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Sheng LL, Cai YM, Li Y, Huang SL, Sheng JZ. Advancements in heparosan production through metabolic engineering and improved fermentation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 331:121881. [PMID: 38388039 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Heparin is one of the most widely used natural drugs, and has been the preferred anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent in the clinical setting for nearly a century. Heparin also shows increasing therapeutic potential for treating inflammation, cancer, and microbial and viral diseases, including COVID-19. With advancements in synthetic biology, heparin production through microbial engineering of heparosan offers a cost-effective and scalable alternative to traditional extraction from animal tissues. Heparosan serves as the starting carbon backbone for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of bioengineered heparin, possessing a chain length that is critically important for the production of heparin-based therapeutics with specific molecular weight (MW) distributions. Recent advancements in metabolic engineering of microbial cell factories have resulted in high-yield heparosan production. This review systematically analyzes the key modules involved in microbial heparosan biosynthesis and the latest metabolic engineering strategies for enhancing production, regulating MW, and optimizing the fermentation scale-up of heparosan. It also discusses future studies, remaining challenges, and prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yi-Min Cai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Si-Ling Huang
- Bloomage BioTechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan 250010, China
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 250100, China.
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2
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Sulewska M, Berger M, Damerow M, Schwarzer D, Buettner FFR, Bethe A, Taft MH, Bakker H, Mühlenhoff M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Priem B, Fiebig T. Extending the enzymatic toolbox for heparosan polymerization, depolymerization, and detection. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121182. [PMID: 37567694 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Heparosan is an acidic polysaccharide expressed as a capsule polymer by pathogenic and commensal bacteria, e.g. by E. coli K5. As a precursor in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin, heparosan has a high biocompatibility and is thus of interest for pharmaceutical applications. However, due to its low immunogenicity, developing antibodies against heparosan and detecting the polymer in biological samples has been challenging. In this study, we exploited the enzyme repertoire of E. coli K5 and the E. coli K5-specific bacteriophage ΦK5B for the controlled synthesis and depolymerization of heparosan. A fluorescently labeled heparosan nonamer was used as a priming acceptor to study the elongation mechanism of the E. coli K5 heparosan polymerases KfiA and KfiC. We could demonstrate that the enzymes act in a distributive manner, producing labeled heparosan of low dispersity. The enzymatically synthesized heparosan was a useful tool to identify the tailspike protein KflB of ΦK5B as heparosan lyase and to characterize its endolytic depolymerization mechanism. Most importantly, using site-directed mutagenesis and rational construct design, we generated an inactive version of KflB for the detection of heparosan in ELISA-based assays, on blots, and on bacterial and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Sulewska
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales, Groupe Chimie et Biotechnologie des Oligosaccharides, 601 rue de la Chimie, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Monika Berger
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Manuela Damerow
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Schwarzer
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrea Bethe
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Manuel H Taft
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hans Bakker
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Bernard Priem
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales, Groupe Chimie et Biotechnologie des Oligosaccharides, 601 rue de la Chimie, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble, Cedex 09, France.
| | - Timm Fiebig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Sun JY, Deng JQ, Du RR, Xin SY, Cao YL, Lu Z, Guo XP, Wang FS, Sheng JZ. Novel β1,4 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in de novo enzymatic synthesis of hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12671-5. [PMID: 37405432 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of de novo synthesis of hyaluronic acid (HA) using Pasteurella multocida hyaluronate synthase (PmHAS) is limited by its low catalytic activity during the initial reaction steps when monosaccharides are the acceptor substrates. In this study, we identified and characterized a β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase (EcGnT) derived from the O-antigen gene synthesis cluster of Escherichia coli O8:K48:H9. Recombinant β1,4 EcGnT effectively catalyzed the production of HA disaccharides when the glucuronic acid monosaccharide derivative 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide (GlcA-pNP) was used as the acceptor. Compared with PmHAS, β1,4 EcGnT exhibited superior N-acetylglucosamine transfer activity (~ 12-fold) with GlcA-pNP as the acceptor, making it a better option for the initial step of de novo HA oligosaccharide synthesis. We then developed a biocatalytic approach for size-controlled HA oligosaccharide synthesis using the disaccharide produced by β1,4 EcGnT as a starting material, followed by stepwise PmHAS-catalyzed synthesis of longer oligosaccharides. Using this approach, we produced a series of HA chains of up to 10 sugar monomers. Overall, our study identifies a novel bacterial β1,4 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and establishes a more efficient process for HA oligosaccharide synthesis that enables size-controlled production of HA oligosaccharides. KEY POINTS: • A novel β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase (EcGnT) from E. coli O8:K48:H9. • EcGnT is superior to PmHAS for enabling de novo HA oligosaccharide synthesis. • Size-controlled HA oligosaccharide synthesis relay using EcGnT and PmHAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Qun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Ran-Ran Du
