1
|
Chau DDL, Li W, Chan WWR, Sun JKL, Zhai Y, Chow HM, Lau KF. Insulin stimulates atypical protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of the neuronal adaptor FE65 to potentiate neurite outgrowth by activating ARF6-Rac1 signaling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22594. [PMID: 36250347 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200757r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is a fundamental process in neurons that produces extensions and, consequently, neural connectivity. Neurite damage and atrophy are observed in various brain injuries and disorders. Understanding the intrinsic pathways of neurite outgrowth is essential for developing strategies to stimulate neurite regeneration. Insulin is a pivotal hormone in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. There is increasing evidence for the neurotrophic functions of insulin, including the induction of neurite outgrowth. However, the associated mechanism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that insulin potentiates neurite outgrowth mediated by the small GTPases ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) through the neuronal adaptor FE65. Moreover, insulin enhances atypical protein kinase Cι/λ (PKCι/λ) activation and FE65 phosphorylation at serine 459 (S459) in neurons and mouse brains. In vitro and cellular assays show that PKCι/λ phosphorylated FE65 at S459. Consistently, insulin potentiates FE65 S459 phosphorylation only in the presence of PKCι/λ. Phosphomimetic studies show that an FE65 S459E mutant potently activates ARF6, Rac1, and neurite outgrowth. Notably, this phosphomimetic mutation enhances the FE65-ARF6 interaction, a process that promotes ARF6-Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth. Likewise, insulin treatment and PKCι/λ overexpression potentiate the FE65-ARF6 interaction. Conversely, PKCι/λ knockdown suppresses the stimulatory effect of FE65 on ARF6-Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth. The effect of insulin on neurite outgrowth is also markedly attenuated in PKCι/λ knockdown neurons, in the presence and absence of FE65. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism linking insulin with ARF6-Rac1-dependent neurite extension through the PKCι/λ-mediated phosphorylation of FE65.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dik-Long Chau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wai Wa Ray Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacquelyne Ka-Li Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuqi Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu NS, Lin YF, Ma IC, Ko HJ, Hong YR. Many faces and functions of GSKIP: a temporospatial regulation view. Cell Signal 2022; 97:110391. [PMID: 35728705 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-β (GSK3β) interaction protein (GSKIP) is one of the smallest A-kinase anchoring proteins that possesses a binding site for GSK3β. Recently, our group identified the protein kinase A (PKA)-GSKIP-GSK3β-X axis; knowledge of this axis may help us decipher the many roles of GSKIP and perhaps help explain the evolutionary reason behind the interaction between GSK3β and PKA. In this review, we highlight the critical and multifaceted role of GSKIP in facilitating PKA kinase activity and its function as a scaffolding protein in signaling pathways. We also highlight how these pivotal PKA and GSK3 kinases can control context-specific functions and interact with multiple target proteins, such as β-catenin, Drp1, Tau, and other proteins. GSKIP is a key regulator of multiple mechanisms because of not only its location at certain subcellular compartments but also its serial changes during the developmental process. Moreover, the involvement of critical upstream regulatory signaling pathways in GSKIP signaling in various cancers, such as miRNA (microRNA) and lncRNA (long noncoding RNA), may help in the identification of therapeutic targets in the era of precision medicine and personalized therapy. Finally, we emphasize on the model of the early stage of pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease (AD). Although the model requires validation, it can serve as a basis for diagnostic biomarkers development and drug discovery for early-stage AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Siou Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Fan Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - I Chu Ma
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Huey-Jiun Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Graduate Institutes of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan,; Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chau DDL, Lau KF. The roles of atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKCs) in the nervous system: targets for neuroregeneration? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1475-1476. [PMID: 31997808 PMCID: PMC7059589 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.274334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dik-Long Chau
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
aPKC in neuronal differentiation, maturation and function. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20190019. [PMID: 32269838 PMCID: PMC7104321 DOI: 10.1042/ns20190019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical Protein Kinase Cs (aPKCs)—PRKCI, PRKCZ and PKMζ—form a subfamily within the Protein Kinase C (PKC) family. These kinases are expressed in the nervous system, including during its development and in adulthood. One of the aPKCs, PKMζ, appears to be restricted to the nervous system. aPKCs are known to play a role in a variety of cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, polarity, migration, survival and key metabolic functions such as glucose uptake, that are critical for nervous system development and function. Therefore, these kinases have garnered a lot of interest in terms of their functional role in the nervous system. Here we review the expression and function of aPKCs in neural development and in neuronal maturation and function. Despite seemingly paradoxical findings with genetic deletion versus gene silencing approaches, we posit that aPKCs are likely candidates for regulating many important neurodevelopmental and neuronal functions, and may be associated with a number of human neuropsychiatric diseases.