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Abettan A, Nguyen MH, Ladant D, Monticelli L, Chenal A. CyaA translocation across eukaryotic cell membranes. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1359408. [PMID: 38584704 PMCID: PMC10995232 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1359408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amiel Abettan
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Paris, France
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | - Minh-Ha Nguyen
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Luca Monticelli
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5086, University of Lyon, IBCP, Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
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2
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Sadi M, Carvalho N, Léger C, Vitorge B, Ladant D, Guijarro JI, Chenal A. B2LiVe, a label-free 1D-NMR method to quantify the binding of amphitropic peptides or proteins to membrane vesicles. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100624. [PMID: 37909050 PMCID: PMC10694493 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Amphitropic proteins and peptides reversibly partition from solution to membrane, a key process that regulates their functions. Experimental approaches classically used to measure protein partitioning into lipid bilayers, such as fluorescence and circular dichroism, are hardly usable when the peptides or proteins do not exhibit significant polarity and/or conformational changes upon membrane binding. Here, we describe binding to lipid vesicles (B2LiVe), a simple, robust, and widely applicable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method to determine the solution-to-membrane partitioning of unlabeled proteins or peptides. B2LiVe relies on previously described proton 1D-NMR fast-pulsing techniques. Membrane partitioning induces a large line broadening, leading to a loss of protein signals; therefore, the decrease of the NMR signal directly measures the fraction of membrane-bound protein. The method uses low polypeptide concentrations and has been validated on several membrane-interacting polypeptides, ranging from 3 to 54 kDa, with membrane vesicles of different sizes and various lipid compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Sadi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Carvalho
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Corentin Léger
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Vitorge
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - J Iñaki Guijarro
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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3
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Locht C. Pasteurian Contributions to the Study of Bordetella pertussis Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030176. [PMID: 36977067 PMCID: PMC10054083 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As a tribute to Louis Pasteur on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of his birth, this article summarizes the main contributions of scientists from Pasteur Institutes to the current knowledge of toxins produced by Bordetella pertussis. The article therefore focuses on publications authored by researchers from Pasteur Institutes and is not intended as a systematic review of B. pertussis toxins. Besides identifying B. pertussis as the causative agent of whooping cough, Pasteurians have made several major contributions with respect to the structure–function relationship of the Bordetella lipo-oligosaccharide, adenylyl cyclase toxin and pertussis toxin. In addition to contributing to the understanding of these toxins’ mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels and their role in pathogenesis, scientists at Pasteur Institutes have also exploited potential applications of the gathered knowledge of these toxins. These applications range from the development of novel tools to study protein–protein interactions over the design of novel antigen delivery tools, such as prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine candidates against cancer and viral infection, to the development of a live attenuated nasal pertussis vaccine. This scientific journey from basic science to applications in the field of human health matches perfectly with the overall scientific objectives outlined by Louis Pasteur himself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Locht
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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4
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Four Cholesterol-Recognition Motifs in the Pore-Forming and Translocation Domains of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Are Essential for Invasion of Eukaryotic Cells and Lysis of Erythrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158703. [PMID: 35955837 PMCID: PMC9369406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin (ACT or CyaA) is one of the important virulence factors secreted by Bordetella pertussis, the bacterium causative of whooping cough. ACT debilitates host defenses by production of unregulated levels of cAMP into the cell cytosol upon delivery of its N-terminal domain with adenylate cyclase activity (AC domain) and by forming pores in the plasma membrane of macrophages. Binding of soluble toxin monomers to the plasma membrane of target cells and conversion into membrane-integrated proteins are the first and last step for these toxin activities; however, the molecular determinants in the protein or the target membrane that govern this conversion to an active toxin form are fully unknown. It was previously reported that cytotoxic and cytolytic activities of ACT depend on membrane cholesterol. Here we show that ACT specifically interacts with membrane cholesterol, and find in two membrane-interacting ACT domains, four cholesterol-binding motifs that are essential for AC domain translocation and lytic activities. We hypothesize that direct ACT interaction with membrane cholesterol through those four cholesterol-binding motifs drives insertion and stabilizes the transmembrane topology of several helical elements that ultimately build the ACT structure for AC delivery and pore-formation, thereby explaining the cholesterol-dependence of the ACT activities. The requirement for lipid-mediated stabilization of transmembrane helices appears to be a unifying mechanism to modulate toxicity in pore-forming toxins.
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5
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González Bullón D, Uribe KB, Amuategi J, Martín C, Ostolaza H. Cholesterol stimulates the lytic activity of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin on lipid membranes by promoting toxin oligomerization and formation of pores with a greater effective size. FEBS J 2021; 288:6795-6814. [PMID: 34216517 PMCID: PMC9290974 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several toxins acting on animal cells present different, but specific, interactions with cholesterol. Bordetella pertussis infects the human respiratory tract and causes whooping cough, a highly contagious and resurgent disease. Its virulence factor adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) plays an important role in the course of infection. ACT is a pore‐forming cytolysin belonging to the Repeats in ToXin (RTX) family of leukotoxins/hemolysins and is capable of permeabilizing several cell types and lipid vesicles. Previously, we observed that in the presence of cholesterol ACT induces greater liposome permeabilization. Similarly, recent reports also implicate cholesterol in the cytotoxicity of an increasing number of pore‐forming RTX toxins. However, the mechanistic details by which this sterol promotes the lytic activity of ACT or of these other RTX toxins remain largely unexplored and poorly understood. Here, we have applied a combination of biophysical techniques to dissect the role of cholesterol in pore formation by ACT. Our results indicate that cholesterol enhances the lytic potency of ACT by promoting toxin oligomerization, a step which is indispensable for ACT to accomplish membrane permeabilization and cell lysis. Since our experimental design eliminates the possibility that this cholesterol effect derives from toxin accumulation due to lateral lipid phase segregation, we hypothesize that cholesterol facilitates lytic pore formation, by favoring a toxin conformation more prone to protein–protein interactions and oligomerization. Our data shed light on the complex relationship between lipid membranes and protein toxins acting on these membranes. Coupling cholesterol binding, increased oligomerization and increased lytic activity is likely pertinent for other RTX cytolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González Bullón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kepa B Uribe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jone Amuategi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - César Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Helena Ostolaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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6
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Voegele A, Sadi M, O'Brien DP, Gehan P, Raoux‐Barbot D, Davi M, Hoos S, Brûlé S, Raynal B, Weber P, Mechaly A, Haouz A, Rodriguez N, Vachette P, Durand D, Brier S, Ladant D, Chenal A. A High-Affinity Calmodulin-Binding Site in the CyaA Toxin Translocation Domain is Essential for Invasion of Eukaryotic Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003630. [PMID: 33977052 PMCID: PMC8097335 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms and forces involved in the translocation of bacterial toxins into host cells are still a matter of intense research. The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin from Bordetella pertussis displays a unique intoxication pathway in which its catalytic domain is directly translocated across target cell membranes. The CyaA translocation region contains a segment, P454 (residues 454-484), which exhibits membrane-active properties related to antimicrobial peptides. Herein, the results show that this peptide is able to translocate across membranes and to interact with calmodulin (CaM). Structural and biophysical analyses reveal the key residues of P454 involved in membrane destabilization and calmodulin binding. Mutational analysis demonstrates that these residues play a crucial role in CyaA translocation into target cells. In addition, calmidazolium, a calmodulin inhibitor, efficiently blocks CyaA internalization. It is proposed that after CyaA binding to target cells, the P454 segment destabilizes the plasma membrane, translocates across the lipid bilayer and binds calmodulin. Trapping of CyaA by the CaM:P454 interaction in the cytosol may assist the entry of the N-terminal catalytic domain by converting the stochastic motion of the polypeptide chain through the membrane into an efficient vectorial chain translocation into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Voegele
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
- Université de ParisSorbonne Paris CitéParis75006France
| | - Mirko Sadi
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
- Université de ParisSorbonne Paris CitéParis75006France
| | - Darragh Patrick O'Brien
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
| | - Pauline Gehan
- Sorbonne UniversitéÉcole normale supérieurePSL UniversityCNRSLaboratoire des biomoléculesLBMParis75005France
| | - Dorothée Raoux‐Barbot
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
| | - Maryline Davi
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
| | - Sylviane Hoos
- Plateforme de Biophysique MoléculaireInstitut PasteurUMR 3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Sébastien Brûlé
- Plateforme de Biophysique MoléculaireInstitut PasteurUMR 3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Plateforme de Biophysique MoléculaireInstitut PasteurUMR 3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Patrick Weber
- Institut PasteurPlate‐forme de cristallographie‐C2RTUMR‐3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Ariel Mechaly
- Institut PasteurPlate‐forme de cristallographie‐C2RTUMR‐3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Institut PasteurPlate‐forme de cristallographie‐C2RTUMR‐3528 CNRSParis75015France
| | - Nicolas Rodriguez
- Sorbonne UniversitéÉcole normale supérieurePSL UniversityCNRSLaboratoire des biomoléculesLBMParis75005France
| | - Patrice Vachette
- Université Paris‐SaclayCEACNRSInstitute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Gif‐sur‐Yvette91198France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Université Paris‐SaclayCEACNRSInstitute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Gif‐sur‐Yvette91198France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Biological NMR Technological PlateformCenter for Technological Resources and ResearchDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions UnitDepartment of Structural Biology and ChemistryInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR3528Paris75015France
