1
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Zhang L, Toboso-Navasa A, Gunawan A, Camara A, Nakagawa R, Katja F, Chakravarty P, Newman R, Zhang Y, Eilers M, Wack A, Tolar P, Toellner KM, Calado DP. Regulation of BCR-mediated Ca 2+ mobilization by MIZ1-TMBIM4 safeguards IgG1 + GC B cell-positive selection. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadk0092. [PMID: 38579014 PMCID: PMC7615907 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adk0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The transition from immunoglobulin M (IgM) to affinity-matured IgG antibodies is vital for effective humoral immunity. This is facilitated by germinal centers (GCs) through affinity maturation and preferential maintenance of IgG+ B cells over IgM+ B cells. However, it is not known whether the positive selection of the different Ig isotypes within GCs is dependent on specific transcriptional mechanisms. Here, we explored IgG1+ GC B cell transcription factor dependency using a CRISPR-Cas9 screen and conditional mouse genetics. We found that MIZ1 was specifically required for IgG1+ GC B cell survival during positive selection, whereas IgM+ GC B cells were largely independent. Mechanistically, MIZ1 induced TMBIM4, an ancestral anti-apoptotic protein that regulated inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mediated calcium (Ca2+) mobilization downstream of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling in IgG1+ B cells. The MIZ1-TMBIM4 axis prevented mitochondrial dysfunction-induced IgG1+ GC cell death caused by excessive Ca2+ accumulation. This study uncovers a unique Ig isotype-specific dependency on a hitherto unidentified mechanism in GC-positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Arief Gunawan
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Newman
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Eilers
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Pavel Tolar
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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2
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TMBIM4 Deficiency Facilitates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation-Induced Pyroptosis of Trophoblasts: A Potential Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020208. [PMID: 36829486 PMCID: PMC9953300 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Impaired invasion of EVTs results in inadequate remodelling of arteries and poor placentation, leading to PE. TMBIM4 was found to promote the migration and invasion of human osteosarcoma U2-OS and breast cancer MCF7 cell lines. However, the effect of TMBIM4 on trophoblast biological behaviour and its relevance to PE pathophysiology remain unclear. In this study, we confirmed that TMBIM4 was highly expressed in cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, and EVTs of the human placenta during early pregnancy. By comparing the expression levels of TMBIM4 in the placenta of women with normal-term pregnancy and PE, TMBIM4 was found to be significantly decreased in PE. Thereafter, we determined the expression of TMBIM4 in the LPS-treated first-trimester human trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo (mimicking a PE-like cell model), and determined the effect of TMBIM4 on trophoblast function and its underlying mechanism. LPS treatment reduced the expression of TMBIM4 and induced NLRP3 inflammasome activity in HTR-8/SVneo cells. KO of TMBIM4 in the HTR-8/SVneo cell line impaired cell viability, migration, and invasion, which was more severe in the LPS/ATP-treated TMBIM4-KO cell line. Moreover, TMBIM4 deficiency enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activity and promoted subsequent pyroptosis, with or without LPS/ATP treatment. The negative relationship between TMBIM4 expression and NLRP3 inflammatory activity was verified in PE placentas. Inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 in HTR-8/SVneo cells alleviated LPS/ATP-induced pyroptosis and damaged cell function in the TMBIM4-KO cell line. Overall, this study revealed a new PE-associated protein, TMBIM4, and its biological significance in trophoblast pyroptosis mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome. TMBIM4 may serve as a potential target for the treatment of placental inflammation-associated PE.
