1
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Ai JY, Liu CF, Zhang W, Rao GW. Current status of drugs targeting PDGF/PDGFR. Drug Discov Today 2024:103989. [PMID: 38663580 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
As an important proangiogenic factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor PDGFR are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, fibrosis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting the PDGF/PDGFR pathway is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy. At present, a variety of PDGF/PDGFR targeted drugs with potential therapeutic effects have been developed, mainly including PDGF agonists, inhibitors targeting PDGFR and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTACs). This review clarifies the structure, biological function and disease correlation of PDGF and PDGFR, and it discusses the current status of PDGFR-targeted drugs, so as to provide a reference for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Ai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chen-Fu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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2
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Case of cryptic TNIP1::PDGFRB rearrangement presenting with myelodysplastic syndrome achieved hematologic and cytogenetic remission with low-dose imatinib plus decitabine therapy. Leuk Res Rep 2023; 19:100367. [PMID: 36968263 PMCID: PMC10036931 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2023.100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time, FIP1L1::PDGFRA fusion seems to be the only cryptic rearrangement of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with tyrosine kinase gene fusions. Recently, with the wide application of RNA sequencing, more cryptic rearrangements of other TK genes have been identified, especially the PDGFRB. Here we report a case of myelodysplastic syndrome with severe thrombocytopenia. Conventional karyotype analysis revealed a t (5;19) (q33; p13.2) but no PDGFRB rearrangement was detected by the PDGFRB break-apart probe. The TNIP1::PDGFRB fusion was eventually found by RNA sequencing, leading us to treat with low-dose imatinib plus decitabine, and the patient achieved hematologic improvement and cytogenetic remission.
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3
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Petti LM, Koleske BN, DiMaio D. Activation of the PDGF β Receptor by a Persistent Artificial Signal Peptide. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167223. [PMID: 34474086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Most eukaryotic transmembrane and secreted proteins contain N-terminal signal peptides that mediate insertion of the nascent translation products into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. After membrane insertion, signal peptides typically are cleaved from the mature protein and degraded. Here, we tested whether a small hydrophobic protein selected for growth promoting activity in mammalian cells retained transforming activity while also acting as a signal peptide. We replaced the signal peptide of the PDGF β receptor (PDGFβR) with a previously described 29-residue artificial transmembrane protein named 9C3 that can activate the PDGFβR in trans. We showed that a modified version of 9C3 at the N-terminus of the PDGFβR can function as a signal peptide, as assessed by its ability to support high level expression, glycosylation, and cell surface localization of the PDGFβR. The 9C3 signal peptide retains its ability to interact with the transmembrane domain of the PDGFβR and cause receptor activation and cell proliferation. Cleavage of the 9C3 signal peptide from the mature receptor is not required for these activities. However, signal peptide cleavage does occur in some molecules, and the cleaved signal peptide can persist in cells and activate a co-expressed PDGFβR in trans. Our finding that a hydrophobic sequence can display signal peptide and transforming activity suggest that some naturally occurring signal peptides may also display additional biological activities by interacting with the transmembrane domains of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Petti
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
| | - Benjamin N Koleske
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA; Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208040, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; Yale Cancer Center, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA.
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4
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Molecular Pathogenesis and Treatment Perspectives for Hypereosinophilia and Hypereosinophilic Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020486. [PMID: 33418988 PMCID: PMC7825323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypereosinophilia (HE) is a heterogeneous condition with a persistent elevated eosinophil count of >350/mm3, which is reported in various (inflammatory, allergic, infectious, or neoplastic) diseases with distinct pathophysiological pathways. HE may be associated with tissue or organ damage and, in this case, the disorder is classified as hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Different studies have allowed for the discovery of two major pathogenetic variants known as myeloid or lymphocytic HES. With the advent of molecular genetic analyses, such as T-cell receptor gene rearrangement assays and Next Generation Sequencing, it is possible to better characterize these syndromes and establish which patients will benefit from pharmacological targeted therapy. In this review, we highlight the molecular alterations that are involved in the pathogenesis of eosinophil disorders and revise possible therapeutic approaches, either implemented in clinical practice or currently under investigation in clinical trials.