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7
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Masin J, Osickova A, Jurnecka D, Klimova N, Khaliq H, Sebo P, Osicka R. Retargeting from the CR3 to the LFA-1 receptor uncovers the adenylyl cyclase enzyme-translocating segment of Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9349-9365. [PMID: 32393579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA) and the α-hemolysin (HlyA) of Escherichia coli belong to the family of cytolytic pore-forming Repeats in ToXin (RTX) cytotoxins. HlyA preferentially binds the αLβ2 integrin LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) of leukocytes and can promiscuously bind and also permeabilize many other cells. CyaA bears an N-terminal adenylyl cyclase (AC) domain linked to a pore-forming RTX cytolysin (Hly) moiety, binds the complement receptor 3 (CR3, αMβ2, CD11b/CD18, or Mac-1) of myeloid phagocytes, penetrates their plasma membrane, and delivers the AC enzyme into the cytosol. We constructed a set of CyaA/HlyA chimeras and show that the CyaC-acylated segment and the CR3-binding RTX domain of CyaA can be functionally replaced by the HlyC-acylated segment and the much shorter RTX domain of HlyA. Instead of binding CR3, a CyaA1-710/HlyA411-1024 chimera bound the LFA-1 receptor and effectively delivered AC into Jurkat T cells. At high chimera concentrations (25 nm), the interaction with LFA-1 was not required for CyaA1-710/HlyA411-1024 binding to CHO cells. However, interaction with the LFA-1 receptor strongly enhanced the specific capacity of the bound CyaA1-710/HlyA411-1024 chimera to penetrate cells and deliver the AC enzyme into their cytosol. Hence, interaction of the acylated segment and/or the RTX domain of HlyA with LFA-1 promoted a productive membrane interaction of the chimera. These results help delimit residues 400-710 of CyaA as an "AC translocon" sufficient for translocation of the AC polypeptide across the plasma membrane of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Masin
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Osickova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Jurnecka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nela Klimova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Humaira Khaliq
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Negative charge of the AC-to-Hly linking segment modulates calcium-dependent membrane activities of Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183310. [PMID: 32333856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct conformers of the adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) appear to accomplish its two parallel activities within target cell membrane. The translocating conformer would deliver the N-terminal adenylyl cyclase (AC) enzyme domain across plasma membrane into cytosol of cells, while the pore precursor conformer would assemble into oligomeric cation-selective pores and permeabilize cellular membrane. Both toxin activities then involve a membrane-interacting 'AC-to-Hly-linking segment' (residues 400 to 500). Here, we report the NMR structure of the corresponding CyaA411-490 polypeptide in dodecylphosphocholine micelles and show that it consists of two α-helices linked by an unrestrained loop. The N-terminal α-helix (Gly418 to His439) remained solvent accessible, while the C-terminal α-helix (His457 to Phe485) was fully enclosed within detergent micelles. CyaA411-490 weakly bound Ca2+ ions (apparent KD 2.6 mM) and permeabilized negatively charged lipid vesicles. At high concentrations (10 μM) the CyaA411-490 polypeptide formed stable conductance units in artificial lipid bilayers with applied voltage, suggesting its possible transmembrane orientation in the membrane-inserted toxin. Mutagenesis revealed that two clusters of negatively charged residues within the 'AC-to-Hly-linking segment' (Glu419 to Glu432 and Asp445 to Glu448) regulate the balance between the AC domain translocating and pore-forming capacities of CyaA in function of calcium concentration.
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9
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Etxaniz A, González‐Bullón D, Martín C, Alonso MT, Ostolaza H. Irreversibleversusrepairable membrane poration: differences in permeabilization elicited byBordetellaAdenylate Cyclase Toxin and its hemolysin domain in macrophages. FEBS J 2019; 287:1798-1815. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asier Etxaniz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (UPV/EHU) Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU CSIC) Bilbao Spain
| | - David González‐Bullón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (UPV/EHU) Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU CSIC) Bilbao Spain
| | - César Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (UPV/EHU) Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU CSIC) Bilbao Spain
| | | | - Helena Ostolaza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (UPV/EHU) Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU CSIC) Bilbao Spain
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10
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O'Brien DP, Cannella SE, Voegele A, Raoux-Barbot D, Davi M, Douché T, Matondo M, Brier S, Ladant D, Chenal A. Post-translational acylation controls the folding and functions of the CyaA RTX toxin. FASEB J 2019; 33:10065-10076. [PMID: 31226003 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802442rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin is a major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA is synthetized as a pro-toxin, pro-CyaA, and converted into its cytotoxic form upon acylation of two lysines. After secretion, CyaA invades eukaryotic cells and produces cAMP, leading to host defense subversion. To gain further insights into the effect of acylation, we compared the functional and structural properties of pro-CyaA and CyaA proteins. HDX-MS results show that the refolding process of both proteins upon progressive urea removal is initiated by calcium binding to the C-terminal RTX domain. We further identified a critical hydrophobic segment, distal from the acylation region, that folds at higher urea concentration in CyaA than in pro-CyaA. Once refolded into monomers, CyaA is more compact and stable than pro-CyaA, due to a complex set of interactions between domains. Our HDX-MS data provide direct evidence that the presence of acyl chains in CyaA induces a significant stabilization of the apolar segments of the hydrophobic domain and of most of the acylation region. We propose a refolding model dependent on calcium and driven by local and distal acylation-dependent interactions within CyaA. Therefore, CyaA acylation is not only critical for cell intoxication, but also for protein refolding into its active conformation. Our data shed light on the complex relationship between post-translational modifications, structural disorder and protein folding. Coupling calcium-binding and acylation-driven folding is likely pertinent for other repeat-in-toxin cytolysins produced by many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.-O'Brien, D. P., Cannella, S. E., Voegele, A., Raoux-Barbot, D., Davi, M., Douché, T., Matondo, M., Brier, S., Ladant, D., Chenal, A. Post-translational acylation controls the folding and functions of the CyaA RTX toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh P O'Brien
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Sara E Cannella
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Voegele
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot Paris VII, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dorothée Raoux-Barbot
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Marilyne Davi
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Institut Pasteur, Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France.,Biological NMR Technical Platform, Center for Technological Resources and Research, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, UMR CNRS 3528, Paris, France
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11
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Ostolaza H, González-Bullón D, Uribe KB, Martín C, Amuategi J, Fernandez-Martínez X. Membrane Permeabilization by Pore-Forming RTX Toxins: What Kind of Lesions Do These Toxins Form? Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060354. [PMID: 31216745 PMCID: PMC6628442 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) form nanoscale pores across target membranes causing cell death. The pore-forming cytolysins of the RTX (repeats in toxin) family belong to a steadily increasing family of proteins characterized by having in their primary sequences a number of glycine- and aspartate-rich nonapeptide repeats. They are secreted by a variety of Gram-negative bacteria and form ion-permeable pores in several cell types, such as immune cells, epithelial cells, or erythrocytes. Pore-formation by RTX-toxins leads to the dissipation of ionic gradients and membrane potential across the cytoplasmic membrane of target cells, which results in cell death. The pores formed in lipid bilayers by the RTX-toxins share some common properties such as cation selectivity and voltage-dependence. Hemolytic and cytolytic RTX-toxins are important virulence factors in the pathogenesis of the producing bacteria. And hence, understanding the function of these proteins at the molecular level is critical to elucidating their role in disease processes. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge on pore-formation by RTX toxins, and include recent results from our own laboratory regarding the pore-forming activity of adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT or CyaA), a large protein toxin secreted by Bordetella pertussis, the bacterium causative of whooping cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ostolaza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (UPV/EHU) and Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - David González-Bullón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (UPV/EHU) and Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Kepa B Uribe
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (UPV/EHU) and Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Cesar Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (UPV/EHU) and Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jone Amuategi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (UPV/EHU) and Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Xabier Fernandez-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (UPV/EHU) and Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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12
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Voegele A, Sadi M, Raoux-Barbot D, Douché T, Matondo M, Ladant D, Chenal A. The Adenylate Cyclase (CyaA) Toxin from Bordetella pertussis Has No Detectable Phospholipase A (PLA) Activity In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020111. [PMID: 30781809 PMCID: PMC6409671 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin produced in Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA exhibits the remarkable capacity to translocate its N-terminal adenyl cyclase domain (ACD) directly across the plasma membrane into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Once translocated, calmodulin binds and activates ACD, leading to a burst of cAMP that intoxicates the target cell. Previously, Gonzalez-Bullon et al. reported that CyaA exhibits a phospholipase A activity that could destabilize the membrane to facilitate ACD membrane translocation. However, Bumba and collaborators lately reported that they could not replicate these results. To clarify this controversy, we assayed the putative PLA activity of two CyaA samples purified in two different laboratories by using two distinct fluorescent probes reporting either PLA2 or both PLA1 and PLA2 activities, as well as in various experimental conditions (i.e., neutral or negatively charged membranes in different buffers.) However, we could not detect any PLA activity in these CyaA batches. Thus, our data independently confirm that CyaA does not possess any PLA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Voegele
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Diderot Paris VII, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Mirko Sadi
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Dorothée Raoux-Barbot
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Proteomics Platform, Institut Pasteur, USR CNRS 2000, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Proteomics Platform, Institut Pasteur, USR CNRS 2000, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France.
