1
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Gupta S, Jani J, Vijayasurya, Mochi J, Tabasum S, Sabarwal A, Pappachan A. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - a molecular multitasker. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23219. [PMID: 37776328 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202024rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AaRSs) are valuable "housekeeping" enzymes that ensure the accurate transmission of genetic information in living cells, where they aminoacylated tRNA molecules with their cognate amino acid and provide substrates for protein biosynthesis. In addition to their translational or canonical function, they contribute to nontranslational/moonlighting functions, which are mediated by the presence of other domains on the proteins. This was supported by several reports which claim that AaRS has a significant role in gene transcription, apoptosis, translation, and RNA splicing regulation. Noncanonical/ nontranslational functions of AaRSs also include their roles in regulating angiogenesis, inflammation, cancer, and other major physio-pathological processes. Multiple AaRSs are also associated with a broad range of physiological and pathological processes; a few even serve as cytokines. Therefore, the multifunctional nature of AaRSs suggests their potential as viable therapeutic targets as well. Here, our discussion will encompass a range of noncanonical functions attributed to Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases (AaRSs), highlighting their links with a diverse array of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadha Gupta
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jaykumar Jani
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Vijayasurya
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jigneshkumar Mochi
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Saba Tabasum
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akash Sabarwal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anju Pappachan
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
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2
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Regulation of BRCA1 stability through the tandem UBX domains of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 1. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6732. [PMID: 36347866 PMCID: PMC9643514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) have evolved to acquire various additional domains. These domains allow ARSs to communicate with other cellular proteins in order to promote non-translational functions. Vertebrate cytoplasmic isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases (IARS1s) have an uncharacterized unique domain, UNE-I. Here, we present the crystal structure of the chicken IARS1 UNE-I complexed with glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (EARS1). UNE-I consists of tandem ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domains that interact with a distinct hairpin loop on EARS1 and protect its neighboring proteins in the multi-synthetase complex from degradation. Phosphomimetic mutation of the two serine residues in the hairpin loop releases IARS1 from the complex. IARS1 interacts with BRCA1 in the nucleus, regulates its stability by inhibiting ubiquitylation via the UBX domains, and controls DNA repair function.
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3
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Genomic and functional insights into the diversification of the elongation factor eEF1Bγ in fungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Wu S, Zheng L, Hei Z, Zhou JB, Li G, Li P, Wang J, Ali H, Zhou XL, Wang J, Fang P. Human lysyl-tRNA synthetase evolves a dynamic structure that can be stabilized by forming complex. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:128. [PMID: 35133502 PMCID: PMC11072160 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary necessity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases being associated into complex is unknown. Human lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) is one component of the multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), which is not only critical for protein translation but also involved in multiple cellular pathways such as immune response, cell migration, etc. Here, combined with crystallography, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing, biochemistry, and cell biology analyses, we show that the structures of LysRSs from metazoan are more dynamic than those from single-celled organisms. Without the presence of MSC scaffold proteins, such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2 (AIMP2), human LysRS is free from the MSC. The interaction with AIMP2 stabilizes the closed conformation of LysRS, thereby protects the essential aminoacylation activity under stressed conditions. Deleting AIMP2 from the human embryonic kidney 293 cells leads to retardation in cell growth in nutrient deficient mediums. Together, these results suggest that the evolutionary emergence of the MSC in metazoan might be to protect the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase components from being modified or recruited for use in other cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zhoufei Hei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiayuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hamid Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Pengfei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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5
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Kim MH, Kang BS. Structure and Dynamics of the Human Multi-tRNA Synthetase Complex. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:199-233. [PMID: 36151377 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential enzymes that ligate amino acids to their cognate tRNAs during protein synthesis. A growing body of scientific evidence acknowledges that ubiquitously expressed ARSs act as crossover mediators of biological processes, such as immunity and metabolism, beyond translation. In particular, a cytoplasmic multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), which consists of eight ARSs and three ARS-interacting multifunctional proteins in humans, is recognized to be a central player that controls the complexity of biological systems. Although the role of the MSC in biological processes including protein synthesis is still unclear, maintaining the structural integrity of MSC is essential for life. This chapter deals with current knowledge on the structural aspects of the human MSC and its protein components. The main focus is on the regulatory functions of MSC beyond its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Beom Sik Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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6
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Sun H, Qiao B, Choi W, Hampu N, McCallum NC, Thompson MP, Oktawiec J, Weigand S, Ebrahim OM, de la Cruz MO, Gianneschi NC. Origin of Proteolytic Stability of Peptide-Brush Polymers as Globular Proteomimetics. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:2063-2072. [PMID: 34963898 PMCID: PMC8704038 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-brush polymers (PBPs), wherein every side-chain of the polymers is peptidic, represent a new class of proteomimetic with unusually high proteolytic resistance while maintaining bioactivity. Here, we sought to determine the origin of this behavior and to assess its generality via a combined theory and experimental approach. A series of PBPs with various polymer backbone structures were prepared and examined for their proteolytic stability and bioactivity. We discovered that an increase in the hydrophobicity of the polymer backbones is predictive of an elevation in proteolytic stability of the side-chain peptides. Computer simulations, together with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis, revealed globular morphologies for these polymers, in which pendant peptides condense around hydrophobic synthetic polymer backbones driven by the hydrophobic effect. As the hydrophobicity of the polymer backbones increases, the extent of solvent exposure of peptide cleavage sites decreases, reducing their accessibility to proteolytic enzymes. This study provides insight into the important factors driving PBP aqueous-phase structures to behave as globular, synthetic polymer-based proteomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Baofu Qiao
