1
|
Beck C, Krusche J, Notaro A, Walter A, Kränkel L, Vollert A, Stemmler R, Wittmann J, Schaller M, Slavetinsky C, Mayer C, De Castro C, Peschel A. Wall teichoic acid substitution with glucose governs phage susceptibility of Staphylococcus epidermidis. mBio 2024; 15:e0199023. [PMID: 38470054 PMCID: PMC11005348 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01990-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The species- and clone-specific susceptibility of Staphylococcus cells for bacteriophages is governed by the structures and glycosylation patterns of wall teichoic acid (WTA) glycopolymers. The glycosylation-dependent phage-WTA interactions in the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis and in other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have remained unknown. We report a new S. epidermidis WTA glycosyltransferase TagE whose deletion confers resistance to siphoviruses such as ΦE72 but enables binding of otherwise unbound podoviruses. S. epidermidis glycerolphosphate WTA was found to be modified with glucose in a tagE-dependent manner. TagE is encoded together with the enzymes PgcA and GtaB providing uridine diphosphate-activated glucose. ΦE72 transduced several other CoNS species encoding TagE homologs, suggesting that WTA glycosylation via TagE is a frequent trait among CoNS that permits interspecies horizontal gene transfer. Our study unravels a crucial mechanism of phage-Staphylococcus interaction and horizontal gene transfer, and it will help in the design of anti-staphylococcal phage therapies.IMPORTANCEPhages are highly specific for certain bacterial hosts, and some can transduce DNA even across species boundaries. How phages recognize cognate host cells remains incompletely understood. Phages infecting members of the genus Staphylococcus bind to wall teichoic acid (WTA) glycopolymers with highly variable structures and glycosylation patterns. How WTA is glycosylated in the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis and in other coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) species has remained unknown. We describe that S. epidermidis glycosylates its WTA backbone with glucose, and we identify a cluster of three genes responsible for glucose activation and transfer to WTA. Their inactivation strongly alters phage susceptibility patterns, yielding resistance to siphoviruses but susceptibility to podoviruses. Many different CoNS species with related glycosylation genes can exchange DNA via siphovirus ΦE72, suggesting that glucose-modified WTA is crucial for interspecies horizontal gene transfer. Our finding will help to develop antibacterial phage therapies and unravel routes of genetic exchange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beck
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janes Krusche
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Notaro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Axel Walter
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Organismic Interactions/Glycobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lara Kränkel
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anneli Vollert
- Electron-Microscopy, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Regine Stemmler
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Wittmann
- Leibniz Institute, DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Electron-Microscopy, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Slavetinsky
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Organismic Interactions/Glycobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Peschel
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Y, Du X, Krusche J, Beck C, Ali S, Walter A, Winstel V, Mayer C, Codée JD, Peschel A, Stehle T. Invasive Staphylococcus epidermidis uses a unique processive wall teichoic acid glycosyltransferase to evade immune recognition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj2641. [PMID: 38000019 PMCID: PMC10672168 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis expresses glycerol phosphate wall teichoic acid (WTA), but some health care-associated methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (HA-MRSE) clones produce a second, ribitol phosphate (RboP) WTA, resembling that of the aggressive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. RboP-WTA promotes HA-MRSE persistence and virulence in bloodstream infections. We report here that the TarM enzyme of HA-MRSE [TarM(Se)] glycosylates RboP-WTA with glucose, instead of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) by TarM(Sa) in S. aureus. Replacement of GlcNAc with glucose in RboP-WTA impairs HA-MRSE detection by human immunoglobulin G, which may contribute to the immune-evasion capacities of many invasive S. epidermidis. Crystal structures of complexes with uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose), and with UDP and glycosylated poly(RboP), reveal the binding mode and glycosylation mechanism of this enzyme and explain why TarM(Se) and TarM(Sa) link different sugars to poly(RboP). These structural data provide evidence that TarM(Se) is a processive WTA glycosyltransferase. Our study will support the targeted inhibition of TarM enzymes, and the development of RboP-WTA targeting vaccines and phage therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinglan Guo
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xin Du
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janes Krusche
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Beck
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Ali
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Axel Walter
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Organismic Interactions/Glycobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Volker Winstel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Organismic Interactions/Glycobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Peschel
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Machtens DA, Willerding JM, Eschenburg S, Reubold TF. Crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of the effector protein SidI of Legionella pneumophila reveals a glucosyl transferase domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 661:50-55. [PMID: 37087798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Legionella pneumophila is an accidental human pathogen that can cause a life-threatening respiratory infection called Legionellosis. In the course of infection, L. pneumophila injects more than 300 effector proteins into the host cell. The effector proteins modify the intracellular environment in order to create a stable compartment for proliferation within the host cell. The effector protein SidI has been shown to potently inhibit host translation upon translocation. SidI is able to interact with the translation elongation factor eEF1A, which has been hypothesized to be a target of SidI. A postulated glycosyltransferase domain in the C-terminal half may be responsible for the toxic effect of SidI. Here, we present the crystal structure of an N-terminal fragment of SidI containing residues 37-573. The structure is divided into three subdomains, two of which display a novel fold. The third subdomain shows close structural homology to GT-B fold glycosyltransferases. Based on structural analysis we predict that the two previously identified residues R453 and E482 assume roles in the catalytic activity of SidI. Furthermore, we show that the N-terminal fragment of SidI is able to directly interact with a postulated target, the translation elongation factor eEF1A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik A Machtens