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3
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Fixsen SM, Cone KR, Goldstein SA, Sasani TA, Quinlan AR, Rothenburg S, Elde NC. Poxviruses capture host genes by LINE-1 retrotransposition. eLife 2022; 11:63332. [PMID: 36069526 PMCID: PMC9578705 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) provides a major source of genetic variation. Many viruses, including poxviruses, encode genes with crucial functions directly gained by gene transfer from hosts. The mechanism of transfer to poxvirus genomes is unknown. Using genome analysis and experimental screens of infected cells, we discovered a central role for Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 retrotransposition in HGT to virus genomes. The process recapitulates processed pseudogene generation, but with host messenger RNA directed into virus genomes. Intriguingly, hallmark features of retrotransposition appear to favor virus adaption through rapid duplication of captured host genes on arrival. Our study reveals a previously unrecognized conduit of genetic traffic with fundamental implications for the evolution of many virus classes and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Fixsen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Kelsey R Cone
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Stephen A Goldstein
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Thomas A Sasani
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Aaron R Quinlan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Stefan Rothenburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
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4
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Patron M, Tarasenko D, Nolte H, Kroczek L, Ghosh M, Ohba Y, Lasarzewski Y, Ahmadi ZA, Cabrera-Orefice A, Eyiama A, Kellermann T, Rugarli EI, Brandt U, Meinecke M, Langer T. Regulation of mitochondrial proteostasis by the proton gradient. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110476. [PMID: 35912435 PMCID: PMC9379554 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria adapt to different energetic demands reshaping their proteome. Mitochondrial proteases are emerging as key regulators of these adaptive processes. Here, we use a multiproteomic approach to demonstrate the regulation of the m‐AAA protease AFG3L2 by the mitochondrial proton gradient, coupling mitochondrial protein turnover to the energetic status of mitochondria. We identify TMBIM5 (previously also known as GHITM or MICS1) as a Ca2+/H+ exchanger in the mitochondrial inner membrane, which binds to and inhibits the m‐AAA protease. TMBIM5 ensures cell survival and respiration, allowing Ca2+ efflux from mitochondria and limiting mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Persistent hyperpolarization, however, triggers degradation of TMBIM5 and activation of the m‐AAA protease. The m‐AAA protease broadly remodels the mitochondrial proteome and mediates the proteolytic breakdown of respiratory complex I to confine ROS production and oxidative damage in hyperpolarized mitochondria. TMBIM5 thus integrates mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling and the energetic status of mitochondria with protein turnover rates to reshape the mitochondrial proteome and adjust the cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Patron
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daryna Tarasenko
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Nolte
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lara Kroczek
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mausumi Ghosh
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yohsuke Ohba
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Zeinab Alsadat Ahmadi
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Akinori Eyiama
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Kellermann
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena I Rugarli
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brandt
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Meinecke
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Pihán P, Lisbona F, Borgonovo J, Edwards-Jorquera S, Nunes-Hasler P, Castillo K, Kepp O, Urra H, Saarnio S, Vihinen H, Carreras-Sureda A, Forveille S, Sauvat A, De Giorgis D, Pupo A, Rodríguez DA, Quarato G, Sagredo A, Lourido F, Letai A, Latorre R, Kroemer G, Demaurex N, Jokitalo E, Concha ML, Glavic Á, Green DR, Hetz C. Control of lysosomal-mediated cell death by the pH-dependent calcium channel RECS1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe5469. [PMID: 34767445 PMCID: PMC8589314 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is regulated by the balance between activating and inhibitory signals. Here, we have identified RECS1 (responsive to centrifugal force and shear stress 1) [also known as TMBIM1 (transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 1)] as a proapoptotic member of the TMBIM family. In contrast to other proteins of the TMBIM family, RECS1 expression induces cell death through the canonical mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Unbiased screening indicated that RECS1 sensitizes cells to lysosomal perturbations. RECS1 localizes to lysosomes, where it regulates their acidification and calcium content, triggering lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Structural modeling and electrophysiological studies indicated that RECS1 is a pH-regulated calcium channel, an activity that is essential to trigger cell death. RECS1 also sensitizes whole animals to stress in vivo in Drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish models. Our results unveil an unanticipated function for RECS1 as a proapoptotic component of the TMBIM family that ignites cell death programs at lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pihán
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Lisbona
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janina Borgonovo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Program of Integrative Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Paula Nunes-Hasler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karen Castillo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Hery Urra
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Suvi Saarnio
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amado Carreras-Sureda
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Forveille