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13
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González-Bullón D, Martín C, Ostolaza H. Characterization of the Intrinsic Phospholipase A1 Activity of Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E514. [PMID: 30518046 PMCID: PMC6316389 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT, CyaA) is one of the important virulence factors secreted by the whooping cough bacterium Bordetella pertussis, and it is essential for the colonization of the human respiratory tract by this bacterium. Cytotoxicity by ACT results from the synergy between toxin's two main activities, production of supraphysiological cAMP levels by its N-terminal adenylate cyclase domain (AC domain), and cell membrane permeabilization, induced by its C-terminal pore-forming domain (hemolysin domain), which debilitate the host defenses. In a previous study we discovered that purified ACT is endowed with intrinsic phospholipase A1 (PLA) activity and that Ser in position 606 of the ACT polypeptide is a catalytic site for such hydrolytic activity, as part of G-X-S-X-G catalytic motif. Recently these findings and our conclusions have been directly questioned by other authors who claim that ACT-PLA activity does not exist. Here we provide new data on ACT phospholipase A1 characteristics. Based on our results we reaffirm our previous conclusions that ACT is endowed with PLA activity; that our purified ACT preparations are devoid of any impurity with phospholipase A activity; that ACT-S606A is a PLA-inactive mutant and thus, that Ser606 is a catalytic site for the toxin hydrolytic activity on phospholipids, and that ACT-PLA activity is involved in AC translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Bullón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - César Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Helena Ostolaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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14
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Voegele A, O'Brien DP, Subrini O, Sapay N, Cannella SE, Enguéné VYN, Hessel A, Karst J, Hourdel V, Perez ACS, Davi M, Veneziano R, Chopineau J, Vachette P, Durand D, Brier S, Ladant D, Chenal A. Translocation and calmodulin-activation of the adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5188676. [PMID: 30452651 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) is a multi-domain protein secreted by Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA is involved in the early stages of respiratory tract colonization by Bordetella pertussis. CyaA is produced and acylated in the bacteria, and secreted via a dedicated secretion system. The cell intoxication process involves a unique mechanism of transport of the CyaA toxin catalytic domain (ACD) across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Once translocated, ACD binds to and is activated by calmodulin and produces high amounts of cAMP, subverting the physiology of eukaryotic cells. Here, we review our work on the identification and characterization of a critical region of CyaA, the translocation region, required to deliver ACD into the cytosol of target cells. The translocation region contains a segment that exhibits membrane-active properties, i.e. is able to fold upon membrane interaction and permeabilize lipid bilayers. We proposed that this region is required to locally destabilize the membrane, decreasing the energy required for ACD translocation. To further study the translocation process, we developed a tethered bilayer lipid membrane (tBLM) design that recapitulate the ACD transport across a membrane separating two hermetic compartments. We showed that ACD translocation is critically dependent on calcium, membrane potential, CyaA acylation and on the presence of calmodulin in the trans compartment. Finally, we describe how calmodulin-binding triggers key conformational changes in ACD, leading to its activation and production of supraphysiological concentrations of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Voegele
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.,Université Paris Diderot Paris VII, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Darragh P O'Brien
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.,University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Orso Subrini
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Nicolas Sapay
- Bioaster Technology Research Institute, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sara E Cannella
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France.,University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Yvette Ntsogo Enguéné
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Audrey Hessel
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Johanna Karst
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Véronique Hourdel
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Ana Cristina Sotomayor Perez
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Marilyne Davi
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Rémi Veneziano
- ICGM, UMR 5253 Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France.,Department of Bioengineering, Volgenau School of Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4422, USA
| | - Joel Chopineau
- ICGM, UMR 5253 Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Patrice Vachette
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex 91198, France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, CEDEX 15, France
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15
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Chenal A, Ladant D. Bioengineering of Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin for Antigen-Delivery and Immunotherapy. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E302. [PMID: 30037010 PMCID: PMC6070788 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) is one of the major virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA is able to invade eukaryotic cells where, upon activation by endogenous calmodulin, it synthesizes massive amounts of cAMP that alters cellular physiology. The CyaA toxin is a 1706 residues-long bifunctional protein: the catalytic domain is located in the 400 amino-proximal residues, whereas the carboxy-terminal 1306 residues are implicated in toxin binding to the cellular receptor, the αMβ₂ (CD11b/CD18) integrin, and subsequently in the translocation of the catalytic domain across the cytoplasmic membrane of the target cells. Indeed, this protein is endowed with the unique capability of delivering its N-terminal catalytic domain directly across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic target cells. These properties have been exploited to engineer the CyaA toxin as a potent non-replicating vector able to deliver antigens into antigen presenting cells and elicit specific cell-mediated immune responses. Antigens of interest can be inserted into the CyaA protein to yield recombinant molecules that are targeted in vivo to dendritic cells, where the antigens are processed and presented by the major class I and class II histocompatibility complexes (MHC-I and II). CyaA turned out to be a remarkably effective and versatile vaccine vector capable of inducing all the components of the immune response (T-CD4, T-CD8, and antibody). In this chapter, we summarize the basic knowledge on the adenylate cyclase toxin and then describe the application of CyaA in vaccinology, including some recent results of clinical trials of immunotherapy using a recombinant CyaA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, UMR CNRS 3528, Structural Biology and Chemistry Department, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, UMR CNRS 3528, Structural Biology and Chemistry Department, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France.
