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Chia ZJ, Cao YN, Little PJ, Kamato D. Transforming growth factor-β receptors: versatile mechanisms of ligand activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01235-6. [PMID: 38351317 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is initiated by activation of transmembrane TGF-β receptors (TGFBR), which deploys Smad2/3 transcription factors to control cellular responses. Failure or dysregulation in the TGF-β signaling pathways leads to pathological conditions. TGF-β signaling is regulated at different levels along the pathways and begins with the liberation of TGF-β ligand from its latent form. The mechanisms of TGFBR activation display selectivity to cell types, agonists, and TGF-β isoforms, enabling precise control of TGF-β signals. In addition, the cell surface compartments used to release active TGF-β are surprisingly vibrant, using thrombospondins, integrins, matrix metalloproteinases and reactive oxygen species. The scope of TGFBR activation is further unfolded with the discovery of TGFBR activation initiated by other signaling pathways. The unique combination of mechanisms works in series to trigger TGFBR activation, which can be explored as therapeutic targets. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the diverse mechanisms underpinning TGFBR activation, shedding light on potential avenues for therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jie Chia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Ying-Nan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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2
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Lee-Rivera I, López E, López-Colomé AM. Diversification of PAR signaling through receptor crosstalk. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:77. [PMID: 36088291 PMCID: PMC9463773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are among the first receptors shown to transactivate other receptors: noticeably, these interactions are not limited to members of the same family, but involve receptors as diverse as receptor kinases, prostanoid receptors, purinergic receptors and ionic channels among others. In this review, we will focus on the evidence for PAR interactions with members of their own family, as well as with other types of receptors. We will discuss recent evidence as well as what we consider as emerging areas to explore; from the signalling pathways triggered, to the physiological and pathological relevance of these interactions, since this additional level of molecular cross-talk between receptors and signaling pathways is only beginning to be explored and represents a novel mechanism providing diversity to receptor function and play important roles in physiology and disease.
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3
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Kamato D, Gabr M, Kumarapperuma H, Chia ZJ, Zheng W, Xu S, Osman N, Little PJ. Gαq Is the Specific Mediator of PAR-1 Transactivation of Kinase Receptors in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214425. [PMID: 36430902 PMCID: PMC9692893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) transactivation of kinase receptors greatly expands the actions attributable to GPCRs. Thrombin, via its cognate GPCR, protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1, transactivates tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase receptors, specifically the epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor-β receptor, respectively. PAR-1 transactivation-dependent signalling leads to the modification of lipid-binding proteoglycans involved in the retention of lipids and the development of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms of GPCR transactivation of kinase receptors are distinct. We aimed to investigate the role of proximal G proteins in transactivation-dependent signalling. MAIN METHODS Using pharmacological and molecular approaches, we studied the role of the G⍺ subunits, G⍺q and G⍺11, in the context of PAR-1 transactivation-dependent signalling leading to proteoglycan modifications. KEY FINDINGS Pan G⍺q subunit inhibitor UBO-QIC/FR900359 inhibited PAR-1 transactivation of kinase receptors and proteoglycans modification. The G⍺q/11 inhibitor YM254890 did not affect PAR-1 transactivation pathways. Molecular approaches revealed that of the two highly homogenous G⍺q members, G⍺q and G⍺11, only the G⍺q was involved in regulating PAR-1 mediated proteoglycan modification. Although G⍺q and G⍺11 share approximately 90% homology at the protein level, we show that the two isoforms exhibit different functional roles. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings may be extrapolated to other GPCRs involved in vascular pathology and highlight the need for novel pharmacological tools to assess the role of G proteins in GPCR signalling to expand the preeminent position of GPCRs in human therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mai Gabr
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Hirushi Kumarapperuma
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Zheng J. Chia
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development & Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230052, China
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Peter J. Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia
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4
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Suzuki T, Kropski JA, Chen J, Carrier EJ, Chen X, Sherrill TP, Winters NI, Camarata JE, Polosukhin VV, Han W, Rathinasabapathy A, Gutor S, Gulleman P, Sabusap C, Banovich NE, Tanjore H, Freeman ML, Tada Y, Young LR, Gokey JJ, Blackwell TS, West JD. Thromboxane-Prostanoid Receptor Signaling Drives Persistent Fibroblast Activation in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:596-607. [PMID: 35728047 PMCID: PMC9716913 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202106-1503oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Although persistent fibroblast activation is a hallmark of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), mechanisms regulating persistent fibroblast activation in the lungs have not been fully elucidated. Objectives: On the basis of our observation that lung fibroblasts express TBXA2R (thromboxane-prostanoid receptor) during fibrosis, we investigated the role of TBXA2R signaling in fibrotic remodeling. Methods: We identified TBXA2R expression in lungs of patients with IPF and mice and studied primary mouse and human lung fibroblasts to determine the impact of TBXA2R signaling on fibroblast activation. We used TBXA2R-deficient mice and small-molecule inhibitors to investigate TBXA2R signaling in preclinical lung fibrosis models. Measurements and Main Results: TBXA2R expression was upregulated in fibroblasts in the lungs of patients with IPF and in mouse lungs during experimental lung fibrosis. Genetic deletion of TBXA2R, but not inhibition of thromboxane synthase, protected mice from bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, thereby suggesting that an alternative ligand activates profibrotic TBXA2R signaling. In contrast to thromboxane, F2-isoprostanes, which are nonenzymatic products of arachidonic acid induced by reactive oxygen species, were persistently elevated during fibrosis. F2-isoprostanes induced TBXA2R signaling in fibroblasts and mediated a myofibroblast activation profile due, at least in part, to potentiation of TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) signaling. In vivo treatment with the TBXA2R antagonist ifetroban reduced profibrotic signaling in the lungs, protected mice from lung fibrosis in three preclinical models (bleomycin, Hermansky-Pudlak mice, and radiation-induced fibrosis), and markedly enhanced fibrotic resolution after bleomycin treatment. Conclusions: TBXA2R links oxidative stress to fibroblast activation during lung fibrosis. TBXA2R antagonists could have utility in treating pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Suzuki
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Erica J. Carrier
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Xinping Chen
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Taylor P. Sherrill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Nichelle I. Winters
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jane E. Camarata
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Vasiliy V. Polosukhin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Wei Han
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Sergey Gutor
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Peter Gulleman
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Carleen Sabusap
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Harikrishna Tanjore
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yuji Tada
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Lisa R. Young
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason J. Gokey
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James D. West
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
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5
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Hossein BR, Kheirollah A, Seif F. Endothelin-1 Stimulates PAI-1 Protein Expression via Dual Transactivation Pathway Dependent ROCK and Phosphorylation of Smad2L. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:465-472. [PMID: 36093806 PMCID: PMC9468725 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.7720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
<strong>Objective:</strong> In addition to the carboxy region, Smad2 transcription factor can be phosphorylated in the linker region as<br />well. Phosphorylation of Smad2 linker region (Smad2L) promotes the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type<br />1 (PAI-1) which leads to cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of dual transactivation of EGF and TGF-β receptors in phosphorylation of Smad2L and protein expression of PAI-1 induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1) in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). In addition, as an intermediary of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, the functions of ROCK and PLC were investigated in dual transactivation pathways.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> The experimental study is an in vitro study performed on BAECs. Proteins were investigated<br />by western blotting using protein-specific antibodies against phospho-Smad2 linker region residues (Ser245/250/255),<br />phospho-Smad2 carboxy residues (465/467), ERK1/(Thr202/Thr204), and PAI-1.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> TGF (2 ng/ml), EGF (100 ng/ml) and ET-1 (100 nM) induced the phosphorylation of Smad2L. This response was<br />blocked in the presence of AG1478 (EGFR antagonists), SB431542 (TGFR inhibitor), and Y27632 (Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK antagonist). Moreover, ET-1-increased protein expression of PAI-1 was decreased in the presence of bosentan (ET receptor inhibitor), AG1478, SB431542, and Y27632.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results indicated that ET-1 increases the phosphorylation of Smad2L and protein expression of PAI-1<br />via induced the transactivation pathways of EGFR and TGFR. This study is the first attempt to scrutinize the significant role of ROCK in the protein expression of PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babaahmadi-Rezaei Hossein
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Kheirollah
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Seif
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Basic Sciences, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran ,P.O.Box: 159Hyperlipidemia Research CenterDepartment of Clinical BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
