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Wang Y, Xu F, Nichols CB, Shi Y, Hellinga HW, Alspaugh JA, Distefano MD, Beese LS. Structure-Guided Discovery of Potent Antifungals that Prevent Ras Signaling by Inhibiting Protein Farnesyltransferase. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13753-13770. [PMID: 36218371 PMCID: PMC10755971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infections by fungal pathogens are difficult to treat due to a paucity of antifungals and emerging resistances. Next-generation antifungals therefore are needed urgently. We have developed compounds that prevent farnesylation of Cryptoccoccus neoformans Ras protein by inhibiting protein farnesyltransferase with 3-4 nanomolar affinities. Farnesylation directs Ras to the cell membrane and is required for infectivity of this lethal pathogenic fungus. Our high-affinity compounds inhibit fungal growth with 3-6 micromolar minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), 4- to 8-fold better than Fluconazole, an antifungal commonly used in the clinic. Compounds bound with distinct inhibition mechanisms at two alternative, partially overlapping binding sites, accessed via different inhibitor conformations. We showed that antifungal potency depends critically on the selected inhibition mechanism because this determines the efficacy of an inhibitor at low in vivo levels of enzyme and farnesyl substrate. We elucidated how chemical modifications of the antifungals encode desired inhibitor conformation and concomitant inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 55455
| | - Connie B. Nichols
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of
Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology,
Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Yuqian Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Homme W. Hellinga
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - J. Andrew Alspaugh
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of
Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology,
Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 55455
| | - Lorena S. Beese
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
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2
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Perryman MS, Earl MWM, Greatorex S, Clarkson GJ, Fox DJ. Synthesis of 1- and 4-substituted piperazin-2-ones via Jocic-type reactions with N-substituted diamines. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2360-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically-enriched trichloromethyl-containing alcohols are transformed regioselectively into enantiomerically-enriched 1-substituted piperazinones by modified Jocic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sam Greatorex
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- U.K
| | | | - David J. Fox
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- U.K
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3
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Shen M, Pan P, Li Y, Li D, Yu H, Hou T. Farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I: structures, mechanism, inhibitors and molecular modeling. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:267-76. [PMID: 25450772 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Farnesyltransferase (FTase) and geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I) have crucial roles in the post-translational modifications of Ras proteins and, therefore, they are promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of various Ras-induced cancers and several other kinds of diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the structures and biological functions of FTase and GGTase-I. Then, we summarize the typical inhibitors of FTase and GGTase-I, and highlight the drug candidates in clinical trials. In addition, we survey some recent advances in computer-aided drug design (CADD) and molecular modeling studies of FTase and GGTase-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyun Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Peichen Pan
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huidong Yu
- Crystal Pharmatech, 707 Alexander Road Building 2, Suite 208, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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4
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Is there a future for prenyltransferase inhibitors in cancer therapy? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:704-9. [PMID: 22817869 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been over 20 years since it was first recognized that the function of both normal and oncogenic Ras is dependent on the post-translational modification termed farnesylation. Since that time, intense effort has been expended on the development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors as novel anticancer agents. Over 70 clinical trials have now been conducted, with limited efficacy demonstrated. Here we provide an update of the most recently published clinical trials, discuss the use of the RASGRP1/APTX two-gene expression screen to select patients with acute myeloid leukemia for therapy, and report on the latest discoveries related to the targets of prenyltransferase inhibitors.
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5
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Morgan MA, Onono FO, Spielmann HP, Subramanian T, Scherr M, Venturini L, Dallmann I, Ganser A, Reuter CWM. Modulation of anthracycline-induced cytotoxicity by targeting the prenylated proteome in myeloid leukemia cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 90:149-61. [PMID: 21915711 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of Ras/ERK signaling in myeloid leukemias makes this pathway an interesting target for drug development. Myeloid leukemia cell lines were screened for idarubicin-induced apoptosis, cell-cycle progression, cell-cycle-dependent MAP kinase kinase (MEK-1/2) activation, and Top2 expression. Cell-cycle-dependent activation of MEK/ERK signaling was blocked using farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) BMS-214,662 and dual prenyltransferase inhibitor (DPI) L-778,123 to disrupt Ras signaling. Idarubicin caused a G2/M cell-cycle arrest characterized by elevated diphosphorylated MEK-1/2 and Top2α expression levels. The FTI/DPIs elicited distinct effects on Ras signaling, protein prenylation, cell cycling and apoptosis. Combining these FTI/DPIs with idarubicin synergistically inhibited proliferation of leukemia cell lines, but the L-778,123+idarubicin combination exhibited synergistic growth inhibition over a greater range of drug concentrations. Interestingly, combined FTI/DPI treatment synergistically inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and nearly completely blocked protein prenylation. Inhibition of K-Ras expression by RNA interference or blockade of its post-translational prenylation led to increased BMS-214,662-induced apoptosis. Our results suggest that nearly complete inhibition of protein prenylation using an FTI + DPI combination is the most effective method to induce apoptosis and to block anthracycline-induced activation of ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morgan