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas M Willerding
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Eschenburg
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Reubold
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tamminga SM, Völpel SL, Schipper K, Stehle T, Pannekoek Y, van Sorge NM. Genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus wall teichoic acid glycosyltransferases affects immune recognition. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000902. [PMID: 36748528 PMCID: PMC9837562 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections and systemic infections. Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are cell wall-anchored glycopolymers that are important for S. aureus nasal colonization, phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer, and antibiotic resistance. WTAs consist of a polymerized ribitol phosphate (RboP) chain that can be glycosylated with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) by three glycosyltransferases: TarS, TarM, and TarP. TarS and TarP modify WTA with β-linked GlcNAc at the C-4 (β1,4-GlcNAc) and the C-3 position (β1,3-GlcNAc) of the RboP subunit, respectively, whereas TarM modifies WTA with α-linked GlcNAc at the C-4 position (α1,4-GlcNAc). Importantly, these WTA glycosylation patterns impact immune recognition and clearance of S. aureus. Previous studies suggest that tarS is near-universally present within the S. aureus population, whereas a smaller proportion co-contain either tarM or tarP. To gain more insight into the presence and genetic variation of tarS, tarM and tarP in the S. aureus population, we analysed a collection of 25 652 S. aureus genomes within the PubMLST database. Over 99 % of isolates contained tarS. Co-presence of tarS/tarM or tarS/tarP occurred in 37 and 7 % of isolates, respectively, and was associated with specific S. aureus clonal complexes. We also identified 26 isolates (0.1 %) that contained all three glycosyltransferase genes. At sequence level, we identified tar alleles with amino acid substitutions in critical enzymatic residues or with premature stop codons. Several tar variants were expressed in a S. aureus tar-negative strain. Analysis using specific monoclonal antibodies and human langerin showed that WTA glycosylation was severely attenuated or absent. Overall, our data provide a broad overview of the genetic diversity of the three WTA glycosyltransferases in the S. aureus population and the functional consequences for immune recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Tamminga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon L. Völpel
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kim Schipper
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yvonne Pannekoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,*Correspondence: Nina M. van Sorge,
| | - Nina M. van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,*Correspondence: Nina M. van Sorge,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramirez-Mondragon CA, Nguyen ME, Milicaj J, Hassan BA, Tucci FJ, Muthyala R, Gao J, Taylor EA, Sham YY. Conserved Conformational Hierarchy across Functionally Divergent Glycosyltransferases of the GT-B Structural Superfamily as Determined from Microsecond Molecular Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094619. [PMID: 33924837 PMCID: PMC8124905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been understood that some proteins undergo conformational transitions en route to the Michaelis Complex to allow chemistry. Examination of crystal structures of glycosyltransferase enzymes in the GT-B structural class reveals that the presence of ligand in the active site triggers an open-to-closed conformation transition, necessary for their catalytic functions. Herein, we describe microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of two distantly related glycosyltransferases that are part of the GT-B structural superfamily, HepI and GtfA. Simulations were performed using the open and closed conformations of these unbound proteins, respectively, and we sought to identify the major dynamical modes and communication networks that interconnect the open and closed structures. We provide the first reported evidence within the scope of our simulation parameters that the interconversion between open and closed conformations is a hierarchical multistep process which can be a conserved feature of enzymes of the same structural superfamily. Each of these motions involves of a collection of smaller molecular reorientations distributed across both domains, highlighting the complexities of protein dynamic involved in the interconversion process. Additionally, dynamic cross-correlation analysis was employed to explore the potential effect of distal residues on the catalytic efficiency of HepI. Multiple distal nonionizable residues of the C-terminal domain exhibit motions anticorrelated to positively charged residues in the active site in the N-terminal domain involved in substrate binding. Mutations of these residues resulted in a reduction in negatively correlated motions and an altered enzymatic efficiency that is dominated by lower Km values with kcat effectively unchanged. The findings suggest that residues with opposing conformational motions involved in the opening and closing of the bidomain HepI protein can allosterically alter the population and conformation of the “closed” state, essential to the formation of the Michaelis complex. The stabilization effects of these mutations likely equally influence the energetics of both the ground state and the transition state of the catalytic reaction, leading to the unaltered kcat. Our study provides new insights into the role of conformational dynamics in glycosyltransferase’s function and new modality to modulate enzymatic efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Ramirez-Mondragon
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.A.R.-M.); (M.E.N.); (J.G.)