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wonmin Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nicholas Hampu
- Department
of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Naneki C. McCallum
- Department
of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew P. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia Oktawiec
- Department
of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Steven Weigand
- Dupont-Northwestern-Dow
Collaborative Access Team (DND-CAT) Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Argonne, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar M. Ebrahim
- Department
of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department
of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department
of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Chemistry of
Life Processes Institute, Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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7
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Kim DK, Lee HJ, Kong J, Cho HY, Kim S, Kang BS. Structural basis for the dynamics of human methionyl-tRNA synthetase in multi-tRNA synthetase complexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:6549-6568. [PMID: 34086935 PMCID: PMC8216282 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, eight aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) and three AARS-interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs) form a multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). MSC components possess extension peptides for MSC assembly and specific functions. Human cytosolic methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS) has appended peptides at both termini of the catalytic main body. The N-terminal extension includes a glutathione transferase (GST) domain responsible for interacting with AIMP3, and a long linker peptide between the GST and catalytic domains. Herein, we determined crystal structures of the human MRS catalytic main body, and the complex of the GST domain and AIMP3. The structures reveal human-specific structural details of the MRS, and provide a dynamic model for MRS at the level of domain orientation. A movement of zinc knuckles inserted in the catalytic domain is required for MRS catalytic activity. Depending on the position of the GST domain relative to the catalytic main body, MRS can either block or present its tRNA binding site. Since MRS is part of a huge MSC, we propose a dynamic switching between two possible MRS conformations; a closed conformation in which the catalytic domain is compactly attached to the MSC, and an open conformation with a free catalytic domain dissociated from other MSC components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyu Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jiwon Kong
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy & School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
| | - Ha Yeon Cho
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy & School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
| | - Beom Sik Kang
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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8
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Khan K, Baleanu-Gogonea C, Willard B, Gogonea V, Fox PL. 3-Dimensional architecture of the human multi-tRNA synthetase complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:8740-8754. [PMID: 32644155 PMCID: PMC7470956 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, eight cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS), and three non-synthetase proteins, reside in a large multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). AARSs have critical roles in interpretation of the genetic code during protein synthesis, and in non-canonical functions unrelated to translation. Nonetheless, the structure and function of the MSC remain unclear. Partial or complete crystal structures of all MSC constituents have been reported; however, the structure of the holo-MSC has not been resolved. We have taken advantage of cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) and molecular docking to interrogate the three-dimensional architecture of the MSC in human HEK293T cells. The XL-MS approach uniquely provides structural information on flexibly appended domains, characteristic of nearly all MSC constituents. Using the MS-cleavable cross-linker, disuccinimidyl sulfoxide, inter-protein cross-links spanning all MSC constituents were observed, including cross-links between eight protein pairs not previously known to interact. Intra-protein cross-links defined new structural relationships between domains in several constituents. Unexpectedly, an asymmetric AARS distribution was observed featuring a clustering of tRNA anti-codon binding domains on one MSC face. Possibly, the non-uniform localization improves efficiency of delivery of charged tRNA’s to an interacting ribosome during translation. In summary, we show a highly compact, 3D structural model of the human holo-MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Khan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Belinda Willard
- Lerner Research Institute Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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9
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Kong J, Kim S. Cell-based analysis of pairwise interactions between the components of the multi-tRNA synthetase complex. FASEB J 2020; 34:10476-10488. [PMID: 32539228 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000418r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are organized into multi-tRNA synthetase complexes (MSCs), from Archaea to mammals. An evolutionary conserved role of the MSCs is enhancement of aminoacylation by forming stable associations of the ARSs and tRNAs. In mammals, a single macromolecular MSC exists, which is composed of eight cytoplasmic ARSs, for nine amino acids, and three scaffold proteins. Consequently, nearly half of aminoacyl-tRNA efflux becomes concentrated at the MSC. Stable supply of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome is, therefore, considered to be a major role of the mammalian MSC. Furthermore, the mammalian MSC also serves as a reservoir for releasable components with noncanonical functions. In this study, a split-luciferase complementation system was applied to investigate the configuration of the MSC in live mammalian cells. Multiplex interconnections between the components were simplified into binary protein-protein interactions, and pairwise comparison of the interactions reconstituted a framework consistent with previous in vitro studies. Reversibility of the split-luciferase reporter binding demonstrated convertible organization of the mammalian MSC, including interferon gamma (IFNγ)-stimulated glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (EPRS1) release, as well as the cooperation with the ribosome bridged by the tRNAs. The cell-based analysis provided an improved understanding of the flexible framework of the mammalian MSC in physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kong
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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10
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Kim MH, Kim S. Structures and functions of multi-tRNA synthetase complexes. Enzymes 2020; 48:149-173. [PMID: 33837703 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Human body is a finely-tuned machine that requires homeostatic balance based on systemically controlled biological processes involving DNA replication, transcription, translation, and energy metabolism. Ubiquitously expressed aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been investigated for many decades, and they act as cross-over mediators of important biological processes. In particular, a cytoplasmic multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) appears to be a central machinery controlling the complexity of biological systems. The structural integrity of MSC determined by the associated components is correlated with increasing biological complexity that links to system development in higher organisms. Although the role of the MSCs is still unclear, this chapter describes the current knowledge on MSC components that are associated with and regulate functions beyond their catalytic activities with focus on human MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Laboratory, Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy & School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea.
