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He L, Mo X, He L, Ma Q, Cai L, Zheng Y, Huang L, Lin X, Wu M, Ding W, Zhou C, Zhang JC, Hashimoto K, Yao W, Chen JX. The role of BDNF transcription in the antidepressant-like effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid in a chronic social defeat stress model. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155332. [PMID: 38851983 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xiaoyaosan (XYS), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation, has been used in the treatment of depression. However, no studies have yet identified the active compounds responsible for its antidepressant effects in the brain. STUDY DESIGN We investigated the antidepressants effects of XYS and identified 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) as the primary compound present in the brain following XYS injection. Furthermore, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like effects of both XYS and 18β-GA. METHODS To investigate the antidepressant-like effects of XYS and elucidate the associated molecular mechanisms, we employed various methodologies, including cell cultures, the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model, behavioral tests, immunoprecipitation, quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays, Western blotting assays, luciferase assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, immunofluorescence staining, and dendritic spine analysis. RESULTS We identified 18β-GA as the primary compound in the brain following XYS injection. In vitro, 18β-GA was found to bind with ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), subsequently activating ERK kinase activity toward both c-Jun and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Moreover, 18β-GA activated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transcription by stimulating nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), c-Jun, and CREB, while also inhibiting methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) both in vitro and in vivo. Chronic intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 18β-GA exhibited prophylactic antidepressant-like effects in a CSDS model, primarily by activating BDNF transcription in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Interestingly, a single i.p. injection of 18β-GA produced rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in CSDS-susceptible mice by engaging the BDNF-tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling pathway in the mPFC. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the activation of BDNF transcription in the mPFC underlies the antidepressant-like effects of 18β-GA, a key component of XYS in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan He
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Mo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Liangliang He
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Lili Cai
- Department of Mental Rehabilitation, Mental Hospital of Guangzhou Civil Affairs Bureau, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Lixuan Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Xuanyu Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Mansi Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Wanzhao Ding
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Chan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Ji-Chun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Wei Yao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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Sun W, Wan S, Liu C, Wang R, Zhang H, Qin L, Wang R, Lv B, Li C. Establishing cell suitability for high-level production of licorice triterpenoids in yeast. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:4134-4148. [PMID: 39309497 PMCID: PMC11413661 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Yeast has been an indispensable host for synthesizing complex plant-derived natural compounds, yet the yields remained largely constrained. This limitation mainly arises from overlooking the importance of cell and pathway suitability during the optimization of enzymes and pathways. Herein, beyond conventional enzyme engineering, we dissected metabolic suitability with a framework for simultaneously augmenting cofactors and carbon flux to enhance the biosynthesis of heterogenous triterpenoids. We further developed phospholipid microenvironment engineering strategies, dramatically improving yeast's suitability for the high performance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized, rate-limiting plant P450s. Combining metabolic and microenvironment suitability by manipulating only three genes, NHMGR (NADH-dependent HMG-CoA reductase), SIP4 (a DNA-binding transcription factor)and GPP1 (Glycerol-1-phosphate phosphohydrolase 1), we enabled the high-level production of 4.92 g/L rare licorice triterpenoids derived from consecutive oxidation of β-amyrin by two P450 enzymes after fermentation optimization. This production holds substantial commercial value, highlighting the critical role of establishing cell suitability in enhancing triterpenoid biosynthesis and offering a versatile framework applicable to various plant natural product biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shengtong Wan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chuyan Liu
- The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ruwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haocheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Runming Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Teng W, Zhou Z, Cao J, Guo Q. Recent Advances of Natural Pentacyclic Triterpenoids as Bioactive Delivery System for Synergetic Biological Applications. Foods 2024; 13:2226. [PMID: 39063310 PMCID: PMC11275325 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds have drawn much attention according to their various health benefits. However, poor dissolvability, low stability and limited bioavailability largely narrow their applications. Although a variety of nontoxic ingredients have been rapidly developed as vehicles to deliver bioactive compounds in the last few years, most of them are non-bioactive. Pentacyclic triterpenoids, owing to their unique self-assembly and co-assembly behaviors and different physiological functions, can construct bioactive carriers due to their higher biodegradability, biocompatibility and lower toxicity. In this paper, the basic classification, biological activities and physicochemical properties of pentacyclic triterpenoids were summarized. Additionally, applications of self-assembled and co-assembled pentacyclic triterpenoids as bioactive delivery systems to load bioactive components and future research directions were discussed. This study emphasizes the potential of pentacyclic triterpenoids as bioactive delivery systems, offering a new perspective for constructing self- or co-assemblies for further synergetic biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Teng
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (W.T.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Zixiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (W.T.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinxuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (W.T.); (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Wang S, He Y, Wang J, Luo E. Re-exploration of immunotherapy targeting EMT of hepatocellular carcinoma: Starting from the NF-κB pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116566. [PMID: 38631143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancies worldwide, and its high morbidity and mortality have brought a heavy burden to the global public health system. Due to the concealment of its onset, the limitation of treatment, the acquisition of multi-drug resistance and radiation resistance, the treatment of HCC cannot achieve satisfactory results. Epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is a key process that induces progression, distant metastasis, and therapeutic resistance to a variety of malignant tumors, including HCC. Therefore, targeting EMT has become a promising tumor immunotherapy method for HCC. The NF-κB pathway is a key regulatory pathway for EMT. Targeting this pathway has shown potential to inhibit HCC infiltration, invasion, distant metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. At present, there are still some controversies about this pathway and new ideas of combined therapy, which need to be further explored. This article reviews the progress of immunotherapy in improving EMT development in HCC cells by exploring the mechanism of regulating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yan He
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - En Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
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Li X, Liang X, Gu X, Zou M, Cao W, Liu C, Wang X. Ursodeoxycholic acid and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid alleviate ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis via downregulating RORγt and CXCR3 signaling pathway in iNKT cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105782. [PMID: 38244730 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen-induced intrahepatic cholestasis (IHC) is a mild but potentially serious risk and urges for new therapeutic targets and effective treatment. Our previous study demonstrated that RORγt and CXCR3 signaling pathway of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) 17 cells play pathogenic roles in 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE)-induced IHC. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) present a protective effect on IHC partially due to their immunomodulatory properties. Hence in present study, we aim to investigate the effectiveness of UDCA and 18β-GA in vitro and verify the accessibility of the above targets. Biochemical index measurement indicated that UDCA and 18β-GA presented efficacy to alleviate EE-induced cholestatic cytotoxicity. Both UDCA and 18β-GA exhibited suppression on the CXCL9/10-CXCR3 axis, and significantly restrained the expression of RORγt in vitro. In conclusion, our observations provide new therapeutic targets of UDCA and 18β-GA, and 18β-GA as an alternative treatment for EE-induced cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mengzhi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weiping Cao
- Departments of Obstetrics, Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Physics and Chemistry Test Center of Jiangsu Province, 210042 Nanjing, China.