| | - Megin E. Nguyen
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.A.R.-M.); (M.E.N.); (J.G.)
| | - Jozafina Milicaj
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA; (J.M.); (B.A.H.); (F.J.T.)
| | - Bakar A. Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA; (J.M.); (B.A.H.); (F.J.T.)
| | - Frank J. Tucci
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA; (J.M.); (B.A.H.); (F.J.T.)
| | - Ramaiah Muthyala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Jiali Gao
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.A.R.-M.); (M.E.N.); (J.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Erika A. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA; (J.M.); (B.A.H.); (F.J.T.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (Y.Y.S.); Tel.: +1-(860)-685-2739 (E.A.T.); +1-(612)-625-6255 (Y.Y.S.); Fax: +1-(860)-685-2211 (E.A.T.); +1-(612)-625-5149 (Y.Y.S.)
| | - Yuk Y. Sham
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.A.R.-M.); (M.E.N.); (J.G.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (Y.Y.S.); Tel.: +1-(860)-685-2739 (E.A.T.); +1-(612)-625-6255 (Y.Y.S.); Fax: +1-(860)-685-2211 (E.A.T.); +1-(612)-625-5149 (Y.Y.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactams against the Fortress of the Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3412-3463. [PMID: 33373523 PMCID: PMC8653850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological diversity of the unicellular bacteria-whether assessed by shape, food, metabolism, or ecological niche-surely rivals (if not exceeds) that of the multicellular eukaryotes. The relationship between bacteria whose ecological niche is the eukaryote, and the eukaryote, is often symbiosis or stasis. Some bacteria, however, seek advantage in this relationship. One of the most successful-to the disadvantage of the eukaryote-is the small (less than 1 μm diameter) and nearly spherical Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. For decades, successful clinical control of its infection has been accomplished using β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and the cephalosporins. Over these same decades S. aureus has perfected resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics, which are then countered by new generations of β-lactam structure. This review addresses the current breadth of biochemical and microbiological efforts to preserve the future of the β-lactam antibiotics through a better understanding of how S. aureus protects the enzyme targets of the β-lactams, the penicillin-binding proteins. The penicillin-binding proteins are essential enzyme catalysts for the biosynthesis of the cell wall, and understanding how this cell wall is integrated into the protective cell envelope of the bacterium may identify new antibacterials and new adjuvants that preserve the efficacy of the β-lactams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hendriks A, van Dalen R, Ali S, Gerlach D, van der Marel GA, Fuchsberger FF, Aerts PC, de Haas CJ, Peschel A, Rademacher C, van Strijp JA, Codée JD, van Sorge NM. Impact of Glycan Linkage to Staphylococcus aureus Wall Teichoic Acid on Langerin Recognition and Langerhans Cell Activation. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:624-635. [PMID: 33591717 PMCID: PMC8023653 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Staphylococcus
aureus is the leading cause of
skin and soft tissue infections. It remains incompletely understood
how skin-resident immune cells respond to invading S. aureus and contribute to an effective immune response. Langerhans cells
(LCs), the only professional antigen-presenting cell type in the epidermis,
sense S. aureus through their pattern-recognition
receptor langerin, triggering a proinflammatory response. Langerin
recognizes the β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine
(β1,4-GlcNAc) but not α-1,4-linked GlcNAc (α1,4-GlcNAc)
modifications, which are added by dedicated glycosyltransferases TarS
and TarM, respectively, on the cell wall glycopolymer wall teichoic
acid (WTA). Recently, an alternative WTA glycosyltransferase, TarP,
was identified, which also modifies WTA with β-GlcNAc but at
the C-3 position (β1,3-GlcNAc) of the WTA ribitol phosphate
(RboP) subunit. Here, we aimed to unravel the impact of β-GlcNAc
linkage position for langerin binding and LC activation. Using genetically
modified S. aureus strains, we observed that langerin
similarly recognized bacteria that produce either TarS- or TarP-modified
WTA, yet tarP-expressing S. aureus induced increased cytokine production and maturation of in vitro-generated LCs compared to tarS-expressing S. aureus. Chemically synthesized WTA
molecules, representative of the different S. aureus WTA glycosylation patterns, were used to identify langerin-WTA binding
requirements. We established that β-GlcNAc is sufficient to
confer langerin binding, thereby presenting synthetic WTA molecules
as a novel glycobiology tool for structure-binding studies and for
elucidating S. aureus molecular pathogenesis. Overall,
our data suggest that LCs are able to sense all β-GlcNAc-WTA
producing S. aureus strains, likely performing an
important role as first responders upon S. aureus skin invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hendriks
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Glaxo-Smith Kline, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rob van Dalen
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Ali
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Gerlach