- Bloomage BioTechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan, 250010, China
| | - Si-Yu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ya-Lin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Bloomage BioTechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan, 250010, China
| | - Xue-Ping Guo
- Bloomage BioTechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan, 250010, China
| | - Feng-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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4
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He P, Zhang X, Xia K, Green DE, Baytas S, Xu Y, Pham T, Liu J, Zhang F, Almond A, Linhardt RJ, DeAngelis PL. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of sulfur-linked sugar polymers as heparanase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7438. [PMID: 36460670 PMCID: PMC9718760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates (glycans) are major players in all organisms due to their structural, energy, and communication roles. This last essential role involves interacting and/or signaling through a plethora of glycan-binding proteins. The design and synthesis of glycans as potential drug candidates that selectively alter or perturb metabolic processes is challenging. Here we describe the first reported sulfur-linked polysaccharides with potentially altered conformational state(s) that are recalcitrant to digestion by heparanase, an enzyme important in human health and disease. An artificial sugar donor with a sulfhydryl functionality is synthesized and enzymatically incorporated into polysaccharide chains utilizing heparosan synthase. Used alone, this donor adds a single thio-sugar onto the termini of nascent chains. Surprisingly, in chain co-polymerization reactions with a second donor, this thiol-terminated heparosan also serves as an acceptor to form an unnatural thio-glycosidic bond ('S-link') between sugar residues in place of a natural 'O-linked' bond. S-linked heparan sulfate analogs are not cleaved by human heparanase. Furthermore, the analogs act as competitive inhibitors with > ~200-fold higher potency than expected; as a rationale, molecular dynamic simulations suggest that the S-link polymer conformations mimic aspects of the transition state. Our analogs form the basis for future cancer therapeutics and modulators of protein/sugar interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Dixy E Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sultan Baytas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Truong Pham
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Andrew Almond
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1, 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA.
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5
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Deng JQ, Lu Z, Liu J, Zhao Y, Hou XB, Guo XP, Jiang WJ, Wang FS, Sheng JZ. Heparosan oligosaccharide synthesis using engineered single-function glycosyltransferases. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 24-fold increase in GlcNAc-transferase ability through KfiA screening and engineering. An approach for heparosan oligosaccharide synthesis relying on single-function glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Bloomage BioTechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan 250010, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Bloomage BioTechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan 250010, China
| | - Xu-Ben Hou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xue-Ping Guo
- Bloomage BioTechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan 250010, China
| | - Wen-Jie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Feng-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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6
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Pasomboon P, Chumnanpuen P, E-Kobon T. Comparison of Hyaluronic Acid Biosynthetic Genes From Different Strains of Pasteurella multocida. Bioinform Biol Insights 2021; 15:11779322211027406. [PMID: 34220200 PMCID: PMC8221702 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211027406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida produces a capsule composed of different polysaccharides according to the capsular serotype (A, B, D, E, and F). Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a component of certain capsular types of this bacterium, especially capsular type A. Previously, 2 HA biosynthetic genes from a capsular type A strain were studied for the industrial-scale improvement of HA production. Molecular comparison of these genes across different capsular serotypes of P multocida has not been reported. This study aimed to compare 8 HA biosynthetic genes (pgi, pgm, galU, hyaC, glmS, glmM, glmU, and hyaD) of 22 P multocida strains (A:B:D:F = 6:6:6:4) with those of other organisms using sequence and structural bioinformatics analyses. These 8 genes showed a high level of within-species similarity (98%-99%) compared with other organisms. Only the last gene of 4 strains with capsular type F (HN07, PM70, HNF01, and HNF02) significantly differed from those of other strains (82%). Analysis of amino acid patterns together with phylogenetic results showed that the HA biosynthetic genes of the type A were closely related within the group. The genes in the capsular type F strain were notably similar to those of the capsular type A strain. Protein structural analysis supported structural similarities of the encoded enzymes between the strains of capsular types A, B, D, and F, except for the Pgm, GlmS, GlmU, and HyaD proteins. Our bioinformatics analytic workflow proposed that variations observed within these genes could be useful for genetic engineering–based improvement of hyaluronic acid–producing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pailin Pasomboon
