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Lee HG, Lim GH, An JH, Park SM, Seo KW, Youn HY. In vitro evaluation of the antitumor activity of axitinib in canine mammary gland tumor cell lines. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e1. [PMID: 38311316 PMCID: PMC10839173 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axitinib, a potent and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase 1,2 and 3, is used in chemotherapy because it inhibits tumor angiogenesis by blocking the VEGF/VEGFR pathway. In veterinary medicine, attempts have been made to apply tyrosine kinase inhibitors with anti-angiogenic effects to tumor patients, but there are no studies on axitinib in canine mammary gland tumors (MGTs). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to confirm the antitumor activity of axitinib in canine mammary gland cell lines. METHODS We treated canine MGT cell lines (CIPp and CIPm) with axitinib and conducted CCK, wound healing, apoptosis, and cell cycle assays. Additionally, we evaluated the expression levels of angiogenesis-associated factors, including VEGFs, PDGF-A, FGF-2, and TGF-β1, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we collected canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), activated them with concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and then treated them with axitinib to investigate changes in viability. RESULTS When axitinib was administered to CIPp and CIPm, cell viability significantly decreased at 24, 48, and 72 h (p < 0.001), and migration was markedly reduced (6 h, p < 0.05; 12 h, p < 0.005). The apoptosis rate significantly increased (p < 0.01), and the G2/M phase ratio showed a significant increase (p < 0.001). Additionally, there was no significant change in the viability of canine PBMCs treated with LPS and ConA. CONCLUSION In this study, we confirmed the antitumor activity of axitinib against canine MGT cell lines. Accordingly, we suggest that axitinib can be applied as a new treatment for patients with canine MGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Gyu Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ga-Hyun Lim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital, Seongnam 13590, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Won Seo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Schäfer H, Subbarayan K, Massa C, Vaxevanis C, Mueller A, Seliger B. Correlation of the tumor escape phenotype with loss of PRELP expression in melanoma. J Transl Med 2023; 21:643. [PMID: 37730606 PMCID: PMC10512569 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite immunotherapies having revolutionized the treatment of advanced cutaneous melanoma, effective and durable responses were only reported in a few patients. A better understanding of the interaction of melanoma cells with the microenvironment, including extracellular matrix (ECM) components, might provide novel therapeutic options. Although the ECM has been linked to several hallmarks of cancer, little information is available regarding the expression and function of the ECM protein purine-arginine-rich and leucine-rich protein (PRELP) in cancer, including melanoma. METHODS The structural integrity, expression and function of PRELP, its correlation with the expression of immune modulatory molecules, immune cell infiltration and clinical parameters were determined using standard methods and/or bioinformatics. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis revealed a heterogeneous, but statistically significant reduced PRELP expression in available datasets of skin cutaneous melanoma when compared to adjacent normal tissues, which was associated with reduced patients' survival, low expression levels of components of the MHC class I antigen processing machinery (APM) and interferon (IFN)-γ signal transduction pathway, but increased expression of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β isoform 1 (TFGB1) and TGF-β receptor 1 (TGFBR1). In addition, a high frequency of intra-tumoral T cells directly correlated with the expression of MHC class I and PRELP as well as the T cell attractant CCL5 in melanoma lesions. Marginal to low PRELP expression levels were found in the 47/49 human melanoma cell lines analysis. Transfection of PRELP into melanoma cell lines restored MHC class I surface expression due to transcriptional upregulation of major MHC class I APM and IFN-γ pathway components. In addition, PRELP overexpression is accompanied by high CCL5 secretion levels in cell supernatant, an impaired TGF-β signaling as well as a reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PRELP induces the expression of MHC class I and CCL5 in melanoma, which might be involved in an enhanced T cell recruitment and immunogenicity associated with an improved patients' outcome. Therefore, PRELP might serve as a marker for predicting disease progression and its recovery could revert the tumorigenic phenotype, which represents a novel therapeutic option for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Schäfer
- Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karthikeyan Subbarayan
- Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chiara Massa
- Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoforos Vaxevanis
- Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Mueller
- Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical School Brandenburg, Hochstr. 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.
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Rippel N, Wong J, Hussein S, Kalac M. Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopaenia with FLT1 mutation complicated by progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy and EBV+ polymorphic lymphoproliferative disorder. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e253105. [PMID: 37643816 PMCID: PMC10465919 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-253105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a unique case of idiopathic CD4+T cell lymphocytopaenia complicated by viral-associated disorders in a patient with a heterozygous FLT1 mutation. A previously healthy woman presented with left-sided neurological deficits. Workup revealed a severe HIV-seronegative CD4+T cell deficiency and white matter brain lesions; brain biopsy confirmed progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML). Six years later, she represented with a tender mandibular lesion, with pathology diagnostic for EBV+polymorphic post-transplant-like lymphoproliferative disorder. A heterozygous FLT1 P1127L mutation was detected on peripheral blood and mandibular lesion next-generation sequencing. Concern for PML reactivation with rituximab-based therapy and the presence of localised disease led us to offer radiotherapy, resulting in significant symptom relief and marked therapeutic response on repeat imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Rippel
- Internal Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Wong
- Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shafinaz Hussein
- Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matko Kalac
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Preclinical In Vitro Investigation of MDM2 Inhibition in Combination with Antiangiogenic Therapy for Breast Cancer Treatment. Sci Pharm 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm91010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Combining antiangiogenic drugs with other chemotherapeutic drugs has been found to produce superior therapeutic outcomes and prevent drug resistance in a variety of cancers. Methods: Experimental assays such as the MTT assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and qPCR have been used to evaluate the efficacy of combination therapy. Results: When compared to controls and monotherapies, the combination treatment of axitinib and idasanutlin demonstrated a substantial decrease in cell viability at lower doses, a significant decrease in migration, and a shift toward early and late apoptosis. This study examined major apoptotic, metastatic, and angiogenic factors, including MDM2, p21, BCL-2, BCL-XL, and MMP9, which have showed differential expressions at the protein and mRNA levels after combination. Axitinib and idasanutlin decreased tumorigenesis and migration in vitro in the MCF-7 cell line when compared to other chemotherapeutic medications. The suggested mechanisms of the antitumorigenic effect of the combination therapy may depend on its capacity to promote the production of apoptotic markers and reduce antiapoptotic markers. Conclusions: Treatments with axitinib and idasanutlin demonstrated effective therapeutic targeting of the primary angiogenic growth factor and, consequently, the pro-metastatic arbitrators. This will not only eliminate cancer cells but also stop other malignant processes and ultimately reduce the metastatic cascade.
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Osanto S, Woei-A-Jin FJSH, Coenraad MJ, Weijl NI, Burgmans MC, Burggraaf J. In Reply: Neoadjuvant TKI Study in Early- and Intermediate Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Oncologist 2022; 27:e977-e978. [PMID: 36269167 PMCID: PMC9732251 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This letter to the editor responds to comments from Rizzo et al on recently reported results of a phase II study of dovitinib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minneke J Coenraad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mark C Burgmans
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kerrison WGJ, Lee ATJ, Thway K, Jones RL, Huang PH. Current Status and Future Directions of Immunotherapies in Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Biomedicines 2022; 10:573. [PMID: 35327375 PMCID: PMC8945421 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) has experienced a surge of interest in the past decade, contributing to an expanding number of therapeutic options for this extremely heterogenous group of rare malignancies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) targeting the PD-1 and CTLA-4 axes have demonstrated promising responses in a select number of STS subtypes, including rarer subtypes, such as alveolar soft part sarcoma, SWI/SNF-deficient sarcomas, clear cell sarcoma, and angiosarcoma. Multiple pan-subtype sarcoma trials have facilitated the study of possible predictive biomarkers of the CPI response. It has also become apparent that certain therapies, when combined with CPIs, can enhance response rates, although the specific mechanisms of this possible synergy remain unconfirmed in STS. In addition to CPIs, several other immune targeting agents, including anti-tumour-associated macrophage and antigen-directed therapies, are now under assessment in STS with promising efficacy in some subtypes. In this article, we review the state of the art in immunotherapy in STS, highlighting the pre-clinical and clinical data available for this promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. J. Kerrison
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK; (W.G.J.K.); (K.T.)
| | | | - Khin Thway
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK; (W.G.J.K.); (K.T.)
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK;
| | - Robin L. Jones
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK;
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Paul H. Huang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK; (W.G.J.K.); (K.T.)