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16
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O'Brien DP, Perez ACS, Karst J, Cannella SE, Enguéné VYN, Hessel A, Raoux-Barbot D, Voegele A, Subrini O, Davi M, Guijarro JI, Raynal B, Baron B, England P, Hernandez B, Ghomi M, Hourdel V, Malosse C, Chamot-Rooke J, Vachette P, Durand D, Brier S, Ladant D, Chenal A. Calcium-dependent disorder-to-order transitions are central to the secretion and folding of the CyaA toxin of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. Toxicon 2018; 149:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Lee TH, Hirst DJ, Kulkarni K, Del Borgo MP, Aguilar MI. Exploring Molecular-Biomembrane Interactions with Surface Plasmon Resonance and Dual Polarization Interferometry Technology: Expanding the Spotlight onto Biomembrane Structure. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5392-5487. [PMID: 29793341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular analysis of biomolecular-membrane interactions is central to understanding most cellular systems but has emerged as a complex technical challenge given the complexities of membrane structure and composition across all living cells. We present a review of the application of surface plasmon resonance and dual polarization interferometry-based biosensors to the study of biomembrane-based systems using both planar mono- or bilayers or liposomes. We first describe the optical principals and instrumentation of surface plasmon resonance, including both linear and extraordinary transmission modes and dual polarization interferometry. We then describe the wide range of model membrane systems that have been developed for deposition on the chips surfaces that include planar, polymer cushioned, tethered bilayers, and liposomes. This is followed by a description of the different chemical immobilization or physisorption techniques. The application of this broad range of engineered membrane surfaces to biomolecular-membrane interactions is then overviewed and how the information obtained using these techniques enhance our molecular understanding of membrane-mediated peptide and protein function. We first discuss experiments where SPR alone has been used to characterize membrane binding and describe how these studies yielded novel insight into the molecular events associated with membrane interactions and how they provided a significant impetus to more recent studies that focus on coincident membrane structure changes during binding of peptides and proteins. We then discuss the emerging limitations of not monitoring the effects on membrane structure and how SPR data can be combined with DPI to provide significant new information on how a membrane responds to the binding of peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Hsien Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Monash University , Clayton , VIC 3800 , Australia
| | - Daniel J Hirst
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Monash University , Clayton , VIC 3800 , Australia
| | - Ketav Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Monash University , Clayton , VIC 3800 , Australia
| | - Mark P Del Borgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Monash University , Clayton , VIC 3800 , Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Monash University , Clayton , VIC 3800 , Australia
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18
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O’Brien DP, Durand D, Voegele A, Hourdel V, Davi M, Chamot-Rooke J, Vachette P, Brier S, Ladant D, Chenal A. Calmodulin fishing with a structurally disordered bait triggers CyaA catalysis. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2004486. [PMID: 29287065 PMCID: PMC5764468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Once translocated into the cytosol of target cells, the catalytic domain (AC) of the adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA), a major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, is potently activated by binding calmodulin (CaM) to produce supraphysiological levels of cAMP, inducing cell death. Using a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SR-CD), we show that, in the absence of CaM, AC exhibits significant structural disorder, and a 75-residue-long stretch within AC undergoes a disorder-to-order transition upon CaM binding. Beyond this local folding, CaM binding induces long-range allosteric effects that stabilize the distant catalytic site, whilst preserving catalytic loop flexibility. We propose that the high enzymatic activity of AC is due to a tight balance between the CaM-induced decrease of structural flexibility around the catalytic site and the preservation of catalytic loop flexibility, allowing for fast substrate binding and product release. The CaM-induced dampening of AC conformational disorder is likely relevant to other CaM-activated enzymes. Calmodulin is a widespread and highly conserved protein that interacts with a wide variety of eukaryotic proteins and enzymes, controlling their activities in response to calcium. The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, is one such calmodulin target. Once transported across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, the catalytic domain (AC) of CyaA is activated by calmodulin, producing high levels of cAMP, which can induce cell death. We use an integrative structural biology approach combining several biophysical techniques to characterize the structural rearrangements in AC upon calmodulin binding and to elucidate their relationship to CyaA activation. We show that a disordered stretch of 75 amino acid residues in AC serves as a bait for calmodulin capture. Binding induces significant folding within this region, a prerequisite for CyaA activation. Calmodulin binding promotes the stabilization of the distant catalytic site, whilst maintaining its catalytic loop in a flexible and exposed state. Both phenomena contribute to the high enzymatic activity of AC, allowing for fast substrate binding and cAMP release. The calmodulin-induced reduction of AC conformational disorder is likely relevant to other calmodulin-activated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh P. O’Brien
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- * E-mail: (A.C.); (D.L.); (D.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Alexis Voegele
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Hourdel
- Institut Pasteur, USR CNRS 2000, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, CITECH, Paris, France
| | - Marilyne Davi
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Paris, France
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, USR CNRS 2000, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, CITECH, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Vachette
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Institut Pasteur, USR CNRS 2000, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, CITECH, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (A.C.); (D.L.); (D.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (A.C.); (D.L.); (D.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (A.C.); (D.L.); (D.D.); (S.B.)
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19
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Novák J, Fabrik I, Linhartová I, Link M, Černý O, Stulík J, Šebo P. Phosphoproteomics of cAMP signaling of Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin in mouse dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16298. [PMID: 29176673 PMCID: PMC5701129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of the whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis subverts immune functions of host myeloid cells expressing the αMβ2 integrin (CD11b/CD18, CR3 or Mac-1). CyaA delivers into cytosol of cells an extremely catalytically active adenylyl cyclase enzyme, which disrupts the innate and adaptive immune functions of phagocytes through unregulated production of the key signaling molecule cAMP. We have used phosphoproteomics to analyze cAMP signaling of CyaA in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. CyaA action resulted in alterations of phosphorylation state of a number of proteins that regulate actin cytoskeleton homeostasis, including Mena, Talin-1 and VASP. CyaA action repressed mTOR signaling through activation of mTORC1 inhibitors TSC2 and PRAS40 and altered phosphorylation of multiple chromatin remodelers, including the class II histone deacetylase HDAC5. CyaA toxin action further elicited inhibitory phosphorylation of SIK family kinases involved in modulation of immune response and provoked dephosphorylation of the transcriptional coactivator CRTC3, indicating that CyaA-promoted nuclear translocation of CRTC3 may account for CyaA-induced IL-10 production. These findings document the complexity of subversive physiological manipulation of myeloid phagocytes by the CyaA toxin, serving in immune evasion of the pertussis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Novák
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Fabrik
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Linhartová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Link
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Černý
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Stulík
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Šebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.
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20
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Membrane-Active Properties of an Amphitropic Peptide from the CyaA Toxin Translocation Region. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110369. [PMID: 29135925 PMCID: PMC5705984 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin CyaA is involved in the early stages of infection by Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA intoxicates target cells by a direct translocation of its catalytic domain (AC) across the plasma membrane and produces supraphysiological levels of cAMP, leading to cell death. The molecular process of AC translocation remains largely unknown, however. We have previously shown that deletion of residues 375–485 of CyaA selectively abrogates AC translocation into eukaryotic cells. We further identified within this “translocation region” (TR), P454 (residues 454–484), a peptide that exhibits membrane-active properties, i.e., is able to bind and permeabilize lipid vesicles. Here, we analyze various sequences from CyaA predicted to be amphipatic and show that although several of these peptides can bind membranes and adopt a helical conformation, only the P454 peptide is able to permeabilize membranes. We further characterize the contributions of the two arginine residues of P454 to membrane partitioning and permeabilization by analyzing the peptide variants in which these residues are substituted by different amino acids (e.g., A, K, Q, and E). Our data shows that both arginine residues significantly contribute, although diversely, to the membrane-active properties of P454, i.e., interactions with both neutral and anionic lipids, helix formation in membranes, and disruption of lipid bilayer integrity. These results are discussed in the context of the translocation process of the full-length CyaA toxin.