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pramote Chumnanpuen
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerasak E-Kobon
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
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Caffalette CA, Kuklewicz J, Spellmon N, Zimmer J. Biosynthesis and Export of Bacterial Glycolipids. Annu Rev Biochem 2020; 89:741-768. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-011520-104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates are essential for many biological processes, from protein quality control to cell recognition, energy storage, and cell wall formation. Many of these processes are performed in topologically extracellular compartments or on the cell surface; hence, diverse secretion systems evolved to transport the hydrophilic molecules to their sites of action. Polyprenyl lipids serve as ubiquitous anchors and facilitators of these transport processes. Here, we summarize and compare bacterial biosynthesis pathways relying on the recognition and transport of lipid-linked complex carbohydrates. In particular, we compare transporters implicated in O antigen and capsular polysaccharide biosyntheses with those facilitating teichoic acid and N-linked glycan transport. Further, we discuss recent insights into the generation, recognition, and recycling of polyprenyl lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Caffalette
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Jeremi Kuklewicz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Nicholas Spellmon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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8
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Chemoenzymatic synthesis of ultralow and low-molecular weight heparins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Zang LX, Du RR, Zang HC, Wang FS, Sheng JZ. Production of Arabidopsis thaliana UDP-Sugar Pyrophosphorylase by Pichia pastoris and Its Application in Efficient UDP-Glucose and UDP-Glucuronic Acid Synthesis. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Williams A, Gedeon KS, Vaidyanathan D, Yu Y, Collins CH, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Metabolic engineering of Bacillus megaterium for heparosan biosynthesis using Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase, PmHS2. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:132. [PMID: 31405374 PMCID: PMC6691538 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparosan is the unsulfated precursor of heparin and heparan sulfate and its synthesis is typically the first step in the production of bioengineered heparin. In addition to its utility as the starting material for this important anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory drug, heparosan is a versatile compound that possesses suitable chemical and physical properties for making a variety of high-quality tissue engineering biomaterials, gels and scaffolds, as well as serving as a drug delivery vehicle. The selected production host was the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium, which represents an increasingly used choice for high-yield production of intra- and extracellular biomolecules for scientific and industrial applications. RESULTS We have engineered the metabolism of B. megaterium to produce heparosan, using a T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) expression system. This system, which allows tightly regulated and efficient induction of genes of interest, has been co-opted for control of Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase (PmHS2). Specifically, we show that B. megaterium MS941 cells co-transformed with pT7-RNAP and pPT7_PmHS2 plasmids are capable of producing heparosan upon induction with xylose, providing an alternate, safe source of heparosan. Productivities of ~ 250 mg/L of heparosan in shake flasks and ~ 2.74 g/L in fed-batch cultivation were reached. The polydisperse Pasteurella heparosan synthase products from B. megaterium primarily consisted of a relatively high molecular weight (MW) heparosan (~ 200-300 kD) that may be appropriate for producing certain biomaterials; while the less abundant lower MW heparosan fractions (~ 10-40 kD) can be a suitable starting material for heparin synthesis. CONCLUSION We have successfully engineered an asporogenic and non-pathogenic B. megaterium host strain to produce heparosan for various applications, through a combination of genetic manipulation and growth optimization strategies. The heparosan products from B. megaterium display a different range of MW products than traditional E. coli K5 products, diversifying its potential applications and facilitating increased product utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Williams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Kamil S Gedeon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Deepika Vaidyanathan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia H Collins
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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11
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Meng DH, Du RR, Chen LZ, Li MT, Liu F, Hou J, Shi YK, Wang FS, Sheng JZ. Cascade synthesis of uridine-5'-diphosphate glucuronic acid by coupling multiple whole cells expressing hyperthermophilic enzymes. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:118. [PMID: 31262296 PMCID: PMC6604206 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymatic glycan synthesis has leapt forward in recent years and a number of glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) have been identified and prepared, which provides a guide to an efficient approach to prepare glycans containing glucuronic acid (GlcA) residues. The uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) activated form, UDP-GlcA, is the monosaccharide donor for these glucuronidation reactions. RESULTS To produce UDP-GlcA in a cost-effective way, an efficient three-step cascade route was developed using whole cells expressing hyperthermophilic enzymes to afford UDP-GlcA from starch. By coupling a coenzyme regeneration system with an appropriate expression level with UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase in a single strain, the cells were able to meet NAD+ requirements. Without addition of exogenous NAD+, the reaction produced 1.3 g L-1 UDP-GlcA, representing 100% and 46% conversion of UDP-Glc and UTP respectively. Finally, an anion exchange chromatography purification method was developed. UDP-GlcA was successfully obtained from the cascade system. The yield of UDP-GlcA during purification was about 92.0%. CONCLUSIONS This work built a de novo hyperthermophilic biosynthetic cascade into E. coli host cells, with the cells able to meet NAD+ cofactor requirements and act as microbial factories for UDP-GlcA synthesis, which opens a door to large-scale production of cheaper UDP-GlcA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Hua Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ran-Ran Du