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Allan Sauvat
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Daniela De Giorgis
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Amaury Pupo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Diego A. Rodríguez
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Giovanni Quarato
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alfredo Sagredo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Lourido
- Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anthony Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana Building, Room DA-520, Boston, MA 02215-02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ramon Latorre
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miguel L. Concha
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Program of Integrative Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Glavic
- Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Douglas R. Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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6
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Suraweera CD, Hinds MG, Kvansakul M. Poxviral Strategies to Overcome Host Cell Apoptosis. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010006. [PMID: 33374867 PMCID: PMC7823800 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of cellular suicide initiated either via extracellular (extrinsic apoptosis) or intracellular (intrinsic apoptosis) cues. This form of programmed cell death plays a crucial role in development and tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms and its dysregulation is an underlying cause for many diseases. Intrinsic apoptosis is regulated by members of the evolutionarily conserved B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family, a family that consists of pro- and anti-apoptotic members. Bcl-2 genes have also been assimilated by numerous viruses including pox viruses, in particular the sub-family of chordopoxviridae, a group of viruses known to infect almost all vertebrates. The viral Bcl-2 proteins are virulence factors and aid the evasion of host immune defenses by mimicking the activity of their cellular counterparts. Viral Bcl-2 genes have proved essential for the survival of virus infected cells and structural studies have shown that though they often share very little sequence identity with their cellular counterparts, they have near-identical 3D structures. However, their mechanisms of action are varied. In this review, we examine the structural biology, molecular interactions, and detailed mechanism of action of poxvirus encoded apoptosis inhibitors and how they impact on host–virus interactions to ultimately enable successful infection and propagation of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura D. Suraweera
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Mark G. Hinds
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.G.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.G.H.); (M.K.)
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7
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Yang R, Wang L, Sheng J, Huang Q, Pan D, Xu Y, Yan J, Wang X, Dong Z, Yang M. Combinatory effects of vaccinia virus VG9 and the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic on cancer therapy. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1805-1814. [PMID: 31087190 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The recombinant vaccinia virus VG9 and the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic were combined to kill cancer cells via both oncolytic activity and inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation in cells. The combinatory anti-tumour activity of these compounds was superior to the activity of VG9 or Stattic alone in vivo. The inhibition of tumour growth occurred via increased apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Furthermore, the combinatory anti-tumour activity was more efficient than that of VG9 or Stattic alone on xenografts, especially in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China.
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qianhuan Huang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Ziyue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China. .,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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8
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. To best perform these functions, Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure. The Golgi structure is dynamic but tightly regulated; it undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during the cell cycle of mammalian cells and is disrupted under certain stress and pathological conditions. In the past decade, significant amount of effort has been made to reveal the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Golgi membrane architecture and function. Here we review the major discoveries in the mechanisms of Golgi structure formation, regulation, and alteration in relation to its functions in physiological and pathological conditions to further our understanding of Golgi structure and function in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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9
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Genes for Membrane Transport Proteins: Not So Rare in Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090456. [PMID: 30149667 PMCID: PMC6163359 DOI: 10.3390/v10090456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Some viruses have genes encoding proteins with membrane transport functions. It is unknown if these types of proteins are rare or are common in viruses. In particular, the evolutionary origin of some of the viral genes is obscure, where other viral proteins have homologs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. We searched virus genomes in databases looking for transmembrane proteins with possible transport function. This effort led to the detection of 18 different types of putative membrane transport proteins indicating that they are not a rarity in viral genomes. The most abundant proteins are K+ channels. Their predicted structures vary between different viruses. With a few exceptions, the viral proteins differed significantly from homologs in their current hosts. In some cases the data provide evidence for a recent gene transfer between host and virus, but in other cases the evidence indicates a more complex evolutionary history.