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21
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Synthesis and characterization of tethered lipid assemblies for membrane protein reconstitution (Review). Biointerphases 2017; 12:04E301. [PMID: 28958150 DOI: 10.1116/1.4994299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes and their related molecular mechanisms are essential for all living organisms. Membranes host numerous proteins and are responsible for the exchange of molecules and ions, cell signaling, and cell compartmentation. Indeed, the plasma membrane delimits the intracellular compartment from the extracellular environment and intracellular membranes. Biological membranes also play a major role in metabolism regulation and cellular physiology (e.g., mitochondrial membranes). The elaboration of membrane based biomimetic systems allows us to reconstitute and investigate, in controlled conditions, biological events occurring at the membrane interface. A whole variety of model membrane systems have been developed in the last few decades. Among these models, supported membranes were developed on various hydrophilic supports. The use of solid supports enables the direct use of surface sensitive techniques (e.g., surface plasmon resonance, quartz crystal microbalance, and atomic force microscopy) to monitor and quantify events occurring at the membrane surface. Tethered bilayer membranes (tBLMs) could be considered as an achievement of the first solid supported membranes described by the McConnell group. Tethered bilayers on solid supports were designed to delimit an inside compartment from an outside one. They were used for measuring interactions with ligands or incorporating large membrane proteins or complexes without interference with the support. In this context, the authors developed an easy concept of versatile tBLMs assembled on amino coated substrates that are formed upon the vesicle fusion rupture process applicable to protein-free vesicles as well as proteoliposomes. The phospholipid bilayer (natural or synthetic lipids) incorporated 5% of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly ethylene glycol-N-hydroxy succinimide to ensure the anchorage of the bilayer to the amino coated surface. The conditions for the formation of tBLMs on amino-coated gold and glass were optimized for protein-free vesicles. This biomimetic membrane delimits an inside "trans" compartment separated from an outside reservoir "cis." Using this tBLM construction, the authors were interested in deciphering two complex molecular mechanisms involving membrane-associated proteins. The first one concerns two mitochondrial proteins, i.e., the porin voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) embedded in the outer membrane and the nucleotide transporter (adenine nucleotide translocase) that interacts dynamically during mitochondrial pathophysiology. The purified VDAC porin was first reconstituted in proteoliposomes that were subsequently assembled on an amino coated support to form a biomimetic membrane. As a major result, VDAC was reconstituted in this tBLM and calcium channeling was demonstrated across the lipid bilayer. The same two-compartment biomimetic membrane design was further engineered to study the translocation mechanism of a bacterial toxin, the adenylate cyclase toxin, CyaA, from Bordetella pertussis. As a result, the authors developed an elegant in vitro translocation toolkit applicable to potentially a large panel of proteins transported across membranes.
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Structure-Function Relationships Underlying the Capacity of Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase Toxin to Disarm Host Phagocytes. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100300. [PMID: 28946636 PMCID: PMC5666347 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetellae, pathogenic to mammals, produce an immunomodulatory adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA, ACT or AC-Hly) that enables them to overcome the innate immune defense of the host. CyaA subverts host phagocytic cells by an orchestrated action of its functional domains, where an extremely catalytically active adenylyl cyclase enzyme is delivered into phagocyte cytosol by a pore-forming repeat-in-toxin (RTX) cytolysin moiety. By targeting sentinel cells expressing the complement receptor 3, known as the CD11b/CD18 (αMβ₂) integrin, CyaA compromises the bactericidal functions of host phagocytes and supports infection of host airways by Bordetellae. Here, we review the state of knowledge on structural and functional aspects of CyaA toxin action, placing particular emphasis on signaling mechanisms by which the toxin-produced 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) subverts the physiology of phagocytic cells.
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23
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Understanding the Mechanism of Translocation of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin across Biological Membranes. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100295. [PMID: 28934133 PMCID: PMC5666342 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is one of the principal virulence factors secreted by the whooping cough causative bacterium Bordetella pertussis, and it has a critical role in colonization of the respiratory tract and establishment of the disease. ACT targets phagocytes via binding to the CD11b/CD18 integrin and delivers its N-terminal adenylate cyclase (AC) domain directly to the cell cytosol, where it catalyzes unregulated conversion of cytosolic ATP into cAMP upon activation by binding to cellular calmodulin. High cAMP levels disrupt bactericidal functions of the immune cells, ultimately leading to cell death. In spite of its relevance in the ACT biology, the mechanism by which its ≈400 amino acid-long AC domain is transported through the target plasma membrane, and is released into the target cytosol, remains enigmatic. This article is devoted to refresh our knowledge on the mechanism of AC translocation across biological membranes. Two models, the so-called "two-step model" and the recently-proposed "toroidal pore model", will be considered.
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24
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Guiso N. Bordetella Adenylate Cyclase-Hemolysin Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E277. [PMID: 28892012 PMCID: PMC5618210 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase-hemolysin toxin is secreted and produced by three classical species of the genus Bordetella: Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. This toxin has several properties such as: (i) adenylate cyclase activity, enhanced after interaction with the eukaryotic protein, calmodulin; (ii) a pore-forming activity; (iii) an invasive activity. It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these Bordetella species responsible for whooping cough in humans or persistent respiratory infections in mammals, by modulating host immune responses. In contrast with other Bordetella toxins or adhesins, lack of (or very low polymorphism) is observed in the structural gene encoding this toxin, supporting its importance as well as a potential role as a vaccine antigen against whooping cough. In this article, an overview of the investigations undertaken on this toxin is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guiso
- Institut Pasteur Unité de Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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25
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Phospholipase A activity of adenylate cyclase toxin mediates translocation of its adenylate cyclase domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6784-E6793. [PMID: 28760979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701783114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT or CyaA) plays a crucial role in respiratory tract colonization and virulence of the whooping cough causative bacterium Bordetella pertussis Secreted as soluble protein, it targets myeloid cells expressing the CD11b/CD18 integrin and on delivery of its N-terminal adenylate cyclase catalytic domain (AC domain) into the cytosol, generates uncontrolled toxic levels of cAMP that ablates bactericidal capacities of phagocytes. Our study deciphers the fundamentals of the heretofore poorly understood molecular mechanism by which the ACT enzyme domain directly crosses the host cell membrane. By combining molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics techniques, we discover that ACT has intrinsic phospholipase A (PLA) activity, and that such activity determines AC translocation. Moreover, we show that elimination of the ACT-PLA activity abrogates ACT toxicity in macrophages, particularly at toxin concentrations close to biological reality of bacterial infection. Our data support a molecular mechanism in which in situ generation of nonlamellar lysophospholipids by ACT-PLA activity into the cell membrane would form, likely in combination with membrane-interacting ACT segments, a proteolipidic toroidal pore through which AC domain transfer could directly take place. Regulation of ACT-PLA activity thus emerges as novel target for therapeutic control of the disease.
