The same major histocompatibility complex polymorphism involved in control of HIV influences peptide binding in the mouse H-2Ld system

Biochemical and structural insights into position 97 micropolymorphisms in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C*12 allotypes and their differential disease associations

Micropolymorphisms drastically shape the antigen presentation characteristics of human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules, with profound implications for immune responses and disease susceptibility. HLA-C*12:02 and HLA-C*12:03 are closely related HLA-I allotypes that differ by a single amino acid substitution (R97W) but exhibit distinct associations with disease. HLA-C*12:02 has been shown to provide protective effects against HIV infection, playing a crucial role in controlling viral replication and slowing disease progression, whereas HLA-C*12:03 is associated with increased susceptibility to psoriasis. We determined the X-ray crystal structures of the two allotypes presenting MARELHPEY (MY9) and RAFPGLRYV (RV9). Peptide residues that function as anchors, as well as those accessible for T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) contact, were identified. Our results, combined with those of biochemical studies, demonstrated that the R97W variation alters the peptide-binding groove (PBG) volume and charge, leading to conformational and stability changes in pHLA-C*12 complexes and ultimately affecting peptide-binding preferences for the two HLA-C*12 allotypes. This research not only advances our understanding of the impact of HLA-I micropolymorphisms but also offers clues for the use of structure-guided therapeutics to interfere with peptide binding.

Peptide Centric Vβ Specific Germline Contacts Shape a Specialist T Cell Response

Certain CD8 T cell responses are particularly effective at controlling infection, as exemplified by elite control of HIV in individuals harboring HLA-B57. To understand the structural features that contribute to CD8 T cell elite control, we focused on a strongly protective CD8 T cell response directed against a parasite-derived peptide (HF10) presented by an atypical MHC-I molecule, H-2Ld. This response exhibits a focused TCR repertoire dominated by Vβ2, and a representative TCR (TG6) in complex with Ld-HF10 reveals an unusual structure in which both MHC and TCR contribute extensively to peptide specificity, along with a parallel footprint of TCR on its pMHC ligand. The parallel footprint is a common feature of Vβ2-containing TCRs and correlates with an unusual Vα-Vβ interface, CDR loop conformations, and Vβ2-specific germline contacts with peptides. Vβ2 and Ld may represent "specialist" components for antigen recognition that allows for particularly strong and focused T cell responses.

An Unusual MHC Molecule Generates Protective CD8+ T Cell Responses to Chronic Infection

The CD8+ T cell response to the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii varies dramatically between mouse strains, resulting in stark differences in control of the parasite. Protection in BALB/c mice can be attributed to an unusually strong and protective MHC-1 Ld-restricted CD8+ T cell response directed against a peptide derived from the parasite antigen GRA6. The MHC-1 Ld molecule has limited peptide binding compared to conventional MHC molecules such as Kb or Db, which correlates with polymorphisms associated with "elite control" of HIV in humans. To investigate the link between the unusual MHC-1 molecule Ld and the generation of "elite controller" CD8+ T cell responses, we compared the GRA6-Ld specific T cell response to the well-studied OVA-Kb specific response, and demonstrated that GRA6-Ld specific T cells are significantly more protective and resistant to exhaustion in chronic T. gondii infection. To further investigate the connection between limited peptide presentation and robust T cell responses, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mice with a point mutation (W97R) in the peptide-binding groove of Ld that results in broader peptide binding. We investigated the effect of this Ld W97R mutation on another robust Ld-restricted response against the IE1 peptide during Murine Cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. This mutation leads to an increase in exhaustion markers in the IE1-Ld specific CD8+ T cell response. Our results indicate that limited peptide binding by MHC-1 Ld correlates with the development of robust and protective CD8+ T cell responses that may avoid exhaustion during chronic infection.

Continuous Effector CD8(+) T Cell Production in a Controlled Persistent Infection Is Sustained by a Proliferative Intermediate Population

Highly functional CD8(+) effector T (Teff) cells can persist in large numbers during controlled persistent infections, as exemplified by rare HIV-infected individuals who control the virus. Here we examined the cellular mechanisms that maintain ongoing T effector responses using a mouse model for persistent Toxoplasma gondii infection. In mice expressing the protective MHC-I molecule, H-2L(d), a dominant T effector response against a single parasite antigen was maintained without a contraction phase, correlating with ongoing presentation of the dominant antigen. Large numbers of short-lived Teff cells were continuously produced via a proliferative, antigen-dependent intermediate (Tint) population with a memory-effector hybrid phenotype. During an acute, resolved infection, decreasing antigen load correlated with a sharp drop in the Tint cell population and subsequent loss of the ongoing effector response. Vaccination approaches aimed at the development of Tint populations might prove effective against pathogens that lead to chronic infection.