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10
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Carrara G, Parsons M, Saraiva N, Smith GL. Golgi anti-apoptotic protein: a tale of camels, calcium, channels and cancer. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170045. [PMID: 28469007 PMCID: PMC5451544 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgi anti-apoptotic protein (GAAP), also known as transmembrane Bax inhibitor-1 motif-containing 4 (TMBIM4) or Lifeguard 4 (Lfg4), shares remarkable amino acid conservation with orthologues throughout eukaryotes, prokaryotes and some orthopoxviruses, suggesting a highly conserved function. GAAPs regulate Ca2+ levels and fluxes from the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum, confer resistance to a broad range of apoptotic stimuli, promote cell adhesion and migration via the activation of store-operated Ca2+ entry, are essential for the viability of human cells, and affect orthopoxvirus virulence. GAAPs are oligomeric, multi-transmembrane proteins that are resident in Golgi membranes and form cation-selective ion channels that may explain the multiple functions of these proteins. Residues contributing to the ion-conducting pore have been defined and provide the first clues about the mechanistic link between these very different functions of GAAP. Although GAAPs are naturally oligomeric, they can also function as monomers, a feature that distinguishes them from other virus-encoded ion channels that must oligomerize for function. This review summarizes the known functions of GAAPs and discusses their potential importance in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guia Carrara
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK .,CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Centre for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, Lisbon 1749-024, Portugal
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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11
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Vaccinia Virus Encodes a Novel Inhibitor of Apoptosis That Associates with the Apoptosome. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01385-17. [PMID: 28904196 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01385-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important antiviral host defense mechanism. Here we report the identification of a novel apoptosis inhibitor encoded by the vaccinia virus (VACV) M1L gene. M1L is absent in the attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strain of VACV, a strain that stimulates apoptosis in several types of immune cells. M1 expression increased the viability of MVA-infected THP-1 and Jurkat cells and reduced several biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis, such as PARP-1 and procaspase-3 cleavage. Furthermore, ectopic M1L expression decreased staurosporine-induced (intrinsic) apoptosis in HeLa cells. We then identified the molecular basis for M1 inhibitory function. M1 allowed mitochondrial depolarization but blocked procaspase-9 processing, suggesting that M1 targeted the apoptosome. In support of this model, we found that M1 promoted survival in Saccharomyces cerevisiae overexpressing human Apaf-1 and procaspase-9, critical components of the apoptosome, or overexpressing only conformationally active caspase-9. In mammalian cells, M1 coimmunoprecipitated with Apaf-1-procaspase-9 complexes. The current model is that M1 associates with and allows the formation of the apoptosome but prevents apoptotic functions of the apoptosome. The M1 protein features 14 predicted ankyrin (ANK) repeat domains, and M1 is the first ANK-containing protein reported to use this inhibitory strategy. Since ANK-containing proteins are encoded by many large DNA viruses and found in all domains of life, studies of M1 may lead to a better understanding of the roles of ANK proteins in virus-host interactions.IMPORTANCE Apoptosis selectively eliminates dangerous cells such as virus-infected cells. Poxviruses express apoptosis antagonists to neutralize this antiviral host defense. The vaccinia virus (VACV) M1 ankyrin (ANK) protein, a protein with no previously ascribed function, inhibits apoptosis. M1 interacts with the apoptosome and prevents procaspase-9 processing as well as downstream procaspase-3 cleavage in several cell types and under multiple conditions. M1 is the first poxviral protein reported to associate with and prevent the function of the apoptosome, giving a more detailed picture of the threats VACV encounters during infection. Dysregulation of apoptosis is associated with several human diseases. One potential treatment of apoptosis-related diseases is through the use of designed ANK repeat proteins (DARPins), similar to M1, as caspase inhibitors. Thus, the study of the novel antiapoptosis effects of M1 via apoptosome association will be helpful for understanding how to control apoptosis using either natural or synthetic molecules.