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Guo Q, Zhao M, Wang Q, Lu T, Luo P, Chen L, Xia F, Pang H, Shen S, Cheng G, Dai C, Meng Y, Zhong T, Qiu C, Wang J. Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits non-small cell lung cancer via promotion of Prdx6- and caspase-3-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116304. [PMID: 38401519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) shows great efficiency against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the detailed mechanism is unclear, which has limited its clinical application. Herein, we investigated the potential targets of GA against NSCLC by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) technology and the combination of histopathology and proteomics validation. In vitro and in vivo results indicated GA significantly inhibited NSCLC via promotion of peroxiredoxin-6 (Prdx6) and caspase-3 (Casp3)-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. This original finding will provide theoretical and data support to improve the treatment of NSCLC with the application of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Minghong Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Qixin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tianming Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Piao Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Huanhuan Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shengnan Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guangqing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chuanhao Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuqing Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23, Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
| | - Chong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
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Chen L, Gong J, Yong X, Li Y, Wang S. A review of typical biological activities of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6557-6597. [PMID: 38390501 PMCID: PMC10882267 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08025k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid, a triterpenoid compound primarily sourced from licorice root, exhibits noteworthy biological attributes, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. Despite these commendable effects, its further advancement and application, especially in clinical use, have been hindered by its limited druggability, including challenges such as low solubility and bioavailability. To enhance its biological activity and pharmaceutical efficacy, numerous research studies focus on the structural modification, associated biological activity data, and underlying mechanisms of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives. This review endeavors to systematically compile and organize glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives that have demonstrated outstanding biological activities over the preceding decade, delineating their molecular structures, biological effects, underlying mechanisms, and future prospects for assisting researchers in finding and designing novel glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives, foster the exploration of structure-activity relationships, and aid in the screening of potential candidate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Jingwen Gong
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Xu Yong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Youbin Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Shuojin Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
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Bayav I, Darendelioğlu E, Caglayan C. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid exerts cardioprotective effects against BPA-induced cardiotoxicity through antiapoptotic and antioxidant mechanisms. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23655. [PMID: 38348715 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic environmental pollutant widely used in industry, as well as is an endocrine disrupting chemicals and has a toxic effects on heart tissue. The aim of this study is to reveal the cardioprotective effects of 18β-glycyrretinic acid (GA) against BPA-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. In this study, 40 male rats were used and five different groups (each group includes eight rats) were formed. The rats were applied BPA (250 mg/kg b.w.) alone or with GA (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) for 14 days. Rats were killed on Day 15 and heart tissues were taken for analysis. GA treatment decreased serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase MB levels, reducing BPA-induced heart damage. GA treatment showed ameliorative effects against lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress caused by BPA by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and GSH level of the heart tissue and decreasing the MDA level. In addition, GA showed antiapoptotic effect by increasing Bcl-2, procaspase-3, and -9 protein expression levels and decreasing Bax, cytochrome c, and P53 protein levels in heart tissue. As a result, it was found that GA has cardioprotective effects on heart tissue by exhibiting antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects against heart damage caused by BPA, an environmental pollutant. Thus, it was supported that GA could be a potential cardioprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Bayav
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Darendelioğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Caglayan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
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Luo H, Zhang C, He L, Lin Z, Zhang JC, Qi Q, Chen JX, Yao W. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid ameliorates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice through activation of microglial anti-inflammatory phenotype. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1947-1961. [PMID: 37436491 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, the therapeutic effect of 18β-GA in Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been defined. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of 18β-GA in treating PD by mitigating 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. RESULTS The study showed that 18β-GA has anti-inflammatory effects by upregulating TREM2 expression in BV2 cells, which correlates with the presence of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). 18β-GA reduced inflammation in BV2 cells treated with 1-methyl-4- phenylpyridinium (MPP+) by enhancing TREM2 expression, which promotes an anti-inflammatory microglial phenotype. Repeated administration of 18β-GA in MPTP-treated mice led to therapeutic effects by enhancing TREM2 expression, resulting in the activation of anti-inflammatory microglia. Moreover, 18β-GA attenuated the decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in both MPP+-induced BV2 cells and MPTP-intoxicated mice, indicating the involvement of BDNF in the beneficial effects of 18β-GA. CONCLUSIONS It is probable that activating microglial anti-inflammatory response through TREM2 expression might serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for PD. Additionally, 18β-GA seems to hold potential as a new therapeutic agent for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Luo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Caishi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Lujuan He
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zefang Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ji-Chun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qi Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Wei Yao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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He L, Kang Q, Zhang Y, Chen M, Wang Z, Wu Y, Gao H, Zhong Z, Tan W. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma: The popular occurrence of herbal medicine applied in classical prescriptions. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 37196671 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is a well-known herbal medicine with a wide range of pharmacological functions that has been used throughout Chinese history. This review presents a comprehensive introduction to this herb and its classical prescriptions. The article discusses the resources and distribution of species, methods of authentication and determination chemical composition, quality control of the original plants and herbal medicines, dosages use, common classical prescriptions, indications, and relevant mechanisms of the active content. Pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicity tests, clinical trials, and patent applications are discussed. The review will provide a good starting point for the research and development of classical prescriptions to develop herbal medicines for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying He
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianming Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Man Chen
- Oncology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zefei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hetong Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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11
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Wang C, Yan JK, Yi J, Ning J, Huo XK, Yu ZL, Zhang BJ, Sun CP, Ma XC. Biotransformation of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid by Human Intestinal Fungus Aspergillus niger RG13B1 and the Potential Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Its Metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15104-15115. [PMID: 36414003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a triterpenoid possessing an anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, while the low bioavailability limits its application due to its intestinal accumulation. In order to investigate the metabolism of GA in intestinal microbes, it was incubated with human intestinal fungus Aspergillus niger RG13B1, finally leading to the isolation and identification of three new metabolites (1-3) and three known metabolites (4-6) based on 1D and 2D NMR and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy spectra. Metabolite 6 could target myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) to suppress the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway via inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p65 to downregulate its target proteins and genes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated RAW264.7 cells. Molecular dynamics suggested that metabolite 6 interacted with MD2 through the hydrogen bond of amino acid residue Arg90. These findings demonstrated that metabolite 6 could serve as a potential candidate to develop the new inhibitors of MD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jian-Kun Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Jing Yi