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Modulation of the tumour microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma by tyrosine kinase inhibitors: from modulation to combination therapy targeting the microenvironment. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:73. [PMID: 35148789 PMCID: PMC8840552 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remain the backbone of systematic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sorafenib and lenvatinib are currently approved as first-line therapeutic drugs, and regorafenib and cabozantinib are applied as second-line treatments. With inhibition of angiogenesis as the main target, TKIs exert a profound effect on the tumour microenvironment (TME). The TME is a complex mixture of cellular and noncellular components surrounding the tumour mass, and is associated with tumour progression partially through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Specifically, the TME of HCC is characterized by profound extracellular matrix remodelling and an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of TME remodelling mediated by four Food and Drug Administration approved TKIs in HCC and thus summarize the rationale and potential targets for combination therapy. The modulatory effect of TKIs on the TME of HCC was reported to enhance the antitumour effect of TKIs through pyroptosis of macrophages and subsequent natural killer cell activation, T cell activation, regulatory T cell reduction in HCC. Meanwhile, TKIs also induce drug resistance via M2 polarization and accumulation, recruitment of tumour-associated neutrophils, and induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, the effect of TKIs on TME can enhance its antitumour effect, but might also partially contribute to the drug resistance that hinders the progression of TKIs as treatment for HCC. Additionally, the effect of TKIs also provides the rationale for combination therapy, including combining TKIs with immune checkpoint inhibitors, to facilitate increased drug efficacy of TKIs.
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Juengel E, Schnalke P, Rutz J, Maxeiner S, Chun FKH, Blaheta RA. Antiangiogenic Properties of Axitinib versus Sorafenib Following Sunitinib Resistance in Human Endothelial Cells-A View towards Second Line Renal Cell Carcinoma Treatment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111630. [PMID: 34829859 PMCID: PMC8615644 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors predominate as first-line therapy options for renal cell carcinoma. When first-line TKI therapy fails due to resistance development, an optimal second-line therapy has not yet been established. The present investigation is directed towards comparing the anti-angiogenic properties of the TKIs, sorafenib and axitinib on human endothelial cells (HUVECs) with acquired resistance towards the TKI sunitinib. HUVECs were driven to resistance by continuously exposing them to sunitinib for six weeks. They were then switched to a 24 h or further six weeks treatment with sorafenib or axitinib. HUVEC growth, as well as angiogenesis (tube formation and scratch wound assay), were evaluated. Cell cycle proteins of the CDK-cyclin axis (CDK1 and 2, total and phosphorylated, cyclin A and B) and the mTOR pathway (AKT, total and phosphorylated) were also assessed. Axitinib (but not sorafenib) significantly suppressed growth of sunitinib-resistant HUVECs when they were exposed for six weeks. This axinitib-associated growth reduction was accompanied by a cell cycle block at the G0/G1-phase. Both axitinib and sorafenib reduced HUVEC tube length and prevented wound closure (sorafenib > axitinib) when applied to sunitinib-resistant HUVECs for six weeks. Protein analysis revealed diminished phosphorylation of CDK1, CDK2 and pAKT, accompanied by a suppression of cyclin A and B. Both drugs modulated CDK-cyclin and AKT-dependent signaling, associated either with both HUVEC growth and angiogenesis (axitinib) or angiogenesis alone (sorafenib). Axitinib and sorafenib may be equally applicable as second line treatment options, following sunitinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.J.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.M.); (F.K.-H.C.)
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Schnalke
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.J.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.M.); (F.K.-H.C.)
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.J.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.M.); (F.K.-H.C.)
| | - Sebastian Maxeiner
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.J.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.M.); (F.K.-H.C.)
| | - Felix K.-H. Chun
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.J.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.M.); (F.K.-H.C.)
| | - Roman A. Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.J.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.M.); (F.K.-H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Evaluation of β-Catenin Inhibition of Axitinib and Nitazoxanide in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080949. [PMID: 34440153 PMCID: PMC8391762 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of β-catenin signaling has attractive therapeutic potential in cancer immunotherapy. Several studies have found that β-catenin can mediate immune evasion in cancer and promote anti-inflammatory features of antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Many small molecular compounds that inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling are currently in clinical development, but none have entered routine clinical use. New inhibitors of β-catenin signaling are consequently desirable. Here, we have tested, in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, the effects of two small molecular compounds, axitinib and nitazoxanide, that previously have been discovered to inhibit β-catenin signaling in colon cancer cells. Immature and lipopolysaccharide-matured dendritic cells prepared from healthy blood donor buffy coats were stimulated with 6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (6-BIO) to boost basal β-catenin activity, and the effects of axitinib and nitazoxanide were compared with the commercial β-catenin inhibitor ICG-001. Assays, including genome-wide RNA-sequencing, indicated that neither axitinib nor nitazoxanide demonstrated considerable β-catenin inhibition. Both compounds were found to be less toxic to monocyte-derived dendritic cells than either 6-BIO or ICG-001. Axitinib stimulated several aspects of dendritic cell function, such as IL12-p70 secretion, and counteracted IL-10 secretion, according to the present study. However, neither axitinib nor nitazoxanide were found to be efficient β-catenin inhibitors in monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
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Liu ZL, Liu JH, Staiculescu D, Chen J. Combination of molecularly targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors in the new era of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:17588359211018026. [PMID: 34104226 PMCID: PMC8150670 DOI: 10.1177/17588359211018026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) have been the only first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for more than a decade, until the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Moreover, the combination regimen of atezolizumab (anti-programmed cell death protein ligand 1 antibody) plus bevacizumab (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody) has recently been demonstrated to have superior efficacy when compared with sorafenib monotherapy. The remarkable efficacy has made this combination therapy the new standard treatment for advanced HCC. In addition to MKIs, many other molecularly targeted therapies are under investigation, some of which have shown promising results. Therefore, in the era of immuno-oncology, there is a significant rationale for testing the combinations of molecularly targeted therapies and ICIs. Indeed, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have shown the synergic antitumor efficacy of such combinations. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on the combination of molecularly targeted therapies and immune checkpoint therapies for HCC from both preclinical and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Long Liu
- Division of Interventional Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing-Hua Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Professor Cai’s Laboratory, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Daniel Staiculescu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 3, East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310016, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Sunitinib Combined with Th1 Cytokines Potentiates Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells and Suppresses Tumor Growth in a Murine Model of HER-2 pos Breast Cancer. Int J Breast Cancer 2021; 2021:8818393. [PMID: 33936816 PMCID: PMC8062178 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8818393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immune-based therapies have made remarkable inroads in cancer treatment, they usually must be combined with standard treatment modalities, including cytotoxic drugs, to achieve maximal clinical benefits. As immunotherapies are further advanced and refined, considerable efforts will be required to identify combination therapies that will maximize clinical responses while simultaneously decreasing the unpleasant and sometimes life-threatening side effects of standard therapy. Over the last two decades, evidence has emerged that Th1 cytokines can play a central role in protective antitumor immunity and that combinations of Th1 cytokines can induce senescence and apoptosis in cancer cells. To explore the possibility of combining targeted drugs with Th1-polarizing vaccines, we undertook a study to examine the impact of combining Th1 cytokines with the relatively broad-spectrum receptor tyrosine kinase antagonist, sunitinib. We found that when a panel of five phenotypically diverse human breast cancer cell lines was subjected to treatment with sunitinib plus recombinant Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, synergistic effects were observed across a number of parameters including different aspects of apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, sunitinib was found to have a profoundly suppressive effect of T cell's capacity to secrete IFN-γ, indicating that in vivo use of this drug may hinder robust Th1 responses. Nonetheless, this suppression was circumvented in a mouse model of HER-2pos breast disease by supplying recombinant interferon-gamma to achieve a combination therapy significantly more potent than either agent.