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6
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Afroz R, Kumarapperuma H, Nguyen QVN, Mohamed R, Little PJ, Kamato D. Lipopolysaccharide acting via toll-like receptor 4 transactivates the TGF-β receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:121. [PMID: 35122536 PMCID: PMC8817999 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise pathogen‑associated molecular patterns, which allow the detection of microbial infection by host cells. Bacterial-derived toxin lipopolysaccharide activates TLR4 and leads to the activation of the Smad2 transcription factor. The phosphorylation of the Smad2 transcription factor is the result of the activation of the transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 (TGFBR1). Therefore, we sought to investigate LPS via TLR4-mediated Smad2 carboxy terminal phosphorylation dependent on the transactivation of the TGFBR1. The in vitro model used human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells to assess the implications of TLR4 transactivation of the TGFBR1 in vascular pathophysiology. We show that LPS-mediated Smad2 carboxy terminal phosphorylation is inhibited in the presence of TGFBR1 inhibitor, SB431542. Treatment with MyD88 and TRIF pathway antagonists does not affect LPS-mediated phosphorylation of Smad2 carboxy terminal; however, LPS-mediated Smad2 phosphorylation was inhibited in the presence of MMP inhibitor, GM6001, and unaffected in the presence of ROCK inhibitor Y27632 or ROS/NOX inhibitor DPI. LPS via transactivation of the TGFBR1 stimulates PAI-1 mRNA expression. TLRs are first in line to respond to exogenous invading substances and endogenous molecules; our findings characterise a novel signalling pathway in the context of cell biology. Identifying TLR transactivation of the TGFBR1 may provide future insight into the detrimental implications of pathogens in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Afroz
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Hirushi Kumarapperuma
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Quang V N Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China.,Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, 4575, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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7
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Babaahmadi-Rezaei H, Little PJ, Mohamed R, Zadeh GM, Kheirollah A, Mehr RN, Kamato D, Dayati P. Endothelin-1 mediated glycosaminoglycan synthesizing gene expression involves NOX-dependent transactivation of the transforming growth factor-β receptor. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:981-988. [PMID: 34982346 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonist endothelin-1 (ET-1) through transactivation of the transforming growth factor (TGF) β receptor (TGFBR1) stimulates glycosaminoglycan (GAG) elongation on proteoglycans. GPCR agonists thrombin and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) via respective receptors transactivate the TGFBR1 via Rho/ROCK dependent pathways however mechanistic insight for ET-1 transactivation of the TGFBR1 remains unknown. NADPH oxidase (NOX) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is a signalling entity implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including atherosclerosis. If implicated in this pathway, NOX/ROS would be a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we investigated the involvement of NOX in ET-1/ET receptor-mediated transactivation of TGFBR1 to stimulate mRNA expression of GAG chain synthesizing enzymes chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (C4ST-1) and chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (ChSy-1). The invitro model used vascular smooth muscle cells that were treated with pharmacological antagonists in the presence and absence of ET-1 or TGF-β. Proteins and phosphoproteins isolated from treated cells were quantified by western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess mRNA expression of GAG synthesizing enzymes. In the presence of diphenyliodonium (DPI) (NOX inhibitor), ET-1 stimulated phospho-Smad2C levels were inhibited. ET-1 mediated mRNA expression of GAG synthesizing enzymes C4ST-1 and ChSy-1 was also blocked by TGBFR1 antagonists, SB431542, broad spectrum ET receptor antagonist bosentan, DPI and ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine. This work shows that NOX and ROS play an important role in ET-1 mediated transactivation of the TGFBR1 and downstream gene targets associated with GAG chain elongation. As ROS is involved in GPCR to protein tyrosine kinase receptor transactivation, the NOX/ROS axis presents as the first common biochemical target in all GPCR to kinase receptor transactivation signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Babaahmadi-Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, Guangdong, China
| | - Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Ghorban Mohammad Zadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Kheirollah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Niayesh Mehr
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Parisa Dayati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Mohamed R, Shajimoon A, Afroz R, Gabr M, Thomas WG, Little PJ, Kamato D. Akt acts as a switch for GPCR transactivation of the TGF-β receptor type 1. FEBS J 2021; 289:2642-2656. [PMID: 34826189 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling commences with the engagement of TGF-β ligand to cell surface TGF-β receptors (TGFBR) stimulating Smad2 carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation (phospho-Smad2C) and downstream biological responses. In several cell models, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transactivate the TGF-β receptors type-1 (TGFBR1) leading to phospho-Smad2C, however, we have recently published that in keratinocytes thrombin did not transactivate the TGFBR1. The bulk of TGFBRs reside in the cytosol and in response to protein kinase B (Akt phosphorylation) can translocate to the cell surface increasing the cell's responsiveness to TGF-β. In this study, we investigate the role of Akt in GPCR transactivation of the TGFBR1. We demonstrate that angiotensin II and thrombin do not phosphorylate Smad2C in human vascular smooth muscle cells and in keratinocytes respectively. We used Akt agonist, SC79 to sensitise the cells to Akt and observed that Ang II and thrombin phosphorylate Smad2C via Akt/AS160-dependent pathways. We show that SC79 rapidly translocates TGFBRs to the cell surface thus increasing the cell's response to the GPCR agonist. These findings highlight novel mechanistic insight for the role of Akt in GPCR transactivation of the TGFBR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Aravindra Shajimoon
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Rizwana Afroz
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Mai Gabr
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Walter G Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
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9
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Babaahmadi-Rezaei H, Kheirollah A, Rashidi M, Seif F, Niknam Z, Zamanpour M. EGF Receptor Transactivation by Endothelin-1 Increased CHSY-1 Mediated by NADPH Oxidase and Phosphorylation of ERK1/2. CELL JOURNAL 2021; 23:510-515. [PMID: 34837677 PMCID: PMC8588823 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.7392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Objective Growth factors [transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), epidermal growth factor (EGF), endothelin-1 (ET-
1)] stimulate proteoglycan synthesis resulting in retention and accumulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in vessel
intima and leading to atherosclerosis development. This study investigated the role of ET-1 on the expression of
CHSY1, proteoglycan synthesizing enzyme, through both EGF and TGF-β receptor transactivation in human vascular
smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Also, we explored the involvement of NADPH oxidase (NOX), an important intermediate
of redox signaling, in ET-1 transactivated EGF receptor (EGFR) through endothelin receptors.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, phosphorylated ERK1/2 and CHSY1 protein levels in the human
VSMCs were measured by Western blot analysis using anti phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) and anti CHSY1
antibodies.
Results ET-1 (100 nM) and EGF (100 ng/ml) stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and inhibited in the presence of
bosentan (ET receptor inhibitor), AG1478 (EGFR inhibitor), and DPI (NOX antagonist). Also, ET-1 treatment increased
CHSY1 enzyme level; this response was suppressed by bosentan, AG1478, DPI, and SB431542, TGF-β receptor
antagonist. This study revealed that ET-1 increases expression of CHSY1 through transactivation of EGF and TGF-β
receptors.
Conclusion Transactivation through the EGF receptor mediated by phospho-ERK1/2 leads to expression of CHSY1
protein. EGF receptor transactivation by ET-1 is shown for the first time, to be dependent on NOX enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Babaahmadi-Rezaei
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Kheirollah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of
Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rashidi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of
Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Seif
- Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Zahra Niknam
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Zamanpour
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Hyperlipidemia Research CenterDepartment of Clinical BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur
University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
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Zhou Y, Little PJ, Cao Y, Ta HT, Kamato D. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 transactivation of TGFBR1 stimulates the mRNA expression of proteoglycan synthesizing genes XYLT1 and CHST3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118848. [PMID: 32920014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) via transactivation dependent signalling pathways contributes to a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological responses. In the vasculature, hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains on proteoglycans leads to lipid retention in the intima resulting in the early pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, we investigated and defined the contribution of transactivation dependent signalling in LPA mediated GAG chain hyperelongation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). LPA acting via the LPA receptor 5 (LPAR5) transactivates the TGFBR1 to stimulate the mRNA expression of GAG initiation and elongation genes xylosyltransferase-1 (XYLT1) and chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1 (CHST3), respectively. We found that LPA stimulates ROS and Akt signalling in VSMCs, however they are not associated in LPAR5 transactivation of the TGFBR1. We observed that LPA via ROCK dependent pathways transactivates the TGFBR1 to stimulate genes associated with GAG chain elongation. We demonstrate that GPCR transactivation of the TGFBR1 occurs via a universal biochemical mechanism and the identified effectors represent potential therapeutic targets to inhibit pathophysiological effects of GPCR transactivation of the TGFBR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Hang T Ta
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China.