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lu-Zhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Meng-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Jin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbiology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yi-Kang Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Feng-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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12
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Concise chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate analogues as potent BACE-1 inhibitors. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 217:232-239. [PMID: 31079681 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin, representative members of the glycosaminoglycans, possess distinct biological functions in terms of their specific interactions with hundreds of binding proteins. However, the structural properties of HS and heparin are complex due to their variable repeating motifs, different chain lengths and sulfation patterns. A concise chemoenzymatic approach has been developed to obtain well-defined low molecular weight (LMW) HS analogues. Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase-2 (PmHS2) was utilized to fabricate the HS backbones with controllable chain lengths ranging from 14mer to 26mer. Moreover, regioselective and overall sulfation were conducted by chemical approach. The persulfated HS analogues exhibited more potent beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1) inhibitory activity than heparin and enoxaparin, and enhanced BACE-1 inhibitions were also found with the increasing molecular size of the HS analogues. This approach supplies the promising LMW HS analogues for the potential development of novel anti-Alzheimer's drugs.
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13
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Identification and characterization of a chondroitin synthase from Avibacterium paragallinarum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4785-4797. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Characterization of heparan sulfate N -deacetylase/ N -sulfotransferase isoform 4 using synthetic oligosaccharide substrates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:547-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Zhang X, Green DE, Schultz VL, Lin L, Han X, Wang R, Yaksic A, Kim SY, DeAngelis PL, Linhardt RJ. Synthesis of 4-Azido-N-acetylhexosamine Uridine Diphosphate Donors: Clickable Glycosaminoglycans. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9910-9915. [PMID: 28813597 PMCID: PMC7558457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Unnatural chemically modified nucleotide sugars UDP-4-N3-GlcNAc and UDP-4-N3-GalNAc were chemically synthesized for the first time. These unnatural UDP sugar products were then tested for incorporation into hyaluronan, heparosan, or chondroitin using polysaccharide synthases. UDP-4-N3-GlcNAc served as a chain termination substrate for hyaluronan or heparosan synthases; the resulting 4-N3-GlcNAc-terminated hyaluronan and heparosan were then successfully conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 DIBO alkyne, demonstrating that this approach is generally applicable for labeling and detection of suitable glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Dixy E. Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Victor L. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Lei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ruitong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Alexander Yaksic
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Paul L. DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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16
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Lane RS, St. Ange K, Zolghadr B, Liu X, Schäffer C, Linhardt RJ, DeAngelis PL. Expanding glycosaminoglycan chemical space: towards the creation of sulfated analogs, novel polymers and chimeric constructs. Glycobiology 2017; 27:646-656. [PMID: 28334971 PMCID: PMC5458544 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have therapeutic potential in areas ranging from angiogenesis, inflammation, hemostasis and cancer. GAG bioactivity is conferred by intrinsic structural features, such as disaccharide composition, glycosidic linkages and sulfation pattern. Unfortunately, the in vitro enzymatic synthesis of defined GAGs is quite restricted by a limited understanding of current GAG synthases and modifying enzymes. Our work provides insights into GAG-active enzymes through the creation of sulfated oligosaccharides, a new polysaccharide and chimeric polymers. We show that a C6-sulfonated uridine diphospho (UDP)-glucose (Glc) derivative, sulfoquinovose, can be used as an uronic acid donor, but not as a hexosamine donor, to cap hyaluronan (HA) chains by the HA synthase from the microbe Pasteurella multocida. However, the two heparosan (HEP) synthases from the same species, PmHS1 and PmHS2, could not employ the UDP-sulfoquinovose under similar conditions. Serendipitously, we found that PmHS2 co-polymerized Glc with glucuronic acid (GlcA), creating a novel HEP-like polymer we named hepbiuronic acid [-4-GlcAβ1-4-Glcα1-]n. In addition, we created chimeric block polymers composed of both HA and HEP segments; in these reactions GlcA-, but not N-acetylglucosamine-(GlcNAc), terminated GAG acceptors were recognized by their noncognate synthase for further extension, likely due to the common β-linkage connecting GlcA to GlcNAc in both of these GAGs. Overall, these GAG constructs provide new tools for studying biology and offer potential for future sugar-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Lane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kalib St. Ange