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12
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Elkoshi Z. The Binary Classification of Protein Kinases. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:929-947. [PMID: 33776467 PMCID: PMC7988341 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s303750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In an earlier publication a binary model for chronic diseases classification has been proposed. According to the model, chronic diseases were classified as “high Treg” or “low Treg” diseases, depending on whether the immune response is anti- or pro-inflammatory and assuming that regulatory T cells are major determinants of the response. It turned out that most cancers are “high Treg” diseases, while autoimmune diseases are “low Treg”. This paper proposes a molecular cause for this binary response. The mechanism proposed depends on the effect of protein kinases on the immune system. Thus, protein kinases are classified as anti- or pro-inflammatory kinases depending on whether they drive “high Treg” or “low Treg” diseases. Observations reported in the earlier publication can be described in terms of anti-inflammatory kinase (AIK) or pro-inflammatory kinase (PIK) activity. Analysis of literature data reveals that the two classes of kinases display distinctive properties relating to their interactions with pathogens and environmental factors. Pathogens that promote Treg activity (“high Treg” pathogens) activate AIKs, while pathogens that suppress Treg activity (“low Treg” pathogens) activate PIKs. Diseases driven by AIKs are associated with “high Treg” pathogens while those diseases driven by PIKs are associated with “low Treg” pathogens. By promoting the activity of AIKs, alcohol consumption increases the risk of “high Treg” cancers but decreases the risk of some “low Treg” autoimmune diseases. JAK1 gain-of-function mutations are observed at high frequencies in autoimmune diseases while JAK1 loss-of-function mutations are observed at high frequencies in cancers with high tumor-infiltrating Tregs. It should also be noted that the corresponding two classes of protein kinase inhibitors are mutually exclusive in terms of their approved therapeutic indications. There is no protein kinase inhibitor that is approved for the treatment of both autoimmune diseases and “high Treg” cancers. Although there are exceptions to the conclusions presented above, these conclusions are supported by the great bulk of published data. It therefore seems that the binary division of protein kinases is a useful tool for elucidating (at the molecular level) many distinctive properties of cancers and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Elkoshi
- Research and Development Department, Taro Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Haifa, Israel
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Song MJ, Pan QZ, Ding Y, Zeng J, Dong P, Zhao JJ, Tang Y, Li J, Zhang Z, He J, Yang J, Huang Y, Peng R, Wang QJ, Gu JM, He J, Li YQ, Chen SP, Huang R, Zhou ZQ, Yang C, Han Y, Chen H, Liu H, Xia S, Wan Y, Weng DS, Xia L, Zhou FJ, Xia JC. The efficacy and safety of the combination of axitinib and pembrolizumab-activated autologous DC-CIK cell immunotherapy for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a phase 2 study. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1257. [PMID: 33717483 PMCID: PMC7927618 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although axitinib has achieved a preferable response rate for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), patient survival remains unsatisfactory. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of a combination treatment of axitinib and a low dose of pembrolizumab‐activated autologous dendritic cells–co‐cultured cytokine‐induced killer cells in patients with advanced RCC. Methods All adult patients, including treatment‐naive or pretreated with VEGF‐targeted agents, were enrolled from May 2016 to March 2019. Patients received axitinib 5 mg twice daily and pembrolizumab‐activated dendritic cells–co‐cultured cytokine‐induced killer cells intravenously weekly for the first four cycles, every 2 weeks for the next four cycles, and every month thereafter. Results The 43 patients (22 untreated and 21 previously treated) showed a median progression‐free survival (mPFS) of 14.7 months (95% CI, 11.16–18.30). mPFS in treatment‐naive patients was 18.2 months, as compared with 14.4 months in pretreated patients (log‐rank P‐value = 0.07). Overall response rates were 25.6% (95% CI, 13.5–41.2%). Grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred in 5% of patients included hypertension (11.6%) and palmar‐plantar erythrodysesthesia (7.0%). Peripheral blood lymphocyte immunophenotype and serum cytokine profile analyses demonstrated increased antitumor immunity after combination treatment particularly in patients with a long‐term survival benefit, while those with a minimal survival benefit demonstrated an elevated proportion of peripheral CD8+TIM3+ T cells and lower serum‐level immunostimulatory cytokine profile. Conclusions The combination therapy was active and well tolerated for treatment of advanced RCC, either as first‐ or second‐line treatment following other targeted agents. Changes in immunophenotype and serum cytokine profile may be used as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jia Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Qiu-Zhong Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Ya Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Pei Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Urology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Yan Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Urology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Junyi He
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jieying Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Yue Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Ruiqing Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Qi-Jing Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jia-Mei Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jia He
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Shi-Ping Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Rongxing Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Zi-Qi Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Chaopin Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Yulong Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Hao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Heping Liu
- Guangzhou Yiyang Bio-technology Co., Ltd Guangzhou China
| | - Shangzhou Xia
- Guangzhou Yiyang Bio-technology Co., Ltd Guangzhou China
| | - Yang Wan
- Guangzhou Yiyang Bio-technology Co., Ltd Guangzhou China
| | - De-Sheng Weng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Liming Xia
- Guangzhou Yiyang Bio-technology Co., Ltd Guangzhou China
| | - Fang-Jian Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Urology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China.,Department of Biotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
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14
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Anti-Proliferative Effect of Allium senescens L. Extract in Human T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010035. [PMID: 33374788 PMCID: PMC7795430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allium species are well known plants distributed throughout the world, and they contain various bioactive components with different biological activities including anti-cancer effects. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Allium senescens L. (A.S.) extract on cell survival and IL-2-mediated inflammation in human T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) Jurkat cells. Our results showed that A.S. extract induced caspase-dependent apoptosis of Jurkat cells with no significant cytotoxicity in the normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A.S. extract induced ROS generation through the activation of MAPK p38 phosphorylation. It also inhibited IL-2 mRNA expression and NF-κB signaling mediated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and phytohemagglutinin. Combined treatment with A.S. extract and axitinib/dovitinib exerted enhanced inhibitory effects on T-ALL cell growth and IL-2 production. These results provide novel information on the potential use of A.S. extract as a therapeutic herbal agent for the treatment and prevention of T-ALL.
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15
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Rausch M, Weiss A, Zoetemelk M, Piersma SR, Jimenez CR, van Beijnum JR, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Optimized Combination of HDACI and TKI Efficiently Inhibits Metabolic Activity in Renal Cell Carcinoma and Overcomes Sunitinib Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113172. [PMID: 33126775 PMCID: PMC7693411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To ameliorate the situation for kidney cancer patients and to broaden the application of available drugs, we initiated this research to enhance the anti-cancer activity through combination treatment. There is an unmet need for innovative treatment strategies and optimized drug combinations haven proven to be an adequate solution. We identified a four-drug combination of two histone deacetylate and two tyrosine kinase inhibitors that is effective in sunitinib-naïve and -resistant human renal cell carcinoma cells. Through our research, we demonstrated the superior anti-cancer activity of an optimized drug combination in comparison to single drugs, while maintaining a good safety/selectivity profile. We anticipate that the development and use of well-established drug combinations will be enforced offering personalized and more diverse treatment options in clinical conditions. Abstract Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is characterized by high histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity triggering both cell motility and the development of metastasis. Therefore, there is an unmet need to establish innovative strategies to advance the use of HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs). We selected a set of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and HDACIs to test them in combination, using the validated therapeutically guided multidrug optimization (TGMO) technique based on experimental testing and in silico data modeling. We determined a synergistic low-dose three-drug combination decreasing the cell metabolic activity in metastatic ccRCC cells, Caki-1, by over 80%. This drug combination induced apoptosis and showed anti-angiogenic activity, both in original Caki-1 and in sunitinib-resistant Caki-1 cells. Through phosphoproteomic analysis, we revealed additional targets to improve the translation of this combination in 3-D (co-)culture systems. Cell–cell and cell–environment interactions increased, reverting the invasive and metastatic phenotype of Caki-1 cells. Our data suggest that our optimized low-dose drug combination is highly effective in complex in vitro settings and promotes the activity of HDACIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rausch
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.R.); (A.W.); (M.Z.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Weiss
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.R.); (A.W.); (M.Z.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marloes Zoetemelk
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.R.); (A.W.); (M.Z.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sander R. Piersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.P.); (C.R.J.)
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R. Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.P.); (C.R.J.)