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5
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Floss DM, Scheller J. Naturally occurring and synthetic constitutive-active cytokine receptors in disease and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:1-20. [PMID: 31147158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines control immune related events and are critically involved in a plethora of patho-physiological processes including autoimmunity and cancer development. Mutations which cause ligand-independent, constitutive activation of cytokine receptors are quite frequently found in diseases. Many constitutive-active cytokine receptor variants have been directly connected to disease development and mechanistically analyzed. Nature's solutions to generate constitutive cytokine receptors has been recently adopted by synthetic cytokine receptor biology, with the goal to optimize immune therapeutics. Here, CAR T cell immmunotherapy represents the first example to combine synthetic biology with genetic engineering during therapy. Hence, constitutive-active cytokine receptors are therapeutic targets, but also emerging tools to improve or modulate immunotherapeutic strategies. This review gives a comprehensive insight into the field of naturally occurring and synthetic constitutive-active cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Heldin CH, Lennartsson J, Westermark B. Involvement of platelet-derived growth factor ligands and receptors in tumorigenesis. J Intern Med 2018; 283:16-44. [PMID: 28940884 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms and their receptors have important roles during embryogenesis, particularly in the development of various mesenchymal cell types in different organs. In the adult, PDGF stimulates wound healing and regulates tissue homeostasis. However, overactivity of PDGF signalling is associated with malignancies and other diseases characterized by excessive cell proliferation, such as fibrotic conditions and atherosclerosis. In certain tumours, genetic or epigenetic alterations of the genes for PDGF ligands and receptors drive tumour cell proliferation and survival. Examples include the rare skin tumour dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance, which is driven by autocrine PDGF stimulation due to translocation of a PDGF gene, and certain gastrointestinal stromal tumours and leukaemias, which are driven by constitute activation of PDGF receptors due to point mutations and formation of fusion proteins of the receptors, respectively. Moreover, PDGF stimulates cells in tumour stroma and promotes angiogenesis as well as the development of cancer-associated fibroblasts, both of which promote tumour progression. Inhibitors of PDGF signalling may thus be of clinical usefulness in the treatment of certain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Lennartsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Westermark
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Deregulation of kinase signaling and lymphoid development in EBF1-PDGFRB ALL leukemogenesis. Leukemia 2017; 32:38-48. [PMID: 28555080 PMCID: PMC5709252 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The chimeric fusion oncogene early B-cell factor 1-platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (EBF1-PDGFRB) is a recurrent lesion observed in Philadelphia-like B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and is associated with particularly poor prognosis. While it is understood that this fusion activates tyrosine kinase signaling, the mechanisms of transformation and importance of perturbation of EBF1 activity remain unknown. EBF1 is a nuclear transcription factor required for normal B-lineage specification, commitment and development. Conversely, PDGFRB is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is normally repressed in lymphocytes, yet PDGFRB remains a common fusion partner in leukemias. Here, we demonstrate that the EBF1-PDGFRB fusion results in loss of EBF1 function, multimerization and autophosphorylation of the fusion protein, activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling and gain of interleukin-7 (IL-7)-independent cell proliferation. Deregulation and loss of EBF1 function is critically dependent on the nuclear export activity of the transmembrane (TM) domain of PDGFRB. Deletion of the TM domain partially rescues EBF1 function and restores IL-7 dependence, without requiring kinase inhibition. Moreover, we demonstrate that EBF1-PDGFRB synergizes with loss of IKAROS function in a fully penetrant B-ALL in vivo. Thus, we establish that EBF1-PDGFRB is sufficient to drive leukemogenesis through TM-dependent loss of transcription factor function, increased proliferation and synergy with additional genetic insults including loss of IKAROS function.
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8
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Zou YS, Hoppman NL, Singh ZN, Sawhney S, Kotiah SD, Baer MR. Novel t(5;11)(q32;q13.4) with NUMA1 - PDGFRB fusion in a myeloid neoplasm with eosinophilia with response to imatinib mesylate. Cancer Genet 2017; 212-213:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Coomans de Brachène A, Dif N, de Rocca Serra A, Bonnineau C, Velghe AI, Larondelle Y, Tyteca D, Demoulin JB. PDGF-induced fibroblast growth requires monounsaturated fatty acid production by stearoyl-CoA desaturase. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:414-423. [PMID: 28286737 PMCID: PMC5337901 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) catalyzes the Δ9-cis desaturation of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to generate monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). This enzyme is highly up-regulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in human fibroblasts. Accordingly, the analysis of cellular fatty acids by gas chromatography showed that PDGF significantly increased the proportion of MUFA, particularly palmitoleate, in cellular lipids. To further analyze the role of SCD in fibroblasts, we used small hairpin RNA targeting SCD (shSCD), which decreased the MUFA content. SCD down-regulation blunted the proliferation of fibroblasts in response to PDGF. This was confirmed using a pharmacological inhibitor of SCD. In addition, proliferation was blocked by palmitate and stearate (two SCD substrates) but not by palmitoleate and oleate (two SCD products). In the presence of an equal amount of oleate, palmitate had no effect on cell proliferation. SCD inhibition or down-regulation did not decrease PDGF receptor activity or signaling. However, by measuring plasma membrane lipid lateral diffusion by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we showed that the modulation of the MUFA/SFA ratio by PDGF and SCD inhibitor was related to modifications of membrane fluidity. Altogether, our data suggest that SCD is required for the response of normal fibroblasts to growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Dif