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11
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Hahn H, Park SH, Kim HJ, Kim S, Han BW. The DRS-AIMP2-EPRS subcomplex acts as a pivot in the multi-tRNA synthetase complex. IUCRJ 2019; 6:958-967. [PMID: 31576228 PMCID: PMC6760448 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519010790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) play essential roles in protein biosynthesis as well as in other cellular processes, often using evolutionarily acquired domains. For possible cooperativity and synergistic effects, nine ARSs assemble into the multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) with three scaffold proteins: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional proteins 1, 2 and 3 (AIMP1, AIMP2 and AIMP3). X-ray crystallographic methods were implemented in order to determine the structure of a ternary subcomplex of the MSC comprising aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (DRS) and two glutathione S-transferase (GST) domains from AIMP2 and glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (AIMP2GST and EPRSGST, respectively). While AIMP2GST and EPRSGST interact via conventional GST heterodimerization, DRS strongly interacts with AIMP2GST via hydrogen bonds between the α7-β9 loop of DRS and the β2-α2 loop of AIMP2GST, where Ser156 of AIMP2GST is essential for the assembly. Structural analyses of DRS-AIMP2GST-EPRSGST reveal its pivotal architecture in the MSC and provide valuable insights into the overall assembly and conditionally required disassembly of the MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunggu Hahn
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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12
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Cho HY, Lee HJ, Choi YS, Kim DK, Jin KS, Kim S, Kang BS. Symmetric Assembly of a Decameric Subcomplex in Human Multi-tRNA Synthetase Complex Via Interactions between Glutathione Transferase-Homology Domains and Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4475-4496. [PMID: 31473157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) ligate amino acids to their cognate tRNAs during protein synthesis. In humans, eight AARSs and three non-enzymatic AARS-interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMP1-3), which are involved in various biological processes, form a multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). Elucidation of the structures and multiple functions of individual AARSs and AIMPs has aided current understanding of the structural arrangement of MSC components and their assembly processes. Here, we report the crystal structure of a complex comprising a motif from aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (DRS) and the glutathione transferase (GST)-homology domains of methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS), glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS), AIMP2, and AIMP3. In the crystal structure, the four GST domains are assembled in the order of MRS-AIMP3-EPRS-AIMP2, and the GST domain of AIMP2 binds DRS through the β-sheet in the GST domain. The C-terminus of AIMP3 enhances the binding of DRS to the tetrameric GST complex. A DRS dimer and two GST tetramers binding to the dimer with 2-fold symmetry complete a decameric complex. The formation of this complex enhances the stability of DRS and enables it to retain its reaction intermediate, aspartyl adenylate. Since the catalytic domains of MRS and EPRS are connected to the decameric complex through their flexible linker peptides, and lysyl-tRNA synthetase and AIMP1 are also linked to the complex via the N-terminal region of AIMP2, the DRS-GST tetramer complex functions as a frame in the MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Yeon Cho
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seo Choi
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Sik Kang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Vulsteke JB, Satoh M, Malyavantham K, Bossuyt X, De Langhe E, Mahler M. Anti-OJ autoantibodies: Rare or underdetected? Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:658-664. [PMID: 31059843 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anti-OJ autoantibodies are rare myositis-specific autoantibodies that have been described to target isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. Routinely used multiplex assays perform poorly in detection of anti-OJ antibodies. In this manuscript, we review the existing literature on critical issues in detection of anti-OJ and the clinical features associated with anti-OJ. The challenging detection with line/blot immunoassays and ELISAs is most likely related to the characteristics of the autoantigen involved, which is part of a multi-enzyme synthetase complex. Anti-OJ autoantibodies might therefore be more aptly termed anti-OJ complex autoantibodies. Anti-OJ autoantibodies are associated with the anti-synthetase syndrome, with interstitial lung disease (ILD) frequently being the sole manifestation. Myositis, present in the majority of patients with anti-OJ antibodies, is more severe than in patients with other anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Most patients respond to glucocorticoid therapy. As detection of anti-OJ is relevant for treatment, reliable and practical detection is needed. Meanwhile, clinicians need to be aware of the possibility of anti-OJ in patients with ILD, isolated or in combination with myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Vulsteke
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Minoru Satoh
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | | | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Langhe
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Mahler
- Research and Development, Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, USA.