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judy R. van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC-Location VUmc, VU University Amsterdam, 1117 Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.R.); (A.W.); (M.Z.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-3793352
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16
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Neves KB, Montezano AC, Lang NN, Touyz RM. Vascular toxicity associated with anti-angiogenic drugs. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2503-2520. [PMID: 32990313 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the treatment of cancer has been revolutionised by the highly successful introduction of novel molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies, including small-molecule kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies that target angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways. Despite their anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer benefits, the use of VEGF inhibitors (VEGFi) and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has been hampered by potent vascular toxicities especially hypertension and thromboembolism. Molecular processes underlying VEGFi-induced vascular toxicities still remain unclear but inhibition of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, oxidative stress, activation of the endothelin system, and rarefaction have been implicated. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms still remain elusive and there is an urgent need to better understand exactly how anti-angiogenic drugs cause hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This is especially important because VEGFi are increasingly being used in combination with other anti-cancer dugs, such as immunotherapies (immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)), other TKIs, drugs that inhibit epigenetic processes (histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor) and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, which may themselves induce cardiovascular injury. Here, we discuss vascular toxicities associated with TKIs, especially VEGFi, and provide an up-to-date overview on molecular mechanisms underlying VEGFi-induced vascular toxicity and cardiovascular sequelae. We also review the vascular effects of VEGFi when used in combination with other modern anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla B Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | - Ninian N Lang
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, U.K
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17
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Chen W, Pan X, Cui X. RCC Immune Microenvironment Subsequent to Targeted Therapy: A Friend or a Foe? Front Oncol 2020; 10:573690. [PMID: 33117708 PMCID: PMC7561377 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.573690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is composed of different subtypes with distinct molecular and histological tumor heterogeneity. Although the advent of various targeted therapies has improved the survival of patients with advanced RCC over the past 15 years (since 2006), few cases experienced complete response due to drug resistance. Recent studies have demonstrated that the outcomes following targeted therapies are potentially associated with intricate cross-links between immune responses and suppressors in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition, progress on drug research and development enhances our awareness and understanding about immunotherapy and combined treatment. In this review article, we intend to make a comprehensive summary about TME and its alterations following targeted therapies, provide valid evidence in this aspect, and discuss optimal matches between targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuwu Pan
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingang Cui
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Murphy DA, Rini BI, Escudier B, Motzer RJ, Wang P, Li S, Williams JA, Tarazi JC, Martini JF. Angiogenic and immunomodulatory biomarkers in axitinib-treated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2020; 16:1199-1210. [PMID: 32363929 PMCID: PMC8459336 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Immunomodulatory mechanisms contributing to angiogenic inhibition in renal tumors are not well characterized. We report associations between efficacy and tumor-associated immune cells and mRNA/miRNA expression in patients from AXIS. Materials & methods: Immunohistochemistry (n = 52) and mRNA/miRNA expression analyses (n = 72) were performed on tumor samples. Results: In axitinib-treated patients, higher CXCR4 and TLR3 expression, respectively, was associated with longer progression-free survival (hazard ratio; 95% CI: 0.3; 0.1–0.8 and 0.4; 0.2–0.9) and showed interaction with treatment (p = 0.029 and p < 0.001); lower CCR7 expression was associated with objective response (odds ratio: 0.1; 95% CI: 0.01–1.0) and longer overall survival (hazard ratio: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.4–10.3). Conclusion: CCR7, CXCR4 and TLR3 expression levels may be prognostic/predictive of clinical benefit with axitinib. Clinical trial identifier:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00678392.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian I Rini
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bernard Escudier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Robert J Motzer
- Department of Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Sherry Li
- Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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19
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Mennitto A, Huber V, Ratta R, Sepe P, de Braud F, Procopio G, Guadalupi V, Claps M, Stellato M, Daveri E, Rivoltini L, Verzoni E. Angiogenesis and Immunity in Renal Carcinoma: Can We Turn an Unhappy Relationship into a Happy Marriage? J Clin Med 2020; 9:E930. [PMID: 32231117 PMCID: PMC7231111 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontline treatment options for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) are evolving rapidly since the approval of combination immunotherapies by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). In particular, in combination with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly improved the outcome of patients with mRCC compared to TKI monotherapy. Here, we review the preclinical data supporting the combination of ICIs with VEGFR TKIs. The VEGF-signaling inhibition could ideally sustain immunotherapy through a positive modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Antiangiogenetics, in fact, with their inhibitory activity on myelopoiesis that indirectly reduces myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells' (Tregs) frequency and function, could have a role in determining an effective anti-tumor immune response. These findings are relevant for the challenges posed to clinicians concerning the clinical impact on treatment strategies for mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Mennitto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Huber
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ratta
- Oncology and Supportive Care Department, Hôpital Foch, 40 Rue Worth, 92151 Suresnes, France
| | - Pierangela Sepe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procopio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Guadalupi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mélanie Claps
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Stellato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Daveri
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Verzoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
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20
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Fogli S, Porta C, Del Re M, Crucitta S, Gianfilippo G, Danesi R, Rini BI, Schmidinger M. Optimizing treatment of renal cell carcinoma with VEGFR-TKIs: a comparison of clinical pharmacology and drug-drug interactions of anti-angiogenic drugs. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 84:101966. [PMID: 32044644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic treatment is an important option that has changed the therapeutic landscape in various tumors, particularly in patients affected by renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Agents that block signaling pathways governing tumor angiogenesis have raised high expectations among clinicians. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs) comprise a heterogeneous class of drugs with distinct pharmacological profiles, including potency, selectivity, pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions. Among them, tivozanib is one of the last TKIs introduced in the clinical practice; this drug selectively targets VEGFRs, it is characterized by a favorable pharmacokinetics and safety profile and has been approved as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC). In this article, we describe the clinical pharmacology of selected VEGFR-TKIs used for the treatment of mRCC, highlighting the relevant differences; moreover we aim to define the main pharmacologic characteristics of these drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fogli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia and Division of Translational Oncology, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Crucitta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Gianfilippo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Brian I Rini
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Manuela Schmidinger
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Reguera-Nuñez E, Man S, Xu P, Hilberg F, Kerbel RS. Variable impact of three different antiangiogenic drugs alone or in combination with chemotherapy on multiple bone marrow-derived cell populations involved in angiogenesis and immunity. Angiogenesis 2019; 22:535-546. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-019-09677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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De Ford C, Penchalaiah K, Kreft A, Humar M, Heydenreuter W, Kangani M, Sieber SA, Tietze LF, Merfort I. Bifunctional Duocarmycin Analogues as Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Kinases. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:16-26. [PMID: 30620194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional duocarmycin analogues are highly cytotoxic compounds that have been shown to be irreversible aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors. Interestingly, cells with low aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 expression are also sensitive to bifunctional duocarmycin analogues, suggesting the existence of another target. Through in silico approaches, including principal component analysis, structure-similarity search, and docking calculations, protein tyrosine kinases, and especially the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), were predicted as targets of bifunctional duocarmycin analogues. Biochemical validation was performed in vitro, confirming the in silico results. Structural optimization was performed to mainly target VEGFR-2, but not aldehyde dehydrogenase 1. The optimized bifunctional duocarmycin analogue was synthesized. In vitro assays revealed this bifunctional duocarmycin analogue as a strong inhibitor of VEGFR-2, with low residual aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 activity. Altogether, studies revealed bifunctional duocarmycin analogues as a new class of naturally derived compounds that express a very high cytotoxicity to cancer cells overexpressing aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 as well as VEGFR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian De Ford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology , Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM) , Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg , Albertstrasse 19a , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Kamala Penchalaiah
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry , Georg-August University , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alexander Kreft
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry , Georg-August University , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Matjaz Humar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology , Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Heydenreuter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Mehrnoush Kangani
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry , Georg-August University , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Lutz F Tietze