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12
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Nichols DB, De Martini W, Cottrell J. Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080215. [PMID: 28786952 PMCID: PMC5580472 DOI: 10.3390/v9080215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication. These viruses devote a substantial portion of their genome to immune evasion. Many of these immune evasion products expressed during infection antagonize cellular apoptotic pathways. Poxvirus products target multiple points in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, thereby mitigating apoptosis during infection. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that poxviruses also hijack cellular means of eliminating apoptotic bodies as a means to spread cell to cell through a process called apoptotic mimicry. Poxviruses are the causative agent of many human and veterinary diseases. Further, there is substantial interest in developing these viruses as vectors for a variety of uses including vaccine delivery and as oncolytic viruses to treat certain human cancers. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which poxviruses regulate the cellular apoptotic pathways remains a top research priority. In this review, we consider anti-apoptotic strategies of poxviruses focusing on three relevant poxvirus genera: Orthopoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, and Leporipoxvirus. All three genera express multiple products to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with many of these products required for virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brian Nichols
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
| | - William De Martini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
| | - Jessica Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
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13
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Veyer DL, Carrara G, Maluquer de Motes C, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus evasion of regulated cell death. Immunol Lett 2017; 186:68-80. [PMID: 28366525 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulated cell death is a powerful anti-viral mechanism capable of aborting the virus replicative cycle and alerting neighbouring cells to the threat of infection. The biological importance of regulated cell death is illustrated by the rich repertoire of host signalling cascades causing cell death and by the multiple strategies exhibited by viruses to block death signal transduction and preserve cell viability. Vaccinia virus (VACV), a poxvirus and the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox, encodes multiple proteins that interfere with apoptotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic signalling. Here the current knowledge on cell death pathways and how VACV proteins interact with them is reviewed. Studying the mechanisms evolved by VACV to counteract host programmed cell death has implications for its successful use as a vector for vaccination and as an oncolytic agent against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Veyer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Guia Carrara
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | | | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
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14
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Liu Q. TMBIM-mediated Ca 2+ homeostasis and cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:850-857. [PMID: 28064000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a ubiquitous intracellular messenger that regulates numerous physiological activities in humans, animals, plants, and bacteria. Cytosolic Ca2+ is kept at a low level, but subcellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus maintain high-concentration Ca2+ stores. Under resting conditions, store Ca2+ homeostasis is dynamically regulated to equilibrate between active Ca2+ uptake and passive Ca2+ leak processes. The evolutionarily conserved Transmembrane BAX Inhibitor-1 Motif-containing (TMBIM) proteins mediate Ca2+ homeostasis and cell death. This review focuses on recent advances in functional and structural analysis of TMBIM proteins in regulation of the two related functions. The roles of TMBIM proteins in pathogen infection and cancer are also discussed with prospects for treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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15
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Norbury CC. Defining cross presentation for a wider audience. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Garcia-Quintanilla A, Miranzo-Navarro D. Extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease: 33-mer gliadin binding to glutamate receptor GRINA as a new explanation. Bioessays 2016; 38:427-39. [PMID: 26990286 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We propose a biochemical mechanism for celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity that may rationalize many of the extradigestive disorders not explained by the current immunogenetic model. Our hypothesis is based on the homology between the 33-mer gliadin peptide and a component of the NMDA glutamate receptor ion channel - the human GRINA protein - using BLASTP software. Based on this homology the 33-mer may act as a natural antagonist interfering with the normal interactions of GRINA and its partners. The theory is supported by numerous independent data from the literature, and provides a mechanistic link with otherwise unrelated disorders, such as cleft lip and palate, thyroid dysfunction, restless legs syndrome, depression, ataxia, hearing loss, fibromyalgia, dermatitis herpetiformis, schizophrenia, toxoplasmosis, anemia, osteopenia, Fabry disease, Barret's adenocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, urinary incontinence, recurrent miscarriage, cardiac anomalies, reduced risk of breast cancer, stiff person syndrome, etc. The hypothesis also anticipates better animal models, and has the potential to open new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domingo Miranzo-Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain
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17
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Bcl-2 proteins and calcium signaling: complexity beneath the surface. Oncogene 2016; 35:5079-92. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Lisak DA, Schacht T, Enders V, Habicht J, Kiviluoto S, Schneider J, Henke N, Bultynck G, Methner A. The transmembrane Bax inhibitor motif (TMBIM) containing protein family: Tissue expression, intracellular localization and effects on the ER CA²⁺-filling state. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2104-14. [PMID: 25764978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is an evolutionarily conserved pH-dependent Ca²⁺ leak channel in the endoplasmic reticulum and the founding member of a family of six highly hydrophobic mammalian proteins named transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing (TMBIM) 1-6 with BI-1 being TMBIM6. Here we compared the structure, subcellular localization, tissue expression and the effect on the cellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis of all family members side by side. We found that all TMBIM proteins possess the di-aspartyl pH sensor responsible for pH sensing identified in TMBIM6 and its bacterial homologue BsYetJ. TMBIM1-3 and TMBIM4-6 represent two phylogenetically distinct groups that are localized in the Golgi apparatus (TMBIM1-3), endoplasmic reticulum (TMBIM4-6) or mitochondria (TMBIM5) but share a common structure of at least seven transmembrane domains with the last domain being semi-hydrophobic. TMBIM1 is mainly expressed in muscle, TMBIM2 and 3 in the nervous system, TMBIM4 and 5 are ubiquitously expressed and TMBIM6 in skeletal muscle, kidney, liver and spleen. All TMBIM proteins reduce the Ca²⁺ content of the endoplasmic reticulum, and all but TMBIM5 also reduce the cytosolic resting Ca²⁺ concentration. These results suggest that the TMBIM family has comparable functions in the maintenance of intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis in a wide variety of tissues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 13th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrij A Lisak
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz D-55131, Germany
| | - Teresa Schacht
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz D-55131, Germany
| | - Vitalij Enders
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz D-55131, Germany
| | - Jörn Habicht
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz D-55131, Germany
| | - Santeri Kiviluoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Julia Schneider
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz D-55131, Germany
| | - Nadine Henke
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz D-55131, Germany
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Axel Methner
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn(2)), Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz D-55131, Germany.