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Full-length IL-33 regulates Smad3 phosphorylation and gene transcription in a distinctive AP2-dependent manner. Cell Immunol 2020; 357:104203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Stelcer E, Milecka P, Komarowska H, Jopek K, Tyczewska M, Szyszka M, Lesniczak M, Suchorska W, Bekova K, Szczepaniak B, Ruchala M, Karczewski M, Wierzbicki T, Szaflarski W, Malendowicz LK, Rucinski M. Adropin Stimulates Proliferation and Inhibits Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis in the Human Adrenal Carcinoma (HAC15) Cell Line. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:561370. [PMID: 33133015 PMCID: PMC7579427 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.561370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adropin is a multifunctional peptide hormone encoded by the ENHO (energy homeostasis associated) gene. It plays a role in mechanisms related to increased adiposity, insulin resistance, as well as glucose, and lipid metabolism. The low adropin levels are strongly associated with obesity independent insulin resistance. On the other hand, overexpression or exogenous administration of adropin improves glucose homeostasis. The multidirectional, adropin-related effects associated with the regulation of metabolism in humans also appear to be attributable to the effects of this peptide on the activity of various elements of the endocrine system including adrenal cortex. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of adropin on proliferation and secretory activity in the human HAC15 adrenal carcinoma cell line. In this study, we obtained several highly interesting findings. First, GPR19, the main candidate sensitizer of adrenocortical cells to adropin, was expressed in HAC15 cells. Moreover, GPR19 expression was relatively stable and not regulated by ACTH, forskolin, or adropin itself. Our findings also suggest that adropin has the capacity to decrease expression levels of steroidogenic genes such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and CYP11A1, which then led to a statistically significant inhibition in cortisol and aldosterone biosynthesis and secretion. Based on whole transcriptome study and research involving transforming growth factor (TGF)-β type I receptor kinase inhibitor we demonstrated that attenuation of steroidogenesis caused by adropin is mediated by the TGF-β signaling pathway likely to act through transactivation mechanism. We found that HAC15 cells treated with adropin presented significantly higher proliferation levels than untreated cells. Using specific intracellular inhibitors, we showed that adropin stimulate proliferation via ERK1/2 and AKT dependent signaling pathways. We have also demonstrated that expression of GPR19 is elevated in adrenocortical carcinoma in relation to normal adrenal glands. High level of GPR19 expression in adrenocortical carcinoma may constitute a negative prognostic factor of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Stelcer
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Radiobiology Lab, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Milecka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Komarowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Jopek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marianna Tyczewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Szyszka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Lesniczak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Suchorska
- Radiobiology Lab, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karlygash Bekova
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Beata Szczepaniak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchala
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Karczewski
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wierzbicki
- Department of General, Endocrinological and Gastroenterological Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Witold Szaflarski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ludwik K. Malendowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Rucinski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Kamato D, Little PJ. Smad2 linker region phosphorylation is an autonomous cell signalling pathway: Implications for multiple disease pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109854. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Mohamed R, Cao Y, Afroz R, Xu S, Ta HT, Barras M, Zheng W, Little PJ, Kamato D. ROS directly activates transforming growth factor β type 1 receptor signalling in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Zhou Y, Little PJ, Ta HT, Xu S, Kamato D. Lysophosphatidic acid and its receptors: pharmacology and therapeutic potential in atherosclerosis and vascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Khoshnood S, Shahi F, Jomehzadeh N, Montazeri EA, Saki M, Mortazavi SM, Maghsoumi-Norouzabad L. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from burn patients. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:387-398. [PMID: 31096760 DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B agents among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a worldwide problem for the health community. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ermA, ermB, ermC, and msrA in MRSA strains isolated from burn patients in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. A total of 76 isolates of S. aureus were collected from January to May 2017 from Taleghani Burn Hospital in Ahvaz. Among 76 S. aureus strains collected, 60 (78.9%) isolates were MRSA. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing for MRSA showed extreme high resistance rate to clarithromycin (100%) and azithromycin (100%), followed by erythromycin (98.3%). The PCR assay revealed that the frequency rates of msrA, ermA, and ermC genes were 23 (38.3%), 28 (46.7%), and 22 (36.7%), respectively. In addition, none of the MRSA isolates had the ermB gene. Because of the high prevalence of macrolide and lincosamide resistance found in MRSA isolates from infections of burn patients in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran, it is recommended that local periodic survey be performed for controlling the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khoshnood
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 2 Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shahi
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 3 Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Effat Abbasi Montazeri
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Morteza Saki
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 3 Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Mortazavi
- 2 Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Leila Maghsoumi-Norouzabad
- 3 Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 5 Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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17
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Mohamed R, Janke R, Guo W, Cao Y, Zhou Y, Zheng W, Babaahmadi-Rezaei H, Xu S, Kamato D, Little PJ. GPCR transactivation signalling in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of NADPH oxidases and reactive oxygen species. VASCULAR BIOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2019; 1:R1-R11. [PMID: 32923966 PMCID: PMC7439842 DOI: 10.1530/vb-18-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and extension of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) transactivation-dependent signalling has enormously broadened the GPCR signalling paradigm. GPCRs can transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors (PTKRs) and serine/threonine kinase receptors (S/TKRs), notably the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforming growth factor-β type 1 receptor (TGFBR1), respectively. Initial comprehensive mechanistic studies suggest that these two transactivation pathways are distinct. Currently, there is a focus on GPCR inhibitors as drug targets, and they have proven to be efficacious in vascular diseases. With the broadening of GPCR transactivation signalling, it is therefore important from a therapeutic perspective to find a common transactivation pathway of EGFR and TGFBR1 that can be targeted to inhibit complex pathologies activated by the combined action of these receptors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules and they act as second messengers, thus modulating cellular signal transduction pathways. ROS are involved in different mechanisms of GPCR transactivation of EGFR. However, the role of ROS in GPCR transactivation of TGFBR1 has not yet been studied. In this review, we will discuss the involvement of ROS in GPCR transactivation-dependent signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Reearna Janke
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wanru Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hossein Babaahmadi-Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Kamato D, Ta H, Afroz R, Xu S, Osman N, Little PJ. Mechanisms of PAR-1 mediated kinase receptor transactivation: Smad linker region phosphorylation. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:539-548. [PMID: 31290007 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) transactivate both epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptors (TGFBR1) in vascular smooth muscle leading to the increased expression of genes (CHST11 and CHSY1) which are rate limiting for the enzymes that mediate hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains on the lipid-binding proteoglycan, biglycan. This is an excellent model to investigate mechanisms of transactivation as the processes are biochemically distinct. EGFR transactivation is dependent on the classical matrix metalloprotease (MMP) based triple membrane bypass mechanism and TGFBR1 transactivation is dependent on Rho/ROCK signalling and integrins. We have shown that all kinase receptor signalling is targeted towards phosphorylation of the linker region of the transcription factor, Smad2. We investigated the mechanisms of thrombin mediated kinase receptor transactivation signalling using anti-phospho antibodies and Western blotting and gene expression by RT-PCR. Thrombin stimulation of phospho-Smad2 (Ser 245/250/255) and of phospho-Smad2(Thr220) via EGFR transactivation commences quickly and extends out to at least 4 h whereas transactivation via TGFBR1 is delayed for 120 min but also persists for at least 4 h. Signalling of thrombin stimulated Smad linker region phosphorylation is approximately equally inhibited by the MMP inhibitor, GM6001 and the ROCK inhibitor, Y27632, and similarly expression of CHST11 and CHSY1 is approximately equally inhibited by GM6001 and Y27632. The data establishes Smad linker region phosphorylation as a central target of all transactivation signalling of GAG gene expression and thus an upstream kinase may be a target to prevent all transactivation signalling and its pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia. .,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
| | - Hang Ta
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Rizwana Afroz
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China
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Seif F, Little PJ, Niayesh-Mehr R, Zamanpour M, Babaahmadi-Rezaei H. Endothelin-1 increases CHSY-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells via transactivation of transforming growth factor β type I receptor induced by type B receptor endothelin-1. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71:988-995. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
TGF-β through hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains leads to binding of low-density lipoproteins to the proteoglycans. The vasoactive peptide, endothelin-1 (ET-1), plays a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. This study addressed the question whether ET-1 by activating the Rho kinase and cytoskeletal rearrangement can transactivate the TGF-β receptor leading to phosphorylation of the transcription factor Smad2 and increased expression of the GAG chain synthesizing enzyme such as chondroitin synthase-1 (CHSY-1) in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs).
Methods
In this study, intermediates in ET-1-induced Smad2C phosphorylation and the protein level of CHSY-1 were identified and quantified by Western blotting.