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Hei Z, Wu S, Liu Z, Wang J, Fang P. Retractile lysyl-tRNA synthetase-AIMP2 assembly in the human multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4775-4783. [PMID: 30733335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) is the second largest machinery for protein synthesis in human cells and also regulates multiple nontranslational functions through its components. Previous studies have shown that the MSC can respond to external signals by releasing its components to function outside it. The internal assembly is fundamental to MSC regulation. Here, using crystal structural analyses (at 1.88 Å resolution) along with molecular modeling, gel-filtration chromatography, and co-immunoprecipitation, we report that human lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) forms a tighter assembly with the scaffold protein aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2 (AIMP2) than previously observed. We found that two AIMP2 N-terminal peptides form an antiparallel scaffold and hold two LysRS dimers through four binding motifs and additional interactions. Of note, the four catalytic subunits of LysRS in the tightly assembled complex were all accessible for tRNA recognition. We further noted that two recently reported human disease-associated mutations conflict with this tighter assembly, cause LysRS release from the MSC, and inactivate the enzyme. These findings reveal a previously unknown dimension of MSC subcomplex assembly and suggest that the retractility of this complex may be critical for its physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoufei Hei
- From the State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zaizhou Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Halawani D, Gogonea V, DiDonato JA, Pipich V, Yao P, China A, Topbas C, Vasu K, Arif A, Hazen SL, Fox PL. Structural control of caspase-generated glutamyl-tRNA synthetase by appended noncatalytic WHEP domains. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8843-8860. [PMID: 29643180 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.807503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved enzymes catalyzing the conjugation of amino acids onto cognate tRNAs. During eukaryotic evolution, tRNA synthetases have been the targets of persistent structural modifications. These modifications can be additive, as in the evolutionary acquisition of noncatalytic domains, or subtractive, as in the generation of truncated variants through regulated mechanisms such as proteolytic processing, alternative splicing, or coding region polyadenylation. A unique variant is the human glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS) consisting of two fused synthetases joined by a linker containing three copies of the WHEP domain (termed by its presence in tryptophanyl-, histidyl-, and glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetases). Here, we identify site-selective proteolysis as a mechanism that severs the linkage between the EPRS synthetases in vitro and in vivo Caspase action targeted Asp-929 in the third WHEP domain, thereby separating the two synthetases. Using a neoepitope antibody directed against the newly exposed C terminus, we demonstrate EPRS cleavage at Asp-929 in vitro and in vivo Biochemical and biophysical characterizations of the N-terminally generated EPRS proteoform containing the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase and most of the linker, including two WHEP domains, combined with structural analysis by small-angle neutron scattering, revealed a role for the WHEP domains in modulating conformations of the catalytic core and GSH-S-transferase-C-terminal-like (GST-C) domain. WHEP-driven conformational rearrangement altered GST-C domain interactions and conferred distinct oligomeric states in solution. Collectively, our results reveal long-range conformational changes imposed by the WHEP domains and illustrate how noncatalytic domains can modulate the global structure of tRNA synthetases in complex eukaryotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Halawani
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and .,the Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and
| | - Vitaliy Pipich
- the Jülich Center for Neutron Science, Outstation at Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich, GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany, and
| | - Peng Yao
- the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Arnab China
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and
| | - Celalettin Topbas
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and.,the Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Kommireddy Vasu
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and
| | - Abul Arif
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and.,Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Paul L Fox
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute and
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Drew K, Müller CL, Bonneau R, Marcotte EM. Identifying direct contacts between protein complex subunits from their conditional dependence in proteomics datasets. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005625. [PMID: 29023445 PMCID: PMC5638211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the three dimensional arrangement of proteins in a complex is highly beneficial for uncovering mechanistic function and interpreting genetic variation in coding genes comprising protein complexes. There are several methods for determining co-complex interactions between proteins, among them co-fractionation / mass spectrometry (CF-MS), but it remains difficult to identify directly contacting subunits within a multi-protein complex. Correlation analysis of CF-MS profiles shows promise in detecting protein complexes as a whole but is limited in its ability to infer direct physical contacts among proteins in sub-complexes. To identify direct protein-protein contacts within human protein complexes we learn a sparse conditional dependency graph from approximately 3,000 CF-MS experiments on human cell lines. We show substantial performance gains in estimating direct interactions compared to correlation analysis on a benchmark of large protein complexes with solved three-dimensional structures. We demonstrate the method’s value in determining the three dimensional arrangement of proteins by making predictions for complexes without known structure (the exocyst and tRNA multi-synthetase complex) and by establishing evidence for the structural position of a recently discovered component of the core human EKC/KEOPS complex, GON7/C14ORF142, providing a more complete 3D model of the complex. Direct contact prediction provides easily calculable additional structural information for large-scale protein complex mapping studies and should be broadly applicable across organisms as more CF-MS datasets become available. Proteins physically associate into complexes in order to carry out the essential functions of life. Knowing how proteins are physically arranged three dimensionally in these complexes provides clues towards how they work. In principle, the associations between proteins in large-scale proteomics datasets should often reflect direct physical contacts between proteins in each complex. Here, we describe a statistical method to discover which subunits within complexes directly contact each other based on their co-purification behavior in published co-fractionation mass spectrometry datasets. Within our predictions, we recover many known protein-protein contacts, serving to validate our method, as well as unknown contacts that can inform future studies of these complexes. Specifically, we observe confident contacts between subunits within the exocyst and tRNA multi-synthetase complexes, two complexes that have incomplete structural information. Using our method, we further provide structural information for a previously missing subunit of the EKC/KEOPS complex. We anticipate that this method and the associated predictions will help to better inform our understanding of the functions and structures of diverse protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Drew
