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Rullo-Tubau J, Martinez-Molledo M, Bartoccioni P, Puch-Giner I, Arias Á, Saen-Oon S, Stephan-Otto Attolini C, Artuch R, Díaz L, Guallar V, Errasti-Murugarren E, Palacín M, Llorca O. Structure and mechanisms of transport of human Asc1/CD98hc amino acid transporter. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2986. [PMID: 38582862 PMCID: PMC10998858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent cryoEM studies elucidated details of the structural basis for the substrate selectivity and translocation of heteromeric amino acid transporters. However, Asc1/CD98hc is the only neutral heteromeric amino acid transporter that can function through facilitated diffusion, and the only one that efficiently transports glycine and D-serine, and thus has a regulatory role in the central nervous system. Here we use cryoEM, ligand-binding simulations, mutagenesis, transport assays, and molecular dynamics to define human Asc1/CD98hc determinants for substrate specificity and gain insights into the mechanisms that govern substrate translocation by exchange and facilitated diffusion. The cryoEM structure of Asc1/CD98hc is determined at 3.4-3.8 Å resolution, revealing an inward-facing semi-occluded conformation. We find that Ser 246 and Tyr 333 are essential for Asc1/CD98hc substrate selectivity and for the exchange and facilitated diffusion modes of transport. Taken together, these results reveal the structural bases for ligand binding and transport features specific to human Asc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Rullo-Tubau
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Martinez-Molledo
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bartoccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
- The Spanish Center of Rare Diseases (CIBERER U-731), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Puch-Giner
- Electronic and atomic protein modelling group, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Plaça d'Eusebi Güell, 1-3, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela Arias
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Pg. de Sant Joan de Déu, 2, E-08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Suwipa Saen-Oon
- Nostrum Biodiscovery, Av. de Josep Tarradellas, 8-10, E-08029, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camille Stephan-Otto Attolini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- The Spanish Center of Rare Diseases (CIBERER U-731), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Pg. de Sant Joan de Déu, 2, E-08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lucía Díaz
- Nostrum Biodiscovery, Av. de Josep Tarradellas, 8-10, E-08029, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Electronic and atomic protein modelling group, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Plaça d'Eusebi Güell, 1-3, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Nostrum Biodiscovery, Av. de Josep Tarradellas, 8-10, E-08029, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- The Spanish Center of Rare Diseases (CIBERER U-731), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Physiological Sciences Department, Genetics Area, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Campus. Feixa Llarga s/n, E-08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Avd. Gran Via de L'Hospitalet 199, E-08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Manuel Palacín
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- The Spanish Center of Rare Diseases (CIBERER U-731), Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Wang X, Zhang T, Li W, Wang H, Yan L, Zhang X, Zhao L, Wang N, Zhang B. Arginine alleviates Clostridium perfringens α toxin-induced intestinal injury in vivo and in vitro via the SLC38A9/mTORC1 pathway. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357072. [PMID: 38638435 PMCID: PMC11024335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clostridium perfringens α toxin is a main virulence factor responsible for gut damage in animals. Arginine is a functional amino acid exhibiting significant immunoregulatory activities. However, the effects and immunoregulatory mechanisms of arginine supplementation on α toxin-induced intestinal injury remain unclear. Methods In vivo, 256 male Arbor Acres chickens were randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial arrangement, involving diet treatments (with or without 0.3% arginine supplementation) and immunological stress (with or without α toxin challenge). In vitro, IEC-6 cells were treated with or without arginine in the presence or absence of α toxin. Moreover, IEC-6 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting mTOR and SLC38A9 to explore the underlying mechanisms. Results and discussion The results showed that in vivo, arginine supplementation significantly alleviated the α toxin-induced growth performance impairment, decreases in serum immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG levels, and intestinal morphology damage. Arginine supplementation also significantly reduced the α toxin-induced increase in jejunal proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 mRNA expression. Clostridium perfringens α toxin significantly decreased jejunal mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and solute carrier family 38 member 9 (SLC38A9) mRNA expression, while arginine supplementation significantly increased mTOR and SLC38A9 mRNA expression. In vitro, arginine pretreatment mitigated the α toxin-induced decrease in cell viability and the increase in cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Arginine pretreatment also alleviated the α toxin-induced upregulation of mRNA expression of inflammation-related cytokines IL-6, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)10, CXCL11 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), as well as apoptosis-related genes B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (Caspase-3) and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2. Arginine pretreatment significantly increased the α toxin-induced decrease in mTOR, SLC38A9, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) mRNA expression. Knockdown SLC38A9 and mTOR largely abrogated the positive effects of arginine pretreatment on α toxin-induced intracellular changes. Furthermore, SLC38A9 silencing abolished the increased mTOR mRNA expression caused by arginine pretreatment. In conclusion, arginine administration attenuated α toxin-induced intestinal injury in vivo and in vitro, which could be associated with the downregulation of inflammation via regulating SLC38A9/mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenli Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Heliang Wang
- Qingdao Sino-science Gene Technology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nianxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Wang H, Li Y, Guo Z, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Han Y, Lin X. Genome-wide identification of AAAP gene family and expression analysis in response to saline-alkali stress in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). Sci Rep 2024; 14:3106. [PMID: 38326447 PMCID: PMC10850487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) genes encode a large family of protein transporters that play important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development. Here, we performed genome-wide identification of members in the foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) AAAP family (SiAAAP) and their saline-alkali stress-induced expression patterns, resulting in the identification of 65 SiAAAP genes, which could be divided into eight subfamilies. Except for SiAAAP65, the remaining 64 genes were located on nine chromosomes of foxtail millet. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses indicated that the members in the same subfamily are highly conserved. Gene duplication event analysis suggested that tandem duplication may be the main factor driving the expansion of this gene family, and Ka/Ks analysis indicated that all the duplicated genes have undergone purifying selection. Transcriptome analysis showed differential expression of SiAAAPs in roots, stems, leaves, and tassel inflorescence. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter indicated that SiAAAPs contain stress-responsive cis-acting elements. Under saline-alkali stress, qRT-PCR analysis showed that SiAAP3, SiLHT2, and SiAAP16 were differentially expressed between salt-alkali tolerant millet variety JK3 and salt-alkali sensitive millet variety B175. These results suggest that these genes may be involved in or regulate the response to saline-alkali stress, providing a theoretical basis for further studying the function of SiAAAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Yun Li
- Research Center of Rural Vitalization, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Zhenqing Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Xiaoke Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Yucui Han
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China.
| | - Xiaohu Lin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China.
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4
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Koe JC, Parker SJ. The posttranslational regulation of amino acid transporters is critical for their function in the tumor microenvironment. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 85:103022. [PMID: 38056204 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) facilitate nutrient uptake and nutrient exchange between cancer and stromal cells. The posttranslational modification (PTM) of transporters is an important mechanism that tumor-associated cells use to dynamically regulate their function and stability in response to microenvironmental cues. In this review, we summarize recent findings that demonstrate the significance of N-glycosylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation for the function of AATs. We also highlight powerful approaches that hijack the PTM machinery that could be used as therapeutics or tools to modulate transporter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Koe
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Seth J Parker
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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5
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Piro F, Masci S, Kannan G, Focaia R, Schultz TL, Thaprawat P, Carruthers VB, Di Cristina M. A Toxoplasma gondii putative amino acid transporter localizes to the plant-like vacuolar compartment and controls parasite extracellular survival and stage differentiation. mSphere 2024; 9:e0059723. [PMID: 38051073 PMCID: PMC10871165 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00597-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects a broad spectrum of hosts and can colonize many organs and cell types. The ability to reside within a wide range of different niches requires substantial adaptability to diverse microenvironments. Very little is known about how this parasite senses various milieus and adapts its metabolism to survive, replicate during the acute stage, and then differentiate to the chronic stage. T. gondii possesses a lysosome-like organelle known as the plant-like vacuolar compartment (PLVAC), which serves various functions, including digestion, ion storage and homeostasis, endocytosis, and autophagy. Lysosomes are critical for maintaining cellular health and function by degrading waste materials and recycling components. To supply the cell with the essential building blocks and energy sources required for the maintenance of its functions and structures, the digested solutes generated within the lysosome are transported into the cytosol by proteins embedded in the lysosomal membrane. Currently, a limited number of PLVAC transporters have been characterized, with TgCRT being the sole potential transporter of amino acids and small peptides identified thus far. To bridge this knowledge gap, we used lysosomal amino acid transporters from other organisms as queries to search the T. gondii proteome. This led to the identification of four potential amino acid transporters, which we have designated as TgAAT1-4. Assessing their expression and sub-cellular localization, we found that one of them, TgAAT1, localized to the PLVAC and is necessary for normal parasite extracellular survival and bradyzoite differentiation. Moreover, we present preliminary data showing the possible involvement of TgAAT1 in the PLVAC transport of arginine.IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is a highly successful parasite infecting a broad range of warm-blooded organisms, including about one-third of all humans. Although Toxoplasma infections rarely result in symptomatic disease in individuals with a healthy immune system, the incredibly high number of persons infected, along with the risk of severe infection in immunocompromised patients and the potential link of chronic infection to mental disorders, makes this infection a significant public health concern. As a result, there is a pressing need for new treatment approaches that are both effective and well tolerated. The limitations in understanding how Toxoplasma gondii manages its metabolism to adapt to changing environments and triggers its transformation into bradyzoites have hindered the discovery of vulnerabilities in its metabolic pathways or nutrient acquisition mechanisms to identify new therapeutic targets. In this work, we have shown that the lysosome-like organelle plant-like vacuolar compartment (PLVAC), acting through the putative arginine transporter TgAAT1, plays a pivotal role in regulating the parasite's extracellular survival and differentiation into bradyzoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Piro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Masci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Geetha Kannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Riccardo Focaia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tracey L. Schultz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pariyamon Thaprawat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Manlio Di Cristina