Key findings
Endothelin-1 caused time-dependent phosphorylation of Smad2C which was inhibited in the presence of the endothelin B receptor antagonist, BQ788. The response to ET-1 was inhibited by the Rho/ROCK kinase antagonist, Y27632 and by cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization but the ET-1-mediated pSmad2C was not inhibited by the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, GM6001. ET-1 increased CHSY-1 protein level, which was inhibited in the presence of BQ788, cytochalasin D and Y27632.
Conclusions
Endothelin-1 signalling via the ETB receptor utilizes cytoskeletal rearrangement and Rho kinase but not MMPs leading to TβRI transactivation signalling and phosphorylation of Smad2C and through this pathway increased the level of CHSY-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Seif
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Reyhaneh Niayesh-Mehr
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Zamanpour
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Babaahmadi-Rezaei
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Kamato D, Burch M, Zhou Y, Mohamed R, Stow JL, Osman N, Zheng W, Little PJ. Individual Smad2 linker region phosphorylation sites determine the expression of proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesizing genes. Cell Signal 2018; 53:365-373. [PMID: 30423352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors such as thrombin and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β facilitate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain hyperelongation on proteoglycans, a phenomenon that increases lipoprotein binding in the vessel wall and the development of atherosclerosis. TGF-β signals via canonical carboxy terminal phosphorylation of R-Smads and also non-canonical linker region phosphorylation of R-Smads. The G protein coupled receptor agonist, thrombin, can transactivate the TGF-β receptor leading to both canonical and non-canonical Smad signalling. Linker region phosphorylation drives the expression of genes for the synthesis of the proteoglycan, biglycan. Proteoglycan synthesis involves core protein synthesis, the initiation of GAG chains and the subsequent elongation of GAG chains. We have explored the relationship between the thrombin stimulated phosphorylation of individual serine and threonine sites in the linker region of Smad2 and the expression of GAG initiation xylosyltransferase-1 (XT-1) and GAG elongation chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase-1 (C4ST-1) and chondroitin synthase-1 (CHSY-1) genes. Thrombin stimulated the phosphorylation of all four target residues (Thr220, Ser245, Ser250 and Ser255 residues) with a similar temporal pattern - phosphorylation was maximal at 15 min (the earliest time point studied) and the level of the phospho-proteins declined thereafter over the following 4 h. Jnk, p38 and PI3K, selectively mediated the phosphorylation of the Thr220 residue whereas the serine residues were variously phosphorylated by multiple kinases. Thrombin stimulated the expression of all three genes - XT-1, C4ST-1 and CHSY-1. The three pathways mediating Thr220 phosphorylation were also involved in the expression of XT-1. The target pathways (excluding Jnk) were involved in the expression of the GAG elongation genes (C4ST-1 and CHSY-1). These findings support the contention that individual Smad linker region phosphorylation sites are linked to the expression of genes for the initiation and elongation of GAG chains on proteoglycans. The context of this work is that a specific inhibitor of GAG elongation represents a potential therapeutic agent for preventing GAG elongation and lipid binding and the results indicate that the specificity of the pathways is such that it might be therapeutically feasible to specifically target GAG elongation without interfering with other physiological processes with which proteoglycans are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Micah Burch
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
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Afroz R, Cao Y, Rostam MA, Ta H, Xu S, Zheng W, Osman N, Kamato D, Little PJ. Signalling pathways regulating galactosaminoglycan synthesis and structure in vascular smooth muscle: Implications for lipoprotein binding and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Signaling Crosstalk of TGF-β/ALK5 and PAR2/PAR1: A Complex Regulatory Network Controlling Fibrosis and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061568. [PMID: 29795022 PMCID: PMC6032192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and agonists of the G Protein-coupled receptors proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and -2 (PAR2) have been linked to tissue fibrosis and cancer. Intriguingly, TGF-β and PAR signaling either converge on the regulation of certain matrix genes overexpressed in these pathologies or display mutual regulation of their signaling components, which is mediated in part through sphingosine kinases and sphingosine-1-phosphate and indicative of an intimate signaling crosstalk between the two pathways. In the first part of this review, we summarize the various regulatory interactions that have been discovered so far according to the organ/tissue in which they were described. In the second part, we highlight the types of signaling crosstalk between TGF-β on the one hand and PAR2/PAR1 on the other hand. Both ligand–receptor systems interact at various levels and by several mechanisms including mutual regulation of ligand–ligand, ligand–receptor, and receptor–receptor at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and receptor transactivation levels. These mutual interactions between PAR2/PAR1 and TGF-β signaling components eventually result in feed-forward loops/vicious cycles of matrix deposition and malignant traits that exacerbate fibrosis and oncogenesis, respectively. Given the crucial role of PAR2 and PAR1 in controlling TGF-β receptor activation, signaling, TGF-β synthesis and bioactivation, combining PAR inhibitors with TGF-β blocking agents may turn out to be more efficient than targeting TGF-β alone in alleviating unwanted TGF-β-dependent responses but retaining the beneficial ones.
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of receptors in humans. Traditional activation of GPCRs involves binding of a ligand to the receptor, activation of heterotrimeric G proteins and induction of subsequent signaling molecules. It is now known that GPCR signaling occurs through G protein-independent pathways including signaling through β-arrestin and transactivation of other receptor types. Generally, transactivation occurs when activation of one receptor leads to the activation of another receptor(s). GPCR-mediated transactivation is an essential component of GPCR signaling, as activation of other receptor types, such as receptor tyrosine kinases, allows GPCRs to expand their signal transduction and affect various cellular responses. Several mechanisms have been identified for receptor transactivation downstream of GPCRs, one of which involves activation of extracellular proteases, such as a disintegrin and metalloprotease, and matrix metalloproteases . These proteases cleave and release ligands that are then able to activate their respective receptors. A disintegrin and metalloprotease, and matrix metalloproteases can be activated via various mechanisms downstream of GPCR activation, including activation via second messenger, direct phosphorylation, or direct G protein interaction. Additional understanding of the mechanisms involved in GPCR-mediated protease activation and subsequent receptor transactivation could lead to identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Wang W, Qiao Y, Li Z. New Insights into Modes of GPCR Activation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:367-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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G protein coupled receptors can transduce signals through carboxy terminal and linker region phosphorylation of Smad transcription factors. Life Sci 2018; 199:10-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yao ZH, Xie HJ, Yuan YL, Huo YT, Cao J, Lai WY, Cai RJ, Cheng YX. Contraction-dependent TGF-β1 activation is required for thrombin-induced remodeling in human airway smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 2018; 197:130-139. [PMID: 29428600 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Thrombin is a serine proteinase that is not only involved in coagulation cascade, but also mediates a number of biological responses relevant to tissues repair, and induces bronchoconstriction. TGF-β plays a pivotal role in airway remodeling due to its effects on airway smooth muscle proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Recently, bronchoconstriction itself is found to constitute a form of strain and is highly relevant to asthmatic airway remodeling. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we investigated the role of contraction- dependent TGF-β activation in thrombin-induced remodeling in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary HASM cells were treated with or without thrombin in the absence or presence of anti-TGF-β antibody, cytochalasin D and formoterol. CFSE labeling index or CCK-8 assay were performed to test cell proliferation. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to examined ECM mRNA level and collagen Iα1, α-actin protein expression, respectively. Immunofluorescence was also used to confirm contraction induced by thrombin in HASM cells. KEY FINDING Thrombin stimulation enhanced HASM cells proliferation and activated TGF-β signaling. Thrombin induced ECM mRNA and collagen Iα1 protein expression, and these effects are mediated by TGF-β. Abrogation of TGF-β activation by contraction inhibitors cytochalasin D and formoterol prevents the thrombin-induced effects. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that contraction-dependent TGF-β activation could be a mechanism by which thrombin leads to the development of asthmatic airway remodeling. Blocking physical forces with bronchodilator would be an intriguing way in reducing airway remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Yao
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Respiratory Disease, Hengyang NO.1 Peoples Hospital, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hao-Jun Xie
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Lu Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Ting Huo
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yan Lai
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Jun Cai
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Xiong Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Munkonda MN, Akbari S, Landry C, Sun S, Xiao F, Turner M, Holterman CE, Nasrallah R, Hébert RL, Kennedy CRJ, Burger D. Podocyte-derived microparticles promote proximal tubule fibrotic signaling via p38 MAPK and CD36. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1432206. [PMID: 29435202 PMCID: PMC5804677 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1432206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a hallmark of advanced diabetic kidney disease that is linked to a decline in renal function, however the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. Microparticles (MPs) are 100–1000 nm vesicles shed from injured cells that are implicated in intercellular signalling. Our lab recently observed the formation of MPs from podocytes and their release into urine of animal models of type 1 and 2 diabetes and in humans with type 1 diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of podocyte MPs in tubular epithelial cell fibrotic responses. MPs were isolated from the media of differentiated, untreated human podocytes (hPODs) and administered to cultured human proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). Treatment with podocyte MPs increased p38 and Smad3 phosphorylation and expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins fibronectin and collagen type IV. MP-induced responses were attenuated by co-treatment with the p38 inhibitor SB202190. A transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptor inhibitor (LY2109761) blocked MP-induced Smad3 phosphorylation and ECM protein expression but not p38 phosphorylation suggesting that these responses occurred downstream of p38. Finally, blockade of the class B scavenger receptor CD36 completely abrogated MP-mediated p38 phosphorylation, downstream Smad3 activation and fibronectin/collagen type IV induction. Taken together our results suggest that podocyte MPs interact with proximal tubule cells and induce pro-fibrotic responses. Such interactions may contribute to the development of tubular fibrosis in glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes N Munkonda