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KD); (CLM); (EMM)
| | - Christian L. Müller
- Flatiron Institute, Center for Computational Biology, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KD); (CLM); (EMM)
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Flatiron Institute, Center for Computational Biology, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, United States of America
- New York University Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Edward M. Marcotte
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KD); (CLM); (EMM)
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17
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Dahal E, Choi M, Alam N, Bhirde AA, Beaucage SL, Badano A. Structural evaluation of an amyloid fibril model using small-angle x-ray scattering. Phys Biol 2017; 14:046001. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aa776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) are essential enzymes that specifically aminoacylate one tRNA molecule by the cognate amino acid. They are a family of twenty enzymes, one for each amino acid. By coupling an amino acid to a specific RNA triplet, the anticodon, they are responsible for interpretation of the genetic code. In addition to this translational, canonical role, several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases also fulfill nontranslational, moonlighting functions. In mammals, nine synthetases, those specific for amino acids Arg, Asp, Gln, Glu, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met and Pro, associate into a multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex, an association which is believed to play a key role in the cellular organization of translation, but also in the regulation of the translational and nontranslational functions of these enzymes. Because the balance between their alternative functions rests on the assembly and disassembly of this supramolecular entity, it is essential to get precise insight into the structural organization of this complex. The high-resolution 3D-structure of the native particle, with a molecular weight of about 1.5 MDa, is not yet known. Low-resolution structures of the multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex, as determined by cryo-EM or SAXS, have been reported. High-resolution data have been reported for individual enzymes of the complex, or for small subcomplexes. This review aims to present a critical view of our present knowledge of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex in 3D. These preliminary data shed some light on the mechanisms responsible for the balance between the translational and nontranslational functions of some of its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Mirande
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France.
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19
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Arif A, Jia J, Halawani D, Fox PL. Experimental approaches for investigation of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase phosphorylation. Methods 2016; 113:72-82. [PMID: 27729295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of many aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (AARSs) has been recognized for decades, but the contribution of post-translational modification to their primary role in tRNA charging and decryption of genetic code remains unclear. In contrast, phosphorylation is essential for performance of diverse noncanonical functions of AARSs unrelated to protein synthesis. Phosphorylation of glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase (EPRS) has been investigated extensively in our laboratory for more than a decade, and has served as an archetype for studies of other AARSs. EPRS is a constituent of the IFN-γ-activated inhibitor of translation (GAIT) complex that directs transcript-selective translational control in myeloid cells. Stimulus-dependent phosphorylation of EPRS is essential for its release from the parental multi-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), for binding to other GAIT complex proteins, and for regulating the binding to target mRNAs. Importantly, phosphorylation is the common driving force for the context- and stimulus-dependent release, and non-canonical activity, of other AARSs residing in the MSC, for example, lysyl tRNA synthetase (KARS). Here, we describe the concepts and experimental methodologies we have used to investigate the influence of phosphorylation on the structure and function of EPRS. We suggest that application of these approaches will help to identify new functional phosphorylation event(s) in other AARSs and elucidate their possible roles in noncanonical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Arif
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Dalia Halawani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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20
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Rémion A, Khoder-Agha F, Cornu D, Argentini M, Redeker V, Mirande M. Identification of protein interfaces within the multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex: the case of lysyl-tRNA synthetase and the scaffold protein p38. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:696-706. [PMID: 27398309 PMCID: PMC4932449 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytoplasmic lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) is associated within a multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). Within this complex, the p38 component is the scaffold protein that binds the catalytic domain of LysRS via its N-terminal region. In addition to its translational function when associated to the MSC, LysRS is also recruited in nontranslational roles after dissociation from the MSC. The balance between its MSC-associated and MSC-dissociated states is essential to regulate the functions of LysRS in cellular homeostasis. With the aim of understanding the rules that govern association of LysRS in the MSC, we analyzed the protein interfaces between LysRS and the full-length version of p38, the scaffold protein of the MSC. In a previous study, the cocrystal structure of LysRS with a N-terminal peptide of p38 was reported [Ofir-Birin Y et al. (2013) Mol Cell 49, 30-42]. In order to identify amino acid residues involved in interaction of the two proteins, the non-natural, photo-cross-linkable amino acid p-benzoyl-l-phenylalanine (Bpa) was incorporated at 27 discrete positions within the catalytic domain of LysRS. Among the 27 distinct LysRS mutants, only those with Bpa inserted in place of Lys356 or His364 were cross-linked with p38. Using mass spectrometry, we unambiguously identified the protein interface of the cross-linked complex and showed that Lys356 and His364 of LysRS interact with the peptide from Pro8 to Arg26 in native p38, in agreement with the published cocrystal structure. This interface, which in LysRS is located on the opposite side of the dimer to the site of interaction with its tRNA substrate, defines the core region of the MSC. The residues identified herein in human LysRS are not conserved in yeast LysRS, an enzyme that does not associate within the MSC, and contrast with the residues proposed to be essential for LysRS:p38 association in the earlier work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azaria Rémion