- de Duve Institute MEXP unit Université catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Chloé Bonnineau
- Institute of Life Sciences Université catholique de Louvain Louvain-La-Neuve Belgium
| | - Amélie I Velghe
- de Duve Institute MEXP unit Université catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Institute of Life Sciences Université catholique de Louvain Louvain-La-Neuve Belgium
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- de Duve Institute CELL unit Université catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium
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10
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Nelson KN, Peiris MN, Meyer AN, Siari A, Donoghue DJ. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Translocation Partners in Hematopoietic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2016; 23:59-79. [PMID: 27988109 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activate various signaling pathways and regulate cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and angiogenesis. Malignant neoplasms often circumvent or subjugate these pathways by promoting RTK overactivation through mutation or chromosomal translocation. RTK translocations create a fusion protein containing a dimerizing partner fused to an RTK kinase domain, resulting in constitutive kinase domain activation, altered RTK cellular localization, upregulation of downstream signaling, and novel pathway activation. While RTK translocations in hematological malignancies are relatively rare, clinical evidence suggests that patients with these genetic abnormalities benefit from RTK-targeted inhibitors. Here, we present a timely review of an exciting field by examining RTK chromosomal translocations in hematological cancers, such as Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR), REarranged during Transfection (RET), Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R), and Neurotrophic Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Type 3 (NTRK3) fusions, and discuss current therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Malalage N Peiris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Asma Siari
- Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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Gramer I, Killick D, Scase T, Chandry D, Marrington M, Blackwood L. Expression of VEGFR and PDGFR-α/-β in 187 canine nasal carcinomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1041-1050. [PMID: 27278115 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy represents the standard of care for intranasal carcinomas. Responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been reported but data on expression of target receptor tyrosine kinases (rTKs) is limited. This study characterizes the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α and PDGFR-β in canine intranasal carcinomas. Histological samples from 187 dogs were retrieved. Immunohistochemistry was performed using commercially available antibodies. Expression of rTKs was classified into weak, moderate or intense and additionally recorded as cytoplasmic, membranous, cytoplasmic-membranous, nuclear or stromal. VEGFR was expressed in 158 dogs with predominantly moderate expression (36.9%) and a cytoplasmic-membranous expression pattern (70.9%). PDGFR-α was detected in 133 with predominantly weak expression (57.9%) and cytoplasmic pattern (87.9%). PDGFR-β was identified in 74 patients with a predominantly moderate expression (17.6%) and cytoplasmic expression pattern (63.5%). Co-expression of rTKs was common. These results confirm expression of VEGFR, PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β in canine intranasal carcinomas and support the utility of TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gramer
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - D Killick
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - T Scase
- Bridge Pathology Ltd., Bristol BS7 0BJ, UK
| | - D Chandry
- Bridge Pathology Ltd., Bristol BS7 0BJ, UK
| | - M Marrington
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - L Blackwood
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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12
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Ishibashi T, Yaguchi A, Terada K, Ueno-Yokohata H, Tomita O, Iijima K, Kobayashi K, Okita H, Fujimura J, Ohki K, Shimizu T, Kiyokawa N. Ph-like ALL-related novel fusion kinase ATF7IP-PDGFRB exhibits high sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in murine cells. Exp Hematol 2015; 44:177-88.e5. [PMID: 26703895 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ATF7IP-PDGFRB is a novel PDGFRB-related fusion gene identified in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) with a signature similar to that of Ph1 ALL, so-called Ph-like ALL. When we introduced ATF7IP-PDGFRB, murine Ba/F3 cells acquired the ability to proliferate in an interleukin (IL)-3-independent manner. On the contrary, the expression of wild-type PDGFRB is not sufficient to acquire the ability for IL-3-independent proliferation in Ba/F3 cells. The introduction of ATF7IP-PDGFRB also induces a typical gene expression profile for Ph1-ALL in Ba/F3 cells. A series of biochemical and cell biological experiments revealed the constitutive activation of ATF7IP-PDGFRB as well as downstream signaling molecules, including AKT and MAPK. Although the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor led to cell death in both cells into which ATF7IP-PDGFRB had been introduced and IL-3-maintained Mock cells, MEK inhibitor selectively led to cell death into which ATF7IP-PDGFRB had been introduced. The introduction of tyrosine to phenylalanine mutations at binding sites of adaptor molecules important in