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry , Georg-August University , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology , Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19 , D-79104 Freiburg , Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM) , Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg , Albertstrasse 19a , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
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Mutated Von Hippel-Lindau-renal cell carcinoma (RCC) promotes patients specific natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:297. [PMID: 30514329 PMCID: PMC6278085 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous evidence demonstrated that restoration of wild type VHL in human renal cancer cells decreased in vitro NK susceptibility. To investigate on the role of tumoral VHL status versus NK capability in renal cancer patients, 51 RCC patients were characterized for VHL mutational status and NK function. Methods VHL mutational status was determined by direct DNA sequencing on tumor tissue. NK cytotoxicity was measured against specific target cells K562, VHL-wild type (CAKI-1) and VHL-mutated (A498) human renal cancer cells through externalization of CD107a and IFN-γ production. Activating NK receptors, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKG2D, DNAM-1, NCAM-1 and FcγRIIIa were evaluated through quantitative RT-PCR. RCC tumoral Tregs were characterized as CD4+CD25+CD127lowFoxp3+ and Treg function was evaluated as inhibition of T-effector proliferation. Results VHL mutations were detected in 26/55 (47%) RCC patients. IL-2 activated whole-blood samples (28 VHL-WT-RCC and 23 VHL-MUT-RCC) were evaluated for NK cytotoxicity toward human renal cancer cells A498, VHL-MUT and CAKI-1, VHL-WT. Efficient NK degranulation and increase in IFN-γ production was detected when IL-2 activated whole-blood from VHL-MUT-RCC patients were tested toward A498 as compared to CAKI-1 cells (CD107a+NK: 7 ± 2% vs 1 ± 0.41%, p = 0.015; IFN-γ+NK: 6.26 ± 3.4% vs 1.78 ± 0.9% respectively). In addition, IL-2 activated NKs induced higher CD107a exposure in the presence of RCC autologous tumor cells or A498 as compared to SN12C (average CD107a+NK: 4.7 and 2.7% vs 0.3% respectively at 10E:1 T ratio). VHL-MUT-RCC tumors were NKp46+ cells infiltrated and expressed high NKp30 and NKp46 receptors as compared to VHL-WT-RCC tumors. A significant lower number of Tregs was detected in the tumor microenvironment of 13 VHL-MUT-RCC as compared to 13 VHL-WT-RCC tumors (1.84 ± 0.36% vs 3.79 ± 0.74% respectively, p = 0.04). Tregs isolated from VHL-MUT-RCC patients were less suppressive of patients T effector proliferation compared to Tregs from VHL-WT-RCC patients (Teff proliferation: 6.7 ± 3.9% vs 2.8 ± 1.1%). Conclusions VHL tumoral mutations improve NKs effectiveness in RCC patients and need to be considered in the evaluation of immune response. Moreover therapeutic strategies designed to target NK cells could be beneficial in VHL-mutated-RCCs alone or in association with immune checkpoints inhibitors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0952-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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24
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Morse MA, Sun W, Kim R, He AR, Abada PB, Mynderse M, Finn RS. The Role of Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:912-920. [PMID: 30274981 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for about 90% of all primary liver cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The hypervascular nature of most HCC tumors underlines the importance of angiogenesis in the pathobiology of these tumors. Several angiogenic pathways have been identified as being dysregulated in HCC, suggesting they may be involved in the development and pathogenesis of HCC. These data provide practical targets for systemic treatments such as those targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and its ligand. However, the clinical relevance of other more recently identified angiogenic pathways in HCC pathogenesis or treatment remains unclear. Research into molecular profiles and validation of prognostic or predictive biomarkers will be required to identify the patient subsets most likely to experience meaningful benefit from this important class of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Weijing Sun
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Richard Kim
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Aiwu Ruth He
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Richard S Finn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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25
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Tannir N, Hammers H, Amin A. First-line vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy in renal cell carcinoma: priming the tumor microenvironment for immunotherapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:825-831. [PMID: 29297707 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2018.1423960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite improved outcomes with systemic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted agents in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the majority of patients will eventually develop treatment resistance and disease progression. With the emergence of checkpoint inhibitors as potential treatment approaches, studies suggest that ideally combining or sequencing them with VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may provide more effective treatments that reduce or delay disease progression. Indeed, preliminary evidence suggests that VEGFR-TKIs can reverse immunosuppressive effects in the tumor microenvironment, potentially enhancing the effects of subsequent immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors. However, questions remain regarding the most effective treatment sequences or combinations with VEGFR-TKIs and checkpoint inhibitors. This review discusses the potential role of first-line VEGFR-TKIs in priming the tumor microenvironment for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar Tannir
- a Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Hans Hammers
- b UT Southwestern, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Kidney Cancer Program , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Asim Amin
- c Division of Immunotherapy , Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas Medical Center , Charlotte , NC , USA
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26
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Läubli H, Müller P, D'Amico L, Buchi M, Kashyap AS, Zippelius A. The multi-receptor inhibitor axitinib reverses tumor-induced immunosuppression and potentiates treatment with immune-modulatory antibodies in preclinical murine models. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:815-824. [PMID: 29487979 PMCID: PMC11028099 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have significantly improved the prognosis of cancer patients. Despite the clinical success of targeting inhibitory checkpoint receptors, including PD-1 and/or CTLA-4 on T cells, only a minority of patients derive benefit from these therapies. New strategies to improve cancer immunotherapy are therefore needed. Combination therapy of checkpoint inhibitors with targeted agents has promisingly shown to increase the efficacy of immunotherapy. Here, we analyzed the immunomodulatory effects of the multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor axitinib and its efficacy in combination with immunotherapies. In different syngeneic murine tumor models, axitinib showed therapeutic efficacy that was not only mediated by VEGF-VEGFR inhibition, but also through the induction of anti-cancer immunity. Mechanistically, a significant reduction of immune-suppressive cells, including a decrease of tumor-promoting mast cells and tumor-associated macrophages was observed upon axitinib treatment. Inhibition of mast cells by axitinib as well as their experimental depletion led to reduced tumor growth. Of note, treatment with axitinib led to an improved T cell response, while the latter was pivotal for the therapeutic efficacy. Combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-PD-1 and anti-TIM-3 and/or agonistic engagement of the activating receptor CD137 resulted in a synergistic therapeutic efficacy. This demonstrates non-redundant immune activation induced by axitinib via modulation of myeloid and mast cells. These findings provide important mechanistic insights into axitinib-mediated anti-cancer immunity and provide rationale for clinical combinations of axitinib with different immunotherapeutic modalities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Axitinib
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Synergism
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2/immunology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Immunotherapy
- Indazoles/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Läubli
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Müller
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Lucia D'Amico
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Buchi
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abhishek S Kashyap
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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27
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Saha D, Wakimoto H, Peters CW, Antoszczyk SJ, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Combinatorial Effects of VEGFR Kinase Inhibitor Axitinib and Oncolytic Virotherapy in Mouse and Human Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cell Models. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3409-3422. [PMID: 29599413 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Glioblastoma (GBM), a fatal brain cancer, contains a subpopulation of GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) that contribute to resistance to current therapy. Angiogenesis also plays a key role in GBM progression. Therefore, we developed a strategy to target the complex GBM microenvironment, including GSCs and tumor vasculature.Experimental Design: We evaluated the cytotoxic effects of VEFGR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) axitinib in vitro and then tested antitumor efficacy of axitinib in combination with oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) expressing antiangiogenic cytokine murine IL12 (G47Δ-mIL12) in two orthotopic GSC-derived GBM models: patient-derived recurrent MGG123 GSCs, forming vascular xenografts in immunodeficient mice; and mouse 005 GSCs, forming syngeneic tumors in immunocompetent mice.Results: GSCs form endothelial-like tubes and were sensitive to axitinib. G47Δ-mIL12 significantly improved survival, as did axitinib, while dual combinations further extended survival significantly compared with single therapies alone in both models. In MGG123 tumors, axitinib was effective only at high doses (50 mg/kg), alone and in combination with G47Δ-mIL12, and this was associated with greatly decreased vascularity, increased macrophage infiltration, extensive tumor necrosis, and PDGFR/ERK pathway inhibition. In the mouse 005 model, antiglioma activity, after single and combination therapy, was only observed in immunocompetent mice and not the T-cell-deficient athymic mice. Interestingly, immune checkpoint inhibition did not improve efficacy.Conclusions: Systemic TKI (axitinib) beneficially combines with G47Δ-mIL12 to enhance antitumor efficacy in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent orthotopic GBM models. Our results support further investigation of TKIs in combination with oHSV for GBM treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 24(14); 3409-22. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipongkor Saha
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cole W Peters
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Slawomir J Antoszczyk
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert L Martuza
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Abstract
Current therapies of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a highly vascularised tumour, mostly rely on anti-angiogenic treatment options. These include tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies. Although these strategies aim at restraining vascularisation to control tumour growth, the effects of such therapies are much wider, as affecting the vessel structure deeply modifies the microenvironment of the tumour mass. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge on the global effects of anti-angiogenic treatment, mostly TKIs, on the shaping of the immune component of the RCC microenvironment. The data supporting the modification of immunity by anti-angiogenic therapies are collected to reveal the potential of angiogenesis modulation as a strategy for the adjuvant anti-cancer approach in immunotherapy.