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Shareef Akbari
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chloe Landry
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Suzy Sun
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fengxia Xiao
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Maddison Turner
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chet E Holterman
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rania Nasrallah
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Richard L Hébert
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Christopher R J Kennedy
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Proteinase-activated receptor 2 promotes TGF-β-dependent cell motility in pancreatic cancer cells by sustaining expression of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41095-41109. [PMID: 27248167 PMCID: PMC5173045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by high expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and the G protein-coupled receptor proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), the latter of which functions as a cell-surface sensor for serine proteinases asscociated with the tumour microenvironment. Since TGF-β and PAR2 affect tumourigenesis by regulating migration, invasion and metastasis, we hypothesized that there is signalling crosstalk between them. Depleting PDAC and non-PDAC cells of PAR2 by RNA interference strongly decreased TGF-β1-induced activation of Smad2/3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Smad dependent transcriptional activity, expression of invasion associated genes, and cell migration/invasion in vitro. Likewise, the plasminogen activator-inhibitor 1 gene in primary cultures of aortic smooth muscle cells from PAR2-/- mice displayed a greatly attenuated sensitivity to TGF-β1 stimulation. PAR2 depletion in PDAC cells resulted in reduced protein and mRNA levels of the TGF-β type I receptor activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5). Forced expression of wild-type ALK5 or a kinase-active ALK5 mutant, but not a kinase-active but Smad-binding defective ALK5 mutant, was able to rescue TGF-β1-induced Smad3 activation, Smad dependent transcription, and cell migration in PAR2-depleted cells. Together, our data show that PAR2 is crucial for TGF-β1-induced cell motility by its ability to sustain expression of ALK5. Therapeutically targeting PAR2 may thus be a promising approach in preventing TGF-β-dependent driven metastatic dissemination in PDAC and possibly other stroma-rich tumour types.
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Kamato D, Bhaskarala VV, Mantri N, Oh TG, Ling D, Janke R, Zheng W, Little PJ, Osman N. RNA sequencing to determine the contribution of kinase receptor transactivation to G protein coupled receptor signalling in vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180842. [PMID: 28719611 PMCID: PMC5515425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling covers three major mechanisms. GPCR agonist engagement allows for the G proteins to bind to the receptor leading to a classical downstream signalling cascade. The second mechanism is via the utilization of the β-arrestin signalling molecule and thirdly via transactivation dependent signalling. GPCRs can transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors (PTKR) to activate respective downstream signalling intermediates. In the past decade GPCR transactivation dependent signalling was expanded to show transactivation of serine/threonine kinase receptors (S/TKR). Kinase receptor transactivation enormously broadens the GPCR signalling paradigm. This work utilizes next generation RNA-sequencing to study the contribution of transactivation dependent signalling to total protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 signalling. Transactivation, assessed as gene expression, accounted for 50 percent of the total genes regulated by thrombin acting through PAR-1 in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. GPCR transactivation of PTKRs is approximately equally important as the transactivation of the S/TKR with 209 and 177 genes regulated respectively, via either signalling pathway. This work shows that genome wide studies can provide powerful insights into GPCR mediated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Venkata Vijayanand Bhaskarala
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Tae Gyu Oh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Dora Ling
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Reearna Janke
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Diabetes Complications Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Monash University, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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30
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Kamato D, Mitra P, Davis F, Osman N, Chaplin R, Cabot PJ, Afroz R, Thomas W, Zheng W, Kaur H, Brimble M, Little PJ. Ga q proteins: molecular pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1379-1390. [PMID: 27815595 PMCID: PMC11107756 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have gained much interest in recent years as it is the largest class among cell surface receptors. G proteins lie in the heart of GPCRs signalling and therefore can be therapeutically targeted to overcome complexities in GPCR responses and signalling. G proteins are classified into four families (Gi, Gs, G12/13 and Gq); Gq is further subdivided into four classes. Among them Gαq and Gαq/11 isoforms are most crucial and ubiquitously expressed; these isoforms are almost 88% similar at their amino acid sequence but may exhibit functional divergences. However, uncertainties often arise about Gαq and Gαq/11 inhibitors, these G proteins might also have suitability to the invention of novel-specific inhibitors for each isoforms. YM-254890 and UBO-QIC are discovered as potent inhibitors of Gαq functions and also investigated in thrombin protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 inhibitors and platelet aggregation inhibition. The most likely G protein involved in PAR-1 stimulates responses is one of the Gαq family isoforms. In this review, we highlight the molecular structures and pharmacological responses of Gαq family which may reflect the biochemical and molecular role of Gαq and Gαq/11. The advanced understanding of Gαq and Gαq/11 role in GPCR signalling may shed light on our understanding on cell biology, cellular physiology and pathophysiology and also lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents for a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Partha Mitra
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Felicity Davis
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbounre, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Rebecca Chaplin
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Rizwana Afroz
- Department of Biochemistry, Primeasia University, Banani, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Walter Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Harveen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret Brimble
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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Insights into cellular signalling by G protein coupled receptor transactivation of cell surface protein kinase receptors. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 11:117-125. [PMID: 28168348 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling is mediated by transactivation independent and transactivation dependent pathways. GPCRs transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors (PTKRs) and protein serine/threonine kinase receptors (PS/TKR). Since the initial observations of transactivation dependent signalling, there has been an effort to understand the mechanisms behind this phenomena. GPCR signalling has evolved to include biased signalling. Biased signalling, whereby selected ligands can activate the same GPCR that can generate multiple signals, but drive only a unique response. To date, there has been no focus on the ability of biased agonists to activate the PTKR and PS/TKR transactivation pathways differentially. As such, this represents a novel direction for future research. This review will discuss the main mechanisms of GPCR mediated receptor transactivation and the pathways involved in intracellular responses.
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Sharifat N, Mohammad Zadeh G, Ghaffari MA, Dayati P, Kamato D, Little PJ, Babaahmadi-Rezaei H. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) stimulates carboxy terminal Smad2 phosphorylation in vascular endothelial cells by a mechanism dependent on ET receptors and de novo protein synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 69:66-72. [PMID: 27905105 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists through their receptors can transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor and serine/threonine kinase receptors most notably transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor (TβRI). This signalling mechanism represents a major expansion in the cellular outcomes attributable to GPCR signalling. This study addressed the role and mechanisms involved in GPCR agonist, endothelin-1 (ET-1)-mediated transactivation of the TβRI in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). METHOD The in-vitro model used BAECs. Signalling intermediate phospho-Smad2 in the carboxy terminal was detected and quantified by Western blotting. KEY FINDING ET-1 treatment of BAECs resulted in a time and concentration-dependent increase in pSmad2C. Peak phosphorylation was evident with 100 nm treatment of ET-1 at 4-6 h. TβRI antagonist, SB431542 inhibited ET-1-mediated pSmad2C. In the presence of bosentan, a mixed ETA and ETB receptor antagonist ET-1-mediated pSmad2C levels were inhibited. The ET-mediated pSmad2C was blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. CONCLUSION In BAECs, ET-1 via the ETB receptor is involved in transactivation of the TβRI. The transactivation-dependent response is dependent upon de novo protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Sharifat
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ghorban Mohammad Zadeh
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Ghaffari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parisa Dayati
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Danielle Kamato
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia
| | - Hossein Babaahmadi-Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran
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Protease-activated receptor-1 deficiency protects against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33030. [PMID: 27618774 PMCID: PMC5020504 DOI: 10.1038/srep33030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenously administered activated protein C ameliorates diabetic nephropathy (DN) in a protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1)-dependent manner, suggesting that PAR-1 activation limits the progression of DN. Activation of PAR-1 in fibroblast-like cells, however, induces proliferation and extracellular matrix production, thereby driving fibrotic disease. Considering the key role of mesangial proliferation and extracellular matrix production during DN, PAR-1 may in fact potentiate diabetes-induced kidney injury. To determine the net effect of PAR-1 in DN, streptozotocin-induced DN was studied in wild type and PAR-1 deficient mice. Subsequent mechanistic insight was obtained by assessing profibrotic responses of mesangial and tubular epithelial cells in vitro, following PAR-1 stimulation and inhibition. Despite having similar glucose levels, PAR-1 deficient mice developed less kidney damage after induction of diabetes, as evidenced by diminished proteinuria, plasma cystatin C levels, expansion of the mesangial area, and tubular atrophy. In vitro, PAR-1 signaling in mesangial cells led to increased proliferation and expression of matrix proteins fibronectin and collagen IV. Conversely, a reduction in both proliferation and fibronectin deposition was observed in diabetic PAR-1 deficient mice. Overall, we show that PAR-1 plays an important role in the development of DN and PAR-1 might therefore be an attractive therapeutic target to pursue in DN.