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Partner Site Tübingen, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Piet C. Aerts
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla J.C. de Haas
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Partner Site Tübingen, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jos A.G. van Strijp
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D.C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M. van Sorge
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo Y, Pfahler NM, Völpel SL, Stehle T. Cell wall glycosylation in Staphylococcus aureus: targeting the tar glycosyltransferases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 68:166-174. [PMID: 33540375 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is the major structural polymer of the bacterial cell wall. The PG layer of gram-positive bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is permeated with anionic glycopolymers known as wall teichoic acids (WTAs) and lipoteichoic acids (LTAs). In S. aureus, the WTA backbone typically consists of repeating ribitol-5-phosphate units, which are modified by enzymes that introduce glycosylation as well as amino acids at different locations. These modifications are key determinants of phage adhesion, bacterial biofilm formation and virulence of S. aureus. In this review, we examine differences in WTA structures in gram-positive bacteria, focusing in particular on three enzymes, TarM, TarS, and TarP that glycosylate the WTA of S. aureus at different locations. Infections with S. aureus pose an increasing threat to human health, particularly through the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Recently obtained structural information on TarM, TarS and TarP has helped to better understand the strategies used by S. aureus to establish resistance and to evade host defense mechanisms. Moreover, structures of complexes with poly-RboP and its analogs can serve as a platform for the development of new inhibitors that could form a basis for the development of antibiotic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinglan Guo
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina M Pfahler
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon L Völpel
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mikkola S. Nucleotide Sugars in Chemistry and Biology. Molecules 2020; 25:E5755. [PMID: 33291296 PMCID: PMC7729866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars have essential roles in every living creature. They are the building blocks of the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and their conjugates. They are involved in processes that are targets for drug development, and their analogs are potential inhibitors of these processes. Drug development requires efficient methods for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and nucleotide sugar building blocks as well as of modified structures as potential inhibitors. It requires also understanding the details of biological and chemical processes as well as the reactivity and reactions under different conditions. This article addresses all these issues by giving a broad overview on nucleotide sugars in biological and chemical reactions. As the background for the topic, glycosylation reactions in mammalian and bacterial cells are briefly discussed. In the following sections, structures and biosynthetic routes for nucleotide sugars, as well as the mechanisms of action of nucleotide sugar-utilizing enzymes, are discussed. Chemical topics include the reactivity and chemical synthesis methods. Finally, the enzymatic in vitro synthesis of nucleotide sugars and the utilization of enzyme cascades in the synthesis of nucleotide sugars and oligosaccharides are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satu Mikkola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Caffalette CA, Kuklewicz J, Spellmon N, Zimmer J. Biosynthesis and Export of Bacterial Glycolipids. Annu Rev Biochem 2020; 89:741-768. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-011520-104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates are essential for many biological processes, from protein quality control to cell recognition, energy storage, and cell wall formation. Many of these processes are performed in topologically extracellular compartments or on the cell surface; hence, diverse secretion systems evolved to transport the hydrophilic molecules to their sites of action. Polyprenyl lipids serve as ubiquitous anchors and facilitators of these transport processes. Here, we summarize and compare bacterial biosynthesis pathways relying on the recognition and transport of lipid-linked complex carbohydrates. In particular, we compare transporters implicated in O antigen and capsular polysaccharide biosyntheses with those facilitating teichoic acid and N-linked glycan transport. Further, we discuss recent insights into the generation, recognition, and recycling of polyprenyl lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Caffalette
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Jeremi Kuklewicz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Nicholas Spellmon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Keinhörster D, George SE, Weidenmaier C, Wolz C. Function and regulation of Staphylococcus aureus wall teichoic acids and capsular polysaccharides. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:151333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
12
|