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19
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Carrara G, Saraiva N, Parsons M, Byrne B, Prole DL, Taylor CW, Smith GL. Golgi anti-apoptotic proteins are highly conserved ion channels that affect apoptosis and cell migration. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11785-801. [PMID: 25713081 PMCID: PMC4416878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.637306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgi anti-apoptotic proteins (GAAPs) are multitransmembrane proteins that are expressed in the Golgi apparatus and are able to homo-oligomerize. They are highly conserved throughout eukaryotes and are present in some prokaryotes and orthopoxviruses. Within eukaryotes, GAAPs regulate the Ca2+ content of intracellular stores, inhibit apoptosis, and promote cell adhesion and migration. Data presented here demonstrate that purified viral GAAPs (vGAAPs) and human Bax inhibitor 1 form ion channels and that vGAAP from camelpox virus is selective for cations. Mutagenesis of vGAAP, including some residues conserved in the recently solved structure of a related bacterial protein, BsYetJ, altered the conductance (E207Q and D219N) and ion selectivity (E207Q) of the channel. Mutation of residue Glu-207 or -178 reduced the effects of GAAP on cell migration and adhesion without affecting protection from apoptosis. In contrast, mutation of Asp-219 abrogated the anti-apoptotic activity of GAAP but not its effects on cell migration and adhesion. These results demonstrate that GAAPs are ion channels and define residues that contribute to the ion-conducting pore and affect apoptosis, cell adhesion, and migration independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guia Carrara
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Maddy Parsons
- the Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- the Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, and
| | - David L Prole
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom,
| | - Colin W Taylor
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom,
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom,
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20
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Xue GP, Drenth J, McIntyre CL. TaHsfA6f is a transcriptional activator that regulates a suite of heat stress protection genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) including previously unknown Hsf targets. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1025-39. [PMID: 25428996 PMCID: PMC4321556 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a significant environmental factor adversely affecting crop yield. Crop adaptation to high-temperature environments requires transcriptional reprogramming of a suite of genes involved in heat stress protection. This study investigated the role of TaHsfA6f, a member of the A6 subclass of heat shock transcription factors, in the regulation of heat stress protection genes in Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), a poorly understood phenomenon in this crop species. Expression analysis showed that TaHsfA6f was expressed constitutively in green organs but was markedly up-regulated during heat stress. Overexpression of TaHsfA6f in transgenic wheat using a drought-inducible promoter resulted in up-regulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and a number of other heat stress protection genes that included some previously unknown Hsf target genes such as Golgi anti-apoptotic protein (GAAP) and the large isoform of Rubisco activase. Transgenic wheat plants overexpressing TaHsfA6f showed improved thermotolerance. Transactivation assays showed that TaHsfA6f activated the expression of reporter genes driven by the promoters of several HSP genes (TaHSP16.8, TaHSP17, TaHSP17.3, and TaHSP90.1-A1) as well as TaGAAP and TaRof1 (a co-chaperone) under non-stress conditions. DNA binding analysis revealed the presence of high-affinity TaHsfA6f-binding heat shock element-like motifs in the promoters of these six genes. Promoter truncation and mutagenesis analyses identified TaHsfA6f-binding elements that were responsible for transactivation of TaHSP90.1-A1 and TaGAAP by TaHsfA6f. These data suggest that TaHsfA6f is a transcriptional activator that directly regulates TaHSP, TaGAAP, and TaRof1 genes in wheat and its gene regulatory network has a positive impact on thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Ping Xue
- CSIRO Plant Industry, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia
| | - Janneke Drenth
- CSIRO Plant Industry, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia
| | - C Lynne McIntyre
- CSIRO Plant Industry, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia
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21