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26
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Cannella SE, Ntsogo Enguéné VY, Davi M, Malosse C, Sotomayor Pérez AC, Chamot-Rooke J, Vachette P, Durand D, Ladant D, Chenal A. Stability, structural and functional properties of a monomeric, calcium-loaded adenylate cyclase toxin, CyaA, from Bordetella pertussis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42065. [PMID: 28186111 PMCID: PMC5301233 DOI: 10.1038/srep42065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes an adenylate cyclase toxin, CyaA, which invades eukaryotic cells and alters their physiology by cAMP overproduction. Calcium is an essential cofactor of CyaA, as it is the case for most members of the Repeat-in-ToXins (RTX) family. We show that the calcium-bound, monomeric form of CyaA, hCyaAm, conserves its permeabilization and haemolytic activities, even in a fully calcium-free environment. In contrast, hCyaAm requires sub-millimolar calcium in solution for cell invasion, indicating that free calcium in solution is involved in the CyaA toxin translocation process. We further report the first in solution structural characterization of hCyaAm, as deduced from SAXS, mass spectrometry and hydrodynamic studies. We show that hCyaAm adopts a compact and stable state that can transiently conserve its conformation even in a fully calcium-free environment. Our results therefore suggest that in hCyaAm, the C-terminal RTX-domain is stabilized in a high-affinity calcium-binding state by the N-terminal domains while, conversely, calcium binding to the C-terminal RTX-domain strongly stabilizes the N-terminal regions. Hence, the different regions of hCyaAm appear tightly connected, leading to stabilization effects between domains. The hysteretic behaviour of CyaA in response to calcium is likely shared by other RTX cytolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Cannella
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | | | - Marilyne Davi
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Christian Malosse
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | | | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Patrice Vachette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 ORSAY Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 ORSAY Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
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27
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Hazell G, Arnold T, Barker RD, Clifton LA, Steinke NJ, Tognoloni C, Edler KJ. Evidence of Lipid Exchange in Styrene Maleic Acid Lipid Particle (SMALP) Nanodisc Systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11845-11853. [PMID: 27739678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Styrene-alt-maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) are self-assembled discoidal structures composed of a polymer belt and a segment of lipid bilayer, which are capable of encapsulating membrane proteins directly from the cell membrane. Here we present evidence of the exchange of lipids between such "nanodiscs" and lipid monolayers adsorbed at either solid-liquid or air-liquid interfaces. This behavior has important implications for the potential uses of nanodiscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Hazell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Arnold
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, OX11 ODE, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Barker
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A Clifton
- ISIS Spallation Neutron Source, STFC, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 OQX, United Kingdom
| | - Nina-Juliane Steinke
- ISIS Spallation Neutron Source, STFC, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 OQX, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Tognoloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Edler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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28
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Masin J, Osickova A, Sukova A, Fiser R, Halada P, Bumba L, Linhartova I, Osicka R, Sebo P. Negatively charged residues of the segment linking the enzyme and cytolysin moieties restrict the membrane-permeabilizing capacity of adenylate cyclase toxin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29137. [PMID: 27581058 PMCID: PMC5007505 DOI: 10.1038/srep29137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The whooping cough agent, Bordetella pertussis, secretes an adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA) that plays a crucial role in host respiratory tract colonization. CyaA targets CR3-expressing cells and disrupts their bactericidal functions by delivering into their cytosol an adenylate cyclase enzyme that converts intracellular ATP to cAMP. In parallel, the hydrophobic domain of CyaA forms cation-selective pores that permeabilize cell membrane. The invasive AC and pore-forming domains of CyaA are linked by a segment that is unique in the RTX cytolysin family. We used mass spectrometry and circular dichroism to show that the linker segment forms α-helical structures that penetrate into lipid bilayer. Replacement of the positively charged arginine residues, proposed to be involved in target membrane destabilization by the linker segment, reduced the capacity of the toxin to translocate the AC domain across cell membrane. Substitutions of negatively charged residues then revealed that two clusters of negative charges within the linker segment control the size and the propensity of CyaA pore formation, thereby restricting the cell-permeabilizing capacity of CyaA. The ‘AC to Hly-linking segment’ thus appears to account for the smaller size and modest cell-permeabilizing capacity of CyaA pores, as compared to typical RTX hemolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Masin
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Osickova
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Sukova
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Fiser
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Halada
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Bumba
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Linhartova
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
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29
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Mueller J, Oliveira J, Barker R, Trapp M, Schroeter A, Brezesinski G, Neubert R. The effect of urea and taurine as hydrophilic penetration enhancers on stratum corneum lipid models. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2006-2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Rodrigo-Unzueta A, Martínez MA, Comino N, Alzari PM, Chenal A, Guerin ME. Molecular Basis of Membrane Association by the Phosphatidylinositol Mannosyltransferase PimA Enzyme from Mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13955-13963. [PMID: 27189944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosyltransferase A (PimA) is an essential glycosyltransferase that initiates the biosynthetic pathway of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannoside, lipomannan, and lipoarabinomannan, which are key glycolipids/lipoglycans of the mycobacterial cell envelope. PimA belongs to a large family of membrane-associated glycosyltransferases for which the understanding of the molecular mechanism and conformational changes that govern substrate/membrane recognition and catalysis remains a major challenge. Here, we determined that PimA preferentially binds to negatively charged phosphatidyl-myo-inositol substrate and non-substrate membrane model systems (small unilamellar vesicle) through its N-terminal domain, inducing an important structural reorganization of anionic phospholipids. By using a combination of single-point mutagenesis, circular dichroism, and a variety of fluorescence spectroscopy techniques, we determined that this interaction is mainly mediated by an amphipathic α-helix (α2), which undergoes a substantial conformational change and localizes in the vicinity of the negatively charged lipid headgroups and the very first carbon atoms of the acyl chains, at the PimA-phospholipid interface. Interestingly, a flexible region within the N-terminal domain, which undergoes β-strand-to-α-helix and α-helix-to-β-strand transitions during catalysis, interacts with anionic phospholipids; however, the effect is markedly less pronounced to that observed for the amphipathic α2, likely reflecting structural plasticity/variability. Altogether, we propose a model in which conformational transitions observed in PimA might reflect a molten globule state that confers to PimA, a higher affinity toward the dynamic and highly fluctuating lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Rodrigo-Unzueta
- Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain,; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Mariano A Martínez
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528 and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Natalia Comino
- Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain,; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain,; Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC-bioGUNE), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Pedro M Alzari
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528 and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires and CNRS UMR 3528, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia 48940, Spain,; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain,; Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC-bioGUNE), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain,; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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31
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Iwaki M, Konda T. Adenylate cyclase toxin-mediated delivery of the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin into mammalian cells. Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv110. [PMID: 26607401 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) of Bordetella pertussis internalizes its catalytic domain into target cells. ACT can function as a tool for delivering foreign protein antigen moieties into immune effector cells to induce a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. In this study, we replaced the catalytic domain of ACT with an enzymatically active protein moiety, the S1 (ADP-ribosyltransferase) subunit of pertussis toxin (PT). The S1 moiety was successfully internalized independent of endocytosis into sheep erythrocytes. The introduced polypeptide exhibited ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in CHO cells and induced clustering typical to PT. The results indicate that ACT can act as a vehicle for not only epitopes but also enzymatically active peptides to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Iwaki
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Konda
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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32
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Jagalski V, Barker RD, Thygesen MB, Gotfryd K, Krüger MB, Shi L, Maric S, Bovet N, Moulin M, Haertlein M, Pomorski TG, Loland CJ, Cárdenas M. Grafted biomembranes containing membrane proteins--the case of the leucine transporter. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7707-7711. [PMID: 26325086 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01490e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we bind the sodium dependent amino acid transporter on nitrilotriacetic acid/polyethylene glycol functionalized gold sensors in detergents and perform a detergent-lipid exchange with phosphatidylcholine. We characterize the LeuT structure in the adsorbed film by magnetic contrast neutron reflection using the predicted model from molecular dynamic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Jagalski
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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33
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Masin J, Osicka R, Bumba L, Sebo P. Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin: a unique combination of a pore-forming moiety with a cell-invading adenylate cyclase enzyme. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv075. [PMID: 26391732 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA, ACT or AC-Hly) is a key virulence factor of the whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis. CyaA targets myeloid phagocytes expressing the complement receptor 3 (CR3, known as αMβ2 integrin CD11b/CD18 or Mac-1) and translocates by a poorly understood mechanism directly across the cytoplasmic membrane into cell cytosol of phagocytes an adenylyl cyclase(AC) enzyme. This binds intracellular calmodulin and catalyzes unregulated conversion of cytosolic ATP into cAMP. Among other effects, this yields activation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, BimEL accumulation and phagocyte apoptosis induction. In parallel, CyaA acts as a cytolysin that forms cation-selective pores in target membranes. Direct penetration of CyaA into the cytosol of professional antigen-presenting cells allows the use of an enzymatically inactive CyaA toxoid as a tool for delivery of passenger antigens into the cytosolic pathway of processing and MHC class I-restricted presentation, which can be exploited for induction of antigen-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Masin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Bumba