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Behnam Zolghadr
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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17
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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18
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Vaidyanathan D, Williams A, Dordick JS, Koffas MA, Linhardt RJ. Engineered heparins as new anticoagulant drugs. Bioeng Transl Med 2017; 2:17-30. [PMID: 28516163 PMCID: PMC5412866 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is an anionic polysaccharide that is widely used as a clinical anticoagulant. This glycosaminoglycan is prepared from animal tissues in metric ton quantities. Animal-sourced heparin is also widely used in the preparation of low molecular weight heparins that are gaining in popularity as a result of their improved pharmacological properties. The recent contamination of pharmaceutical heparin together with concerns about increasing demand for this life saving drug and the fragility of the heparin supply chain has led the scientific community to consider other potential sources for heparin. This review examines progress toward the preparation of engineered heparins through chemical synthesis, chemoenzymatic synthesis, and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asher Williams
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Dept. of BiologyRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180
- Dept. of Biomedical EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180
| | - Mattheos A.G. Koffas
- Dept. of BiologyRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Dept. of BiologyRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180
- Dept. of Biomedical EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCenter for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNY12180
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19
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Schultz V, Suflita M, Liu X, Zhang X, Yu Y, Li L, Green DE, Xu Y, Zhang F, DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Heparan Sulfate Domains Required for Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 and 2 Signaling through Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1c. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2495-2509. [PMID: 28031461 PMCID: PMC5313116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.761585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A small library of well defined heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides was chemoenzymatically synthesized and used for a detailed structure-activity study of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 and FGF2 signaling through FGF receptor (FGFR) 1c. The HS polysaccharide tested contained both undersulfated (NA) domains and highly sulfated (NS) domains as well as very well defined non-reducing termini. This study examines differences in the HS selectivity of the positive canyons of the FGF12-FGFR1c2 and FGF22-FGFR1c2 HS binding sites of the symmetric FGF2-FGFR2-HS2 signal transduction complex. The results suggest that FGF12-FGFR1c2 binding site prefers a longer NS domain at the non-reducing terminus than FGF22-FGFR1c2 In addition, FGF22-FGFR1c2 can tolerate an HS chain having an N-acetylglucosamine residue at its non-reducing end. These results clearly demonstrate the different specificity of FGF12-FGFR1c2 and FGF22-FGFR1c2 for well defined HS structures and suggest that it is now possible to chemoenzymatically synthesize precise HS polysaccharides that can selectively mediate growth factor signaling. These HS polysaccharides might be useful in both understanding and controlling the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of cells in stem cell therapies, wound healing, and the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinyue Liu
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Xing Zhang
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Yanlei Yu
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Lingyun Li
- the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Dixy E Green
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, and
| | - Yongmei Xu
- the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Fuming Zhang
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, and
| | - Jian Liu
- the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
- Biology
- Biomedical Engineering, and
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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20
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Schultz VL, Zhang X, Linkens K, Rimel J, Green DE, DeAngelis PL, Linhardt RJ. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 4-Fluoro-N-Acetylhexosamine Uridine Diphosphate Donors: Chain Terminators in Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2243-2248. [PMID: 28128958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unnatural uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugar donors, UDP-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-N-acetylglucosamine (4FGlcNAc) and UDP-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-N-acetylgalactosamine (4FGalNAc), were prepared using both chemical and chemoenzymatic syntheses relying on N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GlmU). The resulting unnatural UDP-sugar donors were then tested as substrates in glycosaminoglycan synthesis catalyzed by various synthases. UDP-4FGlcNAc was transferred onto an acceptor by Pastuerella multocida heparosan synthase 1 and subsequently served as a chain terminator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Kathryn Linkens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jenna Rimel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Dixy E Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology , 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology , 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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21