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS) CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Fawzi Khoder-Agha
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS) CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEACNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - David Cornu
- Service d'identification et de Caractérisation des Protéines par Spectrométrie de Masse (SICaPS) CEA CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Manuela Argentini
- Service d'identification et de Caractérisation des Protéines par Spectrométrie de Masse (SICaPS) CEA CNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Virginie Redeker
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS) CNRSGif-sur-Yvette France; Service d'identification et de Caractérisation des Protéines par Spectrométrie de Masse (SICaPS) CEACNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France; Present address: Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI) CNRS 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Marc Mirande
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS) CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEACNRS Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France
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21
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Park SJ, Ahn HS, Kim JS, Lee C. Evaluation of Multi-tRNA Synthetase Complex by Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Size Exclusion Chromatography. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142253. [PMID: 26544075 PMCID: PMC4636271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (M, K, Q, D, R, I, EP and LARS) and three auxiliary proteins (AIMP1, 2 and 3) are known to form a multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) in mammalian cells. We combined size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with reversed-phase liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (RPLC-MRM-MS) to characterize MSC components and free ARS proteins in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells. Crude cell extract and affinity-purified proteins were fractionated by SEC in non-denaturing state and ARSs were monitored in each fraction by MRM-MS. The eleven MSC components appeared mostly in earlier SEC fractions demonstrating their participation in complex formation. TARSL2 and AIMP2-DX2, despite their low abundance, were co-purified with KARS and detected in the SEC fractions, where MSC appeared. Moreover, other large complex-forming ARS proteins, such as VARS and FARS, were detected in earlier fractions. The MRM-MS results were further confirmed by western blot analysis. Our study demonstrates usefulness of combined SEC-MRM analysis for the characterization of protein complexes and in understanding the behavior of minor isoforms or variant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jun Park
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136–791, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Ahn
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136–791, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305–333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Seok Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136–791, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136–791, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305–333, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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22
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Cho HY, Maeng SJ, Cho HJ, Choi YS, Chung JM, Lee S, Kim HK, Kim JH, Eom CY, Kim YG, Guo M, Jung HS, Kang BS, Kim S. Assembly of Multi-tRNA Synthetase Complex via Heterotetrameric Glutathione Transferase-homology Domains. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29313-28. [PMID: 26472928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.690867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many multicomponent protein complexes mediating diverse cellular processes are assembled through scaffolds with specialized protein interaction modules. The multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), consisting of nine different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and three non-enzymatic factors (AIMP1-3), serves as a hub for many signaling pathways in addition to its role in protein synthesis. However, the assembly process and structural arrangement of the MSC components are not well understood. Here we show the heterotetrameric complex structure of the glutathione transferase (GST) domains shared among the four MSC components, methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS), glutaminyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS), AIMP2 and AIMP3. The MRS-AIMP3 and EPRS-AIMP2 using interface 1 are bridged via interface 2 of AIMP3 and EPRS to generate a unique linear complex of MRS-AIMP3:EPRS-AIMP2 at the molar ratio of (1:1):(1:1). Interestingly, the affinity at interface 2 of AIMP3:EPRS can be varied depending on the occupancy of interface 1, suggesting the dynamic nature of the linear GST tetramer. The four components are optimally arranged for maximal accommodation of additional domains and proteins. These characteristics suggest the GST tetramer as a unique and dynamic structural platform from which the MSC components are assembled. Considering prevalence of the GST-like domains, this tetramer can also provide a tool for the communication of the MSC with other GST-containing cellular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Yeon Cho
- From the School of Life Science and Biotechnology, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Seo Jin Maeng
- From the School of Life Science and Biotechnology, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Hyo Je Cho
- From the School of Life Science and Biotechnology, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Yoon Seo Choi
- From the School of Life Science and Biotechnology, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Jeong Min Chung
- the Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- the Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Hoi Kyoung Kim