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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34
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O'Brien DP, Hernandez B, Durand D, Hourdel V, Sotomayor-Pérez AC, Vachette P, Ghomi M, Chamot-Rooke J, Ladant D, Brier S, Chenal A. Structural models of intrinsically disordered and calcium-bound folded states of a protein adapted for secretion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14223. [PMID: 26374675 PMCID: PMC4642704 DOI: 10.1038/srep14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacteria use Type I secretion systems, T1SS, to secrete virulence factors that contain calcium-binding Repeat-in-ToXin (RTX) motifs. Here, we present structural models of an RTX protein, RD, in both its intrinsically disordered calcium-free Apo-state and its folded calcium-bound Holo-state. Apo-RD behaves as a disordered polymer chain comprising several statistical elements that exhibit local rigidity with residual secondary structure. Holo-RD is a folded multi-domain protein with an anisometric shape. RTX motifs thus appear remarkably adapted to the structural and mechanistic constraints of the secretion process. In the low calcium environment of the bacterial cytosol, Apo-RD is an elongated disordered coil appropriately sized for transport through the narrow secretion machinery. The progressive folding of Holo-RD in the extracellular calcium-rich environment as it emerges form the T1SS may then favor its unidirectional export through the secretory channel. This process is relevant for hundreds of bacterial species producing virulent RTX proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh P O'Brien
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Belen Hernandez
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Groupe de Biophysique Moléculaire, UFR Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 ORSAY Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Hourdel
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | | | - Patrice Vachette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 ORSAY Cedex, France
| | - Mahmoud Ghomi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Groupe de Biophysique Moléculaire, UFR Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Sébastien Brier
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 3528, Chemistry and Structural Biology Department, 75724 PARIS cedex 15, France
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Lee TH, Hirst DJ, Aguilar MI. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of biomembrane structural changes and interactions by optical biosensor technology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1868-85. [PMID: 26009270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular-membrane interactions play a critical role in the regulation of many important biological processes such as protein trafficking, cellular signalling and ion channel formation. Peptide/protein-membrane interactions can also destabilise and damage the membrane which can lead to cell death. Characterisation of the molecular details of these binding-mediated membrane destabilisation processes is therefore central to understanding cellular events such as antimicrobial action, membrane-mediated amyloid aggregation, and apoptotic protein induced mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation. Optical biosensors have provided a unique approach to characterising membrane interactions allowing quantitation of binding events and new insight into the kinetic mechanism of these interactions. One of the most commonly used optical biosensor technologies is surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and there have been an increasing number of studies reporting the use of this technique for investigating biophysical analysis of membrane-mediated events. More recently, a number of new optical biosensors based on waveguide techniques have been developed, allowing membrane structure changes to be measured simultaneously with mass binding measurements. These techniques include dual polarisation interferometry (DPI), plasmon waveguide resonance spectroscopy (PWR) and optical waveguide light mode spectroscopy (OWLS). These techniques have expanded the application of optical biosensors to allow the analysis of membrane structure changes during peptide and protein binding. This review provides a theoretical and practical overview of the application of biosensor technology with a specific focus on DPI, PWR and OWLS to study biomembrane-mediated events and the mechanism of biomembrane disruption. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Hsien Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel J Hirst
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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36
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Varela Chavez C, Hoos S, Haustant GM, Chenal A, England P, Blondel A, Pauillac S, Lacy DB, Popoff MR. The catalytic domains of Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin and related large clostridial glucosylating toxins specifically recognize the negatively charged phospholipids phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1477-93. [PMID: 25882477 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (TcsL) is a potent virulence factor belonging to the large clostridial glucosylating toxin family. TcsL enters target cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and delivers the N-terminal catalytic domain (TcsL-cat) into the cytosol upon an autoproteolytic process. TcsL-cat inactivates small GTPases including Rac and Ras by glucosylation with uridine-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose as cofactor leading to drastic changes in cytoskeleton and cell viability. TcsL-cat was found to preferentially bind to phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing membranes and to increase the glucosylation of Rac anchored to lipid membrane. We here report binding affinity measurements of TcsL-cat for brain PS-containing membranes by surface plasmon resonance and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, TcsL-cat bound to phosphatidic acid (PA) and, to a lesser extent, to other anionic lipids, but not to neutral lipids, sphingolipids or sterol. We further show that the lipid unsaturation status influenced TcsL-cat binding to phospholipids, PS with unsaturated acyl chains and PA with saturated acyl chains being the preferred bindingsubstrates. Phospholipid binding site is localized at the N-terminal four helical bundle structure (1-93 domain). However, TcsL-1-93 bound to a broad range of substrates, whereas TcsL-cat, which is the active domain physiologically delivered into the cytosol, selectively bound to PS and PA. Similar findings were observed with the other large clostridial glucosylating toxins from C. difficile, C. novyi and C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylviane Hoos
- Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre Chenal
- Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Blondel
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Serge Pauillac
- Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - D Borden Lacy
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Bychkova VE, Basova LV, Balobanov VA. How membrane surface affects protein structure. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1483-514. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914130045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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38
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Disorder-to-order transition in the CyaA toxin RTX domain: implications for toxin secretion. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 7:1-20. [PMID: 25559101 PMCID: PMC4303809 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen a fundamental reappraisal of the protein structure-to-function paradigm because it became evident that a significant fraction of polypeptides are lacking ordered structures under physiological conditions. Ligand-induced disorder-to-order transition plays a key role in the biological functions of many proteins that contain intrinsically disordered regions. This trait is exhibited by RTX (Repeat in ToXin) motifs found in more than 250 virulence factors secreted by Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. We have investigated several RTX-containing polypeptides of different lengths, all derived from the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin, CyaA. Using a combination of experimental approaches, we showed that the RTX proteins exhibit the hallmarks of intrinsically disordered proteins in the absence of calcium. This intrinsic disorder mainly results from internal electrostatic repulsions between negatively charged residues of the RTX motifs. Calcium binding triggers a strong reduction of the mean net charge, dehydration and compaction, folding and stabilization of secondary and tertiary structures of the RTX proteins. We propose that the intrinsically disordered character of the RTX proteins may facilitate the uptake and secretion of virulence factors through the bacterial secretion machinery. These results support the hypothesis that the folding reaction is achieved upon protein secretion and, in the case of proteins containing RTX motifs, could be finely regulated by the calcium gradient across bacterial cell wall.
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Wang X, Gray MC, Hewlett EL, Maynard JA. The Bordetella adenylate cyclase repeat-in-toxin (RTX) domain is immunodominant and elicits neutralizing antibodies. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3576-91. [PMID: 25505186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.585281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is a multifunctional virulence factor secreted by Bordetella species. Upon interaction of its C-terminal hemolysin moiety with the cell surface receptor αMβ2 integrin, the N-terminal cyclase domain translocates into the host cell cytosol where it rapidly generates supraphysiological cAMP concentrations, which inhibit host cell anti-bacterial activities. Although ACT has been shown to induce protective immunity in mice, it is not included in any current acellular pertussis vaccines due to protein stability issues and a poor understanding of its role as a protective antigen. Here, we aimed to determine whether any single domain could recapitulate the antibody responses induced by the holo-toxin and to characterize the dominant neutralizing antibody response. We first immunized mice with ACT and screened antibody phage display libraries for binding to purified ACT. The vast majority of unique antibodies identified bound the C-terminal repeat-in-toxin (RTX) domain. Representative antibodies binding two nonoverlapping, neutralizing epitopes in the RTX domain prevented ACT association with J774A.1 macrophages and soluble αMβ2 integrin, suggesting that these antibodies inhibit the ACT-receptor interaction. Sera from mice immunized with the RTX domain showed similar neutralizing activity as ACT-immunized mice, indicating that this domain induced an antibody response similar to that induced by ACT. These data demonstrate that RTX can elicit neutralizing antibodies and suggest it may present an alternative to ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary C Gray
- Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Erik L Hewlett
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Deparment of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Deparment of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
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40
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Escorihuela J, González-Martínez MÁ, López-Paz JL, Puchades R, Maquieira Á, Gimenez-Romero D. Dual-Polarization Interferometry: A Novel Technique To Light up the Nanomolecular World. Chem Rev 2014; 115:265-94. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escorihuela
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological
Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Martínez
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological
Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - José Luis López-Paz
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological
Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Rosa Puchades
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological
Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Recognition and Technological
Development, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - David Gimenez-Romero