the MAPK pathway located in the PDGFRB portion abolished ATF7IP-PDGFRB-mediated cell transformation, suggesting that MAPK-mediated signals are critical in ATF7IP-PDGFRB-mediated cell transformation. On treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ATF7IP-PDGFRB-expressing, but not Mock, Ba/F3 cells underwent rapid apoptosis accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of MAPK. Importantly, the sensitivity of ATF7IP-PDGFRB-expressing Ba/F3 cells to imatinib is significantly higher than that of BCR-ABL1-transformed Ba/F3 cells, as assessed by the IC50. Taken together, ATF7IP-PDGFRB has transforming potential via the constitutive activation of MAPK and participates in the pathogenesis of Ph-like ALL. Our observations suggest the therapeutic importance of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and possibly MEK inhibitor for a subset of BCP-ALL harboring PDGFRB-related fusion kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ishibashi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Yaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Terada
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ueno-Yokohata
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Iijima
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Okita
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Fujimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohki
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kiyokawa
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Ross DM, Altamura HK, Hahn CN, Nicola M, Yeoman AL, Holloway MR, Geoghegan J, Feng J, Schreiber AW, Branford S, Moore S, Scott HS. Delayed diagnosis leading to accelerated-phase chronic eosinophilic leukemia due to a cytogenetically cryptic, imatinib-responsive TNIP1-PDFGRB fusion gene. Leukemia 2015; 30:1402-5. [PMID: 26503642 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Ross
- Haematology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - H K Altamura
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C N Hahn
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Genetics and Molecular Pathology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Nicola
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A L Yeoman
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M R Holloway
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Geoghegan
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Feng
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A W Schreiber
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Branford
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Moore
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - H S Scott
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Genetics and Molecular Pathology Directorate, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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14
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Arts FA, Velghe AI, Stevens M, Renauld JC, Essaghir A, Demoulin JB. Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification-associated PDGFRB mutations impair the receptor signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:239-48. [PMID: 25292412 PMCID: PMC4288366 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) bind to two related receptor tyrosine kinases, which are encoded by the PDGFRA and PDGFRB genes. Recently, heterozygous PDGFRB mutations have been described in patients diagnosed with idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC or Fahr disease), a rare inherited neurological disorder. The goal of the present study was to determine whether these mutations had a positive or negative impact on the PDGFRB activity. We first showed that the E1071V mutant behaved like wild-type PDGFRB and may represent a polymorphism unrelated to IBGC. In contrast, the L658P mutant had no kinase activity and failed to activate any of the pathways normally stimulated by PDGF. The R987W mutant activated Akt and MAP kinases but did not induce the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) after PDGF stimulation. Phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ was also decreased. Finally, we showed that the R987W mutant was more rapidly degraded upon PDGF binding compared to wild-type PDGFRB. In conclusion, PDGFRB mutations associated with IBGC impair the receptor signalling. PDGFRB loss of function in IBGC is consistent with recently described inactivating mutations in the PDGF-B ligand. These results raise concerns about the long-term safety of PDGF receptor inhibition by drugs such as imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence A Arts
- De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Demoulin JB, Essaghir A. PDGF receptor signaling networks in normal and cancer cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:273-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Noël LA, Arts FA, Montano-Almendras CP, Cox L, Gielen O, Toffalini F, Marbehant CY, Cools J, Demoulin JB. The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is required for cell transformation by the receptor tyrosine kinase mutants FIP1L1-PDGFRα and PDGFRα D842V. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:728-40. [PMID: 24618081 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated forms of the platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) have been described in various tumors, including FIP1L1-PDGFRα in patients with myeloproliferative diseases associated with hypereosinophilia and the PDGFRα(D842V) mutant in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and inflammatory fibroid polyps. To gain a better insight into the signal transduction mechanisms of PDGFRα oncogenes, we mutated twelve potentially phosphorylated tyrosine residues of FIP1L1-PDGFRα and identified three mutations that affected cell proliferation. In particular, mutation of tyrosine 720 in FIP1L1-PDGFRα or PDGFRα(D842V) inhibited cell growth and blocked ERK signaling in Ba/F3 cells. This mutation also decreased myeloproliferation in transplanted mice and the proliferation of human CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors transduced with FIP1L1-PDGFRα. We showed that the non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 bound directly to tyrosine 720 of FIP1L1-PDGFRα. SHP2 knock-down decreased proliferation of Ba/F3 cells transformed with FIP1L1-PDGFRα and PDGFRα(D842V) and affected ERK signaling, but not STAT5 phosphorylation. Remarkably, SHP2 was not essential for cell proliferation and ERK phosphorylation induced by the wild-type PDGF receptor in response to ligand stimulation, suggesting a shift in the function of SHP2 downstream of oncogenic receptors. In conclusion, our results indicate that SHP2 is required for cell transformation and ERK activation by mutant PDGF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Noël