- College of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Ning
- College of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhen-Long Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bao-Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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12
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Jiang Y, Cai C, Zhang P, Luo Y, Guo J, Li J, Rong R, Zhang Y, Zhu T. Transcriptional profile changes after treatment of ischemia reperfusion injury-induced kidney fibrosis with 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid. Ren Fail 2022; 44:660-671. [PMID: 35699239 PMCID: PMC9225714 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2061998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by renal fibrosis without effective therapy. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is reported to have detoxification and anti-inflammatory functions and promotes tissue repair. However, the role of GA in CKD remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether GA has a potential therapeutic effect in kidney fibrosis. Methods A renal fibrosis mouse model was established by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury via clamping unilateral left renal pedicle for 45 min; then, the mice were treated with vehicle or GA. Kidney tissues and blood samples were extracted 14 days after reperfusion and renal function, histopathological staining, quantitative PCR, and western blotting were performed. RNA-seq was performed to explore the changes in the transcriptional profile after GA treatment. Results Renal function, pathological and molecular analysis displayed that fibrosis was successfully induced in the I/R model. In the GA treatment group, the severity of fibrosis gradually reduced with the best effect seen at a concentration of 25 mg kg −1. A total of 970 differentially expressed genes were identified. Pathway enrichment showed that reduced activation and migration of inflammatory cells and decreased chemokine interaction in significant pathways. Protein–protein interaction networks were constructed and 15 hub genes were selected by degree rank, including chemokines, such as C3, Ccl6, Ccr2, Ptafr, Timp1, and Pf4. Conclusions GA may alleviate renal fibrosis by inhibiting the inflammatory response. GA is a promising therapy that may perhaps be used in treating renal fibrosis and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Jiang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhe Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Pingbao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Luo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ruiming Rong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Biomedical Research Center, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, P. R. China
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13
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Choe J, Yong PH, Ng ZX. The Efficacy of Traditional Medicinal Plants in Modulating the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2 and Cytokine Storm. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200655. [PMID: 36125969 PMCID: PMC9538837 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Selected traditional medicinal plants exhibit therapeutic effects in coronavirus disease (Covid-19) patients. This review aims to identify the phytochemicals from five traditional medicinal plants (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Nigella sativa, Curcuma longa, Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera) with high potential in modulating the main protease (Mpro) activity and cytokine storm in Covid-19 infection. The Mpro binding affinity of 13 plant phytochemicals were in the following order: Withanoside II>withanoside IV>withaferin A>α-hederin>withanoside V>sitoindoside IX>glabridin>liquiritigenin, nigellidine>curcumin>glycyrrhizin>tinocordiside>berberine. Among these phytochemicals, glycyrrhizin, withaferin A, curcumin, nigellidine and cordifolioside A suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication and showed stronger anti-inflammatory activities than standard Covid-19 drugs. Both preclinical and clinical evidences supported the development of plant bioactive compounds as Mpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomin Choe
- University of Nottingham - Malaysia CampusSchool of BiosciencesFaculty of Science and Engineering,43500SemenyihMALAYSIA
| | - Phaik Har Yong
- MAHSA UniversitySchool of BioscienceFaculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing,42610JenjaromMALAYSIA
| | - Zhi Xiang Ng
- University of Nottingham - Malaysia CampusSchool of BiosciencesFaculty of Science and Engineering43500SemenyihMALAYSIA
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14
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Novel 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as a Two-in-One agent with potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorg Chem 2022; 122:105714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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GPR120 induces regulatory dendritic cells by inhibiting HK2-dependent glycolysis to alleviate fulminant hepatic failure. Cell Death Dis 2021; 13:1. [PMID: 34911928 PMCID: PMC8674251 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a potentially fatal liver disease that is associated with intrahepatic infiltration of inflammatory cells. As the receptor of polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids, GPR120 can regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and immune response. However, whether GPR120 is involved in FHF remains unknown. Using Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)-primed, LPS-induced FHF in mice, we found that interference with GPR120 activity using pharmacological agonist attenuated the severity of the liver injury and mortality of FHF in mice, while a lack of GPR120 exacerbated the disease. GPR120 activation potently alleviated FHF and led to decreased T helper (Th) 1 cell response and expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Interestingly, GPR120 agonist didn't directly target T cells, but dramatically induced a distinct population of CD11c+MHC IIlowCD80lowCD86low regulatory DCs in the livers of FHF mice. GPR120 was found to restrict HIF-1α-dependent glycolysis. The augmented HIF-1α stabilization caused by GPR120 antagonism or deletion could be attenuated by the inhibition of ERK or by the activation of AMPK. Through the analysis of the clinical FHF, we further confirmed the activation of GPR120 was negatively associated with the severity in patients. Our findings indicated that GPR120 activation has therapeutic potential in FHF. Strategies to target GPR120 using agonists or free fatty acids (FFAs) may represent a novel approach to FHF treatment.
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16
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Abraham J, Florentine S. Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extracts-Suitable Pharmacological Interventions for COVID-19? A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2600. [PMID: 34961070 PMCID: PMC8708549 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Even though vaccination has started against COVID-19, people should continue maintaining personal and social caution as it takes months or years to get everyone vaccinated, and we are not sure how long the vaccine remains efficacious. In order to contribute to the mitigation of COVID-19 symptoms, the pharmaceutical industry aims to develop antiviral drugs to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication and produce anti-inflammatory medications that will inhibit the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is the primary cause of mortality among the COVID-19 patients. In reference to these tasks, this article considers the properties of a medicinal plant named licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), whose phytochemicals have shown both antiviral and anti-inflammatory tendencies through previous studies. All the literature was selected through extensive search in various databases such as google scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed. In addition to the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, one of the licorice components has an autophagy-enhancing mechanism that studies have suggested to be necessary for COVID-19 treatment. Based on reviewing relevant professional and historical literature regarding the medicinal properties of licorice, it is suggested that it may be worthwhile to conduct in vitro and in vivo studies, including clinical trials with glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acids together with other flavonoids found in licorice, as there is the potentiality to provide natural interventions against COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Abraham
- School of Engineering, Information Technology, and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia
| | - Singarayer Florentine
- Centre for Environmental Management, School of Science, Psychology, and Sport, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
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17
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Grafting of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Sialic Acid onto Chitosan to Produce a New Amphipathic Chitosan Derivative: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020452. [PMID: 33467083 PMCID: PMC7829902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is the only cationic polysaccharide found in nature. It has broad application prospects in biomaterials, but its application is limited due to its poor solubility in water. A novel chitosan derivative was synthesized by amidation of chitosan with 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and sialic acid. The chitosan derivatives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and measurement of the zeta potential. We also investigated the solubility, cytotoxicity, and blood compatibility of chitosan derivatives. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and sialic acid could be grafted onto chitosan molecular chains. The thermal stability of the synthesized chitosan derivatives was decreased and the surface was positively charged in water and phosphate-buffered saline. After chitosan had been modified by 18 β-glycyrrhetinic acid and sialic acid, the solubility of chitosan was improved greatly in water and phosphate-buffered saline, and percent hemolysis was <5%. Novel amphiphilic chitosan derivatives could be suitable polymers for biomedical purposes.