- Physical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Avenida Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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Identification and in silico analysis of helical lipid binding regions in proteins belonging to the amphitropic protein family. J Biosci 2014; 39:771-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-014-9479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Karst JC, Ntsogo Enguéné VY, Cannella SE, Subrini O, Hessel A, Debard S, Ladant D, Chenal A. Calcium, acylation, and molecular confinement favor folding of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase CyaA toxin into a monomeric and cytotoxic form. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30702-30716. [PMID: 25231985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin, a multidomain protein of 1706 amino acids, is one of the major virulence factors produced by Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA is able to invade eukaryotic target cells in which it produces high levels of cAMP, thus altering the cellular physiology. Although CyaA has been extensively studied by various cellular and molecular approaches, the structural and functional states of the toxin remain poorly characterized. Indeed, CyaA is a large protein and exhibits a pronounced hydrophobic character, making it prone to aggregation into multimeric forms. As a result, CyaA has usually been extracted and stored in denaturing conditions. Here, we define the experimental conditions allowing CyaA folding into a monomeric and functional species. We found that CyaA forms mainly multimers when refolded by dialysis, dilution, or buffer exchange. However, a significant fraction of monomeric, folded protein could be obtained by exploiting molecular confinement on size exclusion chromatography. Folding of CyaA into a monomeric form was found to be critically dependent upon the presence of calcium and post-translational acylation of the protein. We further show that the monomeric preparation displayed hemolytic and cytotoxic activities suggesting that the monomer is the genuine, physiologically active form of the toxin. We hypothesize that the structural role of the post-translational acylation in CyaA folding may apply to other RTX toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C Karst
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - V Yvette Ntsogo Enguéné
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Sara E Cannella
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Orso Subrini
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Audrey Hessel
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Sylvain Debard
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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43
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Subrini O, Sotomayor-Pérez AC, Hessel A, Spiaczka-Karst J, Selwa E, Sapay N, Veneziano R, Pansieri J, Chopineau J, Ladant D, Chenal A. Characterization of a membrane-active peptide from the Bordetella pertussis CyaA toxin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32585-32598. [PMID: 24064217 PMCID: PMC3820891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.508838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the pathogenic bacteria responsible for whooping cough, secretes several virulence factors, among which is the adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) that plays a crucial role in the early stages of human respiratory tract colonization. CyaA invades target cells by translocating its catalytic domain directly across the plasma membrane and overproduces cAMP, leading to cell death. The molecular process leading to the translocation of the catalytic domain remains largely unknown. We have previously shown that the catalytic domain per se, AC384, encompassing residues 1-384 of CyaA, did not interact with lipid bilayer, whereas a longer polypeptide, AC489, spanning residues 1-489, binds to membranes and permeabilizes vesicles. Moreover, deletion of residues 375-485 within CyaA abrogated the translocation of the catalytic domain into target cells. Here, we further identified within this region a peptidic segment that exhibits membrane interaction properties. A synthetic peptide, P454, corresponding to this sequence (residues 454-485 of CyaA) was characterized by various biophysical approaches. We found that P454 (i) binds to membranes containing anionic lipids, (ii) adopts an α-helical structure oriented in plane with respect to the lipid bilayer, and (iii) permeabilizes vesicles. We propose that the region encompassing the helix 454-485 of CyaA may insert into target cell membrane and induce a local destabilization of the lipid bilayer, thus favoring the translocation of the catalytic domain across the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orso Subrini
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Ana-Cristina Sotomayor-Pérez
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Audrey Hessel
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Johanna Spiaczka-Karst
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Edithe Selwa
- the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Bio-Informatique Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nicolas Sapay
- the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences de la Vie, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Rémi Veneziano
- the Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, Equipe "Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé", UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault-BP 14 491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jonathan Pansieri
- the Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, Equipe "Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé", UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault-BP 14 491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Joel Chopineau
- the Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/UM2/UM1, Equipe "Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé", UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault-BP 14 491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France; the Université de Nîmes, Rue Docteur Georges Salan, 30021 Nîmes, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France,.
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- From the Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France,.
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44
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Differences in purinergic amplification of osmotic cell lysis by the pore-forming RTX toxins Bordetella pertussis CyaA and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIA: the role of pore size. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4571-82. [PMID: 24082076 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00711-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A large subgroup of the repeat in toxin (RTX) family of leukotoxins of Gram-negative pathogens consists of pore-forming hemolysins. These can permeabilize mammalian erythrocytes (RBCs) and provoke their colloid osmotic lysis (hemolytic activity). Recently, ATP leakage through pannexin channels and P2X receptor-mediated opening of cellular calcium and potassium channels were implicated in cell permeabilization by pore-forming toxins. In the study described here, we examined the role played by purinergic signaling in the cytolytic action of two RTX toxins that form pores of different sizes. The cytolytic potency of ApxIA hemolysin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which forms pores about 2.4 nm wide, was clearly reduced in the presence of P2X7 receptor antagonists or an ATP scavenger, such as pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS), Brilliant Blue G, ATP oxidized sodium salt, or hexokinase. In contrast, antagonists of purinergic signaling had no impact on the hemolytic potency of the adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis, which forms pores of 0.6 to 0.8 nm in diameter. Moreover, the conductance of pores formed by ApxIA increased with the toxin concentration, while the conductance of the CyaA single pore units was constant at various toxin concentrations. However, the P2X7 receptor antagonist PPADS inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the exacerbated hemolytic activity of a CyaA-ΔN489 construct (lacking 489 N-terminal residues of CyaA), which exhibited a strongly enhanced pore-forming propensity (>20-fold) and also formed severalfold larger conductance units in planar lipid bilayers than intact CyaA. These results point to a pore size threshold of purinergic amplification involvement in cell permeabilization by pore-forming RTX toxins.
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45
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Uribe KB, Etxebarria A, Martín C, Ostolaza H. Calpain-Mediated Processing of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Generates a Cytosolic Soluble Catalytically Active N-Terminal Domain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67648. [PMID: 23840759 PMCID: PMC3694075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the whooping cough pathogen, secretes several virulence factors among which adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is essential for establishment of the disease in the respiratory tract. ACT weakens host defenses by suppressing important bactericidal activities of the phagocytic cells. Up to now, it was believed that cell intoxication by ACT was a consequence of the accumulation of abnormally high levels of cAMP, generated exclusively beneath the host plasma membrane by the toxin N-terminal catalytic adenylate cyclase (AC) domain, upon its direct translocation across the lipid bilayer. Here we show that host calpain, a calcium-dependent Cys-protease, is activated into the phagocytes by a toxin-triggered calcium rise, resulting in the proteolytic cleavage of the toxin N-terminal domain that releases a catalytically active "soluble AC". The calpain-mediated ACT processing allows trafficking of the "soluble AC" domain into subcellular organella. At least two strategic advantages arise from this singular toxin cleavage, enhancing the specificity of action, and simultaneously preventing an indiscriminate activation of cAMP effectors throughout the cell. The present study provides novel insights into the toxin mechanism of action, as the calpain-mediated toxin processing would confer ACT the capacity for a space- and time-coordinated production of different cAMP "pools", which would play different roles in the cell pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepa B Uribe
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
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Vankemmelbeke M, O′Shea P, James R, Penfold CN. Interaction of nuclease colicins with membranes: insertion depth correlates with bilayer perturbation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46656. [PMID: 23029560 PMCID: PMC3460906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein transport across cellular membranes is an important aspect of toxin biology. Escherichia coli cell killing by nuclease colicins occurs through DNA (DNases) or RNA (RNases) hydrolysis and to this end their cytotoxic domains require transportation across two sets of membranes. In order to begin to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the membrane translocation of colicin nuclease domains, we have analysed the membrane association of four DNase domains (E9, a charge reduction E9 mutant, E8, and E7) and one ribosomal RNase domain (E3) using a biomembrane model system. PRINCIPAL RESULTS We demonstrate, through the use of large unilamellar vesicles composed of synthetic and E. coli lipids and a membrane surface potential sensor, that the colicin nuclease domains bind anionic membranes only, with micromolar affinity and via a cooperative binding mechanism. The evaluation of the nuclease bilayer insertion depth, through a fluorescence quenching analysis using brominated lipids, indicates that the nucleases locate to differential regions in the bilayer. Colicin DNases target the interfacial region of the lipid bilayer, with the DNase E7 showing the deepest insertion, whereas the ribosomal RNase E3 penetrates into the hydrophobic core region of the bilayer. Furthermore, the membrane association of the DNase E7 and the ribosomal RNase E3 induces vesicle aggregation, lipid mixing and content leakage to a much larger extent than that of the other DNases analysed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results show, for the first time, that after the initial electrostatically driven membrane association, the pleiotropic membrane effects induced by colicin nuclease domains relate to their bilayer insertion depth and may be linked to their in vivo membrane translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Vankemmelbeke
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul O′Shea
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard James
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. Penfold
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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