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Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Potential Role for Proteoglycans. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:2913612. [PMID: 27563459 PMCID: PMC4983667 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2913612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal disease evident after the age of 50 that damages the macula in the centre of retina. It leads to a loss of central vision with retained peripheral vision but eventual blindness occurs in many cases. The initiation site of AMD development is Bruch's membrane (BM) where multiple changes occur including the deposition of plasma derived lipids, accumulation of extracellular debris, changes in cell morphology, and viability and the formation of drusen. AMD manifests as early and late stage; the latter involves cell proliferation and neovascularization in wet AMD. Current therapies target the later hyperproliferative and invasive wet stage whilst none target early developmental stages of AMD. In the lipid deposition disease atherosclerosis modified proteoglycans bind and retain apolipoproteins in the artery wall. Chemically modified trapped lipids are immunogenic and can initiate a chronic inflammatory process manifesting as atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent artery blockages, heart attacks, or strokes. As plasma derived lipoprotein deposits are found in BM in early AMD, it is possible that they arise by a similar process within the macula. In this review we consider aspects of the pathological processes underlying AMD with a focus on the potential role of modifications to secreted proteoglycans being a cause and therefore a target for the treatment of early AMD.
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Al Gwairi O, Osman N, Getachew R, Zheng W, Liang XL, Kamato D, Thach L, Little PJ. Multiple Growth Factors, But Not VEGF, Stimulate Glycosaminoglycan Hyperelongation in Retinal Choroidal Endothelial Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1041-51. [PMID: 27570478 PMCID: PMC4997048 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major feature of early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the thickening of Bruch's membrane in the retina and an alteration in its composition with increased lipid deposition. In certain pathological conditions proteoglycans are responsible for lipid retention in tissues. Growth factors are known to increase the length of glycosaminoglycan chains and this can lead to a large increase in the interaction between proteoglycans and lipids. Using choroidal endothelial cells, we investigated the effects of a number of AMD relevant growth factors TGFβ, thrombin, PDGF, IGF and VEGF on proteoglycan synthesis. Cells were characterized as of endothelial origin using the specific cell markers endothelial nitric oxide synthesis and von Willebrand factor and imaged using confocal microscopy. Cells were treated with growth factors in the presence and absence of the appropriate inhibitors and were radiolabeled with [35S]-SO4. Proteoglycans were isolated by ion exchange chromatography and sized using SDS-PAGE. Radiosulfate incorporation was determined by the cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) precipitation technique. To measure cellular glycosaminoglycan synthesizing capacity we added xyloside and assessed the xyloside-GAGs by SDS-PAGE. TGFβ, thrombin, PDGF & IGF dose-dependently stimulated radiosulfate incorporation and GAG elongation as well as xyloside-GAG synthesis, however VEGF treatment did not stimulate any changes in proteoglycan synthesis. VEGF did not increase pAKT but caused a large increase in pERK relative to the response to PDGF. Thus, AMD relevant agonists cause glycosaminoglycan hyperelongation of proteoglycans synthesised and secreted by retinal choroidal endothelial cells. The absence of a response to VEGF is intriguing and identifies proteoglycans as a novel potential target in AMD. Future studies will examine the relevance of these changes to enhanced lipid binding and the development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Gwairi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia;; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004 VIC, Australia
| | - Robel Getachew
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China;; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - X-L Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Lyna Thach
- School of Pharmacy. The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia;; School of Pharmacy. The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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The role of specific Smad linker region phosphorylation in TGF-β mediated expression of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes in vascular smooth muscle. Cell Signal 2016; 28:956-66. [PMID: 27153775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan chains on proteoglycans facilitates increased lipoprotein binding in the blood vessel wall and the development of atherosclerosis. Increased mRNA expression of glycosaminoglycan chain synthesizing enzymes in vivo is associated with the development of atherosclerosis. In human vascular smooth muscle, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates glycosaminoglycan chain hyperelongation via ERK and p38 as well as Smad2 linker region (Smad2L) phosphorylation. In this study, we identified the involvement of TGF-β receptor, intracellular serine/threonine kinases and specific residues on transcription factor Smad2L that regulate glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes. Of six glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes, xylosyltransferase-1, chondroitin sulfate synthase-1, and chondroitin sulfotransferase-1 were regulated by TGF-β. In addition ERK, p38, PI3K and CDK were found to differentially regulate mRNA expression of each enzyme. Four individual residues in the TGF-β receptor mediator Smad2L can be phosphorylated by these kinases and in turn regulate the synthesis and activity of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes. Smad2L Thr220 was phosphorylated by CDKs and Smad2L Ser250 by ERK. p38 selectively signalled via Smad2L Ser245. Phosphorylation of Smad2L serine residues induced glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes associated with glycosaminoglycan chain elongation. Phosphorylation of Smad2L Thr220 was associated with XT-1 enzyme regulation, a critical enzyme in chain initiation. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the complex signalling pathways that contribute to glycosaminoglycan chain modification that could be targeted using pharmacological agents to inhibit the development of atherosclerosis.
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He RQ, Tang XF, Zhang BL, Li XD, Hong MN, Chen QZ, Han WQ, Gao PJ. Protease-activated receptor 1 and 2 contribute to angiotensin II-induced activation of adventitial fibroblasts from rat aorta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:517-23. [PMID: 27012211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) can be activated by angiotensin II (Ang II) and exert pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory effects in vascular remodeling. Protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and 2 play a significant role in fibrogenic and inflammatory diseases. The present study hypothesized that PAR1 and PAR2 are involved in Ang II-induced AF activation and contribute to adventitial remodeling. We found that direct activation of PAR1 and PAR2 with PAR1-AP and PAR2-AP led to AF activation, including proliferation and differentiation of AFs, extracellular matrix synthesis, as well as production of pro-fibrotic cytokine TGF-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1. Furthermore, PAR1 and PAR2 mediated Ang II-induced AF activation, since both PAR1 and PAR2 antagonists inhibited Ang II-induced proliferation, migration, differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis and production of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in AFs. Finally, mechanistic study showed that Ang II, via Ang II type I receptor (AT1R), upregulated both PAR1 and PAR2 expression, and transactivated PAR1 and PAR2, as denoted by internalization of both proteins. In conclusion, our results suggest that PAR1 and PAR2 play a critical role in Ang II-induced AF activation, and this may contribute to adventitia-related pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Mo-Na Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension and Department of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai, China.