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Gu Q, Xia H, Song YQ, Duan J, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Chen HP, Zhang L. SLC6A14 promotes ulcerative colitis progression by facilitating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:252-267. [PMID: 38314135 PMCID: PMC10835529 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i3.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory condition with frequent relapse and recurrence. Evidence suggests the involvement of SLC6A14 in UC pathogenesis, but the central regulator remains unknown. AIM To explore the role of SLC6A14 in UC-associated pyroptosis. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical were used to assess SLC6A14 in human UC tissues. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammation in FHC and NCM460 cells and model enteritis, and SLC6A14 levels were assessed. Pyroptosis markers were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR, and EdU incubation, CCK-8 assays and flow cytometry were used to examine proliferation and apoptosis. Mouse models of UC were used for verification. RESULTS SLC6A14 was increased and correlated with NLRP3 in UC tissues. LPS-induced FHC and NCM460 cells showed increased SLC6A14 levels. Reducing SLC6A14 increased cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. Reducing SLC6A14 decreased pyroptosis-associated proteins (ASC, IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3). NLRP3 overexpression counteracted the effects of sh-SLC6A14 on LPS-induced FHC and NCM460 cell pyroptosis. SLC6A14 improved the mucosa in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. CONCLUSION SLC6A14 promotes UC pyroptosis by regulating NLRP3, suggesting the therapeutic potential of modulating the SLC6A14/NLRP3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gu
- Department of Elderly Digestive, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Geriatrics Research Institute, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yue-Qiong Song
- Department of Elderly Digestive, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Department of Elderly Digestive, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Elderly Digestive, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - You Zhang
- Department of Elderly Digestive, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - He-Ping Chen
- Department of Elderly Digestive, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
- Geriatrics Research Institute, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Elderly Digestive, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
- Geriatrics Research Institute, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
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Kashiwagi H, Sato Y, Nashimoto S, Imai S, Takekuma Y, Sugawara M. Platelets Affect the Activity of Amino Acid Transporter SNAT4 in HuH-7 Human Hepatoma Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:652-659. [PMID: 38508745 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Platelets have been reported to exert diverse actions besides hemostasis and thrombus formation in the body. However, whether platelets affect transporter activity remains to be determined. In this study, we examined the effects of platelets on the activity of amino acid transporter system A, which is known to be changed by various factors, and we clarified the mechanism by which platelets affect system A activity. Among system A subtypes, we found that sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) 4 played a central role in the transport activity of system A in HuH-7 human hepatoma cells. Interestingly, platelets showed a biphasic effect on system A activity: activated platelet supernatants (APS) including the granule contents released from platelets downregulated system A activity at lower concentrations and the downregulation was suppressed at higher concentrations. The downregulation was due to a decrease in the affinity of SNAT4 for its substrate and not a decrease in the SNAT4 abundance on the plasma membrane. In addition, APS did not decrease the expression level of SNAT4 mRNA. On the other hand, platelets did not affect system A activity when the platelet suspension was added to HuH-7 cells. These results indicate that platelets indirectly affect the transport activity of system A by releasing bioactive substances but do not directly affect it by binding to HuH-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | | | | | - Yoh Takekuma
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital
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8
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Kahlhofer J, Teis D. The human LAT1-4F2hc (SLC7A5-SLC3A2) transporter complex: Physiological and pathophysiological implications. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:459-472. [PMID: 36460306 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
LAT1 and 4F2hc form a heterodimeric membrane protein complex, which functions as one of the best characterized amino acid transporters. Since LAT1-4F2hc is required for the efficient uptake of essential amino acids and hormones, it promotes cellular growth, in part, by stimulating mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) signalling and by repressing the integrated stress response (ISR). Gain or loss of LAT1-4F2hc function is associated with cancer, diabetes, and immunological and neurological diseases. Hence, LAT1-4F2hc represents an attractive drug target for disease treatment. Specific targeting of LAT1-4F2hc will be facilitated by the increasingly detailed understanding of its molecular architecture, which provides important concepts for its function and regulation. Here, we summarize (i) structural insights that help to explain how LAT1 and 4F2hc assemble to transport amino acids across membranes, (ii) the role of LAT1-4F2hc in key metabolic signalling pathways, and (iii) how derailing these processes could contribute to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kahlhofer
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Teis
- Institute for Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Kobayashi T, Toyama-Sorimachi N. Metabolic control from the endolysosome: lysosome-resident amino acid transporters open novel therapeutic possibilities. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1243104. [PMID: 37781390 PMCID: PMC10540624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are generally recognized as machinery that transport amino acids from the extracellular environment into the cytoplasm. Although their primary function is the uptake of amino acids to supply the cell with nutrients and energy, endolysosome-resident amino acid (EL-aa) transporters possess several unique functions in accordance with their localization in intracellular vesicular membranes. They play pivotal roles in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis via direct involvement in the amino acid sensing pathway, which regulates the activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of cellular metabolism. Additionally, some EL-aa transporters contribute to the maintenance of dynamic homeostasis of endolysosomes, including the regulation of endolysosomal acidity, by carrying amino acids out of endolysosomes. In addition, EL-aa transporters act as a scaffold to gather signaling molecules and multiple enzymes to control cellular metabolism on the endolysosomal membrane. Among EL-aa transporters, solute carrier family 15 member 4 (SLC15A4) is preferentially expressed in immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, and plays a key role in the integration of metabolic and inflammatory signals. In this review, we summarize our recent findings on EL-aa transporter contributions to inflammatory and metabolic signaling in the endolysosomes of immune cells by focusing on the SLC15 family, including SLC15A4 and SLC15A3, and discuss their uniqueness and universality. We also discuss the potential of targeting these EL-aa transporters in immune cells for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases. Because these transporters are highly expressed in immune cells and significantly alter the functions of immune cells, targeting them would provide a great advantage in ensuring a wide safety margin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi
- Division of Human Immunology, International Research and Development Center for Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Myronidi I, Ring A, Wu F, Ljungdahl PO. ER-localized Shr3 is a selective co-translational folding chaperone necessary for amino acid permease biogenesis. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202208060. [PMID: 37477900 PMCID: PMC10359922 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins with multiple membrane-spanning segments (MS) co-translationally insert into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane of eukaryotic cells. Shr3, an ER membrane-localized chaperone in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is required for the functional expression of a family of 18 amino acid permeases (AAP) comprised of 12 MS. We have used comprehensive scanning mutagenesis and deletion analysis of Shr3 combined with a modified split-ubiquitin approach to probe chaperone-substrate interactions in vivo. Shr3 selectively interacts with nested C-terminal AAP truncations in marked contrast to similar truncations of non-Shr3 substrate sugar transporters. Shr3-AAP interactions initiate with the first four MS of AAP and successively strengthen but weaken abruptly when all 12 MS are present. Shr3-AAP interactions are based on structural rather than sequence-specific interactions involving membrane and luminal domains of Shr3. The data align with Shr3 engaging nascent N-terminal chains of AAP, functioning as a scaffold to facilitate folding as translation completes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Myronidi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SciLifeLab, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Ring
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SciLifeLab, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, SciLifeLab, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per O. Ljungdahl
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SciLifeLab, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Amambua-Ngwa A, Button-Simons KA, Li X, Kumar S, Brenneman KV, Ferrari M, Checkley LA, Haile MT, Shoue DA, McDew-White M, Tindall SM, Reyes A, Delgado E, Dalhoff H, Larbalestier JK, Amato R, Pearson RD, Taylor AB, Nosten FH, D'Alessandro U, Kwiatkowski D, Cheeseman IH, Kappe SHI, Avery SV, Conway DJ, Vaughan AM, Ferdig MT, Anderson TJC. Chloroquine resistance evolution in Plasmodium falciparum is mediated by the putative amino acid transporter AAT1. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1213-1226. [PMID: 37169919 PMCID: PMC10322710 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Malaria parasites break down host haemoglobin into peptides and amino acids in the digestive vacuole for export to the parasite cytoplasm for growth: interrupting this process is central to the mode of action of several antimalarial drugs. Mutations in the chloroquine (CQ) resistance transporter, pfcrt, located in the digestive vacuole membrane, confer CQ resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, and typically also affect parasite fitness. However, the role of other parasite loci in the evolution of CQ resistance is unclear. Here we use a combination of population genomics, genetic crosses and gene editing to demonstrate that a second vacuolar transporter plays a key role in both resistance and compensatory evolution. Longitudinal genomic analyses of the Gambian parasites revealed temporal signatures of selection on a putative amino acid transporter (pfaat1) variant S258L, which increased from 0% to 97% in frequency between 1984 and 2014 in parallel with the pfcrt1 K76T variant. Parasite genetic crosses then identified a chromosome 6 quantitative trait locus containing pfaat1 that is selected by CQ treatment. Gene editing demonstrated that pfaat1 S258L potentiates CQ resistance but at a cost of reduced fitness, while pfaat1 F313S, a common southeast Asian polymorphism, reduces CQ resistance while restoring fitness. Our analyses reveal hidden complexity in CQ resistance evolution, suggesting that pfaat1 may underlie regional differences in the dynamics of resistance evolution, and modulate parasite resistance or fitness by manipulating the balance between both amino acid and drug transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Katrina A Button-Simons
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katelyn Vendrely Brenneman
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lisa A Checkley
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Meseret T Haile
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Douglas A Shoue
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarah M Tindall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ann Reyes
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Delgado
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Haley Dalhoff
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - James K Larbalestier
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Antonio, TX, USA
| | - François H Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Ian H Cheeseman
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon V Avery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David J Conway
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ashley M Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Michael T Ferdig
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| | - Timothy J C Anderson
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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12