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Thomas J, Phillips CD, Baker RJ, Pritham EJ. Rolling-circle transposons catalyze genomic innovation in a mammalian lineage. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2595-610. [PMID: 25223768 PMCID: PMC4224331 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rolling-circle transposons (Helitrons) are a newly discovered group of mobile DNA widespread in plant and invertebrate genomes but limited to the bat family Vespertilionidae among mammals. Little is known about the long-term impact of Helitron activity because the genomes where Helitron activity has been extensively studied are predominated by young families. Here, we report a comprehensive catalog of vetted Helitrons from the 7× Myotis lucifugus genome assembly. To estimate the timing of transposition, we scored presence/absence across related vespertilionid genome sequences with estimated divergence times. This analysis revealed that the Helibat family has been a persistent source of genomic innovation throughout the vespertilionid diversification from approximately 30–36 Ma to as recently as approximately 1.8–6 Ma. This is the first report of persistent Helitron transposition over an extended evolutionary timeframe. These findings illustrate that the pattern of Helitron activity is akin to the vertical persistence of LINE retrotransposons in primates and other mammalian lineages. Like retrotransposition in primates, rolling-circle transposition has generated lineage-specific variation and accounts for approximately 110 Mb, approximately 6% of the genome of M. lucifugus. The Helitrons carry a heterogeneous assortment of host sequence including retroposed messenger RNAs, retrotransposons, DNA transposons, as well as introns, exons and regulatory regions (promoters, 5′-untranslated regions [UTRs], and 3′-UTRs) of which some are evolving in a pattern suggestive of purifying selection. Evidence that Helitrons have contributed putative promoters, exons, splice sites, polyadenylation sites, and microRNA-binding sites to transcripts otherwise conserved across mammals is presented, and the implication of Helitron activity to innovation in these unique mammals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jainy Thomas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah
| | - Caleb D Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum, Texas Tech University
| | - Robert J Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum, Texas Tech University
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22
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Veyer DL, Maluquer de Motes C, Sumner RP, Ludwig L, Johnson BF, Smith GL. Analysis of the anti-apoptotic activity of four vaccinia virus proteins demonstrates that B13 is the most potent inhibitor in isolation and during viral infection. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2757-2768. [PMID: 25090990 PMCID: PMC4233632 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.068833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large dsDNA virus encoding ~200 proteins, several of which inhibit apoptosis. Here, a comparative study of anti-apoptotic proteins N1, F1, B13 and Golgi anti-apoptotic protein (GAAP) in isolation and during viral infection is presented. VACVs strains engineered to lack each gene separately still blocked apoptosis to some degree because of functional redundancy provided by the other anti-apoptotic proteins. To overcome this redundancy, we inserted each gene separately into a VACV strain (vv811) that lacked all these anti-apoptotic proteins and that induced apoptosis efficiently during infection. Each protein was also expressed in cells using lentivirus vectors. In isolation, each VACV protein showed anti-apoptotic activity in response to specific stimuli, as measured by immunoblotting for cleaved poly(ADP ribose) polymerase-1 and caspase-3 activation. Of the proteins tested, B13 was the most potent inhibitor, blocking both intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, whilst the activity of the other proteins was largely restricted to inhibition of intrinsic stimuli. In addition, B13 and F1 were effective blockers of apoptosis induced by vv811 infection. Finally, whilst differences in induction of apoptosis were barely detectable during infection with VACV strain Western Reserve compared with derivative viruses lacking individual anti-apoptotic genes, several of these proteins reduced activation of caspase-3 during infection by vv811 strains expressing these proteins. These results illustrated that vv811 was a useful tool to determine the role of VACV proteins during infection and that whilst all of these proteins have some anti-apoptotic activity, B13 was the most potent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Veyer
- Virology Laboratory, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes 35033, France.,Equipe Microbiologie, EA 1254, SFR BIOSIT, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Carlos Maluquer de Motes
- Department of Virology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Rebecca P Sumner
- Department of Virology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Louisa Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | | | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Virology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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23