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, MEXP - UCL B1.74.05, Avenue Hippocrate 75, BE-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Florence A Arts
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, MEXP - UCL B1.74.05, Avenue Hippocrate 75, BE-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Carmen P Montano-Almendras
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, MEXP - UCL B1.74.05, Avenue Hippocrate 75, BE-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Luk Cox
- Center for The Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Olga Gielen
- Center for The Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Federica Toffalini
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, MEXP - UCL B1.74.05, Avenue Hippocrate 75, BE-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Catherine Y Marbehant
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, MEXP - UCL B1.74.05, Avenue Hippocrate 75, BE-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jan Cools
- Center for The Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Demoulin
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, MEXP - UCL B1.74.05, Avenue Hippocrate 75, BE-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Heldin CH. Targeting the PDGF signaling pathway in tumor treatment. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:97. [PMID: 24359404 PMCID: PMC3878225 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms and PDGF receptors have important functions in the regulation of growth and survival of certain cell types during embryonal development and e.g. tissue repair in the adult. Overactivity of PDGF receptor signaling, by overexpression or mutational events, may drive tumor cell growth. In addition, pericytes of the vasculature and fibroblasts and myofibroblasts of the stroma of solid tumors express PDGF receptors, and PDGF stimulation of such cells promotes tumorigenesis. Inhibition of PDGF receptor signaling has proven to useful for the treatment of patients with certain rare tumors. Whether treatment with PDGF/PDGF receptor antagonists will be beneficial for more common malignancies is the subject for ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for life laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Havelange V, Demoulin JB. Review of current classification, molecular alterations, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapies in myeloproliferative disorders with hypereosinophilia. J Blood Med 2013; 4:111-21. [PMID: 23976869 PMCID: PMC3747024 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s33142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hypereosinophilia have led to the development of a ‘molecular’ classification of myeloproliferative disorders with eosinophilia. The revised 2008 World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms included a new category called “myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB or FGFR1.” Despite the molecular heterogeneity of PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor) rearrangements, tyrosine kinase inhibitors at low dose induce rapid and complete hematological remission in the majority of these patients. Other kinase inhibitors are promising. Further discoveries of new molecular alterations will direct the development of new specific inhibitors. In this review, an update of the classifications of myeloproliferative disorders associated with hypereosinophilia is discussed together with open and controversial questions. Molecular mechanisms and promising results of tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatments are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Havelange
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium ; Department of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Heldin CH, Lennartsson J. Structural and functional properties of platelet-derived growth factor and stem cell factor receptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a009100. [PMID: 23906712 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF) are members of the type III class of PTK receptors, which are characterized by five Ig-like domains extracellularly and a split kinase domain intracellularly. The receptors are activated by ligand-induced dimerization, leading to autophosphorylation on specific tyrosine residues. Thereby the kinase activities of the receptors are activated and docking sites for downstream SH2 domain signal transduction molecules are created; activation of these pathways promotes cell growth, survival, and migration. These receptors mediate important signals during the embryonal development, and control tissue homeostasis in the adult. Their overactivity is seen in malignancies and other diseases involving excessive cell proliferation, such as atherosclerosis and fibrotic diseases. In cancer, mutations of PDGF and SCF receptors-including gene fusions, point mutations, and amplifications-drive subpopulations of certain malignancies, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, hypereosinophilic syndrome, glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, mastocytosis, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Khairoun M, van der Pol P, de Vries DK, Lievers E, Schlagwein N, de Boer HC, Bajema IM, Rotmans JI, van Zonneveld AJ, Rabelink TJ, van Kooten C, Reinders MEJ. Renal ischemia-reperfusion induces a dysbalance of angiopoietins, accompanied by proliferation of pericytes and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F901-10. [PMID: 23825073 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00542.