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Zhang C, Liu Y, An H, Wang X, Xu L, Deng H, Wu S, Zhang JR, Liu X. Amino Acid Starvation-Induced Glutamine Accumulation Enhances Pneumococcal Survival. mSphere 2023; 8:e0062522. [PMID: 37017541 PMCID: PMC10286718 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00625-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are known to cope with amino acid starvation by the stringent response signaling system, which is mediated by the accumulation of the (p)ppGpp alarmones when uncharged tRNAs stall at the ribosomal A site. While a number of metabolic processes have been shown to be regulatory targets of the stringent response in many bacteria, the global impact of amino acid starvation on bacterial metabolism remains obscure. This work reports the metabolomic profiling of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae under methionine starvation. Methionine limitation led to the massive overhaul of the pneumococcal metabolome. In particular, methionine-starved pneumococci showed a massive accumulation of many metabolites such as glutamine, glutamic acid, lactate, and cyclic AMP (cAMP). In the meantime, methionine-starved pneumococci showed a lower intracellular pH and prolonged survival. Isotope tracing revealed that pneumococci depend predominantly on amino acid uptake to replenish intracellular glutamine but cannot convert glutamine to methionine. Further genetic and biochemical analyses strongly suggested that glutamine is involved in the formation of a "prosurvival" metabolic state by maintaining an appropriate intracellular pH, which is accomplished by the enzymatic release of ammonia from glutamine. Methionine starvation-induced intracellular pH reduction and glutamine accumulation also occurred to various extents under the limitation of other amino acids. These findings have uncovered a new metabolic mechanism of bacterial adaptation to amino acid limitation and perhaps other stresses, which may be used as a potential therapeutic target for infection control. IMPORTANCE Bacteria are known to cope with amino acid starvation by halting growth and prolonging survival via the stringent response signaling system. Previous investigations have allowed us to understand how the stringent response regulates many aspects of macromolecule synthesis and catabolism, but how amino acid starvation promotes bacterial survival at the metabolic level remains largely unclear. This paper reports our systematic profiling of the methionine starvation-induced metabolome in S. pneumoniae. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first reported bacterial metabolome under amino acid starvation. These data have revealed that the significant accumulation of glutamine and lactate enables S. pneumoniae to form a "prosurvival" metabolic state with a lower intracellular pH, which inhibits bacterial growth for prolonged survival. Our findings have provided insightful information on the metabolic mechanisms of pneumococcal adaptation to nutrient limitation during the colonization of the human upper airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwang Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran An
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- National Protein Science Facility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Xu
- National Protein Science Facility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Songquan Wu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- National Protein Science Facility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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13
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Xu X, Wang J, Du S, Shen X, Lian J, Zhou J, Wang M, Feng W, Lv Z, Zhu J, Jin L, Sun H, Wu L, Wang X, Qiu H, Wang W, Teng H, Wang Y, Huang Z. Yes-associated protein regulates glutamate homeostasis through promoting the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter-2 in astrocytes via β-catenin signaling. Glia 2023; 71:1197-1216. [PMID: 36617748 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The homeostasis of glutamate is mainly regulated by the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), especially by EAAT2 in astrocytes. Excessive glutamate in the synaptic cleft caused by dysfunction or dysregulation of EAAT2 can lead to excitotoxicity, neuronal death and cognitive dysfunction. However, it remains unclear about the detailed regulation mechanism of expression and function of astrocytic EAAT2. In this study, first, we found increased neuronal death and impairment of cognitive function in YAPGFAP -CKO mice (conditionally knock out Yes-associated protein [YAP] in astrocytes), and identified EAAT2 as a downstream target of YAP through RNA sequencing. Second, the expression of EAAT2 was decreased in cultured YAP-/- astrocytes and the hippocampus of YAPGFAP -CKO mice, and glutamate uptake was reduced in YAP-/- astrocytes, but increased in YAP-upregulated astrocytes. Third, further investigation of the mechanism showed that the mRNA and protein levels of β-catenin were decreased in YAP-/- astrocytes and increased in YAP-upregulated astrocytes. Wnt3a activated YAP signaling and up-regulated EAAT2 through β-catenin. Furthermore, over-expression or activation of β-catenin partially restored the downregulation of EAAT2, the impairment of glutamate uptake, neuronal death and cognitive decline that caused by YAP deletion. Finally, activation of EAAT2 also rescued neuronal death and cognitive decline in YAPGFAP -CKO mice. Taken together, our study identifies an unrecognized role of YAP signaling in the regulation of glutamate homeostasis through the β-catenin/EAAT2 pathway in astrocytes, which may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of brain diseases that closely related to the dysfunction or dysregulation of EAAT2, and promote the development of clinical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Siyu Du
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiya Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiashu Lian
- Department of Orthopedics (Spine Surgery), The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics (Spine Surgery), The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mianxian Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenjin Feng
- Zhejiang Sinogen Medical Equipment Co., Ltd., Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhaoting Lv
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junzhe Zhu
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences (School of Information and Engineering), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingting Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huankun Sun
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lihao Wu
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences (School of Information and Engineering), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences (School of Information and Engineering), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Qiu
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences (School of Information and Engineering), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Honglin Teng
- Department of Orthopedics (Spine Surgery), The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics (Spine Surgery), The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Banerjee A, Sun Y, Muramatsu MK, Toh E, Nelson DE. A Member of an Ancient Family of Bacterial Amino Acids Transporters Contributes to Chlamydia Nutritional Virulence and Immune Evasion. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0048322. [PMID: 36847502 PMCID: PMC10068747 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00483-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many obligate intracellular bacteria, including members of the genus Chlamydia, cannot synthesize a variety of amino acids de novo and acquire these from host cells via largely unknown mechanisms. Previously, we determined that a missense mutation in ctl0225, a conserved Chlamydia open reading frame of unknown function, mediated sensitivity to interferon gamma. Here, we show evidence that CTL0225 is a member of the SnatA family of neutral amino acid transporters that contributes to the import of several amino acids into Chlamydia cells. Further, we show that CTL0225 orthologs from two other distantly related obligate intracellular pathogens (Coxiella burnetii and Buchnera aphidicola) are sufficient to import valine into Escherichia coli. We also show that chlamydia infection and interferon exposure have opposing effects on amino acid metabolism, potentially explaining the relationship between CTL0225 and interferon sensitivity. Overall, we show that phylogenetically diverse intracellular pathogens use an ancient family of amino acid transporters to acquire host amino acids and provide another example of how nutritional virulence and immune evasion can be linked in obligate intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaprabha Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew K. Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Evelyn Toh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David E. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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15
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Rebelo AR, Homem CCF. dMyc-dependent upregulation of CD98 amino acid transporters is required for Drosophila brain tumor growth. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:30. [PMID: 36609617 PMCID: PMC9823048 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells have an increased demand for nutrients to sustain their growth, but how these increased metabolic needs are ensured or how this influences tumor formation and progression remains unclear. To unravel tumor metabolic dependencies, particularly from extracellular metabolites, we have analyzed the role of plasma membrane metabolic transporters in Drosophila brain tumors. Using a well-established neural stem cell-derived tumor model, caused by brat knockdown, we have found that 13 plasma membrane metabolic transporters, including amino acid, carbohydrate and monocarboxylate transporters, are upregulated in tumors and are required for tumor growth. We identified CD98hc and several of the light chains with which it can form heterodimeric amino acid transporters, as crucial players in brat RNAi (brat IR) tumor progression. Knockdown of these components of CD98 heterodimers caused a dramatic reduction in tumor growth. Our data also reveal that the oncogene dMyc is required and sufficient for the upregulation of CD98 transporter subunits in these tumors. Furthermore, tumor-upregulated dmyc and CD98 transporters orchestrate the overactivation of the growth-promoting signaling pathway TOR, forming a core growth regulatory network to support brat IR tumor progression. Our findings highlight the important link between oncogenes, metabolism, and signaling pathways in the regulation of tumor growth and allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms necessary for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Rebelo
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina C F Homem
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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16
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Eugenio FA, van Milgen J, Duperray J, Sergheraert R, Le Floc’h N. Apparent jejunal amino acid digestibility, gut morphology, and the expression of intestinal amino acid transporters in pigs fed protein or free amino acids. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac417. [PMID: 36583730 PMCID: PMC9904176 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary amino acids (AA) supplied as protein or in free form are not only digested and absorbed at different rates but can also induce differences in the intestinal physiology of pigs. We compared the apparent jejunal AA digestibility, intestinal morphology, and gene expression of AA transporters of pigs fed diets providing different forms of AA. Thirty growing pigs (33.7 ± 4.1 kg) were fed one of three experimental diets that provided AA either as protein from feather meal (INT), as free AA and small peptides obtained by extensive acid hydrolysis of feathers (HYD), or as a mix of individual purified AA with the same AA profile as HYD (FAA). Pigs were fed the same quantity of feed, energy, and AA. After 14 d, pigs were slaughtered 3 h after feeding a meal with indigestible markers. Digesta and tissue were collected from different sections of the small intestine. Jejunal digesta was used to measure apparent jejunal digestibility of AA. Samples of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were used to measure intestinal morphology and the gene expression of intestinal AA transporters. The measured apparent jejunal digestibility of AA of INT was lower compared to HYD and FAA (P < 0.05). The apparent jejunal digestibility of Cys, Gly, His, Met, and Pro was lower for FAA compared to HYD (P < 0.05). This may be due to the small peptides in HYD, which are absorbed faster than individual AA. The villi area in the ileum of HYD fed pigs was the highest (P < 0.05) among the treatments, which may be associated with the reabsorption of endogenous proteins, which occurs mostly in the ileum. In the duodenum, HYD and FAA had lower expression of PepT1 (P < 0.01) probably due to the rapid transit time of digesta compared to INT fed pigs. Pigs fed HYD expressed more ASCT2 (P = 0.02) and CAT-1 (P = 0.04) in the jejunum compared to the pigs fed the other diets. The expression of these transporters along the intestine depended on the relative abundance of readily absorbable dietary AA. Results showed that dietary AA form can have an influence on the morphology and on the expression of different AA transporters along the different sections of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Amann Eugenio
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France
- BCF Life Sciences, Boisel, 56140 Pleucadeuc, France
| | | | | | | | - Nathalie Le Floc’h
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France
- BCF Life Sciences, Boisel, 56140 Pleucadeuc, France
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17
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Du J, Du C, Ge X, Wen S, Zhou X, Zhang L, Hu J. Genome-Wide Analysis of the AAAP Gene Family in Populus and Functional Analysis of PsAAAP21 in Root Growth and Amino Acid Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010624. [PMID: 36614067 PMCID: PMC9820651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The adventitious root (AR) is the basis for successful propagation by plant cuttings and tissue culture and is essential for maintaining the positive traits of a variety. Members of the amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) gene family play indispensable roles in various plant metabolisms and have few studies on root growth and amino acid transport. In this study, with a systematic bioinformatics analysis of the Populus AAAP family, 83 PtrAAAPs were identified from Populus trichocarpa and grouped into 8 subfamilies. Subsequently, chromosomal distribution, genetic structure, cis-elements analysis, and expression pattern analysis of the AAAP family were performed and the potential gene AAAP21 regulating root development was screened by combining the results of RNA-Seq and QTL mapping. PsAAAP21 was proven as promoting root development by enhancing AR formation. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from RNA-seq results of overexpressing lines were enriched to multiple amino acid-related pathways, and the amino acid treatment to transgenic lines indicated that PsAAAP21 regulated amino acid transport, including tyrosine, methionine, and arginine. Analysis of the AAAP gene family provided a theoretical basis for uncovering the functions of AAAP genes. The identification of PsAAAP21 on root promotion and amino acid transport in Populus will help with breeding new woody plant species with strong rooting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiujun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaolan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xinglu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-10-62889642 (L.Z.); +86-10-62888862 (J.H.)
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-10-62889642 (L.Z.); +86-10-62888862 (J.H.)