- Department of Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Onono FO, Morgan MA, Spielmann HP, Andres DA, Subramanian T, Ganser A, Reuter CWM. A tagging-via-substrate approach to detect the farnesylated proteome using two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with Western blotting. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:742-51. [PMID: 20103566 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900597-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenylation is a post-translational modification critical for the proper function of multiple physiologically important proteins, including small G-proteins, such as Ras. Methods allowing rapid and selective detection of protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation are fundamental for the understanding of prenylated protein function and for monitoring efficacy of drugs such as farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs). Although the natural substrates for prenyltransferases are farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, farnesyltransferase has been shown to incorporate isoprenoid analogues into protein substrates. In this study, protein prenyltransferase targets were labeled using anilinogeraniol, the alcohol precursor to the unnatural farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue 8-anilinogeranyl diphosphate in a tagging-via-substrate approach. Antibodies specific for the anilinogeranyl moiety were used to detect the anilinogeranyl-modified proteins. Coupling this highly effective labeling/detection method with two-dimensional electrophoresis and subsequent Western blotting allowed simple, rapid analysis of the complex farnesylated proteome. For example, this method elucidated the differential effects induced by two chemically distinct FTIs, BMS-214,662 and L-778,123. Although both FTIs strongly inhibited farnesylation of many proteins such as Lamins, NAP1L1, N-Ras, and H-Ras, only the dual prenylation inhibitor L-778,123 blocked prenylation of Pex19, RhoB, K-Ras, Cdc42, and Rap1. This snapshot approach has significant advantages over traditional techniques, including radiolabeling, anti-farnesyl antibodies, or mass spectroscopy, and enables dynamic analysis of the farnesylated proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick O Onono
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Protein Prenylation: An (Almost) Comprehensive Overview on Discovery History, Enzymology, and Significance in Physiology and Disease. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-006-0534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Farnesyl transferase inhibitors are a new class of biologically active anticancer drugs. The exact mechanism of action of this class of agents is, however, currently unknown. The drugs inhibit farnesylation of a wide range of target proteins, including Ras. It is thought that these agents block Ras activation through inhibition of the enzyme farnesyl transferase, ultimately resulting in cell growth arrest. In preclinical models, the farnesyl transferase inhibitors showed great potency against tumor cells; yet in clinical studies, their activity was far less than anticipated. Reasons for this disappointing clinical outcome might be found in the drug-development process. In this paper, we outline an algorithm that is potentially useful for the development of biologically active anticancer drugs. The development of farnesyl transferase inhibitors, from discovery to clinical trials, is reviewed on the basis of this algorithm. We found that two important steps of this algorithm were underestimated. First, understanding of the molecular biology of the defective pathway has mainly been focused on H-Ras activation, whereas activation of K-Ras or other farnesylated proteins is probably more important in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of farnesylation is possibly not sufficient, because geranylgeranylation might activate K-Ras and suppress the effect of farnesyl transferase inhibitors. Furthermore, a well-defined proof of concept in preclinical and clinical studies has not been achieved. Integrating the proposed algorithm in future studies of newly developed biologically active anti-cancer drugs might increase the rate of success of these compounds in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M G M Appels
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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Lane KT, Beese LS. Thematic review series: lipid posttranslational modifications. Structural biology of protein farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase type I. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:681-99. [PMID: 16477080 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r600002-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 100 proteins necessary for eukaryotic cell growth, differentiation, and morphology require posttranslational modification by the covalent attachment of an isoprenoid lipid (prenylation). Prenylated proteins include members of the Ras, Rab, and Rho families, lamins, CENPE and CENPF, and the gamma subunit of many small heterotrimeric G proteins. This modification is catalyzed by the protein prenyltransferases: protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I), and GGTase-II (or RabGGTase). In this review, we examine the structural biology of FTase and GGTase-I (the CaaX prenyltransferases) to establish a framework for understanding the molecular basis of substrate specificity and mechanism. These enzymes have been identified in a number of species, including mammals, fungi, plants, and protists. Prenyltransferase structures include complexes that represent the major steps along the reaction path, as well as a number of complexes with clinically relevant inhibitors. Such complexes may assist in the design of inhibitors that could lead to treatments for cancer, viral infection, and a number of deadly parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly T Lane
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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10
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Peng H, Carrico D, Thai V, Blaskovich M, Bucher C, Pusateri EE, Sebti SM, Hamilton AD. Synthesis and evaluation of potent, highly-selective, 3-aryl-piperazinone inhibitors of protein geranylgeranyltransferase-I. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1768-84. [PMID: 16633570 DOI: 10.1039/b517572k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds based on the carboxyl-terminal CAAL sequence of PGGTase-I substrates was designed and synthesized. Using piperazin-2-one as a semi-rigid scaffold, we have introduced critical pharmacophores in a well-defined arrangement to mimic the CAAL sequence. High potency and exceptional selectivity were obtained for inhibition of PGGTase-I with structures such as 45 and 70. Potency of this series of GGTIs was dependent on the presence of an L-leucine residue with a free carboxyl terminus, as well as an S configuration of the 3-aryl group. The selectivity was significantly enhanced by 5-methyl substitution on the imidazole ring and fluorine substitution on the 3-aryl group. Modification of the 6-position of the piperazinone scaffold was found to be unfavorable. Compounds 44 and 69, the corresponding methyl esters of 45 and 70, were found to selectively block processing of Rap1A by PGGTase-I in whole cells with IC(50) values of 0.4 microM and 0.7 microM respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairuo Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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11