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18
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Miyamoto H, Takemura S, Minamiyama Y, Tsukioka T, Toda M, Nishiyama N, Shibata T. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis model by small amount of lipopolysaccharide in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 70:129-139. [PMID: 35400816 PMCID: PMC8921716 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic and progressive lung disease with poor prognosis, presents with acute exacerbation. Pathophysiology and treatments for this acute exacerbation, and an appropriate animal model to perform such examinations, have not established yet. We presented a rat model for assessing acute exacerbation in cases of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Wistar rats were intratracheally administered bleomycin (3 mg/kg) to induce pulmonary fibrosis. After 7 days, lipopolysaccharide (0, 0.05, or 0.15 mg/kg) was administered. In the bleomycin or lipopolysaccharide group, there were almost no change in the oxygen partial pressure, arterial blood gas (PaO2), plasma nitrite/nitrate, nitric oxide synthase, and lung nitrotyrosine levels. In the bleomycin (+)/lipopolysaccharide (+) groups, these three indicators deteriorated significantly. The plasma nitrite/nitrate and PaO2 levels were significantly correlated in the bleomycin (+) groups (r = 0.758). Although lung fibrosis was not different with or without lipopolysaccharide in the bleomycin (+) groups, macrophage infiltration was marked in the bleomycin (+)/lipopolysaccharide (+) group. There were many NOS2-positive macrophages, and the PaO2 levels decrease may be induced by the nitric oxide production of macrophages in the lung. This model may mimic the pathophysiological changes in cases of acute exacerbation during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Miyamoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
| | - Shigekazu Takemura
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
| | - Yukiko Minamiyama
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | - Takuma Tsukioka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
| | - Michihito Toda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
| | - Noritoshi Nishiyama
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
| | - Toshihiko Shibata
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
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Mladenovic Djordjevic AN, Kapetanou M, Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic N, Todorovic S, Athanasopoulou S, Jovic M, Prvulovic M, Taoufik E, Matsas R, Kanazir S, Gonos ES. Pharmacological intervention in a transgenic mouse model improves Alzheimer's-associated pathological phenotype: Involvement of proteasome activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:88-103. [PMID: 33279620 PMCID: PMC7889698 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide, characterized by a progressive decline in a variety of cognitive and non-cognitive functions. The amyloid beta protein cascade hypothesis places the formation of amyloid beta protein aggregates on the first position in the complex pathological cascade leading to neurodegeneration, and therefore AD might be considered to be a protein-misfolding disease. The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS), being the primary protein degradation mechanism with a fundamental role in the maintenance of proteostasis, has been identified as a putative therapeutic target to delay and/or to decelerate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by accumulated/aggregated proteins. The purpose of this study was to test if the activation of proteasome in vivo can alleviate AD pathology. Specifically by using two compounds with complementary modes of proteasome activation and documented antioxidant and redox regulating properties in the 5xFAD transgenic mice model of AD, we ameliorated a number of AD related deficits. Shortly after proteasome activation we detected significantly reduced amyloid-beta load correlated with improved motor functions, reduced anxiety and frailty level. Essentially, to our knowledge this is the first report to demonstrate a dual activation of the proteasome and its downstream effects. In conclusion, these findings open up new directions for future therapeutic potential of proteasome-mediated proteolysis enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra N Mladenovic Djordjevic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marianna Kapetanou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Natasa Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Molecular Nutrition and Health Lab, CEDOC - Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Edifício CEDOC II, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, 1150-082, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Smilja Todorovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sofia Athanasopoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece; Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Milena Jovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prvulovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Era Taoufik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Selma Kanazir
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece.
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20
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Wu SY, Wang WJ, Dou JH, Gong LK. Research progress on the protective effects of licorice-derived 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid against liver injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:18-26. [PMID: 32144337 PMCID: PMC7921636 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The first description of the medical use of licorice appeared in "Shennong Bencao Jing", one of the well-known Chinese herbal medicine classic books dated back to 220-280 AD. As one of the most commonly prescribed Chinese herbal medicine, licorice is known as "Guo Lao", meaning "a national treasure" in China. Modern pharmacological investigations have confirmed that licorice possesses a number of biological activities, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immune regulation, and liver protection. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid is one of the most extensively studied active integrants of licorice. Here, we provide an overview of the protective effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid against various acute and chronic liver diseases observed in experimental models, and summarize its pharmacological effects and potential toxic/side effects at higher doses. We also make additional comments on the important areas that may warrant further research to support appropriate clinical applications of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and avoid potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Yan Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Jie Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jin-Hui Dou
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Li-Kun Gong
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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21
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Wang B, Gu Y, Yu H, Yang W, Ren X, Qian F, Zhao X, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Jin M, Zhu M. Inhibition of EZH2 ameliorates bacteria-induced liver injury by repressing RUNX1 in dendritic cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1024. [PMID: 33262329 PMCID: PMC7708645 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden and severe impairment in liver function. However, the precise mechanism of immune dysregulation that is significant to FHF pathogenesis remains unclear. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been implicated in inflammation as a regulator of immune cell function. In this study, we investigated the role of EZH2 in an animal model of human FHF induced by Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We demonstrated that EZH2 depletion in dendritic cells (DCs) and pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 using GSK126 both significantly ameliorated liver injury and improved the survival rates of mice with P. acnes plus LPS-induced FHF, which could be attributed to the decreased infiltration and activation of CD4+ T cells in the liver, inhibition of T helper 1 cells and induction of regulatory T cells. The expression of EZH2 in DCs was increased after P. acnes administration, and EZH2 deficiency in DCs suppressed DC maturation and prevented DCs from efficiently stimulating CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Further mechanistic analyses indicated that EZH2 deficiency directly increased the expression of the transcription factor RUNX1 and thereby suppressed the immune functions of DCs. The functional dependence of EZH2 on RUNX1 was further illustrated in DC-specific Ezh2-deficient mice. Taken together, our findings establish that EZH2 exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of RUNX1 to regulate DC functions and that inhibition of EZH2 alleviates P. acnes plus LPS-induced FHF, probably by inhibiting DC-induced adaptive immune responses. These results highlight the effect of EZH2 on DCs, serving as a guide for the development of a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for FHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongshuang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanlin Yang
