role in the interaction of the ENMs with the immediate surroundings in representative aquatic environments. The behavior of ENMs with respect to dynamic microenvironments at the nano–bio–eco interface level, and the resulting impact on their toxicity, fate, and exposure potential are elaborated. Based on this literature review, we conclude that a holistic approach is urgently needed to fulfill our knowledge gap regarding the safety of discharged ENMs. This comparative approach affords the capability to recognize and understand the potential hazards of ENMs and their toxicity mechanisms, and ultimately to establish a quantitative and reliable system to predict such outcomes.
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41
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The effect of cannabis on oxidative stress and neurodegeneration induced by intrastriatal rotenone injection in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Ryan K, Liang LP, Rivard C, Patel M. Temporal and spatial increase of reactive nitrogen species in the kainate model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 64:8-15. [PMID: 24361554 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules are increased in the rodent hippocampus during epileptogenesis. However, the role of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in epileptogenesis remains to be explored. The goal of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal occurrence of RNS i.e. nitric oxide levels in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Rats were injected with a single high dose of kainate and monitored by video for behavioral seizures for 6weeks to determine the onset and severity of chronic seizures. RNS and tissue/mitochondrial redox status (glutathione redox couple and coenzyme A:glutathione redox couple) were measured in the hippocampus at 8h, 24h, 48h, 1wk, 3wk and 6wk following kainate to assess the level of reactive species in subcellular compartments. We observed a biphasic increase in RNS levels with a return to control values at the 48h time point. However, both tissue and mitochondrial redox status showed permanent and significant decreases during the entire time course of epilepsy development. 3 nitrotyrosine (3NT) protein adducts were found to gradually increase throughout epileptogenesis, conceivably as a result of the local environment under oxidative and nitrosative stress. Colocalization of 3NT immunostaining with neuron- or astrocyte-specific markers revealed neuron-specific localization of 3NT in hippocampal principal neurons. Persistent and concurrent glutathione oxidation and nitrosative stress occur during epileptogenesis suggesting a favorable environment for posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Ryan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher Rivard
- Division of Renal Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Zhang W, He H, Wang H, Wang S, Li X, Liu Y, Jiang H, Jiang H, Yan Y, Wang Y, Liu X. Activation of transsulfuration pathway by salvianolic acid a treatment: a homocysteine-lowering approach with beneficial effects on redox homeostasis in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:68. [PMID: 24314320 PMCID: PMC4028786 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated homocysteine is a cardiovascular risk factor in hyperlipidemia. Transsulfuration pathway provides an endogenous pathway for homocysteine conversion to antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Salvianolic acid A (Sal A) contains two molecules of caffeic acid and one molecule of danshensu that is capable of enhancing homocysteine transsulfuration, which led to the hypothesis that Sal A has activatory effect on transsulfuration pathway and this effect may have beneficial effects on both homocysteine and redox status in hyperlipidemia. Methods and results To test this hypothesis, we developed a rat model of hyperlipidemia induced by high-fat diet for 16 weeks, during which rats were treated with 1 mg/kg salvianolic acid A (Sal A) for the final 4 weeks. Activities of key enzymes and metabolite profiling in the transsulfuration pathway revealed that hyperlipidemia led to elevated plasma homocysteine levels after 16-week dietary treatment, which was associated with reduced activities of homocysteine transsulfuration enzymes, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). The impaired transsulfuration pathway prevented homocysteine transsulfuration to cysteine, resulting in cysteine deficiency and subsequent reduction in GSH pool size. The redox status was altered in the setting of hyperlipidemia as indicated by GSH/GSSG ratio. Sal A treatment increased hepatic CBS and CSE activities, which was associated with reduced accumulation in circulating homocysteine levels and attenuated decline in hepatic cysteine content in hyperlipidemic rats. Sal A also led to an increase in GSH pool size, which subsequently caused a restored GSH/GSSG ratio. The activatory effect of Sal A on CBS was also observed in normal rats and in in vitro experiment. Conclusion Our results suggest that activation of transsulfuration pathway by Sal A is a promising homocysteine-lowering approach that has beneficial effects on redox homeostasis in hyperlipidemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoquan Liu