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29
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Tannir NM, Pal SK, Atkins MB. Second-Line Treatment Landscape for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review. Oncologist 2018; 23:540-555. [PMID: 29487224 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of advanced clear-cell renal cell carcinoma has steadily improved over the past decade with the introduction of antiangiogenic and targeted therapies. Recently, three new therapies have been approved for use as second-line options that further advance the treatment armamentarium: nivolumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the programmed cell death receptor; cabozantinib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), MET, and AXL; and lenvatinib, a small-molecule TKI of VEGF and fibroblast growth factor receptors that is used in combination with everolimus, an inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin. Together, these and previously approved second-line treatments offer clinicians the ability to better individualize treatment for patients after progression on first-line VEGFR-targeted therapies. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the efficacy and safety results from the pivotal trials of these newly approved therapies, including the quality of study design, the level of evidence, subgroup analyses, and how these data can help to guide clinicians to select the most appropriate second-line therapy for their patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This review article provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of current treatment options for patients with advanced clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) whose disease has progressed after their first therapy. As many patients with RCC experience disease progression with initial treatments, effective second-line therapies are critical. Nivolumab, cabozantinib, and lenvatinib plus everolimus have recently been approved as second-line treatments. The new agents discussed in this review increase the therapeutic options available and provide physicians with opportunities to individualize treatments for their patients, with a view to improving disease control and survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar M Tannir
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Michael B Atkins
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, D.C., USA
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30
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Ehrhardt M, Craveiro RB, Velz J, Olschewski M, Casati A, Schönberger S, Pietsch T, Dilloo D. The FDA approved PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 enhances in vitro the anti-neoplastic efficacy of Axitinib against c-myc-amplified high-risk medulloblastoma. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2153-2161. [PMID: 29377550 PMCID: PMC5867109 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant receptor kinase signalling and tumour neovascularization are hallmarks of medulloblastoma development and are both considered valuable therapeutic targets. In addition to VEGFR1/2, expression of PDGFR α/β in particular has been documented as characteristic of metastatic disease correlating with poor prognosis. Therefore, we have been suggested that the clinically approved multi‐kinase angiogenesis inhibitor Axitinib, which specifically targets these kinases, might constitute a promising option for medulloblastoma treatment. Indeed, our results delineate anti‐neoplastic activity of Axitinib in medulloblastoma cell lines modelling the most aggressive c‐myc‐amplified Non‐WNT/Non‐SHH and SHH‐TP53‐mutated tumours. Exposure of medulloblastoma cell lines to Axitinib results in marked inhibition of proliferation and profound induction of cell death. The differential efficacy of Axitinib is in line with target expression of medulloblastoma cells identifying VEGFR 1/2, PDGFR α/β and c‐kit as potential markers for drug application. The high specificity of Axitinib and the consequential low impact on the haematopoietic and immune system render this drug ideal multi‐modal treatment approaches. In this context, we demonstrate that the clinically available PI3K inhibitor GDC‐0941 enhances the anti‐neoplastic efficacy of Axitinib against c‐myc‐amplified medulloblastoma. Our findings provide a rational to further evaluate Axitinib alone and in combination with other therapeutic agents for the treatment of most aggressive medulloblastoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ehrhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rogerio B Craveiro
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Velz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Olschewski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Casati
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Schönberger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Dilloo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Center for Pediatrics, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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31
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Randomized phase II trial comparing axitinib with the combination of axitinib and lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 136:115-125. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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32
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Aparicio LMA, Fernandez IP, Cassinello J. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors reprogramming immunity in renal cell carcinoma: rethinking cancer immunotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:1175-1182. [PMID: 28409322 PMCID: PMC5599454 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The immune system regulates angiogenesis in cancer by way of both pro- and antiangiogenic activities. A bidirectional link between angiogenesis and the immune system has been clearly demonstrated. Most antiangiogenic molecules do not inhibit only VEGF signaling pathways but also other pathways which may affect immune system. Understanding of the role of these pathways in the regulation of immunosuppressive mechanisms by way of specific inhibitors is growing. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an immunogenic tumor in which angiogenesis and immunosuppression work hand in hand, and its growth is associated with impaired antitumor immunity. Given the antitumor activity of selected TKIs in metastatic RCC (mRCC), it seems relevant to assess their effect on the immune system. The confirmation that TKIs improve cell cytokine response in mRCC provides a basis for the rational combination and sequential treatment of TKIs and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M A Aparicio
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, Xubias s/n, 15615, La Coruña, Spain.
| | - I P Fernandez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
| | - J Cassinello
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
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33
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Alexander GS, Palmer JD, Tuluc M, Lin J, Dicker AP, Bar-Ad V, Harshyne LA, Louie J, Shaw CM, Hooper DC, Lu B. Immune biomarkers of treatment failure for a patient on a phase I clinical trial of pembrolizumab plus radiotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:96. [PMID: 27663515 PMCID: PMC5034602 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pembrolizumab is a monoclonal antibody that is designed against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Pembrolizumab and other immunocheckpoint-blocking monoclonal antibodies work by modulating a patient's own immune system to increase anti-tumor activity. While immunocheckpoint blockade has shown promising results, only 20-40 % of patients experience objective clinical benefit. Differences in individual tumor biology and the presence multiple immune checkpoints present a challenge for treatment. Because radiotherapy has immunomodulatory effects on the tumor microenvironment, it has the potential to synergize with immunotherapy and augment tumor response. NCT02318771 is a phase 1 clinical trial designed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of radiation therapy in combination with pembrolizumab. CASE PRESENTATION The patient is a 64-year-old male with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma, Fuhrman grade 4, pathologically staged as T3 N0. Metastatic disease was well controlled for several years with sunitinib. Following disease progression, he was switched to axitinib. When disease progression continued, the patient was enrolled in NCT02318771, a phase 1 clinical trial combining radiotherapy and pembrolizumab. The patient experienced unusually rapid disease progression during treatment, which was confirmed by repeated CT scans to rule out pseudoprogression. Tissue biopsies and peripheral blood draws were obtained before, during, and after treatment. Samples were analyzed to provide plausible rationale for rapid treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS Biomarker analysis demonstrated an absence of TILs, which may be a cause of treatment failure as pembrolizumab works through T cell-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, the presence of other non-redundant immune checkpoints in the periphery and tumor microenvironment presents a treatment challenge. Additionally, the radiation dose and fractionation schedule may have played a role in treatment failure as these factors play a role in the effect radiotherapy on the tumor microenvironment as well as the potential for synergy with immunotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION An Exploratory Study to Investigate the Immunomodulatory Activity of Radiation Therapy (RT) in Combination With MK-3475 in Patients With Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck, Renal Cell Cancer, Melanoma and Lung Cancer, NCT02318771 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Alexander
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Palmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bodine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 111 South 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Madalina Tuluc
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianqing Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam P Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bodine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 111 South 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Voichita Bar-Ad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bodine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 111 South 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Larry A Harshyne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Louie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bodine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 111 South 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Colette M Shaw
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Craig Hooper
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bodine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 111 South 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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MEK inhibition abrogates sunitinib resistance in a renal cell carcinoma patient-derived xenograft model. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:920-928. [PMID: 27560553 PMCID: PMC5061902 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) typically respond initially, but usually develop resistance to therapy. We utilised transcriptome analysis to identify gene expression changes during development of sunitinib resistance in a RCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Methods: RCC tumours were harvested during pre-treatment, response and escape phases. Direct anti-proliferative effects of sunitinib plus MEK inhibitor were assessed. Activation status (phosphorylation) of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 was determined, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) sub-fractions were quantitated and G-CSF was measured by ELISA. Results: During the response phase, tumours exhibited 91% reduction in volume, characterised by decreased expression of cell survival genes. After 4-week treatment, tumours developed resistance to sunitinib, associated with increased expression of pro-angiogenic and cell survival genes. During tumour escape, cellular movement, inflammatory response and immune cell trafficking genes were induced, along with intra-tumoural accumulation of MDSC. In this PDX model, either continuous treatment with sunitinib plus MEK inhibitor PD-0325901, or switching from sunitinib to PD-0325901 was effective. The combination of PD-0325901 with TKI suppressed intra-tumoural phospho-MEK1/2, phospho-ERK1/2 and MDSC. Conclusions: Continuous treatment with sunitinib alone did not maintain anti-tumour response; addition of MEK inhibitor abrogated resistance, leading to improved anti-tumour efficacy.