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are highly susceptible to hypoxia and easily affected upon ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) during renal transplantation. Pericytes and angiopoeitins play important role in modulating EC function. In the present study, we investigate the effect of renal I/R on the dynamics of angiopoietin expression and its association with pericytes and fibrosis development. Male Lewis rats were subjected to unilateral renal ischemia for 45 min followed by removal of the contralateral kidney. Rats were killed at different time points after reperfusion. Endothelial integrity (RECA-1), pericytes [platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β)], angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2)/angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) expression, and interstitial collagen deposition (Sirius red and α-smooth muscle actin) were assessed using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Our study shows an increase in protein expression of Ang-2 starting at 5 h and remaining elevated up to 72 h, with a consequently higher Ang-2/Ang-1 ratio after renal I/R (P < 0.05 at 48 h). This was accompanied by an increase in protein expression of the pericytic marker PDGFR-β and a loss of ECs (both at 72 h after I/R, P < 0.05). Nine weeks after I/R, when renal function was restored, we observed normalization of the Ang-2/Ang-1 ratio and PDGFR-β expression and increase in cortical ECs, which was accompanied by fibrosis. Renal I/R induces a dysbalance of Ang-2/Ang-1 accompanied by proliferation of pericytes, EC loss, and development of fibrosis. The Ang-2/Ang-1 balance was reversed to baseline at 9 wk after renal I/R, which coincided with restoration of cortical ECs and pericytes. Our findings suggest that angiopoietins and pericytes play an important role in renal microvascular remodeling and development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Khairoun
- Dept. of Nephrology, Leiden Univ. Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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PDGFRA alterations in cancer: characterization of a gain-of-function V536E transmembrane mutant as well as loss-of-function and passenger mutations. Oncogene 2013; 33:2568-76. [PMID: 23752188 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor alpha (PDGFRA) have been described in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors or myeloid malignancies associated with hypereosinophilia. These patients respond well to imatinib mesylate, raising the question as to whether patients with a PDGF receptor mutation in other tumor types should receive a tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. We characterized 10 novel somatic point mutations in PDGFRA that have been reported in isolated cases of glioblastoma, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, peripheral nerve sheath tumors and neuroendocrine carcinoma. The PDGFRA transmembrane domain mutation V536E stimulated Ba/F3 cell growth and signaling via ERK and STAT5 in the absence of ligand. This mutant, identified in glioblastoma, was strongly inhibited by imatinib. Modeling suggested that the mutation modulates the packing of the transmembrane domain helices in the receptor dimer. By contrast, two mutations in highly conserved residues affected the receptor traffic to the cell surface or kinase activity, thereby preventing the response to PDGF. The other mutations had no significant impact on the receptor activity. This functional analysis matched the predictions of SIFT and PolyPhen for only five mutations and these algorithms do not discriminate gain from loss of function. Finally, an E996K variant that had been identified in a melanoma cell line was not expressed in these cells. Altogether, several newly identified PDGFRA mutations do not activate the receptor and may therefore represent passenger mutations. Our results also underline the importance of characterizing novel kinase alterations in cancer patients.
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Medves S, Demoulin JB. Tyrosine kinase gene fusions in cancer: translating mechanisms into targeted therapies. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:237-48. [PMID: 21854543 PMCID: PMC3823288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase fusion genes represent an important class of oncogenes associated with leukaemia and solid tumours. They are produced by translocations and other chromosomal rearrangements of a subset of tyrosine kinase genes, including ABL, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FGFR1, SYK, RET, JAK2 and ALK. Based on recent findings, this review discusses the common mechanisms of activation of these fusion genes. Enforced oligomerization and inactivation of inhibitory domains are the two key processes that switch on the kinase domain. Activated tyrosine kinase fusions then signal via an array of transduction cascades, which are largely shared. In addition, the fusion partner provides a scaffold for the recruitment of proteins that contribute to signalling, protein stability, cellular localization and oligomerization. The expression level of the fusion protein is another critical parameter. Its transcription is controlled by the partner gene promoter, while translation may be regulated by miRNA. Several mechanisms also prevent the degradation of the oncoprotein by proteasomes and lysosomes, leading to its accumulation in cells. The selective inhibition of the tyrosine kinase activity by adenosine-5'-triphosphate competitors, such as imatinib, is a major therapeutic success. Imatinib induces remission in leukaemia patients that are positive for BCR-ABL or PDGFR fusions. Recently, crizotinib produced promising results in a subtype of lung cancers with ALK fusion. However, resistance was reported in both cases, partially due to mutations. To tackle this problem, additional levels of therapeutic interventions are suggested by the complex mechanisms of fusion tyrosine kinase activation. New approaches include allosteric inhibition and interfering with oligomerization or chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Medves