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Gulou district, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Hanschmann EM, Godoy JR, Berndt C, Hudemann C, Lillig CH. Thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and peroxiredoxins--molecular mechanisms and health significance: from cofactors to antioxidants to redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1539-605. [PMID: 23397885 PMCID: PMC3797455 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs), and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been characterized as electron donors, guards of the intracellular redox state, and "antioxidants". Today, these redox catalysts are increasingly recognized for their specific role in redox signaling. The number of publications published on the functions of these proteins continues to increase exponentially. The field is experiencing an exciting transformation, from looking at a general redox homeostasis and the pathological oxidative stress model to realizing redox changes as a part of localized, rapid, specific, and reversible redox-regulated signaling events. This review summarizes the almost 50 years of research on these proteins, focusing primarily on data from vertebrates and mammals. The role of Trx fold proteins in redox signaling is discussed by looking at reaction mechanisms, reversible oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins, and characterized interaction partners. On the basis of this analysis, the specific regulatory functions are exemplified for the cellular processes of apoptosis, proliferation, and iron metabolism. The importance of Trxs, Grxs, and Prxs for human health is addressed in the second part of this review, that is, their potential impact and functions in different cell types, tissues, and various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - José Rodrigo Godoy
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Hudemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
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Smeyne M, Smeyne RJ. Glutathione metabolism and Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:13-25. [PMID: 23665395 PMCID: PMC3736736 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that oxidative stress, defined as the condition in which the sum of free radicals in a cell exceeds the antioxidant capacity of the cell, contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Glutathione is a ubiquitous thiol tripeptide that acts alone or in concert with enzymes within cells to reduce superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrites. In this review, we examine the synthesis, metabolism, and functional interactions of glutathione and discuss how these relate to the protection of dopaminergic neurons from oxidative damage and its therapeutic potential in Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Smeyne
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, 901-595-3066
| | - Richard Jay Smeyne
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, 901-595-2830
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Sutachan JJ, Casas Z, Albarracin SL, Stab BR, Samudio I, Gonzalez J, Morales L, Barreto GE. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants in Parkinson's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 15:120-6. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830511y.0000000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lee WH, Loo CY, Bebawy M, Luk F, Mason RS, Rohanizadeh R. Curcumin and its derivatives: their application in neuropharmacology and neuroscience in the 21st century. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:338-78. [PMID: 24381528 PMCID: PMC3744901 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenol extracted from the plant Curcuma longa, is widely used in Southeast Asia, China and India in food preparation and for medicinal purposes. Since the second half of the last century, this traditional medicine has attracted the attention of scientists from multiple disciplines to elucidate its pharmacological properties. Of significant interest is curcumin's role to treat neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) and malignancy. These diseases all share an inflammatory basis, involving increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and oxidative damage to lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. The therapeutic benefits of curcumin for these neurodegenerative diseases appear multifactorial via regulation of transcription factors, cytokines and enzymes associated with (Nuclear factor kappa beta) NFκB activity. This review describes the historical use of curcumin in medicine, its chemistry, stability and biological activities, including curcumin's anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The review further discusses the pharmacology of curcumin and provides new perspectives on its therapeutic potential and limitations. Especially, the review focuses in detail on the effectiveness of curcumin and its mechanism of actions in treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hin Lee
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ching-Yee Loo
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Frederick Luk
- School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney PO Box 123 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Physiology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ramin Rohanizadeh