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18
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Jeckelmann JM, Zaugg J, Morozova V, Müller J, Kantipudi S, Schroeder M, Graff J, Albrecht C, Altmann KH, Gertsch J, Fotiadis D. Structure, Function and Pharmacology of SLC7 Family Members and Homologues. Chimia (Aarau) 2022; 76:1011-1018. [PMID: 38069796 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2022.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are essential components of all living cells serving as building blocks of proteins, as energy source, and as precursors of metabolites and signaling molecules. Amino acid transporters are membrane proteins that mediate the transfer of amino acids across the plasma membrane, and between compartments in cells, different cells and organs. The absence, overexpression or malfunction of specific amino acid transporters have been associated with human disease. One of the projects within the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure was directed at SLC7 family amino acid transporters, with a particular focus on the heteromeric amino acid transporters 4F2hc-LAT1 (SLC3A2-SLC7A5) and 4F2hc-LAT2 (SLC3A2-SLC7A8), and the bacterial homologue AdiC. The project addressed questions of basic research (function and structure), pharmacology (identification of potent inhibitors and activators), and pre-clinical medicine (e.g., physiological role in the placenta) and disease models (e.g., tumor progression) of specific SLC7 family amino acid transporters. This review presents, summarizes and discusses selected main results obtained in this NCCR TransCure project.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Zaugg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern
| | - Veronika Morozova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern
| | - Jennifer Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich
| | - Satish Kantipudi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern
| | - Mariana Schroeder
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern
| | - Julien Graff
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern
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19
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Tao CN, Buswell W, Zhang P, Walker H, Johnson I, Field K, Schwarzenbacher R, Ton J. A single amino acid transporter controls the uptake of priming-inducing beta-amino acids and the associated tradeoff between induced resistance and plant growth. Plant Cell 2022; 34:4840-4856. [PMID: 36040205 PMCID: PMC9709968 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selected β-amino acids, such as β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and R-β-homoserine (RBH), can prime plants for resistance against a broad spectrum of diseases. Here, we describe a genome-wide screen of fully annotated Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion lines for impaired in RBH-induced immunity (iri) mutants against the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, yielding 104 lines that were partially affected and four lines that were completely impaired in RBH-induced resistance (IR). We confirmed the iri1-1 mutant phenotype with an independent T-DNA insertion line in the same gene, encoding the high-affinity amino acid transporter LYSINE HISTIDINE TRANSPORTER 1 (LHT1). Uptake experiments with yeast cells expressing LHT1 and mass spectrometry-based quantification of RBH and BABA in leaves of lht1 mutant and LHT1 overexpression lines revealed that LHT1 acts as the main transporter for cellular uptake and systemic distribution of RBH and BABA. Subsequent characterization of lht1 mutant and LHT1 overexpression lines for IR and growth responses revealed that the levels of LHT1-mediated uptake determine the tradeoff between IR and plant growth by RBH and BABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Nan Tao
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Will Buswell
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peijun Zhang
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Heather Walker
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, biOMICS Facility, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Irene Johnson
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Katie Field
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Roland Schwarzenbacher
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable Food, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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20
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Huang C, Li L, Wang L, Bao J, Zhang X, Yan J, Wu J, Cao N, Wang J, Zhao L, Liu X, Yu X, Zhu X, Lin F. The Amino Acid Permease MoGap1 Regulates TOR Activity and Autophagy in Magnaporthe oryzae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13663. [PMID: 36362450 PMCID: PMC9655246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is an important food crop all over the world. It can be infected by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which results in a significant reduction in rice yield. The infection mechanism of M. oryzae has been an academic focus for a long time. It has been found that G protein, AMPK, cAMP-PKA, and MPS1-MAPK pathways play different roles in the infection process. Recently, the function of TOR signaling in regulating cell growth and autophagy by receiving nutritional signals generated by plant pathogenic fungi has been demonstrated, but its regulatory mechanism in response to the nutritional signals remains unclear. In this study, a yeast amino acid permease homologue MoGap1 was identified and a knockout mutant of MoGap1 was successfully obtained. Through a phenotypic analysis, a stress analysis, autophagy flux detection, and a TOR activity analysis, we found that the deletion of MoGap1 led to a sporulation reduction as well as increased sensitivity to cell wall stress and carbon source stress in M. oryzae. The ΔMogap1 mutant showed high sensitivity to the TOR inhibitor rapamycin. A Western blot analysis further confirmed that the TOR activity significantly decreased, which improved the level of autophagy. The results suggested that MoGap1, as an upstream regulator of TOR signaling, regulated autophagy and responded to adversities such as cell wall stress by regulating the TOR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Jiongyi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Na Cao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 310007, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xueming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 310007, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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21
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Anderson CMH, Edwards N, Watson AK, Althaus M, Thwaites DT. Reshaping the Binding Pocket of the Neurotransmitter:Solute Symporter (NSS) Family Transporter SLC6A14 (ATB 0,+) Selectively Reduces Access for Cationic Amino Acids and Derivatives. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101404. [PMID: 36291613 PMCID: PMC9599917 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC6A14 (ATB0,+) is unique among SLC proteins in its ability to transport 18 of the 20 proteinogenic (dipolar and cationic) amino acids and naturally occurring and synthetic analogues (including anti-viral prodrugs and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors). SLC6A14 mediates amino acid uptake in multiple cell types where increased expression is associated with pathophysiological conditions including some cancers. Here, we investigated how a key position within the core LeuT-fold structure of SLC6A14 influences substrate specificity. Homology modelling and sequence analysis identified the transmembrane domain 3 residue V128 as equivalent to a position known to influence substrate specificity in distantly related SLC36 and SLC38 amino acid transporters. SLC6A14, with and without V128 mutations, was heterologously expressed and function determined by radiotracer solute uptake and electrophysiological measurement of transporter-associated current. Substituting the amino acid residue occupying the SLC6A14 128 position modified the binding pocket environment and selectively disrupted transport of cationic (but not dipolar) amino acids and related NOS inhibitors. By understanding the molecular basis of amino acid transporter substrate specificity we can improve knowledge of how this multi-functional transporter can be targeted and how the LeuT-fold facilitates such diversity in function among the SLC6 family and other SLC amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona M. H. Anderson
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Agriculture, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Correspondence: (C.M.H.A.); (D.T.T.)
| | - Noel Edwards
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew K. Watson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mike Althaus
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Agriculture, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Department of Natural Sciences & Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - David T. Thwaites
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Correspondence: (C.M.H.A.); (D.T.T.)
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22
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Xiao Y, Zhang H, Li Z, Huang T, Akihiro T, Xu J, Xu H, Lin F. An amino acid transporter-like protein (OsATL15) facilitates the systematic distribution of thiamethoxam in rice for controlling the brown planthopper. Plant Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1888-1901. [PMID: 35678495 PMCID: PMC9491460 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Characterization and genetic engineering of plant transporters involved in the pesticide uptake and translocation facilitate pesticide relocation to the tissue where the pests feed, thus improving the bioavailability of the agrichemicals. We aimed to identify thiamethoxam (THX) transporters in rice and modify their expression for better brown planthopper (BPH) control with less pesticide application. A yeast library expressing 1385 rice transporters was screened, leading to the identification of an amino acid transporter-like (ATL) gene, namely OsATL15, which facilitates THX uptake in both yeast cells and rice seedlings. In contrast to a decrease in THX content in osatl15 knockout mutants, ectopic expression of OsATL15 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter or a vascular-bundle-specific promoter gdcsPpro significantly increased THX accumulation in rice plants, thus further enhancing the THX efficacy against BPH. OsATL15 was localized in rice cell membrane and abundant in the root transverse sections, vascular bundles of leaf blade, and stem longitudinal sections, but not in hull and brown rice at filling stages. Our study shows that OsATL15 plays an essential role in THX uptake and its systemic distribution in rice. OsATL15 could be valuable in achieving precise pest control by biotechnology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of Education, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of Education, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of Education, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tinghong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of Education, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Takashi Akihiro
- Faculty of Life and Environmental ScienceShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hanhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of Education, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Fei Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources/Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of Education, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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23
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Guo X, Schmiege P, Assafa TE, Wang R, Xu Y, Donnelly L, Fine M, Ni X, Jiang J, Millhauser G, Feng L, Li X. Structure and mechanism of human cystine exporter cystinosin. Cell 2022; 185:3739-3752.e18. [PMID: 36113465 PMCID: PMC9530027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal amino acid efflux by proton-driven transporters is essential for lysosomal homeostasis, amino acid recycling, mTOR signaling, and maintaining lysosomal pH. To unravel the mechanisms of these transporters, we focus on cystinosin, a prototypical lysosomal amino acid transporter that exports cystine to the cytosol, where its reduction to cysteine supplies this limiting amino acid for diverse fundamental processes and controlling nutrient adaptation. Cystinosin mutations cause cystinosis, a devastating lysosomal storage disease. Here, we present structures of human cystinosin in lumen-open, cytosol-open, and cystine-bound states, which uncover the cystine recognition mechanism and capture the key conformational states of the transport cycle. Our structures, along with functional studies and double electron-electron resonance spectroscopic investigations, reveal the molecular basis for the transporter's conformational transitions and protonation switch, show conformation-dependent Ragulator-Rag complex engagement, and demonstrate an unexpected activation mechanism. These findings provide molecular insights into lysosomal amino acid efflux and a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philip Schmiege
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tufa E Assafa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Linda Donnelly
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael Fine
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaodan Ni
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiansen Jiang
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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24
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Chen Y, Wang J, Yao L, Li B, Ma X, Si E, Yang K, Li C, Shang X, Meng Y, Wang H. Combined Proteomic and Metabolomic Analysis of the Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Response to Salt Stress during Seed Germination in Barley. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810515. [PMID: 36142428 PMCID: PMC9499682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is a major abiotic stress factor affecting crop production, and understanding of the response mechanisms of seed germination to salt stress can help to improve crop tolerance and yield. The differences in regulatory pathways during germination in different salt-tolerant barley seeds are not clear. Therefore, this study investigated the responses of different salt-tolerant barley seeds during germination to salt stress at the proteomic and metabolic levels. To do so, the proteomics and metabolomics of two barley seeds with different salt tolerances were comprehensively examined. Through comparative proteomic analysis, 778 differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 335 were upregulated and 443 were downregulated. These proteins, were mainly involved in signal transduction, propanoate metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormones and cell wall stress. In addition, a total of 187 salt-regulated metabolites were identified in this research, which were mainly related to ABC transporters, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism; 72 were increased and 112 were decreased. Compared with salt-sensitive materials, salt-tolerant materials responded more positively to salt stress at the protein and metabolic levels. Taken together, these results suggest that salt-tolerant germplasm may enhance resilience by repairing intracellular structures, promoting lipid metabolism and increasing osmotic metabolites. These data not only provide new ideas for how seeds respond to salt stress but also provide new directions for studying the molecular mechanisms and the metabolic homeostasis of seeds in the early stages of germination under abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyou Chen
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Juncheng Wang
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lirong Yao
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Baochun Li
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Department of Botany, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaole Ma
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Erjing Si
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Xunwu Shang
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yaxiong Meng
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Huajun Wang
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (H.W.)