Nöldeke ER, Stehle T. Unraveling the mechanism of peptidoglycan amidation by the bifunctional enzyme complex GatD/MurT: A comparative structural approach. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:151334. [PMID: 31383542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity to the cell and protects the cell from internal pressure and the external environment. During the course of the twelve-year funding period of the Collaborative Research Center 766, our work has focused on conducting structure-function studies of enzymes that modify (synthesize or cleave) cell wall components of a range of bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Nostoc punctiforme. Several of our structures represent promising targets for interference. In this review, we highlight a recent structure-function analysis of an enzyme complex that is responsible for the amidation of Lipid II, a peptidoglycan precursor, in S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Nöldeke
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The MurG glycosyltransferase provides an oligomeric scaffold for the cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis in the human pathogen Bordetella pertussis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4656. [PMID: 30874582 PMCID: PMC6420597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is a major component of the bacterial cell wall and thus a major determinant of cell shape. Its biosynthesis is initiated by several sequential reactions catalyzed by cytoplasmic Mur enzymes. Mur ligases (MurC, -D, -E, and -F) are essential for bacteria, metabolize molecules not present in eukaryotes, and are structurally and biochemically tractable. However, although many Mur inhibitors have been developed, few have shown promising antibacterial activity, prompting the hypothesis that within the cytoplasm, Mur enzymes could exist as a complex whose architecture limits access of small molecules to their active sites. This suggestion is supported by the observation that in many bacteria, mur genes are present in a single operon, and pairs of these genes often are fused to generate a single polypeptide. Here, we explored this genetic arrangement in the human pathogen Bordetella pertussis and show that MurE and MurF are expressed as a single, bifunctional protein. EM, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and analytical centrifugation (AUC) revealed that the MurE–MurF fusion displays an elongated, flexible structure that can dimerize. Moreover, MurE–MurF interacted with the peripheral glycosyltransferase MurG, which formed discrete oligomers resembling 4- or 5-armed stars in EM images. The oligomeric structure of MurG may allow it to play a bona fide scaffolding role for a potential Mur complex, facilitating the efficient conveyance of peptidoglycan-building blocks toward the inner membrane leaflet. Our findings shed light on the structural determinants of a peptidoglycan formation complex involving Mur enzymes in bacterial cell wall formation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Caveney NA, Li FK, Strynadka NC. Enzyme structures of the bacterial peptidoglycan and wall teichoic acid biogenesis pathways. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 53:45-58. [PMID: 29885610 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is a complex polymeric structure with essential roles in defence, survival and pathogenesis. Common to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is the mesh-like peptidoglycan sacculus that surrounds the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane. Recent crystallographic studies of enzymes that comprise the peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway have led to significant new understanding of all stages. These include initial multi-step cytosolic formation of sugar-pentapeptide precursors, transfer of the precursors to activated polyprenyl lipids at the membrane inner leaflet and flippase mediated relocalization of the resulting lipid II precursors to the outer leaflet where glycopolymerization and subsequent peptide crosslinking are finalized. Additional, species-specific enzymes allow customized peptidoglycan modifications and biosynthetic regulation that are important to bacterial virulence and survival. These studies have reinforced the unique and specific catalytic mechanisms at play in cell wall biogenesis and expanded the atomic foundation to develop novel, structure guided, antibacterial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael A Caveney
- University of British Columbia, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, Rm 4350 Life Sciences Center, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Franco Kk Li
- University of British Columbia, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, Rm 4350 Life Sciences Center, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Natalie Cj Strynadka