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengtao Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Min Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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The novel glycyrrhetinic acid–tetramethylpyrazine conjugate TOGA induces anti-hepatocarcinogenesis by inhibiting the effects of tumor-associated macrophages on tumor cells. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Han J, Su GH, Wang YH, Lu YX, Zhao HL, Shuai XX. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Improves Cardiac Diastolic Function by Attenuating Intracellular Calcium Overload. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:654-661. [PMID: 32862375 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ranolazine, a late sodium current inhibitor, has been demonstrated to be effective on heart failure. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) has the similar inhibitory effect on late sodium currents. However, its effect on diastolic function is still unknown. This study aimed to determine whether 18β-GA can improve the diastolic function and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Eighty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats of Langendorff model were randomly divided into the following groups: group A, normal cardiac perfusion group; group B, ischemia-reperfusion group; group C, ischemia-reperfusion with anemoniasulcata toxin II (ATX-II); group D, ranolazine group; and group E, 18β-GA group with four different concentrations. Furthermore, a pressure-overloaded rat model induced by trans-aortic constriction (TAC) was established. Echocardiography and hemodynamics were used to evaluate diastolic function at 14th day after TAC. Changes of free intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration was indirectly detected by laser scanning confocal microscope to confirm the inhibition of late sodium currents. With the intervention of ATX-II on ischemia reperfusion injury group, 5 µmol/L ranolazine, and 5, 10, 20, 40 µmol/L 18β-GA could improve ATX-II-induced cardiac diastolic dysfunction. 630 mg/kg glycyrrhizin tablets could improve cardiac diastolic function in the pressure-overloaded rats. 18β-GA and ranolazine had similar effects on reducing the free calcium in cardiomyocytes. The study demonstrates that 18β-GA and glycyrrhizin could improve diastolic dysfunction induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts and pressure-overloaded rats. The mechanism may be attributed to the inhibition of enhanced late sodium currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Guan-Hua Su
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yong-Xin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xin-Xin Shuai
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Ruan S, Xiang S, Wu W, Cao S, Du Q, Wang Z, Chen T, Shen Q, Liu L, Chen H, Weng L, Zhu H, Liu Q. Potential role of mTORC1 and the PI3K-Akt pathway in anti-acne properties of licorice flavonoids. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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25
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Li J, Tang F, Li R, Chen Z, Lee SMY, Fu C, Zhang J, Leung GPH. Dietary compound glycyrrhetinic acid suppresses tumor angiogenesis and growth by modulating antiangiogenic and proapoptotic pathways in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 77:108268. [PMID: 31830590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a major bioactive compound of licorice. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of GA on ovarian cancer, particularly those related to angiogenesis and apoptosis, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action. In vitro studies showed that GA significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a concentration-dependent manner. GA inhibited the phosphorylation of major receptors and enzymes involved in angiogenesis, such as VEGFR2, mTOR, Akt, ERK1/2, MEK1/2, p38 and JNK1/2 in HUVECs. In addition, GA induced apoptosis, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. The proapoptotic effect of GA involved the increased phosphorylation of p38 and JNK1/2; increased cleavage of caspase 3, caspase 9 and PARP; reduced phosphorylation of mTOR, Akt and ERK1/2; and reduced expressions of survivin and cyclin D1. Ex vivo studies showed that GA significantly inhibited microvessel sprouting in rat aortic ring model. In vivo studies showed that GA inhibited the formation of new blood vessels in zebrafish and mouse Matrigel plug. GA also significantly reduced the size of ovarian cancer xenograft tumors in nude mice. Taken together, GA possesses potential antitumor effects, and the underlying mechanisms may involve the inhibition of signaling pathways related to angiogenesis and the activation of apoptotic pathways in cancer cells. Our findings suggest that GA could serve as an effective regimen in the prevention or treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Renkai Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhejie Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - George Pak-Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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26
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Xu J, Pei S, Wang Y, Liu J, Qian Y, Huang M, Zhang Y, Xiao Y. Tpl2 Protects Against Fulminant Hepatitis Through Mobilization of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1980. [PMID: 31481966 PMCID: PMC6710335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the liver microenvironment protects against the inflammation-induced liver injury in fulminant hepatitis (FH). However, the molecular mechanism through which MDSC is recruited into the inflamed liver remain elusive. Here we identified a protein kinase Tpl2 as a critical mediator of MDSC recruitment into liver during the pathogenesis of Propionibacterium acnes/LPS-induced FH. Loss of Tpl2 dramatically suppressed MDSC mobilization into liver, leading to exaggerated local inflammation and increased FH-induced mortality. Mechanistically, although the protective effect of Tpl2 for FH-induced mortality was dependent on the presence of MDSC, Tpl2 neither directly targeted myeloid cells nor T cells to regulate FH pathogenesis, but functioned in hepatocytes to mediate the induction of MDSC-attracting chemokine CXCL1 and CXCL2 through modulating IL-25 (also known as IL-17E) signaling. As a consequence, increased MDSC in the inflamed liver specifically restrained the local proliferation of infiltrated pathogenic CD4+ T cells, and thus protected against the inflammation-induced acute liver failure. Together, our findings established Tpl2 as a critical mediator of MDSC recruitment and highlighted the therapeutic potential of Tpl2 for the treatment of FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medical Biomaterials of Jiangsu Province, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junli Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Youcun Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhu Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medical Biomaterials of Jiangsu Province, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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27
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Natural products in licorice for the therapy of liver diseases: Progress and future opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:210-226. [PMID: 31022523 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases related complications represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and dysregulated energy metabolism significantly contributed to liver diseases. Therefore, discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases are urgently required. Licorice is one of the most commonly used herbal drugs in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of liver diseases and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Various bioactive components have been isolated and identified from the licorice, including glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin, Isoliquiritigenin, licochalcone A, and glycycoumarin. Emerging evidence suggested that these natural products relieved liver diseases and prevented DILI through multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms, including anti-steatosis, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, anti-fibrosis, anti-cancer, and drug-drug interactions. In the current review, we summarized the recent progress in the research of hepatoprotective and toxic effects of different licorice-derived bioactive ingredients and also highlighted the potency of these compounds as promising therapeutic options for the treatment of liver diseases and DILI. We also outlined the networks of underlying molecular signaling pathways. Further pharmacology and toxicology research will contribute to the development of natural products in licorice and their derivatives as medicines with alluring prospect in the clinical application.