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Little PJ, Hollenberg MD, Kamato D, Thomas W, Chen J, Wang T, Zheng W, Osman N. Integrating the GPCR transactivation-dependent and biased signalling paradigms in the context of PAR1 signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2992-3000. [PMID: 26624252 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, receptor-mediated signalling was conceived as a linear process involving one agonist, a variety of potential targets within a receptor family (e.g. α- and β-adrenoceptors) and a second messenger (e.g. cAMP)-triggered response. If distinct responses were stimulated by the same receptor in different tissues (e.g. lipolysis in adipocytes vs. increased beating rate in the heart caused by adrenaline), the differences were attributed to different second messenger targets in the different tissues. It is now realized that an individual receptor can couple to multiple effectors (different G proteins and different β-arrestins), even in the same cell, to drive very distinct responses. Furthermore, tailored agonists can mould the receptor conformation to activate one signal pathway versus another by a process termed 'biased signalling'. Complicating issues further, we now know that activating one receptor can rapidly trigger the local release of agonists for a second receptor via a process termed 'transactivation'. Thus, the end response can represent a cooperative signalling process involving two or more receptors linked by transactivation. This overview, with a focus on the GPCR, protease-activated receptor-1, integrates both of these processes to predict the complex array of responses that can arise when biased receptor signalling also involves the receptor transactivation process. The therapeutic implications of this signalling matrix are also briefly discussed. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia. .,School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. .,Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - M D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D Kamato
- School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - W Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - J Chen
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Wang
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - N Osman
- School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Protease activated receptor-1 mediated dual kinase receptor transactivation stimulates the expression of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing genes. Cell Signal 2016; 28:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Cipriani P, Di Benedetto P, Ruscitti P, Verzella D, Fischietti M, Zazzeroni F, Liakouli V, Carubbi F, Berardicurti O, Alesse E, Giacomelli R. Macitentan inhibits the transforming growth factor-β profibrotic action, blocking the signaling mediated by the ETR/TβRI complex in systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:247. [PMID: 26357964 PMCID: PMC4566861 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex and not fully understood autoimmune disease associated with fibrosis of multiple organs. The main effector cells, the myofibroblasts, are collagen-producing cells derived from the activation of resting fibroblasts. This process is regulated by a complex repertoire of profibrotic cytokines, and among them transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) play a major role. In this paper we show that TGF-β and ET-1 receptors co-operate in myofibroblast activation, and macitentan, an ET-1 receptor antagonist binding ET-1 receptors, might interfere with both TGF-β and ET-1 pathways, preventing myofibroblast differentiation. METHODS Fibroblasts isolated from healthy controls and SSc patients were treated with TGF-β and ET-1 and successively analyzed for alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen (Col1A1) expression and for the Sma and Mad Related (SMAD) phosphorylation. We further tested the ability of macitentan to interfere with these process. Furthermore, we silenced ET-1 and endothelin-1 receptor A expression and evaluated the formation of an ET-1/TGF-β receptor complex by immunoprecitation assay. RESULTS We showed myofibroblast activation in SSc fibroblasts assessing the expression of α-SMA and Col1A1, after stimulation with TGF-β and ET-1. Macitentan interfered with both ET-1- and TGF-β-induced fibroblast activation. To explain this unexpected inhibitory effect of macitentan on TGF-β activity, we silenced ET-1 expression on SSc fibroblasts and co-immunoprecipitated these two receptors, showing the formation of an ET-1/TGF-β receptor complex. CONCLUSIONS During SSc, ET-1 produced by activated endothelia contributes to myofibroblast activation using TGF-β machinery via an ET-1/TGF-β receptor complex. Macitentan interferes with the profibrotic action of TGF-β, blocking the ET-1 receptor portion of the ET-1/TGF-β receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cipriani
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell'Ospedale, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Paola Di Benedetto
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell'Ospedale, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell'Ospedale, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Daniela Verzella
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mariafausta Fischietti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Vasiliki Liakouli
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell'Ospedale, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Francesco Carubbi
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell'Ospedale, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Onorina Berardicurti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell'Ospedale, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell'Ospedale, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Kamato D, Thach L, Bernard R, Chan V, Zheng W, Kaur H, Brimble M, Osman N, Little PJ. Structure, Function, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Potential of the G Protein, Gα/q,11. Front Cardiovasc Med 2015; 2:14. [PMID: 26664886 PMCID: PMC4671355 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2015.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the major classes of cell surface receptors and are associated with a group of G proteins consisting of three subunits termed alpha, beta, and gamma. G proteins are classified into four families according to their α subunit; Gαi, Gαs, Gα12/13, and Gαq. There are several downstream pathways of Gαq of which the best known is upon activation via guanosine triphosphate (GTP), Gαq activates phospholipase Cβ, hydrolyzing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate into diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate and activating protein kinase C and increasing calcium efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum. Although G proteins, in particular, the Gαq/11 are central elements in GPCR signaling, their actual roles have not yet been thoroughly investigated. The lack of research of the role on Gαq/11 in cell biology is partially due to the obscure nature of the available pharmacological agents. YM-254890 is the most useful Gαq-selective inhibitor with antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and thrombolytic effects. YM-254890 inhibits Gαq signaling pathways by preventing the exchange of guanosine diphosphate for GTP. UBO-QIC is a structurally similar compound to YM-254890, which can inhibit platelet aggregation and cause vasorelaxation in rats. Many agents are available for the study of signaling downstream of Gαq/11. The role of G proteins could potentially represent a novel therapeutic target. This review will explore the range of pharmacological and molecular tools available for the study of the role of Gαq/11 in GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Lyna Thach
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Rebekah Bernard
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Vincent Chan
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre , Guangzhou , China ; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau , Macau , China
| | - Harveen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Margaret Brimble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Narin Osman
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Diabetes Complications Group, School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Bundoora, VIC , Australia
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Kamato D, Rostam MA, Bernard R, Piva TJ, Mantri N, Guidone D, Zheng W, Osman N, Little PJ. The expansion of GPCR transactivation-dependent signalling to include serine/threonine kinase receptors represents a new cell signalling frontier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:799-808. [PMID: 25384733 PMCID: PMC11113717 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling is mediated through transactivation-independent signalling pathways or the transactivation of protein tyrosine kinase receptors and the recently reported activation of the serine/threonine kinase receptors, most notably the transforming growth factor-β receptor family. Since the original observation of GPCR transactivation of protein tyrosine kinase receptors, there has been considerable work on the mechanism of transactivation and several pathways are prominent. These pathways include the "triple membrane bypass" pathway and the generation of reactive oxygen species. The recent recognition of GPCR transactivation of serine/threonine kinase receptors enormously broadens the GPCR signalling paradigm. It may be predicted that the transactivation of serine/threonine kinase receptors would have mechanistic similarities with transactivation of tyrosine kinase pathways; however, initial studies suggest that these two transactivation pathways are mechanistically distinct. Important questions are the relative importance of tyrosine and serine/threonine transactivation pathways, the contribution of transactivation to overall GPCR signalling, mechanisms of transactivation and the range of cell types in which this phenomenon occurs. The ultimate significance of transactivation-dependent signalling remains to be defined but it appears to be prominent and if so will represent a new cell signalling frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Muhamad Ashraf Rostam
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Rebekah Bernard
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- Discipline of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Daniel Guidone
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Narin Osman
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and Immunology, Monash University School of Medicine (Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health), Prahran, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Peter J. Little
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and Immunology, Monash University School of Medicine (Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health), Prahran, VIC 3004 Australia
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Cattaneo F, Guerra G, Parisi M, De Marinis M, Tafuri D, Cinelli M, Ammendola R. Cell-surface receptors transactivation mediated by g protein-coupled receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19700-28. [PMID: 25356505 PMCID: PMC4264134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151119700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to a large family of cell-surface receptors involved in many intracellular signaling cascades. Despite GPCRs lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, tyrosine phosphorylation of a tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) occurs in response to binding of specific agonists of several such receptors, triggering intracellular mitogenic cascades. This suggests that the notion that GPCRs are associated with the regulation of post-mitotic cell functions is no longer believable. Crosstalk between GPCR and RTK may occur by different molecular mechanism such as the activation of metalloproteases, which can induce the metalloprotease-dependent release of RTK ligands, or in a ligand-independent manner involving membrane associated non-receptor tyrosine kinases, such as c-Src. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also implicated as signaling intermediates in RTKs transactivation. Intracellular concentration of ROS increases transiently in cells stimulated with GPCR agonists and their deliberated and regulated generation is mainly catalyzed by enzymes that belong to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family. Oxidation and/or reduction of cysteine sulfhydryl groups of phosphatases tightly controls the activity of RTKs and ROS-mediated inhibition of cellular phosphatases results in an equilibrium shift from the non-phosphorylated to the phosphorylated state of RTKs. Many GPCR agonists activate phospholipase C, which catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bis-phosphate to produce inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglicerol. The consequent mobilization of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum leads to the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. PKCα mediates feedback inhibition of RTK transactivation during GPCR stimulation. Recent data have expanded the coverage of transactivation to include Serine/Threonine kinase receptors and Toll-like receptors. Herein, we discuss the main mechanisms of GPCR-mediated cell-surface receptors transactivation and the pathways involved in intracellular responses induced by GPCR agonists. These studies may suggest the design of novel strategies for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Melania Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Marta De Marinis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Sport Science and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples 80133, Italy.
| | - Mariapia Cinelli
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Rosario Ammendola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.