- De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Schmees C, Villaseñor R, Zheng W, Ma H, Zerial M, Heldin CH, Hellberg C. Macropinocytosis of the PDGF β-receptor promotes fibroblast transformation by H-RasG12V. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2571-82. [PMID: 22573884 PMCID: PMC3386220 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast transformation by H-RasG12V induces internalization of PDGFRβ by macropinocytosis, enhancing its signaling activity and increasing anchorage-independent proliferation. It is proposed that H-Ras transformation promotes tumor progression by enhancing growth factor receptor signaling through increased receptor macropinocytosis. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is frequently increased in tumor cells, sometimes as a result of decreased receptor down-regulation. The extent to which the endocytic trafficking routes can contribute to such RTK hyperactivation is unclear. Here, we show for the first time that fibroblast transformation by H-RasG12V induces the internalization of platelet-derived growth factor β-receptor (PDGFRβ) by macropinocytosis, enhancing its signaling activity and increasing anchorage-independent proliferation. H-RasG12V transformation and PDGFRβ activation were synergistic in stimulating phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity, leading to receptor macropinocytosis. PDGFRβ macropinocytosis was both necessary and sufficient for enhanced receptor activation. Blocking macropinocytosis by inhibition of PI 3-kinase prevented the increase in receptor activity in transformed cells. Conversely, increasing macropinocytosis by Rabankyrin-5 overexpression was sufficient to enhance PDGFRβ activation in nontransformed cells. Simultaneous stimulation with PDGF-BB and epidermal growth factor promoted macropinocytosis of both receptors and increased their activation in nontransformed cells. We propose that H-Ras transformation promotes tumor progression by enhancing growth factor receptor signaling as a result of increased receptor macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schmees
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms are important mitogens for different types of mesenchymal cells, which have important functions during the embryonal development and in the adult during wound healing and tissue homeostasis. In tumors, PDGF isoforms are often over-expressed and contribute to the growth of both normal and malignant cells. This review focuses on tumors expressing PDGF isoforms together with their tyrosine kinase receptors, thus resulting in autocrine stimulation of growth and survival. Patients with such tumors could benefit from treatment with inhibitors of either PDGF or PDGF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 595, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Montano-Almendras CP, Essaghir A, Schoemans H, Varis I, Noël LA, Velghe AI, Latinne D, Knoops L, Demoulin JB. ETV6-PDGFRB and FIP1L1-PDGFRA stimulate human hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation into eosinophils: the role of nuclear factor-κB. Haematologica 2012; 97:1064-72. [PMID: 22271894 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.047530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ETV6-PDGFRB (also called TEL-PDGFRB) and FIP1L1-PDGFRA are receptor-tyrosine kinase fusion genes that cause chronic myeloid malignancies associated with hypereosinophilia. The aim of this work was to gain insight into the mechanisms whereby fusion genes affect human hematopoietic cells and in particular the eosinophil lineage. DESIGN AND METHODS We introduced ETV6-PDGFRB and FIP1L1-PDGFRA into human CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells isolated from umbilical cord blood. RESULTS Cells transduced with these oncogenes formed hematopoietic colonies even in the absence of cytokines. Both oncogenes also stimulated the proliferation of cells in liquid culture and their differentiation into eosinophils. This model thus recapitulated key features of the myeloid neoplasms induced by ETV6-PDGFRB and FIP1L1-PDGFRA. We next showed that both fusion genes activated the transcription factors STAT1, STAT3, STAT5 and nuclear factor-κB. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibition blocked nuclear factor-κB activation in transduced progenitor cells and patients' cells. Nuclear factor-κB was also activated in the human FIP1L1-PDGFRA-positive leukemia cell line EOL1, the proliferation of which was blocked by bortezomib and the IκB kinase inhibitor BMS-345541. A mutant IκB that prevents nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB inhibited cell growth and the expression of eosinophil markers, such as the interleukin-5 receptor and eosinophil peroxidase, in progenitors transduced with ETV6-PDGFRB. In addition, several potential regulators of this process, including HES6, MYC and FOXO3 were identified using expression microarrays. CONCLUSIONS We show that human CD34(+) cells expressing PDGFR fusion oncogenes proliferate autonomously and differentiate towards the eosinophil lineage in a process that requires nuclear factor-κB. These results suggest new treatment possibilities for imatinib-resistant myeloid neoplasms associated with PDGFR mutations.
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Demoulin JB, Montano-Almendras CP. Platelet-derived growth factors and their receptors in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2012; 2:44-56. [PMID: 22432087 PMCID: PMC3301440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) bind to two closely related receptor tyrosine kinases, PDGF receptor α and β, which are encoded by the PDGFRA and PDGFRB genes. Aberrant activation of PDGF receptors occurs in myeloid malignancies associated with hypereosinophilia, due to chromosomal alterations that produce fusion genes, such as ETV6-PDGFRB or FIP1L1-PDGFRA. Most patients are males and respond to low dose imatinib, which is particularly effective against PDGF receptor kinase activity. Recently, activating point mutations in PDGFRA were also described in hypereosinophilia. In addition, autocrine loops have been identified in large granular lymphocyte leukemia and HTLV-transformed lymphocytes, suggesting new possible indications for tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Although PDGF was initially purified from platelets more than 30 years ago, its physiological role in the hematopoietic system remains unclear. Hematopoietic defects in PDGF-deficient mice have been reported but appear to be secondary to cardiovascular and placental abnormalities. Nevertheless, PDGF acts directly on several hematopoietic cell types in vitro, such as megakaryocytes, platelets, activated macrophages and, possibly, certain lymphocyte subsets and eosinophils. The relevance of these observations for normal human hematopoiesis remains to be established.