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Talifu A, Saimaiti R, Maitinuer Y, Liu G, Abudureyimu M, Xin X. Multiomics analysis profile acute liver injury module clusters to compare the therapeutic efficacy of bifendate and muaddil sapra. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4335. [PMID: 30867448 PMCID: PMC6416310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute liver injury has been plagued by biologists and physicians. We know little about its therapeutic mechanism. Therefore, this study explored the mechanism of bifendate and muaddil sapra in the treatment of acute liver injury. Firstly, co-expression and cluster analysis of disease-related genes were carried out, and the Go function and KEGG pathway of modules and related genes were identified. Secondly, pivot analysis of modules can identify key regulators. On the other hand, based on the acute liver injury induced by CCl4, we use the combined analysis of proteomics and transcriptome to find therapeutic targets and related mechanisms of drugs. A total of 21 dysfunction modules were obtained, which were significantly involved in immune system, hepatitis and other related functions and pathways. Transcriptome analysis showed 117 targets for bifendate treatment, while 119 for muaddil sapra. Through exploring the mechanism, we found that the two drugs could modulate the module genes. Moreover, bifendate regulate the dysfunction module through ncRNA (SNORD43 and RNU11). Muaddil sapra can mediate dysfunction modules not only by regulating ncRNA (PRIM2 and PIP5K1B), but also by regulating TF (STAT1 and IRF8), thus having a wider therapeutic potential. On the other hand, proteome analysis showed that bifendate mainly regulated Rac2, Fermt3 and Plg, while muaddil sapra mainly regulated Sqle and Stat1. In addition, muaddil sapra regulates less metabolic related proteins to make them more effective. Overall, this study not only provides basic theory for further study of the complex pathogenesis of acute liver injury, but also provides valuable reference for clinical use of bifendate and muaddil sapra in the treatment of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainiwaer Talifu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Hospital of Xinjiang Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, 830001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Refuhati Saimaiti
- Hospital of Xinjiang Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Yusufu Maitinuer
- Hospital of Xinjiang Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Geyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Miernisha Abudureyimu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
- Hospital of Xinjiang Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, 830001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xuelei Xin
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization and The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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29
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Pastorino G, Cornara L, Soares S, Rodrigues F, Oliveira MBP. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra): A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:2323-2339. [PMID: 30117204 PMCID: PMC7167772 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, consumers are paying much more attention to natural medicines and principles, mainly due to the general sense that natural compounds are safe. On the other hand, there is a growing demand by industry for plants used in traditional medicine that could be incorporated in foods, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, or even pharmaceuticals. Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. belongs to the Fabaceae family and has been recognized since ancient times for its ethnopharmacological values. This plant contains different phytocompounds, such as glycyrrhizin, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, glabrin A and B, and isoflavones, that have demonstrated various pharmacological activities. Pharmacological experiments have demonstrated that different extracts and pure compounds from this species exhibit a broad range of biological properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. A few toxicological studies have reported some concerns. This review addresses all those issues and focuses on the pharmacological activities reported for G. glabra. Therefore, an updated, critical, and extensive overview on the current knowledge of G. glabra composition and biological activities is provided here in order to explore its therapeutic potential and future challenges to be utilized for the formulation of new products that will contribute to human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Cornara
- DISTAVUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
- Istituto di BiofisicaConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheGenoaItaly
| | - Sónia Soares
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
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Li B, Cai S, Yang YA, Chen SC, Chen R, Shi JB, Liu XH, Tang WJ. Novel unsaturated glycyrrhetic acids derivatives: Design, synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:337-348. [PMID: 28803048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To develop novel anti-inflammatory agents, a series of unsaturated glycyrrhetic acids were designed, synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using RAW264.7 cells. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of NO inhibitory activity was analyzed. α,β-Unsaturated glycyrrhetic acids showed better activity, among them, compounds 6k and 6l with piperazine unit exhibited the most potent nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitory activity (IC50 = 13.3 and 15.5 μM respectively). Furthermore, compound 6k could also significantly suppress LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression and IL-6 production through MAPKs and NF-kB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shi Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yong-An Yang
- Elion Nature Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210038, China
| | - Shi-Chao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jing-Bo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Wen-Jian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Yin X, Gong X, Zhang L, Jiang R, Kuang G, Wang B, Chen X, Wan J. Glycyrrhetinic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in d -galactosamine-sensitized mice by up-regulating expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-M. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 320:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Partial protection by 18β Glycrrhetinic acid against Cisplatin induced oxidative intestinal damage in wistar rats: Possible role of NFkB and caspases. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:1007-1013. [PMID: 28939345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin (CP) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent commonly used for the treatment of various malignancies. It has varied undesirable effects such as nephrotoxicity, intestinal toxicity which limit its wide and extensive clinical usage. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative, obtained from the herb liquorice having pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant. The present study was designed to investigate in vivo efficacy of GA against CP induced small intestinal toxicity. METHODS Rats were subjected to prophylactic oral treatment of GA (50 and 100mg/kg body weight) for 21days against intestinal toxicity induced by single intra peritoneal injection of CP (10mg/kg body weight) on day 18th and sacrificed on 21st day. RESULTS The plausible mechanism of CP induced small intestinal toxicity is via deficit in anti-oxidant armory, induction of oxidative stress; TNF-α, NFkB, activation of apoptotic pathway proteins by up regulation of caspases. However prophylactic treatment of GA diminished oxidative stress markers, TNF-α, NFkB expression and enhanced anti-oxidant status, down regulated apoptosis, recovered histopatholgical alterations in small intestine. CONCLUSION Therefore, results of the present finding provide strong evidence that GA may be a useful modulator in alleviating CP induced intestinal toxicity.