- University of British Columbia, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, Rm 4350 Life Sciences Center, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3 Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li X, Koç C, Kühner P, Stierhof YD, Krismer B, Enright MC, Penadés JR, Wolz C, Stehle T, Cambillau C, Peschel A, Xia G. An essential role for the baseplate protein Gp45 in phage adsorption to Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26455. [PMID: 27212064 PMCID: PMC4876445 DOI: 10.1038/srep26455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of phages in driving horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among pathogenic bacteria, the underlying molecular mechanisms mediating phage adsorption to S. aureus are still unclear. Phage ϕ11 is a siphovirus with a high transducing efficiency. Here, we show that the tail protein Gp45 localized within the ϕ11 baseplate. Phage ϕ11 was efficiently neutralized by anti-Gp45 serum, and its adsorption to host cells was inhibited by recombinant Gp45 in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that biotin-labelled Gp45 efficiently stained the wild-type S. aureus cell but not the double knockout mutant ΔtarM/S, which lacks both α- and β-O-GlcNAc residues on its wall teichoic acids (WTAs). Additionally, adsorption assays indicate that GlcNAc residues on WTAs and O-acetyl groups at the 6-position of muramic acid residues in peptidoglycan are essential components of the ϕ11 receptor. The elucidation of Gp45-involved molecular interactions not only broadens our understanding of siphovirus-mediated HGT, but also lays the groundwork for the development of sensitive affinity-based diagnostics and therapeutics for S. aureus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Li
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cengiz Koç
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Petra Kühner
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Krismer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark C Enright
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - José R Penadés
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6098, Campus de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guoqing Xia
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Inflammation &Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mechanism of a cytosolic O-glycosyltransferase essential for the synthesis of a bacterial adhesion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1190-9. [PMID: 26884191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600494113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
O-glycosylation of Ser and Thr residues is an important process in all organisms, which is only poorly understood. Such modification is required for the export and function of adhesin proteins that mediate the attachment of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria to host cells. Here, we have analyzed the mechanism by which the cytosolic O-glycosyltransferase GtfA/B of Streptococcus gordonii modifies the Ser/Thr-rich repeats of adhesin. The enzyme is a tetramer containing two molecules each of GtfA and GtfB. The two subunits have the same fold, but only GtfA contains an active site, whereas GtfB provides the primary binding site for adhesin. During a first phase of glycosylation, the conformation of GtfB is restrained by GtfA to bind substrate with unmodified Ser/Thr residues. In a slow second phase, GtfB recognizes residues that are already modified with N-acetylglucosamine, likely by converting into a relaxed conformation in which one interface with GtfA is broken. These results explain how the glycosyltransferase modifies a progressively changing substrate molecule.
Collapse
|
17
|
Janoš P, Kozmon S, Tvaroška I, Koca J. Three-dimensional homology model of GlcNAc-TV glycosyltransferase. Glycobiology 2016; 26:757-771. [PMID: 26821880 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: α-d-mannoside β-1-6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from the UDP-GlcNAc donor to the α-1-6-linked mannose of the trimannosyl core structure of glycoproteins to produce the β-1-6-linked branching of N-linked oligosaccharides. β-1-6-GlcNAc-branched N-glycans are associated with cancer growth and metastasis. Therefore, the inhibition of GnT-V represents a key target for anti-cancer drug development. However, the development of potent and specific inhibitors of GnT-V is hampered by the lack of information on the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and on the binding characteristics of its substrates. Here we present the first 3D structure of GnT-V as a result of homology modeling. Various alignment methods, docking the donor and acceptor substrates, and molecular dynamics simulation were used to construct seven homology models of GnT-V and characterize the binding of its substrates. The best homology model is consistent with available experimental data. The three-dimensional model, the structure of the enzyme catalytic site and binding information obtained for the donor and acceptor can be useful in studies of the catalytic mechanism and design of inhibitors of GnT-V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Janoš
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,Faculty of Science-National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,Faculty of Science-National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Tvaroška
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koca
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,Faculty of Science-National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liang DM, Liu JH, Wu H, Wang BB, Zhu HJ, Qiao JJ. Glycosyltransferases: mechanisms and applications in natural product development. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8350-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00600g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation reactions mainly catalyzed by glycosyltransferases (Gts) occur almost everywhere in the biosphere, and always play crucial roles in vital processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jia-Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Bin-Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Hong-Ji Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jian-Jun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| |
Collapse
|