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25
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Chen J. Bringing it in: a transporter of extracellular amino acids for regulation of plant immunity. Plant Physiol 2022; 190:190-192. [PMID: 35751611 PMCID: PMC9434176 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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26
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Krokowski D, Jobava R, Szkop KJ, Chen CW, Fu X, Venus S, Guan BJ, Wu J, Gao Z, Banaszuk W, Tchorzewski M, Mu T, Ropelewski P, Merrick WC, Mao Y, Sevval AI, Miranda H, Qian SB, Manifava M, Ktistakis NT, Vourekas A, Jankowsky E, Topisirovic I, Larsson O, Hatzoglou M. Stress-induced perturbations in intracellular amino acids reprogram mRNA translation in osmoadaptation independently of the ISR. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111092. [PMID: 35858571 PMCID: PMC9491157 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) plays a pivotal role in adaptation of translation machinery to cellular stress. Here, we demonstrate an ISR-independent osmoadaptation mechanism involving reprogramming of translation via coordinated but independent actions of mTOR and plasma membrane amino acid transporter SNAT2. This biphasic response entails reduced global protein synthesis and mTOR signaling followed by translation of SNAT2. Induction of SNAT2 leads to accumulation of amino acids and reactivation of mTOR and global protein synthesis, paralleled by partial reversal of the early-phase, stress-induced translatome. We propose SNAT2 functions as a molecular switch between inhibition of protein synthesis and establishment of an osmoadaptive translation program involving the formation of cytoplasmic condensates of SNAT2-regulated RNA-binding proteins DDX3X and FUS. In summary, we define key roles of SNAT2 in osmotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Krokowski
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Raul Jobava
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Krzysztof J Szkop
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chien-Wen Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xu Fu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Venus
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bo-Jhih Guan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zhaofeng Gao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wioleta Banaszuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Tchorzewski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland; EcoTech-Complex Centre, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tingwei Mu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Phil Ropelewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William C Merrick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuanhui Mao
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aksoylu Inci Sevval
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Miranda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shu-Bing Qian
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | - Anastasios Vourekas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Eckhard Jankowsky
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- The Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Tünnermann L, Colou J, Näsholm T, Gratz R. To have or not to have: expression of amino acid transporters during pathogen infection. Plant Mol Biol 2022; 109:413-425. [PMID: 35103913 PMCID: PMC9213295 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between plants and plant pathogens can have significant effects on ecosystem performance. For their growth and development, both bionts rely on amino acids. While amino acids are key transport forms of nitrogen and can be directly absorbed from the soil through specific root amino acid transporters, various pathogenic microbes can invade plant tissues to feed on different plant amino acid pools. In parallel, plants may initiate an immune response program to restrict this invasion, employing various amino acid transporters to modify the amino acid pool at the site of pathogen attack. The interaction between pathogens and plants is sophisticated and responses are dynamic. Both avail themselves of multiple tools to increase their chance of survival. In this review, we highlight the role of amino acid transporters during pathogen infection. Having control over the expression of those transporters can be decisive for the fate of both bionts but the underlying mechanism that regulates the expression of amino acid transporters is not understood to date. We provide an overview of the regulation of a variety of amino acid transporters, depending on interaction with biotrophic, hemibiotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens. In addition, we aim to highlight the interplay of different physiological processes on amino acid transporter regulation during pathogen attack and chose the LYSINE HISTIDINE TRANSPORTER1 (LHT1) as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tünnermann
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Justine Colou
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Regina Gratz
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden.
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28
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Wu X, Chen J, Liu C, Wang X, Zhou H, Mai K, He G. Slc38a9 Deficiency Induces Apoptosis and Metabolic Dysregulation and Leads to Premature Death in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084200. [PMID: 35457018 PMCID: PMC9025135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells control nutritional homeostasis and determine cell metabolic fate through a series of nutrient transporters and metabolic regulation pathways. Lysosomal localized amino acid transporter member 9 of the solute carrier family 38 (SLC38A9) regulates essential amino acids’ efflux from lysosomes in an arginine-regulated fashion. To better understand the physiological role of SLC38A9, we first described the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the slc38a9 gene in zebrafish. A quarter of slc38a9−/− mutant embryos developed pericardial edema and died prematurely, while the remaining mutants were viable and grew normally. By profiling the transcriptome of the abnormally developed embryos using RNA-seq, we identified increased apoptosis, dysregulated amino acid metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis disorders that occurred in slc38a9−/− mutant fish. slc38a9 deficiency increased whole-body free amino acid and lactate levels but reduced glucose and pyruvate levels. The change of glycolysis-related metabolites in viable slc38a9−/− mutant fish was ameliorated. Moreover, loss of slc38a9 resulted in a significant reduction in hypoxia-inducible gene expression and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (Hif1α) protein levels. These results improved our understanding of the physiological functions of SLC38A9 and revealed its indispensable role in embryonic development, metabolic regulation, and stress adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (J.C.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (K.M.); (G.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (J.C.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (K.M.); (G.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chengdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (J.C.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (K.M.); (G.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (J.C.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (K.M.); (G.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (J.C.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (K.M.); (G.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (J.C.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (K.M.); (G.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Gen He
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.W.); (J.C.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (K.M.); (G.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
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Ishii R, Fukui A, Sakihama Y, Kitsukawa S, Futami A, Mochizuki T, Nagano M, Toshima J, Abe F. Substrate-induced differential degradation and partitioning of the two tryptophan permeases Tat1 and Tat2 into eisosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2022; 1864:183858. [PMID: 35031272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan is a relatively rare amino acid whose influx is strictly controlled to meet cellular demands. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two tryptophan permeases, namely Tat1 (low-affinity type) and Tat2 (high-affinity type). These permeases are differentially regulated through ubiquitination based on inducible conditions and dependence on arrestin-related trafficking adaptors, although the physiological significance of their degradation remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Tat2 was rapidly degraded in an Rsp5-Bul1-dependent manner upon the addition of tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, whereas Tat1 was unaffected. The expression of the ubiquitination-deficient variant Tat25K>R led to a reduction in cell yield at 4 μg/mL tryptophan, suggesting the occurrence of an uncontrolled, excessive consumption of tryptophan at low tryptophan concentrations. Eisosomes are membrane furrows that are thought to be storage compartments for some nutrient permeases. Tryptophan addition caused rapid Tat2 dissociation from eisosomes, whereas Tat1 distribution was unaffected. The 5 K > R mutation had no marked effect on Tat2 dissociation, suggesting that dissociation is independent of ubiquitination. Interestingly, the D74R mutation, which was created within the N-terminal acidic patch, stabilized Tat2 while reducing the degree of partitioning into eisosomes. Moreover, the hyperactive I285V mutation in Tat2, which increases Vmax/Km for tryptophan import by 2-fold, reduced the degree of segregation into eisosomes. Our findings illustrate the coordinated activity of Tat1 and Tat2 in the regulation of tryptophan transport at various tryptophan concentrations and suggest the positive role of substrates in inducing a conformational transition in Tat2, resulting in its dissociation from eisosomes and subsequent ubiquitination-dependent degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoga Ishii
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Ayu Fukui
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yuri Sakihama
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Shoko Kitsukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Ayami Futami
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan; Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1, Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 983-8536, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Jiro Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Abe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan.
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Nowak J, Wohlfarth M, Nüsken E, Demozay D, Nüsken KD, Bøgh IB. Placental nutrient transporters adapt during persistent maternal hypoglycaemia in rats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265988. [PMID: 35344549 PMCID: PMC8959168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition is associated with decreased nutrient transfer to the foetus, which may lead to foetal growth restriction, predisposing children to a variety of diseases. However, regulation of placental nutrient transfer during decreased nutrient availability is not fully understood. In the present study, the aim was to investigate changes in levels of placental nutrient transporters accompanying maternal hypoglycaemia following different durations and stages of gestation in rats. Maternal hypoglycaemia was induced by insulin-infusion throughout gestation until gestation day (GD)20 or until end of organogenesis (GD17), with sacrifice on GD17 or GD20. Protein levels of placental glucose transporters GLUT1 (45/55 kDa isotypes) and GLUT3, amino acid transporters SNAT1 and SNAT2, and insulin receptor (InsR) were assessed. On GD17, GLUT1-45, GLUT3, and SNAT1 levels were increased and InsR levels decreased versus controls. On GD20, following hypoglycaemia throughout gestation, GLUT3 levels were increased, GLUT1-55 showed the same trend. After cessation of hypoglycaemia at end of organogenesis, GLUT1-55, GLUT3, and InsR levels were increased versus controls, whereas SNAT1 levels were decreased. The increases in levels of placental nutrient transporters seen during maternal hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia likely reflect an adaptive response to optimise foetal nutrient supply and development during limited availability of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi F. H. Jensen
- Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jette Nowak
- Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Maria Wohlfarth
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Nüsken
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Damien Demozay
- Department of Diabetes Pharmacology 1, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kai-Dietrich Nüsken
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingrid B. Bøgh
- Department of Safety Sciences, Imaging & Data Management, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
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Wang F, Panjwani N, Wang C, Sun L, Strug LJ. A flexible summary statistics-based colocalization method with application to the mucin cystic fibrosis lung disease modifier locus. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:253-269. [PMID: 35065708 PMCID: PMC8874229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus obstruction is a central feature in the cystic fibrosis (CF) airways. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of lung disease by the CF Gene Modifier Consortium (CFGMC) identified a significant locus containing two mucin genes, MUC20 and MUC4. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis using human nasal epithelia (HNE) from 94 CF-affected Canadians in the CFGMC demonstrated MUC4 eQTLs that mirrored the lung association pattern in the region, suggesting that MUC4 expression may mediate CF lung disease. Complications arose, however, with colocalization testing using existing methods: the locus is complex and the associated SNPs span a 0.2 Mb region with high linkage disequilibrium (LD) and evidence of allelic heterogeneity. We previously developed the Simple Sum (SS), a powerful colocalization test in regions with allelic heterogeneity, but SS assumed eQTLs to be present to achieve type I error control. Here we propose a two-stage SS (SS2) colocalization test that avoids a priori eQTL assumptions, accounts for multiple hypothesis testing and the composite null hypothesis, and enables meta-analysis. We compare SS2 to published approaches through simulation and demonstrate type I error control for all settings with the greatest power in the presence of high LD and allelic heterogeneity. Applying SS2 to the MUC20/MUC4 CF lung disease locus with eQTLs from CF HNE revealed significant colocalization with MUC4 (p = 1.31 × 10−5) rather than with MUC20. The SS2 is a powerful method to inform the responsible gene(s) at a locus and guide future functional studies. SS2 has been implemented in the application LocusFocus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z5, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Naim Panjwani
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Cheng Wang
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z5, Canada; Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Lisa J Strug
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z5, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada; The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
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Abstract
Amino acids modulate glucose homeostasis. Cytosolic levels of amino acids are regulated by amino acid transporters, modulating insulin release, protein synthesis, cell proliferation, cell fate, and metabolism. In β-cells, amino acid transporters modulate incretin-stimulated insulin release. In the liver, amino acid transporters provide glutamine and alanine for gluconeogenesis. Intestinal amino acid transporters facilitate the intake of amino acids causing protein restriction when inactive. Adipocyte development is regulated by amino acid transporters through activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) and amino acid-related metabolites. The accumulation and metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in muscle depends on transporters. The integration between amino acid metabolism and transport is critical for the maintenance and function of tissues and cells involved in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton 2601, Australia.