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Feng R, Deng P, Song Z, Chu W, Zhu W, Teng F, Zhou F. Glycyrrhetinic acid-modified PEG-PCL copolymeric micelles for the delivery of curcumin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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Tang ZH, Zhang LL, Li T, Lu JH, Ma DL, Leung CH, Chen XP, Jiang HL, Wang YT, Lu JJ. Glycyrrhetinic acid induces cytoprotective autophagy via the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α-c-Jun N-terminal kinase cascade in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43911-26. [PMID: 26549806 PMCID: PMC4791276 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycerrhetinic acid (GA), one of the main bioactive constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, exerts anti-cancer effects on various cancer cells. We confirmed that GA inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer A549 and NCI-H1299 cells. GA also induced expression of autophagy marker phosphatidylethanolamine-modified microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3 (LC3-II) and punta formation of green fluorescent protein microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3. We further proved that expression of GA-increased autophagy marker was attributed to activation instead of suppression of autophagic flux. The c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway was activated after incubation with GA. Pretreatment with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 or silencing of the JNK pathway by siRNA of JNK or c-jun decreased GA-induced autophagy. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses were also apparently stimulated by GA by triggering the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) pathway. The GA-induced JNK pathway activation and autophagy were decreased by IRE1α knockdown, and inhibition of autophagy or the JNK cascade increased GA-stimulated IRE1α expression. In addition, GA-induced cell proliferative inhibition and apoptosis were increased by inhibition of autophagy or the JNK pathway. Our study was the first to demonstrate that GA induces cytoprotective autophagy in non-small cell lung cancer cells by activating the IRE1α-JNK/c-jun pathway. The combined treatment of autophagy inhibitors markedly enhances the anti-neoplasmic activity of GA. Such combination shows potential as a strategy for GA or GA-contained prescriptions in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Le-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hu-Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Huang YC, Kuo CL, Lu KW, Lin JJ, Yang JL, Wu RSC, Wu PP, Chung JG. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Induces Apoptosis of HL-60 Human Leukemia Cells through Caspases- and Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070872. [PMID: 27376261 PMCID: PMC6273602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigate the molecular mechanisms of caspases and mitochondria in the extrinsic and intrinsic signal apoptosis pathways in human leukemia HL-60 cells after in vitro exposure to 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18α-GA). Cells were exposed to 18α-GA at various concentrations for various time periods and were harvested for flow cytometry total viable cell and apoptotic cell death measurements. Cells treated with 18α-GA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 100 μM at 48 h. The cell growth inhibition resulted in induction of apoptosis and decreased the mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased caspase-8, -9 and -3 activities. Furthermore, cytochrome c and AIF were released from mitochondria, as shown by western blotting and confirmed by confocal laser microscopy. Western blotting showed that 18α-GA increased the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Bid and decreased the anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, furthermore, results also showed that 18α-GA increased Fas and Fas-L which are associated with surface death receptor in HL-60 cells. Based on those observations, the present study supports the hypothesis that 18α-GA-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells involves the activation of the both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chang Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Kung-Wen Lu
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Jyh Lin
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Jiun-Long Yang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Rick Sai-Chuen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Ping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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Ebrahimnezhad S, Amirghofran Z, Karimi MH. Decline in Immunological Responses Mediated by Dendritic Cells in Mice Treated with 18α-Glycyrrhetinic Acid. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:191-204. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1113425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Aldahlawi AM. Modulation of dendritic cell immune functions by plant components. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2016; 4:55-62. [PMID: 30023210 PMCID: PMC6014213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key linkage between innate and adoptive immune response. DCs are classified as specialized antigen-presenting cells that initiate T-cell immune responses during infection and hypersensitivity, and maintain immune tolerance to self-antigens. Initiating T-cell immune responses may be beneficial in infectious diseases or cancer management, while, immunosuppressant or tolerogenic responses could be useful in controlling autoimmunity, allergy or inflammatory diseases. Several types of plant-derived components show promising properties in influencing DC functions. Various types of these components have been proven useful in clinical application and immune-based therapy. Therefore, focusing on the benefits of plant-based medicine regulating DC functions may be useful, low-cost, and accessible strategies for human health. This review illustrates recent studies, investigating the role of plant components in manipulating DC phenotype and function towards immunostimulating or immunosuppressing effects either in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia M Aldahlawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Liquorice foliage
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Hosseinzadeh H, Nassiri-Asl M. Pharmacological Effects of Glycyrrhiza spp. and Its Bioactive Constituents: Update and Review. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1868-86. [PMID: 26462981 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The roots and rhizomes of various species of the perennial herb licorice (Glycyrrhiza) are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. In experimental and clinical studies, licorice has been shown to have several pharmacological properties including antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidative, antidiabetic, antiasthma, and anticancer activities as well as immunomodulatory, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. In recent years, several of the biochemical, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of licorice and its active components have also been demonstrated in experimental studies. In this review, we summarized the new phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological data from recent experimental and clinical studies of licorice and its bioactive constituents after our previous published review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 341197-5981, Qazvin, Iran
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Rino Y, Yukawa N, Yamamoto N. Does herbal medicine reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10598-10603. [PMID: 26457019 PMCID: PMC4588081 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i37.10598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many herbal medicines are effective anti-inflammatory agents and may therefore suppress the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, treatment with a single-tablet regimen containing ledipasvir and sofosbuvir resulted in high rates of sustained virologic response among patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection who did not respond to prior interferon-based treatment. Patients with chronic hepatitis C are expected to receive this treatment worldwide. However, many patients have hepatitis-like fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. A strategy to prevent the development of HCC in this subgroup of patients is urgently required. Whether herbal medicines can suppress the development of HCC remains to be established. However, herbal medicines are effective anti-inflammatory agents and may inhibit the development of HCC. Clinical trials exploring the effectiveness of herbal medicines in the prevention and treatment of HCC are therefore warranted. The current lack of knowledge and of educational programs is a barrier to increasing the use of potentially effective herbal medicines and performing prospective clinical trials.
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18β-glycyrrhetinic acid suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through inhibition of microglia activation and promotion of remyelination. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13713. [PMID: 26329786 PMCID: PMC4557075 DOI: 10.1038/srep13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are intrinsic immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The under controlled microglia activation plays important roles in inflammatory demyelination diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the means to modulate microglia activation as a therapeutic modality and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we show that administration of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA), by using both preventive and therapeutic treatment protocols, significantly suppresses disease severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice. The treatment effect of GRA on EAE is attributed to its regulatory effect on microglia. GRA-modulated microglia significantly decreased pro-inflammatory profile in the CNS through suppression of MAPK signal pathway. The ameliorated CNS pro-inflammatory profile prevented the recruitment of encephalitogenic T cells into the CNS, which alleviated inflammation-induced demyelination. In addition, GRA treatment promoted remyelination in the CNS of EAE mice. The induced remyelination can be mediated by the overcome of inflammation-induced blockade of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in microglia, as well as enhancing oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GRA-modulated microglia suppresses EAE through inhibiting microglia activation-mediated CNS inflammation, and promoting neuroprotective effect of microglia, which represents a potential therapeutic strategy for MS and maybe other neuroinflammatory diseases associated with microglia activation.