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chau DDL, Yung KWY, Chan WWL, An Y, Hao Y, Chan HYE, Ngo JCK, Lau KF. Attenuation of amyloid-β generation by atypical protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of engulfment adaptor PTB domain containing 1 threonine 35. FASEB J 2019; 33:12019-12035. [PMID: 31373844 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802825rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is derived from the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and the deposition of extracellular Aβ to form amyloid plaques is a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although reducing Aβ generation and accumulation has been proposed as a means of treating the disease, adverse side effects and unsatisfactory efficacy have been reported in several clinical trials that sought to lower Aβ levels. Engulfment adaptor phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain containing 1 (GULP1) is a molecular adaptor that has been shown to interact with APP to alter Aβ production. Therefore, the modulation of the GULP1-APP interaction may be an alternative approach to reducing Aβ. However, the mechanisms that regulate GULP1-APP binding remain elusive. As GULP1 is a phosphoprotein, and because phosphorylation is a common mechanism that regulates protein interaction, we anticipated that GULP1 phosphorylation would influence GULP1-APP interaction and thereby Aβ production. We show here that the phosphorylation of GULP1 threonine 35 (T35) reduces GULP1-APP interaction and suppresses the stimulatory effect of GULP1 on APP processing. The residue is phosphorylated by an isoform of atypical PKC (PKCζ). Overexpression of PKCζ reduces both GULP1-APP interaction and GULP1-mediated Aβ generation. Moreover, the activation of PKCζ via insulin suppresses APP processing. In contrast, GULP1-mediated APP processing is enhanced in PKCζ knockout cells. Similarly, PKC ι, another member of atypical PKC, also decreases GULP1-mediated APP processing. Intriguingly, our X-ray crystal structure of GULP1 PTB-APP intracellular domain (AICD) peptide reveals that GULP1 T35 is not located at the GULP1-AICD binding interface; rather, it immediately precedes the β1-α2 loop that forms a portion of the binding groove for the APP helix αC. Phosphorylating the residue may induce an allosteric effect on the conformation of the binding groove. Our results indicate that GULP1 T35 phosphorylation is a mechanism for the regulation of GULP1-APP interaction and thereby APP processing. Moreover, the activation of atypical PKC, such as by insulin, may confer a beneficial effect on AD by lowering GULP1-mediated Aβ production.-Chau, D. D.-L., Yung, K. W.-Y., Chan, W. W.-L., An, Y., Hao, Y., Chan, H.-Y. E., Ngo, J. C.-K., Lau, K.-F. Attenuation of amyloid-β generation by atypical protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of engulfment adaptor PTB domain containing 1 threonine 35.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dik-Long Chau
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kristen Wing-Yu Yung
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Wai-Lun Chan
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying An
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho-Yin Edwin Chan
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky Chi-Ki Ngo
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vural A, Fadillioglu E, Kelesoglu F, Ma D, Lanier SM. Role of G-proteins and phosphorylation in the distribution of AGS3 to cell puncta. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216507. [PMID: 30404823 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activator of G-protein signaling 3 (AGS3, also known as GPSM1) exhibits broad functional diversity and oscillates among different subcellular compartments in a regulated manner. AGS3 consists of a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain and a G-protein regulatory (GPR) domain. Here, we tested the hypothesis that phosphorylation of the AGS3 GPR domain regulates its subcellular distribution and functionality. In contrast to the cortical and/or diffuse non-homogeneous distribution of wild-type (WT) AGS3, an AGS3 construct lacking all 24 potential phosphorylation sites in the GPR domain localized to cytosolic puncta. This change in localization was revealed to be dependent upon phosphorylation of a single threonine amino acid (T602). The punctate distribution of AGS3-T602A was rescued by co-expression of Gαi and Gαo but not Gαs or Gαq Following treatment with alkaline phosphatase, both AGS3-T602A and WT AGS3 exhibited a gel shift in SDS-PAGE as compared to untreated WT AGS3, consistent with a loss of protein phosphorylation. The punctate distribution of AGS3-T602A was lost in an AGS3-A602T conversion mutant, but was still present upon T602 mutation to glutamate or aspartate. These results implicate dynamic phosphorylation as a discrete mechanism to regulate the subcellular distribution of AGS3 and associated functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Vural
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ersin Fadillioglu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Fatih Kelesoglu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Dzwokai Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Stephen M Lanier
