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Künze G, Isermann B. Targeting biased signaling by PAR1: function and molecular mechanism of parmodulins. Blood 2023; 141:2675-2684. [PMID: 36952648 PMCID: PMC10646804 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023019775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a therapeutic target that was originally pursued with the aim of restricting platelet activation and the burden of cardiovascular diseases. In clinical studies, the use of orthosteric PAR1 inhibitors was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage, including intracranial hemorrhage. Because (1) PAR1 is expressed by various cell types, including endothelial cells, (2) conveys in mice a physiological indispensable function for vascular development during embryogenesis, and (3) is subject to biased signaling dependent on the activating proteases, orthosteric PAR1 inhibition may be associated with unwanted side effects. Alternatively, the protease-activated protein C (aPC) and its variants can promote valuable anti-inflammatory signaling via PAR1. Most recently, small molecule allosteric modulators of PAR1 signaling, called parmodulins, have been developed. Parmodulins inhibit coagulation and platelet activation yet maintain cytoprotective effects typically provoked by PAR1 signaling upon the activation by aPC. In this study, we review the discovery of parmodulins and their preclinical data, summarize the current knowledge about their mode of action, and compare the structural interaction of parmodulin and PAR1 with that of other intracellularly binding allosteric GPCR modulators. Thus, we highlight the pharmaceutical potential and challenges associated with the future development of parmodulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Künze
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Okyere AD, Song J, Patwa V, Carter RL, Enjamuri N, Lucchese AM, Ibetti J, de Lucia C, Schumacher SM, Koch WJ, Cheung JY, Benovic JL, Tilley DG. Pepducin ICL1-9-Mediated β2-Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Cardiomyocyte Contractility Occurs in a G i Protein/ROCK/PKD-Sensitive Manner. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:245-256. [PMID: 34997361 PMCID: PMC9262991 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE β-Adrenergic receptors (βAR) are essential targets for the treatment of heart failure (HF); however, chronic use of βAR agonists as positive inotropes to increase contractility in a Gs protein-dependent manner is associated with increased mortality. Alternatively, we previously reported that allosteric modulation of β2AR with the pepducin intracellular loop (ICL)1-9 increased cardiomyocyte contractility in a β-arrestin (βarr)-dependent manner, and subsequently showed that ICL1-9 activates the Ras homolog family member A (RhoA). Here, we aimed to elucidate both the proximal and downstream signaling mediators involved in the promotion of cardiomyocyte contractility in response to ICL1-9. METHODS We measured adult mouse cardiomyocyte contractility in response to ICL1-9 or isoproterenol (ISO, as a positive control) alone or in the presence of inhibitors of various potential components of βarr- or RhoA-dependent signaling. We also assessed the contractile effects of ICL1-9 on cardiomyocytes lacking G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2) or 5 (GRK5). RESULTS Consistent with RhoA activation by ICL1-9, both Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and protein kinase D (PKD) inhibition were able to attenuate ICL1-9-mediated contractility, as was inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). While neither GRK2 nor GRK5 deletion impacted ICL1-9-mediated contractility, pertussis toxin attenuated the response, suggesting that ICL1-9 promotes downstream RhoA-dependent signaling in a Gi protein-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Altogether, our study highlights a novel signaling modality that may offer a new approach to the promotion, or preservation, of cardiac contractility during HF via the allosteric regulation of β2AR to promote Gi protein/βarr-dependent activation of RhoA/ROCK/PKD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ama Dedo Okyere
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Viren Patwa
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rhonda L Carter
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nitya Enjamuri
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna Maria Lucchese
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jessica Ibetti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Claudio de Lucia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Instituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri di Telese Terme, Telese Terme, Italy
| | - Sarah M Schumacher
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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3
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Xu H, Tilley DG. Pepducin-mediated G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:378-385. [PMID: 35170495 PMCID: PMC9365886 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pepducins are small-lipidated peptides designed from the intracellular loops of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that act in an allosteric manner to modulate the activity of GPCRs. Over the past 2 decades, pepducins have progressed initially from pharmacologic tools used to manipulate GPCR activity in an orthosteric site-independent manner to compounds with therapeutic potential that have even been used safely in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials in human subjects. The effect of pepducins at their cognate receptors has been shown to vary between antagonist, partial agonist, and biased agonist outcomes in various primary and clonal cell systems, with even small changes in amino acid sequence altering these properties and their receptor selectivity. To date, pepducins designed from numerous GPCRs have been studied for their impact on pathologic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases such as thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. This review will focus in particular on pepducins designed from protease-activated receptors, C-X-C motif chemokine receptors, formyl peptide receptors, and the β2-adrenergic receptor. We will discuss the historic context of pepducin development for each receptor, as well as the structural, signaling, pathophysiologic consequences, and therapeutic potential for each pepducin class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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4