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Bhutia YD, Mathew M, Sivaprakasam S, Ramachandran S, Ganapathy V. Unconventional Functions of Amino Acid Transporters: Role in Macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and Diet-Induced Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6). Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020235. [PMID: 35204736 PMCID: PMC8961558 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are expressed in mammalian cells not only in the plasma membrane but also in intracellular membranes. The conventional function of these transporters is to transfer their amino acid substrates across the lipid bilayer; the direction of the transfer is dictated by the combined gradients for the amino acid substrates and the co-transported ions (Na+, H+, K+ or Cl−) across the membrane. In cases of electrogenic transporters, the membrane potential also contributes to the direction of the amino acid transfer. In addition to this expected traditional function, several unconventional functions are known for some of these amino acid transporters. This includes their role in intracellular signaling, regulation of acid–base balance, and entry of viruses into cells. Such functions expand the biological roles of these transporters beyond the logical amino acid homeostasis. In recent years, two additional unconventional biochemical/metabolic processes regulated by certain amino acid transporters have come to be recognized: macropinocytosis and obesity. This adds to the repertoire of biological processes that are controlled and regulated by amino acid transporters in health and disease. In the present review, we highlight the unusual involvement of selective amino acid transporters in macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and diet-induced obesity/metabolic syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6).
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Wu J, Zhang X, Tan Z, Jiao J. Distribution of free amino acids and mRNA expression of their corresponding transporters in the intestinal mucosa of goats feeding on a corn grain versus corn gluten diet. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:868-875. [PMID: 34218447 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal amino acid (AA) chemosensing has been implicated in the regulation of AA absorption, nitrogen metabolism and hormone release, thereby playing an indispensable role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in mammals. The objective of this experiment was to study the distribution of free AA and the expression of AA transporting related genes along the small and large intestines of Liuyang black goats, together with the effects of dietary corn grain replaced by dietary corn gluten feed (CGF). RESULTS The CGF replacement did not alter (P > 0.05) AA profiles and the expression of AA transporting related genes in the intestinal mucosa. Intriguingly, in terms of gut regions, the concentrations of aspartic acid and glutamic acid in the mucosa of ileum were remarkably less (P < 0.001) than those in the large intestine. Moreover, the concentrations of most cationic and neutral AAs shared the same distribution pattern, with the jejunum and ileum holding the greatest and least levels (P < 0.05), respectively. It was notable that the expression of both anionic and cationic AA transporters in the small intestine was exceedingly greater (P < 0.001) than those in the large intestine. As for transporters of neutral AA, system ASC, L, and A showed an extremely distinctive expression pattern. CONCLUSION The jejunum would be the primary site of transporting AA, while CGF substitution does not exert a disadvantageous influence on the AA chemosensing systems of the first-pass metabolism. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jinzhen Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
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Llebrés MT, Castro-Rodríguez V, Pascual MB, Avila C, Cánovas FM. The amino acid permease PpAAP1 mediates arginine transport in maritime pine. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:175-188. [PMID: 34296278 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Forest trees have access to diverse nitrogenous compounds in the soil such as ammonium, nitrate and amino acids. Recent progress has been made in the identification and characterization of ammonium and nitrate transporters. However, much more limited is our current knowledge of amino acid transport systems despite their relevance to fully understanding nitrogen nutrition in trees. In the present study, we have identified 10 genes encoding putative amino acid permeases of the AAP family in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Four members of this family, PpAAP1, PpAAP2, PpAAP3 and PpAAP4 were phylogenetically related to AtAAP5, involved in arginine transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. One of these genes, PpAAP1, exhibited enhanced expression levels in maritime pine roots when arginine was externally supplied. PpAAP1 was functionally characterized by complementation of a yeast mutant strain defective in the transport of arginine, allowing yeast to take up [14C]-arginine with high affinity. Furthermore, PpAAP1 was able to restore the severely affected root uptake of arginine displayed by AtAAP5 T-DNA mutants. Uptake rates of 15N-labelled arginine were significantly higher in PpAAP1-overexpressing plants when compared to wild-type and AtAAP5 mutant plants. Taken together, our results indicate that PpAAP1 is a high-affinity arginine transporter in maritime pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Llebrés
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Vanessa Castro-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Belén Pascual
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Concepción Avila
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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Xia S, Bozóky Z, Di Paola M, Laselva O, Ahmadi S, Jiang JX, Pitstick AL, Jiang C, Rotin D, Mayhew CN, Jones NL, Bear CE. High-Throughput Functional Analysis of CFTR and Other Apically Localized Proteins in iPSC-Derived Human Intestinal Organoids. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123419. [PMID: 34943927 PMCID: PMC8699884 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into epithelial organoids that recapitulate the relevant context for CFTR and enable testing of therapies targeting Cystic Fibrosis (CF)-causing mutant proteins. However, to date, CF-iPSC-derived organoids have only been used to study pharmacological modulation of mutant CFTR channel activity and not the activity of other disease-relevant membrane protein constituents. In the current work, we describe a high-throughput, fluorescence-based assay of CFTR channel activity in iPSC-derived intestinal organoids and describe how this method can be adapted to study other apical membrane proteins. Specifically, we show how this assay can be employed to study CFTR and ENaC channels and an electrogenic acid transporter in the same iPSC-derived intestinal tissue. This phenotypic platform promises to expand CF therapy discovery to include strategies that target multiple determinants of epithelial fluid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Xia
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (S.X.); (Z.B.); (O.L.); (J.X.J.)
- Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (C.J.); (D.R.); (N.L.J.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Zoltán Bozóky
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (S.X.); (Z.B.); (O.L.); (J.X.J.)
| | - Michelle Di Paola
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Onofrio Laselva
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (S.X.); (Z.B.); (O.L.); (J.X.J.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Saumel Ahmadi
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Jia Xin Jiang
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (S.X.); (Z.B.); (O.L.); (J.X.J.)
| | - Amy L. Pitstick
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (A.L.P.); (C.N.M.)
| | - Chong Jiang
- Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (C.J.); (D.R.); (N.L.J.)
| | - Daniela Rotin
- Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (C.J.); (D.R.); (N.L.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Christopher N. Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (A.L.P.); (C.N.M.)
| | - Nicola L. Jones
- Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (C.J.); (D.R.); (N.L.J.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Christine E. Bear
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay St, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (S.X.); (Z.B.); (O.L.); (J.X.J.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Dhatterwal P, Mehrotra S, Miller AJ, Mehrotra R. Promoter profiling of Arabidopsis amino acid transporters: clues for improving crops. Plant Mol Biol 2021; 107:451-475. [PMID: 34674117 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The review describes the importance of amino acid transporters in plant growth, development, stress tolerance, and productivity. The promoter analysis provides valuable insights into their functionality leading to agricultural benefits. Arabidopsis thaliana genome is speculated to possess more than 100 amino acid transporter genes. This large number suggests the functional significance of amino acid transporters in plant growth and development. The current article summarizes the substrate specificity, cellular localization, tissue-specific expression, and expression of the amino acid transporter genes in response to environmental cues. However, till date functionality of a majority of amino acid transporter genes in plant development and stress tolerance is unexplored. Considering, that gene expression is mainly regulated by the regulatory motifs localized in their promoter regions at the transcriptional levels. The promoter regions ( ~ 1-kbp) of these amino acid transporter genes were analysed for the presence of cis-regulatory motifs responsive to developmental and external cues. This analysis can help predict the functionality of known and unexplored amino acid transporters in different tissues, organs, and various growth and development stages and responses to external stimuli. Furthermore, based on the promoter analysis and utilizing the microarray expression data we have attempted to identify plausible candidates (listed below) that might be targeted for agricultural benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Dhatterwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Sandhya Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rajesh Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India.