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Medves S, Noël LA, Montano-Almendras CP, Albu RI, Schoemans H, Constantinescu SN, Demoulin JB. Multiple oligomerization domains of KANK1-PDGFRβ are required for JAK2-independent hematopoietic cell proliferation and signaling via STAT5 and ERK. Haematologica 2011; 96:1406-14. [PMID: 21685469 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KANK1-PDGFRB is a fusion gene generated by the t(5;9) translocation between KANK1 and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta gene PDGFRB. This hybrid was identified in a myeloproliferative neoplasm featuring severe thrombocythemia, in the absence of the JAK2 V617F mutation. DESIGN AND METHODS KANK1-PDGFRB was transduced into Ba/F3 cells and CD34(+) human progenitor cells to gain insights into the mechanisms whereby this fusion gene transforms cells. RESULTS Although platelet-derived growth factor receptors are capable of activating JAK2, KANK1-PDGFRβ did not induce JAK2 phosphorylation in hematopoietic cells and a JAK inhibitor did not affect KANK1-PDGFRβ-induced cell growth. Like JAK2 V617F, KANK1-PDGFRβ constitutively activated STAT5 transcription factors, but this did not require JAK kinases. In addition KANK1-PDGFRβ induced the phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ, ERK1 and ERK2, like wild-type PDGFRβ and TEL-PDGFRβ, another hybrid protein found in myeloid malignancies. We next tested various mutant forms of KANK1-PDGFRβ in Ba/F3 cells and human CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors. The three coiled-coil domains located in the N-terminus of KANK1 were required for KANK1-PDGFRβ-induced cell growth and signaling via STAT5 and ERK. However, the coiled-coils were not essential for KANK1-PDGFRβ oligomerization, which could be mediated by another new oligomerization domain. KANK1-PDGFRβ formed homotrimeric complexes and heavier oligomers. CONCLUSIONS KANK1-PDGFRB is a unique example of a thrombocythemia-associated oncogene that does not signal via JAK2. The fusion protein is activated by multiple oligomerization domains, which are required for signaling and cell growth stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Medves
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Zheng W, Lennartsson J, Hendriks W, Heldin CH, Hellberg C. The LAR protein tyrosine phosphatase enables PDGF β-receptor activation through attenuation of the c-Abl kinase activity. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1050-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Mendelson K, Swendeman S, Saftig P, Blobel CP. Stimulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRbeta) activates ADAM17 and promotes metalloproteinase-dependent cross-talk between the PDGFRbeta and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25024-32. [PMID: 20529858 PMCID: PMC2915738 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B to its receptor PDGFRbeta promotes proliferation, migration, and recruitment of pericytes and smooth muscle cells to endothelial cells, serving to stabilize developing blood vessels. The main goals of this study were to determine whether the extracellular domain of the PDGFRbeta can be proteolytically released from cell membranes and, if so, to identify the responsible sheddase and determine whether activation of the PDGFRbeta stimulates its shedding and potentially that of other membrane proteins. We found that the PDGFRbeta is shed from cells by a metalloproteinase and used loss-of-function experiments to identify ADAM10 as the sheddase responsible for constitutive and ionomycin-stimulated processing of the PDGFRbeta. Moreover, we showed that ligand-dependent activation of the PDGFRbeta does not trigger its own shedding by ADAM10, but instead it stimulates ADAM17 and shedding of substrates of ADAM17, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor alpha. Finally, we demonstrated that treatment of mouse embryonic fibroblasts with PDGF-B triggers a metalloproteinase-dependent cross-talk between the PDGFRbeta and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ERK1/2 signaling axis that is also critical for PDGF-B-stimulated cell migration, most likely via ADAM17-dependent release and activation of ligands of the EGFR. This study identifies the principal sheddase for the PDGFRbeta and provides new insights into the mechanism of PDGFRbeta-dependent signal transduction and cross-talk with the EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mendelson
- From the Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021
- the Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Steven Swendeman
- From the Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021
| | - Paul Saftig
- the Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24098 Kiel, Germany, and
| | - Carl P. Blobel
- From the Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021
- the Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
- the Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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30
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New insights into the mechanisms of hematopoietic cell transformation by activated receptor tyrosine kinases. Blood 2010; 116:2429-37. [PMID: 20581310 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-279752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of alterations in genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), namely FLT3, c-KIT, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors, and the anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase (ALK), have been found in hematopoietic malignancies. They have drawn much attention after the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. RTK gene alterations include point mutations and gene fusions that result from chromosomal rearrangements. In both cases, they activate the kinase domain in the absence of ligand, producing a permanent signal for cell proliferation. Recently, this simple model has been refined. First, by contrast to wild-type RTK, many mutated RTK do not seem to signal from the plasma membrane, but from various locations inside the cell. Second, their signal transduction properties are altered: the pathways that are crucial for cell transformation, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors, do not necessarily contribute to the physiologic functions of these receptors. Finally, different mechanisms prevent the termination of the signal, which normally occurs through receptor ubiquitination and degradation. Several mutations inactivating CBL, a key RTK E3 ubiquitin ligase, have been recently described. In this review, we discuss the possible links among RTK trafficking, signaling, and degradation in leukemic cells.
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