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA .,Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hapak SM, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. PAR3-PAR6-atypical PKC polarity complex proteins in neuronal polarization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2735-2761. [PMID: 29696344 PMCID: PMC11105418 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is a fundamental feature of cells. Protein complexes, including the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex, have conserved roles in establishing polarity across a number of eukaryotic cell types. In neurons, polarity is evident as distinct axonal versus dendritic domains. The PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins also play important roles in neuronal polarization. During this process, either aPKC kinase activity, the assembly of the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex or the localization of these proteins is regulated downstream of a number of signaling pathways. In turn, the PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins control various effector molecules to establish neuronal polarity. Herein, we discuss the many signaling mechanisms and effector functions that have been linked to PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC during the establishment of neuronal polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rai-Bhogal R, Wong C, Kissoondoyal A, Davidson J, Li H, Crawford DA. Maternal exposure to prostaglandin E 2 modifies expression of Wnt genes in mouse brain - An autism connection. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 14:43-53. [PMID: 29872733 PMCID: PMC5986660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid signaling molecule important for brain development and function. Various genetic and environmental factors can influence the level of PGE2 and increase the risk of developing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We have previously shown that in neuronal cell lines and mouse brain, PGE2 can interfere with the Wnt canonical pathway, which is essential during early brain development. Higher levels of PGE2 increased Wnt-dependent motility and proliferation of neuroectodermal stem cells, and modified the expression of Wnt genes previously linked to autism disorders. We also recently established a cross-talk between these two pathways in the prenatal mouse brain lacking PGE2 producing enzyme (COX-/-). The current study complements the published data and reveals that PGE2 signaling also converges with the Wnt canonical pathway in the developing mouse brain after maternal exposure to PGE2 at the onset of neurogenesis. We found significant changes in the expression level of Wnt-target genes, Mmp7, Wnt2, and Wnt3a, during prenatal and early postnatal stages. Interestingly, we observed variability in the expression level of these genes between genetically-identical pups within the same pregnancy. Furthermore, we found that all the affected genes have been previously associated with disorders of the central nervous system, including autism. We determined that prenatal exposure to PGE2 affects the Wnt pathway at the level of β-catenin, the major downstream regulator of Wnt-dependent gene transcription. We discuss how these results add new knowledge into the molecular mechanisms by which PGE2 may interfere with neuronal development during critical periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Rai-Bhogal
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Christine Wong
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Ashby Kissoondoyal
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jennilee Davidson
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Hongyan Li
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Dorota A Crawford
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu B, Zhang J, Wang J, He B, Wang D, Zhang W, Zhou X, Li H. Responses of PKCε to cardiac overloads on myocardial sympathetic innervation and NET expression. Auton Neurosci 2017; 210:24-33. [PMID: 29195789 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a key mediator of many diverse physiological and pathological responses. PKC activation play an important regulatory role of cardiac function. The present study was performed to investigate whether there were differential activations of the PKCε and how the activation coupled with norepinephrine transporter (NET) surface expression, sympathetic innervation pattern and extracellular matrix remodeling in different cardiac hemodynamic overloads induced by abdominal aortic constriction or aortocaval fistula. At 8weeks after the operations, heart failure were induced, accompanied with myocardial hypertrophy, which was more pronounced in pressure overload (POL) than that of volume overload (VOL) rats, left ventricular dysfunction and increased plasma norepinephrine (NE). In POL rats there was an increase in myocardial collagen deposition, in contrast, the amount decreased in VOL as compared with the sham rats. POL remarkably upregulated PKCε membrane-cytosol ratio and downregulated NET membrane fraction, whereas, in VOL induced opposite changes. Accompanied with the PKCε activation, nerve sprouting, evidenced by myocardial GAP43 protein increased, and different nerve phenotypes were found, in POL tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive nerve density increased with NET and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity density decreased, in contrast, in VOL NET and ChAT increased, TH did not change. The overloads did not induce alteration of NET mRNA expression, but resulted in different myocardial β1-AR mRNA expression, in POL β1-AR mRNAwas significantly downregulated, while in VOL rats unaltered. Conclusion, the present results suggested that the different cardiac hemodynamic overload could differentially activate a common signaling, PKCε intermediate and thereby generate biological diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hu
- Xiqing Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of CAPF, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of CAPF, China
| | - Bing He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Biomarkers of Occupation and Environmental Hazard, China
| | - Deshun Wang
- Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of CAPF, China
| | | | - Xin Zhou
- Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of CAPF, China; Institute of Cardiovascular disease of CAPF, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, China
| | - He Li
- Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of CAPF, China; Institute of Cardiovascular disease of CAPF, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ginsenoside-Rd Promotes Neurite Outgrowth of PC12 Cells through MAPK/ERK- and PI3K/AKT-Dependent Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020177. [PMID: 26840295 PMCID: PMC4783911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a famous herbal medicine widely used in Asia. Ginsenosides have been identified as the principle active ingredients for Panax ginseng’s biological activity, among which ginsenoside Rd (Rd) attracts extensive attention for its obvious neuroprotective activities. Here we investigated the effect of Rd on neurite outgrowth, a crucial process associated with neuronal repair. PC12 cells, which respond to nerve growth factor (NGF) and serve as a model for neuronal cells, were treated with different concentrations of Rd, and then their neurite outgrowth was evaluated. Our results showed that 10 μM Rd significantly increased the percentages of long neurite- and branching neurite-bearing cells, compared with respective controls. The length of the longest neurites and the total length of neurites in Rd-treated PC12 cells were much longer than that of respective controls. We also showed that Rd activated ERK1/2 and AKT but not PKC signalings, and inhibition of ERK1/2 by PD98059 or/and AKT by LY294002 effectively attenuated Rd-induced neurite outgrowth. Moreover, Rd upregulated the expression of GAP-43, a neuron-specific protein involved in neurite outgrowth, while PD98059 or/and LY294002 decreased Rd-induced increased GAP-43 expression. Taken together, our results provided the first evidence that Rd may promote the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells by upregulating GAP-43 expression via ERK- and ARK-dependent signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
11
|
He S, Lu Y, Liu X, Huang X, Keller ET, Qian CN, Zhang J. Wnt3a: functions and implications in cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:554-62. [PMID: 26369691 PMCID: PMC4593336 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wnt3a, one of Wnt family members, plays key roles in regulating pleiotropic cellular functions, including self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and motility. Accumulating evidence has suggested that Wnt3a promotes or suppresses tumor progression via the canonical Wnt signaling pathway depending on cancer type. In addition, the roles of Wnt3a signaling can be inhibited by multiple proteins or chemicals. Herein, we summarize the latest findings on Wnt3a as an important therapeutic target in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha He
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 51006, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martin-Liberal J, Cameron AJ, Claus J, Judson IR, Parker PJ, Linch M. Targeting protein kinase C in sarcoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:547-59. [PMID: 25453364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine tyrosine kinases that regulate many cellular processes including division, proliferation, survival, anoikis and polarity. PKC is abundant in many human cancers and aberrant PKC signalling has been demonstrated in cancer models. On this basis, PKC has become an attractive target for small molecule inhibition within oncology drug development programmes. Sarcoma is a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal malignancies. Due to their relative insensitivity to conventional chemotherapies and the increasing recognition of the driving molecular events of sarcomagenesis, sarcoma provides an excellent platform to test novel therapeutics. In this review we provide a structure-function overview of the PKC family, the rationale for targeting these kinases in sarcoma and the state of play with regard to PKC inhibition in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Martin-Liberal
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - A J Cameron
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J Claus
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - I R Judson
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - P J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - M Linch
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
González-Sancho JM, Greer YE, Abrahams CL, Takigawa Y, Baljinnyam B, Lee KH, Lee KS, Rubin JS, Brown AMC. Functional consequences of Wnt-induced dishevelled 2 phosphorylation in canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9428-37. [PMID: 23396967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dishevelled (Dvl) proteins are intracellular effectors of Wnt signaling that have essential roles in both canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways. It has long been known that Wnts stimulate Dvl phosphorylation, but relatively little is known about its functional significance. We have previously reported that both Wnt3a and Wnt5a induce Dvl2 phosphorylation that is associated with an electrophoretic mobility shift and loss of recognition by monoclonal antibody 10B5. In the present study, we mapped the 10B5 epitope to a 16-amino acid segment of human Dvl2 (residues 594-609) that contains four Ser/Thr residues. Alanine substitution of these residues (P4m) eliminated the mobility shift induced by either Wnt3a or Wnt5a. The Dvl2 P4m mutant showed a modest increase in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity relative to wild type. Consistent with this finding, Dvl2 4Pm preferentially localized to cytoplasmic puncta. In contrast to wild-type Dvl2, however, the P4m mutant was unable to rescue Wnt3a-dependent neurite outgrowth in TC-32 cells following suppression of endogenous Dvl2/3. Earlier work has implicated casein kinase 1δ/ε as responsible for the Dvl mobility shift, and a CK1δ in vitro kinase assay confirmed that Ser(594), Thr(595), and Ser(597) of Dvl2 are CK1 targets. Alanine substitution of these three residues was sufficient to abrogate the Wnt-dependent mobility shift. Thus, we have identified a cluster of Ser/Thr residues in the C-terminal domain of Dvl2 that are Wnt-induced phosphorylation (WIP) sites. Our results indicate that phosphorylation at the WIP sites reduces Dvl accumulation in puncta and attenuates β-catenin signaling, whereas it enables noncanonical signaling that is required for neurite outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M González-Sancho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|