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Cong B, Nakamura M, Sando Y, Kondo T, Ohsawa S, Igaki T. JNK and Yorkie drive tumor malignancy by inducing L-amino acid transporter 1 in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009893. [PMID: 34780467 PMCID: PMC8629376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying a common oncogenesis pathway among tumors with different oncogenic mutations is critical for developing anti-cancer strategies. Here, we performed transcriptome analyses on two different models of Drosophila malignant tumors caused by Ras activation with cell polarity defects (RasV12/scrib-/-) or by microRNA bantam overexpression with endocytic defects (bantam/rab5-/-), followed by an RNAi screen for genes commonly essential for tumor growth and malignancy. We identified that Juvenile hormone Inducible-21 (JhI-21), a Drosophila homolog of the L-amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), is upregulated in these malignant tumors with different oncogenic mutations and knocking down of JhI-21 strongly blocked their growth and invasion. JhI-21 expression was induced by simultaneous activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Yorkie (Yki) in these tumors and thereby contributed to tumor growth and progression by activating the mTOR-S6 pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of LAT1 activity in Drosophila larvae significantly suppressed growth of RasV12/scrib-/- tumors. Intriguingly, LAT1 inhibitory drugs did not suppress growth of bantam/rab5-/- tumors and overexpression of bantam rendered RasV12/scrib-/- tumors unresponsive to LAT1 inhibitors. Further analyses with RNA sequencing of bantam-expressing clones followed by an RNAi screen suggested that bantam induces drug resistance against LAT1 inhibitors via downregulation of the TMEM135-like gene CG31157. Our observations unveil an evolutionarily conserved role of LAT1 induction in driving Drosophila tumor malignancy and provide a powerful genetic model for studying cancer progression and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojie Cong
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mai Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukari Sando
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shizue Ohsawa
- Group of Genetics, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Nagoya Chikusa-ku, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Ogasawara S, Ezaki M, Ishida R, Sueyoshi K, Saito S, Hiradate Y, Kudo T, Obara M, Kojima S, Uozumi N, Tanemura K, Hayakawa T. Rice amino acid transporter-like 6 (OsATL6) is involved in amino acid homeostasis by modulating the vacuolar storage of glutamine in roots. Plant J 2021; 107:1616-1630. [PMID: 34216173 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is a product of ammonium (NH4+ ) assimilation catalyzed by glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). The growth of NH4+ -preferring paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) depends on root NH4+ assimilation and the subsequent root-to-shoot allocation of glutamine; however, little is known about the mechanism of glutamine storage in roots. Here, using transcriptome and reverse genetics analyses, we show that the rice amino acid transporter-like 6 (OsATL6) protein exports glutamine to the root vacuoles under NH4+ -replete conditions. OsATL6 was expressed, along with OsGS1;2 and OsNADH-GOGAT1, in wild-type (WT) roots fed with sufficient NH4 Cl, and was induced by glutamine treatment. We generated two independent Tos17 retrotransposon insertion mutants showing reduced OsATL6 expression to determine the function of OsATL6. Compared with segregants lacking the Tos17 insertion, the OsATL6 knock-down mutant seedlings exhibited lower root glutamine content but higher glutamine concentration in the xylem sap and greater shoot growth under NH4+ -replete conditions. The transient expression of monomeric red fluorescent protein-fused OsATL6 in onion epidermal cells confirmed the tonoplast localization of OsATL6. When OsATL6 was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, glutamine efflux from the cell into the acidic bath solution increased. Under sufficient NH4+ supply, OsATL6 transiently accumulated in sclerenchyma and pericycle cells, which are located adjacent to the Casparian strip, thus obstructing the apoplastic solute path, and in vascular parenchyma cells of WT roots before the peak accumulation of GS1;2 and NADH-GOGAT1 occurred. These findings suggest that OsATL6 temporarily stores excess glutamine, produced by NH4+ assimilation, in root vacuoles before it can be translocated to the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Masataka Ezaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Ishida
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Kuni Sueyoshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shunya Saito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiradate
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Toru Kudo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Obara
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanemura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
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40
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Rajendran E, Clark M, Goulart C, Steinhöfel B, Tjhin ET, Gross S, Smith NC, Kirk K, van Dooren GG. Substrate-mediated regulation of the arginine transporter of Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009816. [PMID: 34352043 PMCID: PMC8370653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasites, such as the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii, are adept at scavenging nutrients from their host. However, there is little understanding of how parasites sense and respond to the changing nutrient environments they encounter during an infection. TgApiAT1, a member of the apicomplexan ApiAT family of amino acid transporters, is the major uptake route for the essential amino acid L-arginine (Arg) in T. gondii. Here, we show that the abundance of TgApiAT1, and hence the rate of uptake of Arg, is regulated by the availability of Arg in the parasite's external environment, increasing in response to decreased [Arg]. Using a luciferase-based 'biosensor' strain of T. gondii, we demonstrate that the expression of TgApiAT1 varies between different organs within the host, indicating that parasites are able to modulate TgApiAT1-dependent uptake of Arg as they encounter different nutrient environments in vivo. Finally, we show that Arg-dependent regulation of TgApiAT1 expression is post-transcriptional, mediated by an upstream open reading frame (uORF) in the TgApiAT1 transcript, and we provide evidence that the peptide encoded by this uORF is critical for mediating regulation. Together, our data reveal the mechanism by which an apicomplexan parasite responds to changes in the availability of a key nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Rajendran
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Morgan Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cibelly Goulart
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Birte Steinhöfel
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Erick T. Tjhin
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon Gross
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicholas C. Smith
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kiaran Kirk
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Giel G. van Dooren
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Alkhalefah A, Dunn WB, Allwood JW, Parry KL, Houghton FD, Ashton N, Glazier JD. Maternal intermittent fasting during pregnancy induces fetal growth restriction and down-regulated placental system A amino acid transport in the rat. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1445-1466. [PMID: 34008846 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During Ramadan, many pregnant Muslim women fast between dawn and sunset. Although the impacts of prolonged maternal intermittent fasting (IF) on fetal growth and placental function are under-researched, reported effects include reduced placental weight and birth weight. In the present study, pregnant Wistar rats were used to model repeated cycles of IF on fetal development and placental function and to examine sex-specific effects. In the IF group, food was withdrawn daily from 17:00 to 09:00 over 21 days of gestation, while the control group received food ad libitum. Both groups had free water access. IF dams consumed less food, had significantly reduced weight compared with controls, with reduced plasma glucose and amino acids. Both fetal sexes were significantly lighter in the IF group with reduced fetal plasma amino acids. Placental weights and morphology were unchanged. The profile of placental metabolites was altered in the IF group with sex-specific responses evident. Transplacental flux of 14C-methylaminoisobutyric acid (14C-MeAIB), a system A amino acid transporter substrate, was significantly reduced in both fetal sexes in the IF group. Sodium-dependent 14C-MeAIB uptake into isolated placental plasma membrane vesicles was unchanged. The gene expression of system A transporter Slc38a1, Slc38a2 and Slc38a4 was up-regulated in IF male placentas only. No changes were observed in placental SNAT1 and SNAT2 protein expression. Maternal IF results in detrimental impacts on maternal physiology and fetal development with changes in the placental and fetal metabolite profiles. Reduced placental system A transporter activity may be responsible for fetal growth restriction in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alkhalefah
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, U.K
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, U.K
| | - Warwick B Dunn
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - James W Allwood
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Kate L Parry
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Franchesca D Houghton
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Nick Ashton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, U.K
| | - Jocelyn D Glazier
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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Iwadate Y, Ramezanifard R, Golubeva YA, Fenlon LA, Slauch JM. PaeA (YtfL) protects from cadaverine and putrescine stress in Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:1379-1394. [PMID: 33481283 PMCID: PMC10923242 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella and E. coli synthesize, import, and export cadaverine, putrescine, and spermidine to maintain physiological levels and provide pH homeostasis. Both low and high intracellular levels of polyamines confer pleiotropic phenotypes or lethality. Here, we demonstrate that the previously uncharacterized inner membrane protein PaeA (YtfL) is required for reducing cytoplasmic cadaverine and putrescine concentrations. We identified paeA as a gene involved in stationary phase survival when cells were initially grown in acidic medium, in which they produce cadaverine. The paeA mutant is also sensitive to putrescine, but not to spermidine or spermine. Sensitivity to external cadaverine in stationary phase is only observed at pH > 8, suggesting that the polyamines need to be deprotonated to passively diffuse into the cell cytoplasm. In the absence of PaeA, intracellular polyamine levels increase and the cells lose viability. Degradation or modification of the polyamines is not relevant. Ectopic expression of the known cadaverine exporter, CadB, in stationary phase partially suppresses the paeA phenotype, and overexpression of PaeA in exponential phase partially complements a cadB mutant grown in acidic medium. These data support the hypothesis that PaeA is a cadaverine/putrescine exporter, reducing potentially toxic levels under certain stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Iwadate
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rouhallah Ramezanifard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yekaterina A. Golubeva
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Luke A. Fenlon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Current address: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - James M. Slauch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Berg JA, Hermans FWK, Beenders F, Abedinpour H, Vriezen WH, Visser RGF, Bai Y, Schouten HJ. The amino acid permease (AAP) genes CsAAP2A and SlAAP5A/B are required for oomycete susceptibility in cucumber and tomato. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:658-672. [PMID: 33934492 PMCID: PMC8126186 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbit downy mildew (DM), caused by the obligate biotroph Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is a destructive disease in cucumber. A valuable source of DM resistance is the Indian cucumber accession PI 197088, which harbours several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to quantitatively inherited DM resistance. With a combination of fine-mapping and transcriptomics, we identified Amino Acid Permease 2A (CsAAP2A) as a candidate gene for QTL DM4.1.3. Whole-genome and Sanger sequencing revealed the insertion of a Cucumis Mu-like element (CUMULE) transposon in the allele of the resistant near-isogenic line DM4.1.3. To confirm whether loss of CsAAP2A contributes to partial DM resistance, we performed targeting induced local lesions in genomes on a DM-susceptible cucumber genotype to identify an additional csaap2a mutant, which indeed was partially DM resistant. In view of the loss of the putative function as amino acid transporter, we measured amino acids in leaves. We found that DM-inoculated leaves of line DM4.1.3 (with the csaap2a mutation) contained significantly fewer amino acids than wild-type cucumber. The decreased flow of amino acids towards infected leaves in csaap2a plants compared to the wild type might explain the resistant phenotype of the mutant, as this would limit the available nutrients for the pathogen and thereby its fitness. To examine whether AAP genes play a conserved role as susceptibility factors in plant-oomycete interactions, we made targeted mutations in two AAP genes from tomato and studied the effect on susceptibility to Phytophthora infestans. We conclude that not only CsAAP2A but also SlAAP5A/SlAAP5B are susceptibility genes for oomycete pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A. Berg
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuling Bai
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Henk J. Schouten
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
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Darbani B. Genome Evolutionary Dynamics Meets Functional Genomics: A Case Story on the Identification of SLC25A44. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115669. [PMID: 34073512 PMCID: PMC8199184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene clusters are becoming promising tools for gene identification. The study reveals the purposive genomic distribution of genes toward higher inheritance rates of intact metabolic pathways/phenotypes and, thereby, higher fitness. The co-localization of co-expressed, co-interacting, and functionally related genes was found as genome-wide trends in humans, mouse, golden eagle, rice fish, Drosophila, peanut, and Arabidopsis. As anticipated, the analyses verified the co-segregation of co-localized events. A negative correlation was notable between the likelihood of co-localization events and the inter-loci distances. The evolution of genomic blocks was also found convergent and uniform along the chromosomal arms. Calling a genomic block responsible for adjacent metabolic reactions is therefore recommended for identification of candidate genes and interpretation of cellular functions. As a case story, a function in the metabolism of energy and secondary metabolites was proposed for Slc25A44, based on its genomic local information. Slc25A44 was further characterized as an essential housekeeping gene which has been under evolutionary purifying pressure and belongs to the phylogenetic ETC-clade of SLC25s. Pathway enrichment mapped the Slc25A44s to the energy metabolism. The expression of peanut and human Slc25A44s in oocytes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains confirmed the transport of common precursors for secondary metabolites and ubiquinone. These results suggest that SLC25A44 is a mitochondrion-ER-nucleus zone transporter with biotechnological applications. Finally, a conserved three-amino acid signature on the cytosolic face of transport cavity was found important for rational engineering of SLC25s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Darbani