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Mariotti M, Smith TF, Sudmant PH, Goldberger G. Pseudogenization of testis-specific Lfg5 predates human/Neanderthal divergence. J Hum Genet 2014; 59:288-91. [PMID: 24599118 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent reviews discussed the critical roles of apoptosis in human spermatogenesis and infertility. These reviews highlight the FasL-induced caspase cascade in apoptosis lending importance to our discovery of the pseudogene status of the Lfg5 gene in modern humans, Neanderthal and the Denisovan. This gene is a member of the ancient and highly conserved apoptosis Lifeguard family. This pseudogenization is the result of a premature stop codon at the 3'-end of exon 8 not found in any other ortholog. With the current exception of the domesticated bovine and buffalo, Lfg5's expression in mammals is testis-specific. A full analysis of this gene, its phylogenetic context and its recent hominin changes suggest its inactivation was likely under selection in human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Temple F Smith
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter H Sudmant
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gabriel Goldberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, BSHC, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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TMBIM protein family: ancestral regulators of cell death. Oncogene 2014; 34:269-80. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Smith GL, Benfield CTO, Maluquer de Motes C, Mazzon M, Ember SWJ, Ferguson BJ, Sumner RP. Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2367-2392. [PMID: 23999164 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection of mammalian cells is sensed by pattern recognition receptors and leads to an innate immune response that restricts virus replication and induces adaptive immunity. In response, viruses have evolved many countermeasures that enable them to replicate and be transmitted to new hosts, despite the host innate immune response. Poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus (VACV), have large DNA genomes and encode many proteins that are dedicated to host immune evasion. Some of these proteins are secreted from the infected cell, where they bind and neutralize complement factors, interferons, cytokines and chemokines. Other VACV proteins function inside cells to inhibit apoptosis or signalling pathways that lead to the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this review, these VACV immunomodulatory proteins are described and the potential to create more immunogenic VACV strains by manipulation of the gene encoding these proteins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Camilla T O Benfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | | | - Michela Mazzon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stuart W J Ember
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Brian J Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Rebecca P Sumner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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26
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Kiviluoto S, Luyten T, Schneider L, Lisak D, Rojas-Rivera D, Welkenhuyzen K, Missaen L, De Smedt H, Parys JB, Hetz C, Methner A, Bultynck G. Bax Inhibitor-1-mediated Ca2+ leak is decreased by cytosolic acidosis. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:186-92. [PMID: 23867001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is an evolutionarily conserved six-transmembrane domain endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein that protects against ER stress-induced apoptotic cell death. This function is closely connected to its ability to lower steady-state ER Ca2+ levels. Recently, we elucidated BI-1's Ca(2+)-channel pore in the C-terminal part of the protein and identified the critical amino acids of its pore. Based on these insights, a Ca(2+)-channel pore-dead mutant BI-1 (BI-1(D213R)) was developed. We determined whether BI-1 behaves as a bona fide H+/Ca2+ antiporter or as an ER Ca(2+)-leak channel by investigating the effect of pH on unidirectional Ca(2+)-efflux rates. At pH 6.8, wild-type BI-1 expression in BI-1(-/-) cells increased the ER Ca(2+)-leak rate, correlating with its localization in the ER compartment. In contrast, BI-1(D231R) expression in BI-1(-/-), despite its ER localization, did not increase the ER Ca(2+)-leak rate. However, at pH < 6.8, the BI-1-mediated ER Ca2+ leak was blocked. Finally, a peptide representing the Ca(2+)-channel pore of BI-1 promoting Ca2+ flux from the ER was used. Lowering the pH from 6.8 to 6.0 completely abolished the ability of the BI-1 peptide to mediate Ca2+ flux from the ER. We propose that this pH dependence is due to two aspartic acid residues critical for the function of the Ca(2+)-channel pore and located in the ER membrane-dipping domain, which facilitates the protonation of these residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santeri Kiviluoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I, Herestraat 49--box 802, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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