- the Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Graduate School of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- the Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Graduate School of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Chi-Yong Eom
- the NanoBio Convergence Research Team, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Yeon-Gil Kim
- the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-834, Korea
| | - Min Guo
- the Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- the Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Beom Sik Kang
- From the School of Life Science and Biotechnology, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea,
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- the Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Graduate School of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea, the The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai 201203, China
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23
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Lei HY, Zhou XL, Ruan ZR, Sun WC, Eriani G, Wang ED. Calpain Cleaves Most Components in the Multiple Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Complex and Affects Their Functions. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26314-27. [PMID: 26324710 PMCID: PMC4646279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) and three scaffold proteins form a super multiple aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) in the human cytoplasm. Domains that have been added progressively to MSC components during evolution are linked by unstructured flexible peptides, producing an elongated and multiarmed MSC structure that is easily attacked by proteases in vivo. A yeast two-hybrid screen for proteins interacting with LeuRS, a representative MSC member, identified calpain 2, a calcium-activated neutral cysteine protease. Calpain 2 and calpain 1 could partially hydrolyze most MSC components to generate specific fragments that resembled those reported previously. The cleavage sites of calpain in ArgRS, GlnRS, and p43 were precisely mapped. After cleavage, their N-terminal regions were removed. Sixty-three amino acid residues were removed from the N terminus of ArgRS to form ArgRSΔN63; GlnRS formed GlnRSΔN198, and p43 formed p43ΔN106. GlnRSΔN198 had a much weaker affinity for its substrates, tRNA(Gln) and glutamine. p43ΔN106 was the same as the previously reported p43-derived apoptosis-released factor. The formation of p43ΔN106 by calpain depended on Ca(2+) and could be specifically inhibited by calpeptin and by RNAi of the regulatory subunit of calpain in vivo. These results showed, for the first time, that calpain plays an essential role in dissociating the MSC and might regulate the canonical and non-canonical functions of certain components of the MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yan Lei
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Ruan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Sun
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China, The School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 319 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China, and
| | - Gilbert Eriani
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, UPR9002 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - En-Duo Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China, The School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 319 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China, and
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24
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Berezovsky IN, Zheng Z, Kurotani A, Tokmakov AA, Kurochkin IV. Organization of the multiaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex and the cotranslational protein folding. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1475-85. [PMID: 26131561 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) play an essential role in the protein synthesis by catalyzing an attachment of their cognate amino acids to tRNAs. Unlike their prokaryotic counterparts, ARSs in higher eukaryotes form a multiaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MARS), consisting of the subset of ARS polypeptides and three auxiliary proteins. The intriguing feature of MARS complex is the presence of only nine out of twenty ARSs, specific for Arg, Asp, Gln, Glu, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, and Pro, regardless of the organism, cell, or tissue types. Although existence of MARSs complex in higher eukaryotes has been already known for more than four decades, its functional significance remains elusive. We found that seven of the nine corresponding amino acids (Arg, Gln, Glu, Ile, Leu, Lys, and Met) together with Ala form a predictor of the protein α-helicity. Remarkably, all amino acids (besides Ala) in the predictor have the highest possible number of side-chain rotamers. Therefore, compositional bias of a typical α-helix can contribute to the helix's stability by increasing the entropy of the folded state. It also appears that position-specific α-helical propensity, specifically periodic alternation of charged and hydrophobic residues in the helices, may well be provided by the structural organization of the complex. Considering characteristics of MARS complex from the perspective of the α-helicity, we hypothesize that specific composition and structure of the complex represents a functional mechanism for coordination of translation with the fast and correct folding of amphiphilic α-helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor N Berezovsky
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (a*STAR), Singapore, 138671.,Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117579
| | - Zejun Zheng
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (a*STAR), Singapore, 138671
| | - Atsushi Kurotani
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Igor V Kurochkin
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (a*STAR), Singapore, 138671
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25
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes in evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6571-94. [PMID: 25807264 PMCID: PMC4394549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16036571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are essential enzymes for interpreting the genetic code. They are responsible for the proper pairing of codons on mRNA with amino acids. In addition to this canonical, translational function, they are also involved in the control of many cellular pathways essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Association of several of these enzymes within supramolecular assemblies is a key feature of organization of the translation apparatus in eukaryotes. It could be a means to control their oscillation between translational functions, when associated within a multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MARS), and nontranslational functions, after dissociation from the MARS and association with other partners. In this review, we summarize the composition of the different MARS described from archaea to mammals, the mode of assembly of these complexes, and their roles in maintenance of cellular homeostasis.