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Platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated versican synthesis but not glycosaminoglycan elongation in vascular smooth muscle is mediated via Akt phosphorylation. Cell Signal 2014; 26:912-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Al-aryahi S, Kamato D, Getachew R, Zheng W, Potocnik SJ, Cohen N, Guidone D, Osman N, Little PJ. Atherogenic, fibrotic and glucose utilising actions of glucokinase activators on vascular endothelium and smooth muscle. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:80. [PMID: 24731772 PMCID: PMC4016772 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmaceutical interventions for diabetes aim to control glycaemia and to prevent the development of complications, such as cardiovascular diseases. Some anti-hyperglycaemic drugs have been found to have adverse cardiovascular effects in their own right, limiting their therapeutic role. Glucokinase activity in the pancreas is critical in enhancing insulin release in response to hyperglycaemia. Glucokinase activators (GKAs) are novel agents for diabetes which act by enhancing the formation of glucose-6-phosphate leading to increased insulin production and subsequent suppression of blood glucose. Little, however, is known about the direct effects of GKAs on cardiovascular cells. Methods The effect of the GKAs RO28-1675 and Compound A on glucose utilisation in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) and rat MIN6 was observed by culturing the cells at high and low glucose concentration in the presence and absence of the GKAs and measuring glucose consumption. The effect of RO28-1675 at various concentrations on glucose-dependent signalling in BAEC was observed by measuring Smad2 phosphorylation by Western blotting. The effect of RO28-1675 on TGF-β stimulated proteoglycan synthesis was measured by 35S-SO4 incorporation and assessment of proteoglycan size by SDS-PAGE. The effects of RO28-1675 on TGF-β mediated Smad2C phosphorylation in BAEC was observed by measurement of pSmad2C levels. The direct actions of RO28-1675 on vascular reactivity were observed by measuring arteriole tone and lumen diameter. Results GKAs were demonstrated to increase glucose utilisation in pancreatic but not endothelial cells. Glucose-activated Smad2 phosphorylation was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion in the presence of RO28-1675. No effect of RO28-1675 was observed on TGF-β stimulated proteoglycan production. RO28-1675 caused a modest dilation in arteriole but not contractile sensitivity. Conclusions GKA RO28-1675 did not increase glucose consumption in endothelial cells indicating the absence of glucokinase in those cells. No direct deleterious actions, in terms of atherogenic changes or excessive vasoactive effects were seen on cells or vessels of the cardiovascular system in response to GKAs. If reflected in vivo, these drugs are unlikely to have their use compromised by direct cardiovascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter J Little
- Discipline of Pharmacy and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Thrombin promotes matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression through the PKCδ c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/AP-1 signaling pathway in human chondrocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:326041. [PMID: 24385683 PMCID: PMC3872103 DOI: 10.1155/2013/326041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a key mediator of fibrin deposition, angiogenesis, and proinflammatory processes. Abnormalities in these processes are primary features of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) may contribute to the breakdown of articular cartilage during arthritis. However, the role of thrombin in MMP-13 production in chondrocytes is unknown. In this study, we investigated the intracellular signaling pathways involved in thrombin-induced MMP-13 expression in human chondrocytes. We found that stimulation with thrombin led to increased secretion of MMP-13 in cultured human chondrocytes. Further, this thrombin-induced MMP-13 production was reduced after transfection with siRNAs against protease activated receptors 1 and 3 (PAR1 and PAR3), but not with PAR4 siRNA. Treatment with specific inhibitors for PKCδ, c-Src, EGFR, PI3K, Akt, or AP-1 or with the corresponding siRNAs against these signaling proteins also abolished the thrombin-mediated increase in MMP-13 production in chondrocytes. Our results provide evidence that thrombin acts through the PAR1/PAR3 receptors and activates PKCδ and c-Src, resulting in EGFR transactivation and activation of PI3K, Akt, and finally AP-1 on the MMP-13 promoter, thereby contributing to cartilage destruction during arthritis.
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Clarke DL, Carruthers AM, Mustelin T, Murray LA. Matrix regulation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the role of enzymes. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:20. [PMID: 24279676 PMCID: PMC4176485 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Repairing damaged tissues is an essential homeostatic mechanism that enables clearance of dead or damaged cells after injury, and the maintenance of tissue integrity. However, exaggeration of this process in the lung can lead to the development of fibrotic scar tissue. This is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as fibronectin, proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, and interstitial collagens. After tissue injury, or a breakdown of tissue integrity, a cascade of events unfolds to maintain normal tissue homeostasis. Inflammatory mediators are released from injured epithelium, leading to both platelet activation and inflammatory cell migration. Inflammatory cells are capable of releasing multiple pro-inflammatory and fibrogenic mediators such as transforming growth factor (TGF)β and interleukin (IL)-13, which can trigger myofibroblast proliferation and recruitment. The myofibroblast population is also expanded as a result of epithelial cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and of the activation of resident fibroblasts, leading to ECM deposition and tissue remodeling. In the healthy lung, wound healing then proceeds to restore the normal architecture of the lung; however, fibrosis can develop when the wound is severe, the tissue injury persists, or the repair process becomes dysregulated. Understanding the processes regulating aberrant wound healing and the matrix in the chronic fibrotic lung disease idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is key to identifying new treatments for this chronic debilitating disease. This review focuses primarily on the emerging role of enzymes in the lungs of patients with IPF. Elevated expression of a number of enzymes that can directly modulate the ECM has been reported, and recent data indicates that modulating the activity of these enzymes can have a downstream effect on fibrotic tissue remodeling.
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Organista-Juárez D, Carretero-Ortega J, Vicente-Fermín O, Vázquez-Victorio G, Sosa-Garrocho M, Vázquez-Prado J, Macías-Silva M, Reyes-Cruz G. Calcium-sensing receptor inhibits TGF-β-signaling by decreasing Smad2 phosphorylation. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Organista-Juárez
- Department of Cell Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Apartado postal 14-740 México D.F. 07000 Mexico
| | - Jorge Carretero-Ortega
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - Onasis Vicente-Fermín
- Department of Cell Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Apartado postal 14-740 México D.F. 07000 Mexico
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - Marcela Sosa-Garrocho
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - José Vázquez-Prado
- Department of Pharmacology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Apartado postal 14-740 México D.F. 07000 Mexico
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México D.F. 04510 Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Apartado postal 14-740 México D.F. 07000 Mexico
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Chung H, Ramachandran R, Hollenberg MD, Muruve DA. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor-β receptor signaling pathways contributes to renal fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:37319-31. [PMID: 24253040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality in the population. During renal injury, kidney-localized proteinases can signal by cleaving and activating proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor involved in inflammation and fibrosis that is highly expressed in renal tubular cells. Following unilateral ureteric obstruction, PAR2-deficient mice displayed reduced renal tubular injury, fibrosis, collagen synthesis, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and α-smooth muscle actin gene expression at 7 days, compared with wild-type controls. In human proximal tubular epithelial cells in vitro, PAR2 stimulation with PAR2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP) alone significantly up-regulated the expression of CTGF, a potent profibrotic cytokine. The induction of CTGF by PAR2-AP was synergistically increased when combined with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Consistent with these findings, treating human proximal tubular epithelial cells with PAR2-AP induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation in the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway. The Smad2 phosphorylation and CTGF induction required signaling via both the TGFβ-receptor and EGF receptor suggesting that PAR2 utilizes transactivation mechanisms to initiate fibrogenic signaling. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that PAR2 synergizes with the TGFβ signaling pathway to contribute to renal injury and fibrosis.
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Gieseler F, Ungefroren H, Settmacher U, Hollenberg MD, Kaufmann R. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) - focus on receptor-receptor-interactions and their physiological and pathophysiological impact. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:86. [PMID: 24215724 PMCID: PMC3842752 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with four members, PAR1, PAR2, PAR3 and PAR4, playing critical functions in hemostasis, thrombosis, embryonic development, wound healing, inflammation and cancer progression. PARs are characterized by a unique activation mechanism involving receptor cleavage by different proteinases at specific sites within the extracellular amino-terminus and the exposure of amino-terminal “tethered ligand“ domains that bind to and activate the cleaved receptors. After activation, the PAR family members are able to stimulate complex intracellular signalling networks via classical G protein-mediated pathways and beta-arrestin signalling. In addition, different receptor crosstalk mechanisms critically contribute to a high diversity of PAR signal transduction and receptor-trafficking processes that result in multiple physiological effects. In this review, we summarize current information about PAR-initiated physical and functional receptor interactions and their physiological and pathological roles. We focus especially on PAR homo- and heterodimerization, transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and receptor serine/threonine kinases (RSTKs), communication with other GPCRs, toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, ion channel receptors, and on PAR association with cargo receptors. In addition, we discuss the suitability of these receptor interaction mechanisms as targets for modulating PAR signalling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Drackendorfer Str, 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
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