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Du Four S, Maenhout SK, Benteyn D, De Keersmaecker B, Duerinck J, Thielemans K, Neyns B, Aerts JL. Disease progression in recurrent glioblastoma patients treated with the VEGFR inhibitor axitinib is associated with increased regulatory T cell numbers and T cell exhaustion. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:727-40. [PMID: 27098427 PMCID: PMC11029796 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent glioblastoma is associated with a poor overall survival. Antiangiogenic therapy results in a high tumor response rate but has limited impact on survival. Immunotherapy has emerged as an efficient treatment modality for some cancers, and preclinical evidence indicates that anti-VEGF(R) therapy can counterbalance the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. METHODS We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing the effect of axitinib with axitinib plus lomustine and analyzed the immunophenotype of PBMC, the production of cytokines and expression of inhibitory molecules by circulating T cells. RESULTS PBMC of 18 patients were collected at baseline and at 6 weeks after initiation of study treatment. Axitinib increased the number of naïve CD8(+) T cells and central memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and reduced the TIM3 expression on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Patients diagnosed with progressive disease on axitinib had a significantly increased number of regulatory T cells and an increased level of PD-1 expression on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In addition, reduced numbers of cytokine-producing T cells were found in progressive patients as compared to patients responding to treatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that axitinib treatment in patients with recurrent glioblastoma has a favorable impact on immune function. At the time of acquired resistance to axitinib, we documented further enhancement of a preexisting immunosuppression. Further investigations on the role of axitinib as potential combination partner with immunotherapy are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Du Four
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah K Maenhout
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daphné Benteyn
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brenda De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johnny Duerinck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103E, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Reinwald M, Boch T, Hofmann WK, Buchheidt D. Risk of Infectious Complications in Hemato-Oncological Patients Treated with Kinase Inhibitors. Biomark Insights 2016; 10:55-68. [PMID: 27127405 PMCID: PMC4841329 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hemato-oncological diseases. Although disease-related immunosuppression represents one factor, aggressive treatment regimens, such as chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or antibody treatment, account for a large proportion of infectious side effects. With the advent of targeted therapies affecting specific kinases in malignant diseases, the outcome of patients has further improved. Nonetheless, dependent on the specific pathway targeted or off-target activity of the kinase inhibitor, therapy-associated infectious complications may occur. We review the most common and approved kinase inhibitors targeting a variety of hemato-oncological malignancies for their immunosuppressive potential and evaluate their risk of infectious side effects based on preclinical evidence and clinical data in order to raise awareness of the potential risks involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Reinwald
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mannheim University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Boch
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mannheim University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mannheim University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dieter Buchheidt
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mannheim University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Randomized phase II study of axitinib versus physicians best alternative choice of therapy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2016; 128:147-155. [PMID: 26935577 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a randomized, non-comparative, multi center, phase II clinical trial in order to investigate the efficacy of axitinib, an oral small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high affinity and specificity for the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma following prior treatment with radiation and temozolomide. Forty-four patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment with axitinib (5 mg BID starting dose; N = 22) or "physicians best alternative choice of therapy" that consisted of bevacizumab (N = 20) or lomustine (N = 2). Six-month progression-free survival served as the primary endpoint. The estimated 6-month progression-free survival rate was 34 % (95 % CI 14-54) for patients treated with axitinib and 28 % (95 % CI 8-48) with best alternative treatment; median overall survival was 29 and 17 weeks, respectively. Objective responses according to RANO criteria were documented in 28 % of patients treated with axitinib and 23 % of patients treated with best alternative therapy. A decrease in maximal uptake of 18F-fluoro-ethyL-tyrosine (18F-FET) by the glioblastoma on PET imaging was documented in 85 % of patients at the time of response on axitinib. Corticosteroid treatment could be stopped in four and tapered in seven out of the 15 patients who were treated with steroids at baseline in the axitinib cohort. Most frequent axitinib related grade ≥3 adverse events consisted of fatigue (9 %), diarrhea (9 %), and oral hyperesthesia (4.5 %). We conclude that axitinib has single-agent clinical activity and a manageable toxicity profile in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.
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Xu MM, Pu Y, Zhang Y, Fu YX. The Role of Adaptive Immunity in the Efficacy of Targeted Cancer Therapies. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:141-153. [PMID: 26778079 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the efficacy of tumor-targeted therapies relies on the host immune response, including targeted small-molecule and antibody approaches that were not previously thought to have an immune component. Here, we review the current understanding of how targeted therapies on tumor cells could have a major impact on the immune response, and how this relates to the therapeutic efficacy of these approaches. In this context, we evaluate different strategies that combine targeted therapies with immunotherapy approaches, and discuss past and ongoing clinical trials. We highlight gaps in knowledge, and argue that significant progress for combined therapies will require a better understanding of the complex interactions between immune cells, the tumor, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) in different cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Michelle Xu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang Pu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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Heine A, Held SAE, Daecke SN, Riethausen K, Kotthoff P, Flores C, Kurts C, Brossart P. The VEGF-Receptor Inhibitor Axitinib Impairs Dendritic Cell Phenotype and Function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128897. [PMID: 26042424 PMCID: PMC4456373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling such as sorafenib and sunitinib that are currently used in the treatment of malignant diseases have been shown to affect immunological responses by inhibition of the function of antigen presenting cells and T lymphocytes. The VEGFR-inhibitor axitinib has recently been approved for second line therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. While there is some evidence that axitinib might interfere with the activation of T cells, not much is known about the effects of axitinib on dendritic cell (DC) phenotype and function. We here show that the addition of axitinib during the final Toll-like receptor-4-induced maturation step of monocyte-derived human DCs results in a reduced DC activation characterized by impaired expression of activation markers and co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD83 and CD86. We further found a decreased secretion of interleukin-12 which was accompanied by reduced nuclear expression of the transcription factor cRel. In addition, we found a dose-dependent reduced activation of p38 and STAT3 in axitinib-exposed DCs, whereas the expression was not affected. The dysfunction of axitinib-exposed DCs was further underlined by their impaired induction of allogeneic T cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay and inhibition of DC migration. Our results demonstrate that axitinib significantly affects DC differentiation and function primarily via the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway leading to impaired T cell activation. This will be of importance for the design of future vaccination protocols and therapeutic approaches aiming at combining different treatment strategies, eg such as programmed death-1 inhibitors with axitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkristin Heine
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Solveig Nora Daecke
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kati Riethausen
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Kotthoff
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chrystel Flores
- Institute of Experimental Immunology (IEI), University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology (IEI), University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Du Four S, Maenhout SK, De Pierre K, Renmans D, Niclou SP, Thielemans K, Neyns B, Aerts JL. Axitinib increases the infiltration of immune cells and reduces the suppressive capacity of monocytic MDSCs in an intracranial mouse melanoma model. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e998107. [PMID: 26137411 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.998107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma patients are at a high risk of developing brain metastases, which are strongly vascularized and therefore have a significant risk of spontaneous bleeding. VEGF not only plays a role in neo-angiogenesis but also in the antitumor immune response. VEGFR-targeted therapy might not only have an impact on the tumor vascularization but also on tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of axitinib, a small molecule TKI of VEGFR-1, -2, and -3, on tumor growth and on the composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in subcutaneous and intracranial mouse melanoma models. In vivo treatment with axitinib induced a strong inhibition of tumor growth and significantly improved survival in both tumor models. Characterization of the immune cells within the spleen and tumor of tumor-bearing mice respectively showed a significant increase in the number of CD3+CD8+ T cells and CD11b+ cells of axitinib-treated mice. More specifically, we observed a significant increase of intratumoral monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (moMDSCs; CD11b+Ly6ChighLy6G-). Interestingly, in vitro proliferation assays showed that moMDSCs isolated from spleen or tumor of axitinib-treated mice had a reduced suppressive capacity on a per cell basis as compared to those isolated from vehicle-treated mice. Moreover, MDSCs from axitinib-treated animals displayed the capacity to stimulate allogeneic T cells. Thus, treatment with axitinib induces differentiation of moMDSC toward an antigen-presenting phenotype. Based on these observations, we conclude that the impact of axitinib on tumor growth and survival is most likely not restricted to direct anti-angiogenic effects but also involves important effects on tumor immunity.