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Liang LP, Kavanagh TJ, Patel M. Glutathione deficiency in Gclm null mice results in complex I inhibition and dopamine depletion following paraquat administration. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:366-73. [PMID: 23704229 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of glutathione has been shown to occur in autopsied brains of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and in animal models of PD. The goal of this study was to determine whether chronic glutathione (GSH) deficiency per se resulted in complex I inhibition and/or dopamine depletion and whether these indices were further potentiated by aging or administration of paraquat, a redox-cycling herbicide that produces a PD-like neurodegeneration model in rodents (Brooks, A. I., Chadwick, C. A., Gelbard, H. A., Cory-Slechta, D. A., and Federoff, H. J. [1999]. Paraquat elicited neurobehavioral syndrome caused by dopaminergic neuron loss. Brain Res. 823, 1-10; McCormack, A. L., Thiruchelvam, M., Manning-Bog, A. B., Thiffault, C., Langston, J. W., Cory-Slechta, D. A., and Di Monte, D. A. [2002]. Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: Selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat. Neurobiol. Dis. 10, 119-127.) Deletion of the rate-limiting GSH synthesis gene, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (Gclm), leads to significantly lower GSH concentrations in all tissues including brain. Gclm null (Gclm (-/-)) mice provide a model of prolonged GSH depletion to explore the relationship between GSH, complex I inhibition, and dopamine loss in vivo. Despite ~60% depletion of brain GSH in Gclm (-/-) mice of ages 3-5 or 14-16 months, striatal complex I activity, dopamine levels, 3-nitrotyroine/tyrosine ratios, aconitase activity, and CoASH remained unchanged. Administration of paraquat (10mg/kg, twice/week, 3 weeks) to 3- to 5-month-old Gclm (-/-) mice resulted in significantly decreased aconitase activity, complex I activity, and dopamine levels but not in 3- to 5-month-old Gclm (+/+) mice. Furthermore, paraquat-induced inhibition of complex I and aconitase activities in Gclm (-/-) mice was observed in the striatum but not in the cortex. The results suggest that chronic deficiency of GSH in Gclm (-/-) mice was not sufficient to result in complex I inhibition or dopamine depletion perhaps due to homeostatic mechanisms but required an additional oxidative stress insult as shown with paraquat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Deferoxamine blocks death induced by glutathione depletion in PC 12 cells. Neurotoxicology 2013; 37:221-30. [PMID: 23680049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to investigate the mechanisms by which glutathione depletion induced by treatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) led within 24-30 h to PC 12 cells apoptosis. Our results showed that treatment by relatively low concentrations (10-30 μM) of deferoxamine (DFx), a natural iron-specific chelator, almost completely shielded the cells from BSO-induced toxicity and that DFx still remained protective when added up to 9-12h after BSO treatment. On the other hand, phosphopeptides derived from milk casein and known to carry iron across cell membranes, markedly potentiated the toxic action of BSO when loaded with iron but were ineffective in sodium form. Kept for 24 h in serum-free medium, the cells underwent a decrease in glutathione content after BSO treatment, but remained viable. However, these BSO-pre-treated cells showed a rapid (90-120 min) decrease in cell viability when incubated with low doses of iron, whereas a great proportion of them remained viable in the presence of higher concentrations of copper and zinc. We also observed in PC 12 cells an early (4-8 h) and transient increase in the expression of ferritin subunits following BSO addition. Taken together these results suggest that BSO-induced glutathione depletion leads to an alteration of cellular iron homeostasis, which may contribute to its toxicity.
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Diwakar L, Ray A, Ravindranath V. Complex I assay in mitochondrial preparations from CNS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 17:Unit 17.10. [PMID: 23045004 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1710s38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is made up of at least 46 subunits and is one of the largest enzyme complexes known. It catalyzes the first step of the respiratory electron transport chain through the oxidation of NADH, providing two electrons for the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol, thus propelling protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which subsequently drive ATP synthesis. Dysfunction of complex I has been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, and it is probably the most vulnerable component of the electron transport chain to inhibition by reactive oxygen species. We describe a simple spectrophotometric method for estimating the activity of complex I from mitochondria isolated from regions of the central nervous system of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Diwakar
- National Brain Research Centre, Nainwal Mode, Manesar, India
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