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26
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Cantara WA, Olson ED, Musier-Forsyth K. Progress and outlook in structural biology of large viral RNAs. Virus Res 2014; 193:24-38. [PMID: 24956407 PMCID: PMC4252365 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The field of viral molecular biology has reached a precipice for which pioneering studies on the structure of viral RNAs are beginning to bridge the gap. It has become clear that viral genomic RNAs are not simply carriers of hereditary information, but rather are active players in many critical stages during replication. Indeed, functions such as cap-independent translation initiation mechanisms are, in some cases, primarily driven by RNA structural determinants. Other stages including reverse transcription initiation in retroviruses, nuclear export and viral packaging are specifically dependent on the proper 3-dimensional folding of multiple RNA domains to recruit necessary viral and host factors required for activity. Furthermore, a large-scale conformational change within the 5'-untranslated region of HIV-1 has been proposed to regulate the temporal switch between viral protein synthesis and packaging. These RNA-dependent functions are necessary for replication of many human disease-causing viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus, West Nile virus, and HIV-1. The potential for antiviral development is currently hindered by a poor understanding of RNA-driven molecular mechanisms, resulting from a lack of structural information on large RNAs and ribonucleoprotein complexes. Herein, we describe the recent progress that has been made on characterizing these large RNAs and provide brief descriptions of the techniques that will be at the forefront of future advances. Ongoing and future work will contribute to a more complete understanding of the lifecycles of retroviruses and RNA viruses and potentially lead to novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karin Musier-Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retrovirus Research, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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27
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Structure of the ArgRS-GlnRS-AIMP1 complex and its implications for mammalian translation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15084-9. [PMID: 25288775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408836111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, one of the two arginyl-tRNA synthetases (ArgRSs) has evolved to have an extended N-terminal domain that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and cell growth and in integration into the multisynthetase complex (MSC). Here, we report a crystal structure of the MSC subcomplex comprising ArgRS, glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS), and the auxiliary factor aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1 (AIMP1)/p43. In this complex, the N-terminal domain of ArgRS forms a long coiled-coil structure with the N-terminal helix of AIMP1 and anchors the C-terminal core of GlnRS, thereby playing a central role in assembly of the three components. Mutation of AIMP1 destabilized the N-terminal helix of ArgRS and abrogated its catalytic activity. Mutation of the N-terminal helix of ArgRS liberated GlnRS, which is known to control cell death. This ternary complex was further anchored to AIMP2/p38 through interaction with AIMP1. These findings demonstrate the importance of interactions between the N-terminal domains of ArgRS and AIMP1 for the catalytic and noncatalytic activities of ArgRS and for the assembly of the higher-order MSC protein complex.
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28
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van Rooyen JM, Murat JB, Hammoudi PM, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Coute Y, Sharma A, Pelloux H, Belrhali H, Hakimi MA. Assembly of the novel five-component apicomplexan multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex is driven by the hybrid scaffold protein Tg-p43. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89487. [PMID: 24586818 PMCID: PMC3930741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In Toxoplasma gondii, as in other eukaryotes, a subset of the amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases are arranged into an abundant cytoplasmic multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (MARS) complex. Through a series of genetic pull-down assays, we have identified the enzymes of this complex as: methionyl-, glutaminyl-, glutamyl-, and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases, and we show that the N-terminal GST-like domain of a partially disordered hybrid scaffold protein, Tg-p43, is sufficient for assembly of the intact complex. Our gel filtration studies revealed significant heterogeneity in the size and composition of isolated MARS complexes. By targeting the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases subunit, which was found exclusively in the complete 1 MDa complex, we were able to directly visualize MARS particles in the electron microscope. Image analyses of the negative stain data revealed the observed heterogeneity and instability of these complexes to be driven by the intrinsic flexibility of the domain arrangements within the MARS complex. These studies provide unique insights into the assembly of these ubiquitous but poorly understood eukaryotic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. van Rooyen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, UMR5163, LAPM, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Benjamin Murat
- CNRS, UMR5163, LAPM, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Yohann Coute
- CEA, IRTSV, Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, Grenoble, France
| | - Amit Sharma
- Structural and Computational Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Hervé Pelloux
- CNRS, UMR5163, LAPM, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Hassan Belrhali
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (M-AH); (HB)
| | - Mohamed-Ali Hakimi
- CNRS, UMR5163, LAPM, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (M-AH); (HB)
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