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Reid TS, Terry KL, Casey PJ, Beese LS. Crystallographic Analysis of CaaX Prenyltransferases Complexed with Substrates Defines Rules of Protein Substrate Selectivity. J Mol Biol 2004; 343:417-33. [PMID: 15451670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Revised: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications are essential for the proper function of many proteins in the cell. The attachment of an isoprenoid lipid (a process termed prenylation) by protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) or geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I) is essential for the function of many signal transduction proteins involved in growth, differentiation, and oncogenesis. FTase and GGTase-I (also called the CaaX prenyltransferases) recognize protein substrates with a C-terminal tetrapeptide recognition motif called the Ca1a2X box. These enzymes possess distinct but overlapping protein substrate specificity that is determined primarily by the sequence identity of the Ca1a2X motif. To determine how the identity of the Ca1a2X motif residues and sequence upstream of this motif affect substrate binding, we have solved crystal structures of FTase and GGTase-I complexed with a total of eight cognate and cross-reactive substrate peptides, including those derived from the C termini of the oncoproteins K-Ras4B, H-Ras and TC21. These structures suggest that all peptide substrates adopt a common binding mode in the FTase and GGTase-I active site. Unexpectedly, while the X residue of the Ca1a2X motif binds in the same location for all GGTase-I substrates, the X residue of FTase substrates can bind in one of two different sites. Together, these structures outline a series of rules that govern substrate peptide selectivity; these rules were utilized to classify known protein substrates of CaaX prenyltransferases and to generate a list of hypothetical substrates within the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scott Reid
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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12
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Dinsmore CJ, Zartman CB, Bergman JM, Abrams MT, Buser CA, Culberson JC, Davide JP, Ellis-Hutchings M, Fernandes C, Graham SL, Hartman GD, Huber HE, Lobell RB, Mosser SD, Robinson RG, Williams TM. Macrocyclic piperazinones as potent dual inhibitors of farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:639-43. [PMID: 14741259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of macrocyclic piperazinone compounds with dual farnesyltransferase/geranylgeranyltransferase-I inhibitory activity was prepared. These compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of protein prenylation in cell culture. A hypothesis for the binding mode of compound 3o in FPTase is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Dinsmore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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13
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Morgan MA, Ganser A, Reuter CWM. Therapeutic efficacy of prenylation inhibitors in the treatment of myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2003; 17:1482-98. [PMID: 12886235 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) represent a new class of anticancer agents that specifically target post-translational farnesylation of various proteins that mediate several cellular processes such as signal transduction, growth, differentiation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. These compounds were originally designed to block oncogenic RAS-induced tumor growth by impeding RAS localization to the membrane, but it is now evident that FTIs also affect processing of several other proteins. The need for novel therapies in myeloid leukemia is underscored by the high rate of treatment failure due to high incidences of relapse- and treatment-related toxicities. As RAS deregulation is important in the pathogenesis of myeloid leukemias, targeting of RAS signaling may provide a new therapeutic strategy. Several FTIs (eg BMS-214662, L-778,123, R-115777 and SCH66336) have entered phase I and phase II clinical trials in myeloid leukemias. This review discusses recent clinical results, potential combination therapies, mechanisms of resistance and the clinical challenges of toxicities associated with prenylation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Morgan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Tucker TJ, Abrams MT, Buser CA, Davide JP, Ellis-Hutchings M, Fernandes C, Gibbs JB, Graham SL, Hartman GD, Huber HE, Liu D, Lobell RB, Lumma WC, Robinson RG, Sisko JT, Smith AM. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of potent dual inhibitors of farnesyl and geranyl-Geranyl protein transferases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2027-30. [PMID: 12113834 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared a series of potent, dual inhibitors of the prenyl transferases farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase) and geranyl-geranyl protein transferase I (GGPTase). The compounds were shown to possess potent activity against both enzymes in cell culture. Mechanistic analysis has shown that the compounds are CAAX competitive for FPTase inhibition but geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) competitive for GGPTase inhibiton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Tucker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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15
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Nguyen DN, Stump CA, Walsh ES, Fernandes C, Davide JP, Ellis-Hutchings M, Robinson RG, Williams TM, Lobell RB, Huber HE, Buser CA. Potent inhibitors of farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1269-73. [PMID: 11965368 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 has been shown to be a dual prenylation inhibitor with FPTase (IC50=2 nM) and GGPTase-I (IC50=95 nM). Analogues of 1, which replaced the cyanophenyl group with various biaryls, led to the discovery of highly potent dual FPTase/GGPTase-I inhibitors. 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, trifluoropentynyl, and trifluoropentyl were identified as good p-cyano replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem N Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Polyprenyl (Isoprenoid) Compounds. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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