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Key Words
- BLI, bioluminescent imaging
- DCs, Dendritic Cells
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- MDSC
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- OT-1, CD8+ T-cells with transgenic receptor specific for the H-2Kb-restricted ovalbumin (OVA) peptide SIINFEKL
- PD-1, programmed death 1
- PD-L1, programmed death 1 ligand
- PFS, progression-free survival
- TKI, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
- TNFα, Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- angiogenesis
- axitinib
- brain metastasis
- grMDSC, granulocytic MDSC, IFNγ: interferon gamma
- immune cells
- melanoma
- moMDSC, monocytic MDSC
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Du Four
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology-Physiology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah K Maenhout
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology-Physiology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Dries Renmans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology-Physiology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory; Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH) ; Luxembourg
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology-Physiology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology ; UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology-Physiology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
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Jasinski-Bergner S, Stehle F, Gonschorek E, Kalich J, Schulz K, Huettelmaier S, Braun J, Seliger B. Identification of 14-3-3β gene as a novel miR-152 target using a proteome-based approach. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31121-35. [PMID: 25228695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.556290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that miR-152 overexpression down-regulates the nonclassical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule HLA-G in human tumors thereby contributing to their immune surveillance. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, the protein expression profile of HLA-G(+), miR-152(low) cells, and their miR-152-overexpressing (miR(high)) counterparts was compared leading to the identification of 24 differentially expressed proteins. These were categorized according to their function and localization demonstrating for most of them an important role in the initiation and progression of tumors. The novel miR-152 target 14-3-3 protein β/α/YWHAB (14-3-3β) is down-regulated upon miR-152 overexpression, although its overexpression was often found in tumors of distinct origin. The miR-152-mediated reduction of the 14-3-3β expression was accompanied by an up-regulation of BAX protein expression resulting in a pro-apoptotic phenotype. In contrast, the reconstitution of 14-3-3β expression in miR-152(high) cells increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic BCL2 gene, enhances the proliferative activity in the presence of the cytostatic drug paclitaxel, and causes resistance to apoptosis induced by this drug. By correlating clinical microarray data with the patients' outcome, a link between 14-3-3β and HLA-G expression was found, which could be associated with poor prognosis and overall survival of patients with tumors. Because miR-152 controls both the expression of 14-3-3β and HLA-G, it exerts a dual role in tumor cells by both altering the immunogenicity and the tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- From the Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle and
| | - Franziska Stehle
- From the Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle and
| | - Evamaria Gonschorek
- From the Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle and
| | - Jana Kalich
- From the Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle and
| | - Kristin Schulz
- From the Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle and
| | - Stefan Huettelmaier
- the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Juliane Braun
- the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- From the Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle and
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Li Y. T-cell immune suppression in patients with hematologic malignancies: clinical implications. Int J Hematol Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ijh.14.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The reversion of immune suppression and restoration of T-cell function against leukemia remains a significant clinical challenge. However, the advent of improved antileukemia-specific T-cell induction and the generation of gene-modified T cells has extended cellular immunotherapy to hematological malignancies. Numerous immunotherapeutic protocols have been developed aiming to enhance antileukemia T-cell immune function, eliminate leukemic cells and prevent relapse. By contrast, abnormal expression of CTLA-4 and PD1/PD-L1 plays a critical role in effector T-cell responses and increases Treg suppressive activity in patients with tumors; therefore, blocking CTLA-4, PD1 and PD-L1 is a novel approach for immunotherapy.
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Vella LJ, Andrews MC, Behren A, Cebon J, Woods K. Immune consequences of kinase inhibitors in development, undergoing clinical trials and in current use in melanoma treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1107-23. [PMID: 24939732 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.929943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic malignant melanoma is a frequently fatal cancer. In recent years substantial therapeutic progress has occurred with the development of targeted kinase inhibitors and immunotherapeutics. Targeted therapies often result in rapid clinical benefit however responses are seldom durable. Immune therapies can result in durable disease control but responses may not be immediate. Optimal cancer therapy requires both rapid and durable cancer control and this can likely best be achieved by combining targeted therapies with immunotherapeutics. To achieve this, a detailed understanding of the immune consequences of the various kinase inhibitors, in development, clinical trial and currently used to treat melanoma is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Vella
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immuno-biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
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He Q, Gao J, Ge S, Wang T, Li Y, Peng Z, Li Y, Shen L. Axitinib alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs exerts potent antitumor activity against human gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1575-83. [PMID: 24804814 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the new oral selective VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, axitinib (AG-013736) exerts powerful antitumor activity in multiple solid tumors, while its' effect was unclear in gastric cancer. We aimed to investigate the antitumor activity of axitinib alone or combined with chemotherapeutic drugs against human gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The IC50 values of drugs were determined by MTS assay. The median effect of Chou-Talalay was used to assess the synergistic effect of two drugs. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze cell cycle and cell apoptosis. Cell senescence and microvessel density were evaluated by SA-β-gal staining and CD34 staining, respectively. BGC-823-derived xenografts in nude mice were established to investigate the effects of drugs in vivo. RESULTS Axitinib alone could inhibit cell proliferation and retard tumor growth through inducing cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, cell senescence, cell apoptosis, and antiangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Axitinib combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) had synergistic inhibitory effect compared to axitinib or 5-FU alone. However, the highest inhibitory effect was found between axitinib and cisplatin (inhibitory ratio >80 % compared to control), which was significantly higher than any single drug (inhibitory ratio for single 5-FU, cisplatin, and axitinib >10, >40, and >40 %, respectively, compared to control) or axitinib combined with 5-FU (inhibitory ratio >50 % compared to control). CONCLUSION We highlighted for the first time that axitinib alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil or cisplatin has potent antitumor activity against human gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo, which provided solid evidence for future clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong He
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
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Rausch S, Kruck S, Stenzl A, Bedke J. IMA901 for metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the context of new approaches to immunotherapy. Future Oncol 2014; 10:937-48. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The promising option of immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma has evolved from rather unspecific approaches to a specific activation of an anti-tumor T-cell response. The latest step is a synthetic peptide vaccine called IMA901, which demonstrated a clear association between a provoked T-cell response and a prolonged overall survival. The results of IMA901 for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma are discussed together with new approaches to immunotherapy, such as local and systemic immunomodulation with adjuvants, checkpoint inhibitors, classical chemotherapeutics, such as cyclophosphamide or tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The capability of theses substances to modulate leukocytes subsets, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Tregs or Th17 cells, are outlined together with the possibility to combine them with tumor vaccination strategies to achieve a higher cancer specificity and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Kruck
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Bedke J, Stenzl A. Immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: where are we now? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:1399-408. [PMID: 24215158 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.856761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with cytokines was the first effective treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Long-term responders and complete remissions were observed, but efficacy in the overall population was limited with the consequence that targeted agents replaced cytokines. The discovery of tumor associated antigens as direct targets paved the way from theses rather unspecific to specific immunotherapeutic strategies, which are discussed in this review. Autologous or dendritic cell (DC) based tumor vaccination with vitespen or AGS-003, adoptive T-cell transfer and synthetic peptide vaccination with IMA901 are new and promising approaches. Besides that the more passive strategies of antibody dependent cytotoxicity with the VEGF antibody bevacizumab or the carbonic anhydrase IX antibody girentuximab are discussed. Immunomodulation by cyclophosphamide, tyrosine kinase inhibitors or nivolumab, which targets the PD-1 axis, further promote T-cell activation and combinatory strategies with these agents are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Romero AI, Chaput N, Poirier-Colame V, Rusakiewicz S, Jacquelot N, Chaba K, Mortier E, Jacques Y, Caillat-Zucman S, Flament C, Caignard A, Messaoudene M, Aupérin A, Vielh P, Dessen P, Porta C, Mateus C, Ayyoub M, Valmori D, Eggermont A, Robert C, Zitvogel L. Regulation of CD4(+)NKG2D(+) Th1 cells in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with sorafenib: role of IL-15Rα and NKG2D triggering. Cancer Res 2013; 74:68-80. [PMID: 24197135 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beyond cancer-cell intrinsic factors, the immune status of the host has a prognostic impact on patients with cancer and influences the effects of conventional chemotherapies. Metastatic melanoma is intrinsically immunogenic, thereby facilitating the search for immune biomarkers of clinical responses to cytotoxic agents. Here, we show that a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sorafenib, upregulates interleukin (IL)-15Rα in vitro and in vivo in patients with melanoma, and in conjunction with natural killer (NK) group 2D (NKG2D) ligands, contributes to the Th1 polarization and accumulation of peripheral CD4(+)NKG2D(+) T cells. Hence, the increase of blood CD4(+)NKG2D(+) T cells after two cycles of sorafenib (combined with temozolomide) was associated with prolonged survival in a prospective phase I/II trial enrolling 63 patients with metastatic melanoma who did not receive vemurafenib nor immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies. In contrast, in metastatic melanoma patients treated with classical treatment modalities, this CD4(+)NKG2D(+) subset failed to correlate with prognosis. These findings indicate that sorafenib may be used as an "adjuvant" molecule capable of inducing or restoring IL-15Rα/IL-15 in tumors expressing MHC class I-related chain A/B (MICA/B) and on circulating monocytes of responding patients, hereby contributing to the bioactivity of NKG2D(+) Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Romero
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Institute Gustave Roussy; Departments of Epidemiology and Statistics and Dermatology; Stabilité génétique et oncogenèse UMR 8200; Clinical Oncology, Melanoma Branch, Cancer Institute Gustave Roussy; Department of BioPathology, Translational Research Laboratory and Biobank, Institute Gustave Roussy; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1015; Center of Clinical Investigations CBT507, Biotherapy, Villejuif; INSERM U1102, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain; INSERM, U892, Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique, Nantes; INSERM, U1016, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital; INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute; Faculté Paris Sud-Université Paris XI, Paris, France; and IRCCS San Matteo University Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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