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Curcumin attenuated acute Propionibacterium acnes -induced liver injury through inhibition of HMGB1 expression in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 24:159-165. [PMID: 25510585 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhang Y, Cai W, Huang Q, Gu Y, Shi Y, Huang J, Zhao F, Liu Q, Wei X, Jin M, Wu C, Xie Q, Zhang Y, Wan B, Zhang Y. Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate bacteria-induced liver injury in mice by inducing regulatory dendritic cells. Hepatology 2014; 59:671-82. [PMID: 23929707 PMCID: PMC4298763 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden and severe impairment of liver function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as a promising therapeutic approach for FHF. In this study we used Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)-primed, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in mice as an animal model of human FHF. We demonstrated that administration of MSCs significantly ameliorated liver injury and improved the survival rates of mice subjected to P. acnes plus LPS-induced FHF. Allogeneic MSCs showed similar treatment efficacy as autologous MSCs did in FHF. Treatment efficacy of MSCs could be attributed to decreased infiltration and activation of CD4(+) T cells in the liver, inhibition of T helper 1 cells, and induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, decreased DNA copies of P. acnes were detected in the liver of MSC-treated mice. Intriguingly, a distinct liver population of CD11c(+) MHCII(hi) CD80(lo) CD86(lo) regulatory dendritic cells (DCs) was induced by MSCs. Moreover, these DCs induced Treg differentiation through transforming growth factor-β production. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that MSC-derived prostaglandin E2 and one of its receptors, EP4, played essential roles in the differentiation of CD11c(+) B220(-) DC precursors into regulatory DCs in a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent manner. CONCLUSION MSCs induce regulatory DCs from CD11c(+) B220(-) DC precursors. This study elucidates an immunoregulatory mechanism of MSCs and lays a foundation for application of MSCs in FHF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSMShanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSMShanghai, China,Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Yuting Gu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSMShanghai, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Jiefang Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Min Jin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Oncology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow UniversityChangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bing Wan
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSMShanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSMShanghai, China
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Tsubouchi H, Yanagi S, Miura A, Iizuka S, Mogami S, Yamada C, Hattori T, Nakazato M. Rikkunshito ameliorates bleomycin-induced acute lung injury in a ghrelin-independent manner. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L233-45. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00096.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical syndrome consisting of acute respiratory failure associated with extensive pulmonary infiltrates. The pathological characterization of ALI includes injuries of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), alveolar neutrophilic infiltration, and increases in proinflammatory cytokines, which cause destruction of the alveolar capillary barrier and subsequent devastating lung fibrosis. Rikkunshito (RKT), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, is widely used for the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and is known to stimulate ghrelin secretion. The therapeutic effects of RKT on organ inflammation and fibrosis remain unknown. We investigated the pharmacological potential of RKT in the treatment of ALI by using a bleomycin-induced ALI model in mice. RKT or distilled water (DW) was given to mice daily starting 12 h after bleomycin administration. The RKT-treated mice showed a definitively higher survival rate than the DW-treated mice after injury. They also had smaller reductions in body weight and food intake. The amelioration of neutrophil alveolar infiltration, pulmonary vascular permeability, induction of proinflammatory cytokines, activation of the NF-κB pathway, apoptosis of AECs, and subsequent lung fibrosis were notable in the RKT-treated mice. RKT administration increased the plasma ghrelin levels in wild-type mice, and it also mitigated the ALI response in both ghrelin-deficient mice and growth hormone secretagogue receptor-deficient mice after lung injury. Our results indicate that RKT administration exerts protective effects against ALI by protecting the AECs and regulating lung inflammation independently of the ghrelin system, and they highlight RKT as a promising therapeutic agent for the management of this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Tsubouchi
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan; and
| | - Shigehisa Yanagi
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan; and
| | - Ayako Miura
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan; and
| | - Seiichi Iizuka
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Mogami
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan; and
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Wang X, Zhang H, Chen L, Shan L, Fan G, Gao X. Liquorice, a unique "guide drug" of traditional Chinese medicine: a review of its role in drug interactions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:781-90. [PMID: 24201019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Liquorice is the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. or Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Leguminosae. It is a widely used herbal medicine native to southern Europe and parts of Asia and has beneficial applications in both the medicinal and the confectionery sectors. Unlike its usage in Europe, liquorice in traditional Chinese medicine is commonly combined with other herbs in a single prescription, as a unique "guide drug" to enhance the effectiveness of other ingredients, to reduce toxicity, and to improve flavor in almost half of Chinese herbal formulas. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological research to explain this unique "guide" effect is suggested for future investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information was collected from scientific journals, books, and pharmacopeia. The studies about the traditional uses, randomized controlled trials, chemical, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic data related to liquorice-herb/drug interaction or combination were included in the review. RESULTS According to recent reports, the "guide" effect of liquorice is partially through components transformed in liquorice-drug interaction; altering enzyme activity of P450 isoforms, as evidenced by induction of model probe substrates; and modulation of drug transporter proteins such as intestinal P-glycoprotein. CONCLUSION The overview and comparison of traditional uses of liquorice with recent pharmacological studies and randomized controlled trials provide new insights into this ancient drug for future investigations and clinical use, especially in drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300193, China
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Fu XX, Du LL, Zhao N, Dong Q, Liao YH, Du YM. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid potently inhibits Kv1.3 potassium channels and T cell activation in human Jurkat T cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:647-54. [PMID: 23707333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice has been extensively used in traditional medicines for treatment of many diseases, including inflammations and immunological disorders. Recent studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation activities of licorice have been attributed to its active component, glycyrretinic acid (GA). GA consists of two isoforms, 18α- and 18β-. However, its mechanism remains poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY We compared the effects of two isoforms on Kv1.3 channels in Jurkat T cells and further characterized the inhibition of Kv1.3 channels by 18β-GA in CHO cells. In addition, we examined the effects of 18β-GA on Kv1.3 gene expression, Ca(2+) influx, proliferation, as well as IL-2 production in Jurkat T cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole-cell patch-clamp technique was applied to record Kv1.3 currents in Jurkat T or CHO cells. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect gene expression. Fluo-4, CCK-8 kit and ELISA kit were used to measure Ca(2+) influx, proliferation, and IL-2 secretion in Jurkat T cells, respectively. RESULTS Superfusion of 18β-GA (10-100 µM) blocked Kv1.3 currents in Jurkat T cells, while 18α-GA at the same concentration had no effect. The 18β-GA induced inhibition had a voltage- and concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 23.9±1.5 µM at +40 mV in CHO cells. Furthermore, 18β-GA significantly inhibited Kv1.3 gene expression. In addition, paralleling Kv1.3 inhibition, 18β-GA also inhibited Ca(2+) influx, proliferation as well as IL-2 production in Jurkat T cells. CONCLUSION 18β-GA blocks Kv1.3 channels, which probably involves its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xing Fu
- Ion Channelopathy Research Center, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
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Man S, Wang J, Gao W, Guo S, Li Y, Zhang L, Xiao P. Chemical analysis and anti-inflammatory comparison of the cell culture of Glycyrrhiza with its field cultivated variety. Food Chem 2013; 136:513-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wang LJ, Geng CA, Ma YB, Huang XY, Luo J, Chen H, Zhang XM, Chen JJ. Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationships of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives as novel anti-hepatitis B virus agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3473-9. [PMID: 22520261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-seven derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) were synthesized, and their anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity was evaluated in HepG 2.2.15 cells. Among them, sixteen compounds showed greater anti-HBV activity than GA, especially, compounds 29, 32, 35, 41 exhibited significantly inhibitory activities against HBV DNA replication with IC(50) values of 5.71, 5.36, 8.90 and 9.08 μM, respectively. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of GA derivatives were discussed for exploring novel anti-HBV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
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Guo BH, Cheng Y, Wu W, Lin LP, Lin DH. HPLC assay and pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of glycyrrhetinic acid liposomes modified with galactosylated lipid. J Liposome Res 2012; 22:120-7. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2011.627515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zhou X, Zhao L, Liu X, Li X, Jia F, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Antimycobacterial and Synergistic Effects of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid or Glycyrrhetinic acid-30-piperazine in Combination with Isoniazid, Rifampicin or Streptomycin against Mycobacterium bovis. Phytother Res 2011; 26:253-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xueqiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Ningxia University; Yinchuan; Ningxia; 750021; China
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