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Zhao X, Chen Z, Gu G, Guo Z. Recent advances in the research of bacterial glucuronosyltransferases. J Carbohydr Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2016.1205597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Xue J, Jin L, Zhang X, Wang F, Ling P, Sheng J. Impact of donor binding on polymerization catalyzed by KfoC by regulating the affinity of enzyme for acceptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:844-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Farrugia BL, Lord MS, Melrose J, Whitelock JM. Can we produce heparin/heparan sulfate biomimetics using "mother-nature" as the gold standard? Molecules 2015; 20:4254-76. [PMID: 25751786 PMCID: PMC6272578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are heterogeneous in nature, not only due to differing disaccharide combinations, but also their sulfate modifications. HS is well known for its interactions with various growth factors and cytokines; and heparin for its clinical use as an anticoagulant. Due to their potential use in tissue regeneration; and the recent adverse events due to contamination of heparin; there is an increased surge to produce these GAGs on a commercial scale. The production of HS from natural sources is limited so strategies are being explored to be biomimetically produced via chemical; chemoenzymatic synthesis methods and through the recombinant expression of proteoglycans. This review details the most recent advances in the field of HS/heparin synthesis for the production of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and as a tool further our understanding of the interactions that occur between GAGs and growth factors and cytokines involved in tissue development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- The Raymond Purves Research Labs, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, The Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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24
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Engineering the product profile of a polysialyltransferase. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:437-42. [PMID: 24727899 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oligo- and polysaccharides have myriad applications as therapeutic reagents from glycoconjugate vaccines to matrices for tissue engineering. Polysaccharide length may vary over several orders of magnitude and is a critical determinant of both their physical properties and biological activities. Therefore, the tailored synthesis of oligo- and polysaccharides of defined size is a major goal for glycoengineering. By mutagenesis and screening of a bacterial polysialyltransferase (polyST), we identified a single-residue switch that controls the size distribution of polymeric products. Specific substitutions at this site yielded distributive enzymes that synthesize polysaccharides with narrow size distribution ideal for glycoengineering applications. Mechanistic investigation revealed that the wild-type enzyme has an extended binding site that accommodates at least 20 residues of the growing polymer; changes in affinity along this binding site allow fine-tuning of the enzyme's product distribution.
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25
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Chandarajoti K, Xu Y, Sparkenbaugh E, Key NS, Pawlinski R, Liu J. De novo synthesis of a narrow size distribution low-molecular-weight heparin. Glycobiology 2014; 24:476-86. [PMID: 24626379 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin, a commonly used anticoagulant drug, is a mixture of highly sulfated polysaccharides with various molecular weights (MWs). The unique sulfation pattern dictates the anticoagulant activity of heparin. Commercial heparins are categorized into three forms according to their average MW: unfractionated heparin (UFH, MWavg 14,000), low-MW heparin (LMWH, MWavg 3500-6500) and the synthetic pentasaccharide (fondaparinux, MW 1508.3). UFH is isolated from porcine intestine while LMWH is derived from UFH by various methods of depolymerization, which generate a wide range of oligosaccharide chain lengths. Different degradation methods result in structurally distinct LMWH products, displaying different pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties. In this report, we utilized a chemoenzymatic method to synthesize LMWH with the emphasis on controlling the size distribution of the oligosaccharides. A tetrasaccharide primer and a controlled enzyme-based polymerization were employed to build a narrow size oligosaccharide backbone. The oligosaccharide backbones were further modified by a series of sulfation and epimerization steps in order to obtain a full anticoagulation activity. Determination of the anticoagulation activity in vitro and ex vivo indicated that the synthetic LMWH has higher potency than enoxaparin, a commercial LMWH drug in clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasemsiri Chandarajoti
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Rm 303, Beard Hall
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26
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Sterner E, Masuko S, Li G, Li L, Green DE, Otto NJ, Xu Y, DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Fibroblast growth factor-based signaling through synthetic heparan sulfate blocks copolymers studied using high cell density three-dimensional cell printing. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9754-65. [PMID: 24563485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.546937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Four well-defined heparan sulfate (HS) block copolymers containing S-domains (high sulfo group content) placed adjacent to N-domains (low sulfo group content) were chemoenzymatically synthesized and characterized. The domain lengths in these HS block co-polymers were ~40 saccharide units. Microtiter 96-well and three-dimensional cell-based microarray assays utilizing murine immortalized bone marrow (BaF3) cells were developed to evaluate the activity of these HS block co-polymers. Each recombinant BaF3 cell line expresses only a single type of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) but produces neither HS nor fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). In the presence of different FGFs, BaF3 cell proliferation showed clear differences for the four HS block co-polymers examined. These data were used to examine the two proposed signaling models, the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 ternary complex model and the asymmetric FGF2-HS1-FGFR2 ternary complex model. In the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 model, two acidic HS chains bind in a basic canyon located on the top face of the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex. In this model the S-domains at the non-reducing ends of the two HS proteoglycan chains are proposed to interact with the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex. In contrast, in the asymmetric FGF2-HS1-FGFR2 model, a single HS chain interacts with the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex through a single S-domain that can be located at any position within an HS chain. Our data comparing a series of synthetically prepared HS block copolymers support a preference for the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 ternary complex model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sterner
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
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27
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Cress BF, Englaender JA, He W, Kasper D, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Masquerading microbial pathogens: capsular polysaccharides mimic host-tissue molecules. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:660-97. [PMID: 24372337 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria portends an impending postantibiotic age, characterized by diminishing efficacy of common antibiotics and routine application of multifaceted, complementary therapeutic approaches to treat bacterial infections, particularly multidrug-resistant organisms. The first line of defense for most bacterial pathogens consists of a physical and immunologic barrier known as the capsule, commonly composed of a viscous layer of carbohydrates that are covalently bound to the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria or often to lipids of the outer membrane in many Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are a diverse class of high molecular weight polysaccharides contributing to virulence of many human pathogens in the gut, respiratory tree, urinary tract, and other host tissues, by hiding cell surface components that might otherwise elicit host immune response. This review highlights capsular polysaccharides that are structurally identical or similar to polysaccharides found in mammalian tissues, including polysialic acid and glycosaminoglycan capsules hyaluronan, heparosan, and chondroitin. Such nonimmunogenic coatings render pathogens insensitive to certain immune responses, effectively increasing residence time in host tissues and enabling pathologically relevant population densities to be reached. Biosynthetic pathways and capsular involvement in immune system evasion are described, providing a basis for potential therapies aimed at supplementing or replacing antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady F Cress
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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28
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Chen Y, Li Y, Yu H, Sugiarto G, Thon V, Hwang J, Ding L, Hie L, Chen X. Tailored design and synthesis of heparan sulfate oligosaccharide analogues using sequential one-pot multienzyme systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11852-6. [PMID: 24038939 PMCID: PMC3943747 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Go Sugiarto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Vireak Thon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Joel Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Liana Hie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
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Chen Y, Li Y, Yu H, Sugiarto G, Thon V, Hwang J, Ding L, Hie L, Chen X. Tailored Design and Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharide Analogues Using Sequential One-Pot Multienzyme Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycans: re-creating, re-modeling and re-designing nature's longest or most complex carbohydrate chains. Glycobiology 2013; 23:764-77. [PMID: 23481097 PMCID: PMC3671772 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides composed of hexosamine-containing disaccharide repeating units. The three most studied classes of GAGs, heparin/heparan sulfate, hyaluronan and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, are essential macromolecules. GAGs isolated from animal and microbial sources have been utilized therapeutically, but naturally occurring GAGs are extremely heterogeneous limiting further development of these agents. These molecules pose difficult targets to construct by classical organic syntheses due to the long chain lengths and complex patterns of modification by sulfation and epimerization. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, a process that employs exquisite enzyme catalysts and various defined precursors (e.g. uridine 5'-diphosphosphate-sugar donors, sulfate donors, acceptors and oxazoline precursors), promises to deliver homogeneous GAGs. This review covers both theoretical and practical issues of GAG oligosaccharide and polysaccharide preparation as single molecular entities and in library formats. Even at this early stage of technology development, nearly monodisperse GAGs can be made with either natural or artificial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, Oklahoma City, OK 73126, USA.
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Donor substrate promiscuity of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities of Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase 2 (PmHS2) and Escherichia coli K5 KfiA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1127-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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