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; or ; Tel.: +45-(53)-578055
- Research Center Flakkebjerg, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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Lei HT, Mu X, Hattne J, Gonen T. A conformational change in the N terminus of SLC38A9 signals mTORC1 activation. Structure 2021; 29:426-432.e8. [PMID: 33296665 PMCID: PMC9994763 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
mTORC1 is a central hub that integrates environmental cues, such as cellular stresses and nutrient availability to modulate metabolism and cellular responses. Recently, SLC38A9, a lysosomal amino acid transporter, emerged as a sensor for luminal arginine and as an activator of mTORC1. The amino acid-mediated activation of mTORC1 is regulated by the N-terminal domain of SLC38A9. Here, we determined the crystal structure of zebrafish SLC38A9 (drSLC38A9) and found the N-terminal fragment inserted deep within the transporter, bound in the substrate-binding pocket where normally arginine would bind. This represents a significant conformational change of the N-terminal domain (N-plug) when compared with our recent arginine-bound structure of drSLC38A9. We propose a ball-and-chain model for mTORC1 activation, where N-plug insertion and Rag GTPase binding with SLC38A9 is regulated by luminal arginine levels. This work provides important insights into nutrient sensing by SLC38A9 to activate the mTORC1 pathways in response to dietary amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Ting Lei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xuelang Mu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Departments of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Johan Hattne
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Departments of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Departments of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Lopez-Ortiz C, Peña-Garcia Y, Bhandari M, Abburi VL, Natarajan P, Stommel J, Nimmakayala P, Reddy UK. Identification of miRNAs and Their Targets Involved in Flower and Fruit Development across Domesticated and Wild Capsicum Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094866. [PMID: 34064462 PMCID: PMC8125703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of the post-transcription stage of gene activity documented to play central roles in flower and fruit development in model plant species. However, little is known about their roles and differences in domesticated and wild Capsicum species. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyze the miRNA content at three developmental stages (flower, small fruit, and middle fruit) from two cultivated (C. baccatum and C. annuum) and two wild (C. chacoense and C. eximium) pepper species. This analysis revealed 22 known and 27 novel miRNAs differentially expressed across species and tissues. A number of stage- and species-specific miRNAs were identified, and Gene Ontology terms were assigned to 138 genes targeted by the miRNAs. Most Gene Ontology terms were for the categories "genetic information processing", "signaling and cellular processes", "amino acid metabolism", and "carbohydrate metabolism". Enriched KEGG analysis revealed the pathways amino acids, sugar and nucleotide metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and fructose-mannose metabolism among the principal ones regulated by miRNAs during pepper fruit ripening. We predicted miRNA-target gene interactions regulating flowering time and fruit development, including miR156/157 with SPL genes, miR159 with GaMYB proteins, miR160 with ARF genes, miR172 with AP2-like transcription factors, and miR408 with CLAVATA1 gene across the different Capsicum species. In addition, novel miRNAs play an important role in regulating interactions potentially controlling plant pathogen defense and fruit quality via fructokinase, alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, and aromatic and neutral amino acid transporter. Overall, the small RNA-sequencing results from this study represent valuable information that provides a solid foundation for uncovering the miRNA-mediated mechanisms of flower and fruit development between domesticated and wild Capsicum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lopez-Ortiz
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, West Virginia, WV 25112, USA; (C.L.-O.); (Y.P.-G.); (M.B.); (V.L.A.); (P.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Yadira Peña-Garcia
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, West Virginia, WV 25112, USA; (C.L.-O.); (Y.P.-G.); (M.B.); (V.L.A.); (P.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Menuka Bhandari
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, West Virginia, WV 25112, USA; (C.L.-O.); (Y.P.-G.); (M.B.); (V.L.A.); (P.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Venkata Lakshmi Abburi
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, West Virginia, WV 25112, USA; (C.L.-O.); (Y.P.-G.); (M.B.); (V.L.A.); (P.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Purushothaman Natarajan
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, West Virginia, WV 25112, USA; (C.L.-O.); (Y.P.-G.); (M.B.); (V.L.A.); (P.N.); (P.N.)
| | - John Stommel
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Padma Nimmakayala
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, West Virginia, WV 25112, USA; (C.L.-O.); (Y.P.-G.); (M.B.); (V.L.A.); (P.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Umesh K. Reddy
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, West Virginia, WV 25112, USA; (C.L.-O.); (Y.P.-G.); (M.B.); (V.L.A.); (P.N.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence:
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47
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Laufenberg LJ, Crowell KT, Lang CH. Alcohol Acutely Antagonizes Refeeding-Induced Alterations in the Rag GTPase-Ragulator Complex in Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2021; 13:1236. [PMID: 33918604 PMCID: PMC8070399 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ragulator protein complex is critical for directing the Rag GTPase proteins and mTORC1 to the lysosome membrane mediating amino acid-stimulated protein synthesis. As there is a lack of evidence on alcohol's effect on the Rag-Ragulator complex as a possible mechanism for the development of alcoholic skeletal muscle wasting, the aim of our study was to examine alterations in various protein-protein complexes in the Rag-Ragulator pathway produced acutely by feeding and how these are altered by alcohol under in vivo conditions. Mice (C57Bl/6; adult males) were fasted, and then provided rodent chow for 30 min ("refed") or remained food-deprived ("fasted"). Mice subsequently received ethanol (3 g/kg ethanol) or saline intraperitoneally, and hindlimb muscles were collected 1 h thereafter for analysis. Refeeding-induced increases in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and mTOR and S6K1 phosphorylation, were prevented by alcohol. This inhibition was not associated with a differential rise in the intracellular leucine concentration or plasma leucine or insulin levels. Alcohol increased the amount of the Sestrin1•GATOR2 complex in the fasted state and prevented the refeeding-induced decrease in Sestrin1•GATOR2 seen in control mice. Alcohol antagonized the increase in the RagA/C•Raptor complex formation seen in the refed state. Alcohol antagonized the increase in Raptor with immunoprecipitated LAMPTOR1 (part of the Ragulator complex) after refeeding and decreased the association of RagC with LAMPTOR1. Finally, alcohol increased the association of the V1 domain of v-ATPase with LAMPTOR1 and prevented the refeeding-induced decrease in v-ATPase V1 with LAMPTOR1. Overall, these data demonstrate that acute alcohol intake disrupts multiple protein-protein complexes within the Rag-Ragulator complex, which are associated with and consistent with the concomitant decline in nutrient-stimulated muscle protein synthesis under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacee J. Laufenberg
- Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (L.J.L.); (K.T.C.)
| | - Kristen T. Crowell
- Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (L.J.L.); (K.T.C.)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charles H. Lang
- Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (L.J.L.); (K.T.C.)
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Jang M, Jeong DW, Heo G, Kong H, Kim CT, Lee JH. Genetic Background Behind the Amino Acid Profiles of Fermented Soybeans Produced by Four Bacillus spp. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:447-455. [PMID: 33526757 PMCID: PMC9705888 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2012.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strains of four Bacillus spp. were respectively inoculated into sterilized soybeans and the free amino acid profiles of the resulting cultures were analyzed to discern their metabolic traits. After 30 days of culture, B. licheniformis showed the highest production of serine, threonine, and glutamic acid; B. subtilis exhibited the highest production of alanine, asparagine, glycine, leucine, proline, tryptophan, and lysine. B. velezensis increased the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration to >200% of that in the control samples. B. sonorensis produced a somewhat similar amino acid profile with B. licheniformis. Comparative genomic analysis of the four Bacillus strains and the genetic profiles of the produced free amino acids revealed that genes involved in glutamate and arginine metabolism were not common to the four strains. The genes gadA/B (encoding a glutamate decarboxylase), rocE (amino acid permease), and puuD (γ-glutamyl-γ-aminobutyrate hydrolase) determined GABA production, and their presence was species-specific. Taken together, B. licheniformis and B. velezensis were respectively shown to have high potential to increase concentrations of glutamic acid and GABA, while B. subtilis has the ability to increase essential amino acid concentrations in fermented soybean foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Jang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Won Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganghun Heo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Haram Kong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
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Wei Q, Yan Z, Xiong Y, Fang Z. Altered Expression of OsAAP3 Influences Rice Lesion Mimic and Leaf Senescence by Regulating Arginine Transport and Nitric Oxide Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2181. [PMID: 33671705 PMCID: PMC7927093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent lesion mimic can cause leaf senescence, affecting grain yield in crops. However, knowledge about the regulation of lesion mimic and leaf senescence in crop plants is still limited. Here, we report that the amino acid transporter OsAAP3, a negative regulator of tiller bud elongation and rice grain yield, is involved in lesion mimic and leaf senescence. Altered expression of OsAAP3 can initiate the nitric oxide signaling pathway through excessive accumulation of arginine in rice leaves, influencing ROS accumulation, antioxidant enzymes activities, proline concentration, and malondialdehyde concentration. This finally triggers cell death which ultimately leads to lesion mimic and leaf senescence by regulating the degradation of chloroplast and the expression abundance of components in the photosynthetic pathway. Overall, the results not only provide initial insights into the regulatory role of amino acid transport genes in rice growth and development, but also help to understand the factors regulating the leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Zhenwei Yan
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
| | - Yifan Xiong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, China;
| | - Zhongming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan 430415, China;
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50
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Wan Y, Wang Y, Shi Z, Rentsch D, Ward JL, Hassall K, Sparks CA, Huttly AK, Buchner P, Powers S, Shewry PR, Hawkesford MJ. Wheat amino acid transporters highly expressed in grain cells regulate amino acid accumulation in grain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246763. [PMID: 33606697 PMCID: PMC7894817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are delivered into developing wheat grains to support the accumulation of storage proteins in the starchy endosperm, and transporters play important roles in regulating this process. RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, and promoter-GUS assays showed that three amino acid transporters are differentially expressed in the endosperm transfer cells (TaAAP2), starchy endosperm cells (TaAAP13), and aleurone cells and embryo of the developing grain (TaAAP21), respectively. Yeast complementation revealed that all three transporters can transport a broad spectrum of amino acids. RNAi-mediated suppression of TaAAP13 expression in the starchy endosperm did not reduce the total nitrogen content of the whole grain, but significantly altered the composition and distribution of metabolites in the starchy endosperm, with increasing concentrations of some amino acids (notably glutamine and glycine) from the outer to inner starchy endosperm cells compared with wild type. Overexpression of TaAAP13 under the endosperm-specific HMW-GS (high molecular weight glutenin subunit) promoter significantly increased grain size, grain nitrogen concentration, and thousand grain weight, indicating that the sink strength for nitrogen transport was increased by manipulation of amino acid transporters. However, the total grain number was reduced, suggesting that source nitrogen remobilized from leaves is a limiting factor for productivity. Therefore, simultaneously increasing loading of amino acids into the phloem and delivery to the spike would be required to increase protein content while maintaining grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Wan
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Wang
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- Triticeae Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- National Technology Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, and Ecology and Production in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Doris Rentsch
- University of Bern, Molecular Plant Physiology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jane L. Ward
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Hassall
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A. Sparks
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alison K. Huttly
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Buchner
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Powers
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter R. Shewry
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J. Hawkesford
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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