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Michael E, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Lipopeptide Pepducins as Therapeutic Agents. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2383:307-333. [PMID: 34766299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1752-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pepducins are lipidated peptides that target the intracellular loops of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in order to modulate transmembrane signaling to internally located effectors. With a wide array of potential activities ranging from partial, biased, or full agonism to antagonism, pepducins represent a versatile class of compounds that can be used to potentially treat diverse human diseases or be employed as novel tools to probe complex mechanisms of receptor activation and signaling in cells and in animals. Here, we describe a number of different pepducins including an advanced compound, PZ-128, that has successfully progressed through phase 2 clinical trials in cardiac patients demonstrating safety and efficacy in suppressing myonecrosis and arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Michael
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Festoff BW, Dockendorff C. The Evolving Concept of Neuro-Thromboinflammation for Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotrauma: A Rationale for PAR1-Targeting Therapies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1558. [PMID: 34827556 PMCID: PMC8615608 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the role of coagulation and fibrinolysis in the nervous system was active in several laboratories dating back before cloning of the functional thrombin receptor in 1991. As one of those, our attention was initially on thrombin and plasminogen activators in synapse formation and elimination in the neuromuscular system, with orientation towards diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and how clotting and fibrinolytic pathways fit into its pathogenesis. This perspective is on neuro-thromboinflammation, emphasizing this emerging concept from studies and reports over more than three decades. It underscores how it may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to treat the ravages of neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on PAR1, ALS, and parmodulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry W. Festoff
- PHLOGISTIX LLC, Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Olson KM, Traynor JR, Alt A. Allosteric Modulator Leads Hiding in Plain Site: Developing Peptide and Peptidomimetics as GPCR Allosteric Modulators. Front Chem 2021; 9:671483. [PMID: 34692635 PMCID: PMC8529114 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.671483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators (AMs) of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are desirable drug targets because they can produce fewer on-target side effects, improved selectivity, and better biological specificity (e.g., biased signaling or probe dependence) than orthosteric drugs. An underappreciated source for identifying AM leads are peptides and proteins-many of which were evolutionarily selected as AMs-derived from endogenous protein-protein interactions (e.g., transducer/accessory proteins), intramolecular receptor contacts (e.g., pepducins or extracellular domains), endogenous peptides, and exogenous libraries (e.g., nanobodies or conotoxins). Peptides offer distinct advantages over small molecules, including high affinity, good tolerability, and good bioactivity, and specific disadvantages, including relatively poor metabolic stability and bioavailability. Peptidomimetics are molecules that combine the advantages of both peptides and small molecules by mimicking the peptide's chemical features responsible for bioactivity while improving its druggability. This review 1) discusses sources and strategies to identify peptide/peptidomimetic AMs, 2) overviews strategies to convert a peptide lead into more drug-like "peptidomimetic," and 3) critically analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and future directions of peptidomimetic AMs. While small molecules will and should play a vital role in AM drug discovery, peptidomimetics can complement and even exceed the advantages of small molecules, depending on the target, site, lead, and associated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew Alt
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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7
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Nassour H, Hoang TA, Martin RD, Dallagnol JCC, Billard É, Létourneau M, Novellino E, Carotenuto A, Allen BG, Tanny JC, Fournier A, Hébert TE, Chatenet D. Lipidated peptides derived from intracellular loops 2 and 3 of the urotensin II receptor act as biased allosteric ligands. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101057. [PMID: 34389356 PMCID: PMC8424217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the urotensinergic system, composed of one G protein-coupled receptor and two endogenous ligands, has garnered significant attention as a promising new target for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, this system is associated with various biomarkers of cardiovascular dysfunctions and is involved in changes in cardiac contractility, fibrosis and hypertrophy contributing, like the angiotensinergic system, to the pathogenesis and progression of heart failure. Significant investment has been made toward the development of clinically relevant UT ligands for therapeutic intervention, but with little or no success to date. This system therefore remains to be therapeutically exploited. Pepducins and other lipidated peptides have been used as both mechanistic probes and potential therapeutics; therefore, pepducins derived from the human urotensin II receptor might represent unique tools to generate signaling bias and study hUT signaling networks. Two hUT-derived pepducins, derived from the second and the third intracellular loop of the receptor (hUT-Pep2 and [Trp1, Leu2]hUT-Pep3, respectively) were synthesized and pharmacologically characterized. Our results demonstrated that hUT-Pep2 and [Trp1, Leu2]hUT-Pep3 acted as biased ago-allosteric modulators, triggered ERK1/2 phosphorylation and to a lesser extent, IP1 production and stimulated cell proliferation yet were devoid of contractile activity. Interestingly, both hUT-derived pepducins were able to modulate human urotensin II (hUII)- and urotensin II-related peptide (URP)-mediated contraction albeit to different extents. These new derivatives represent unique tools to reveal the intricacies of hUT signaling and also a novel avenue for the design of allosteric ligands selectively targeting hUT signaling potentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nassour
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Tuan Anh Hoang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ryan D Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Juliana C C Dallagnol
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Étienne Billard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Myriam Létourneau
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jason C Tanny
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Fournier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Chatenet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Groupe de Recherche en Ingénierie des Peptides et en Pharmacothérapie (GRIPP), Université du Québec, Ville de Laval, Québec, Canada.
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8
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Insights into the Interaction of LVV-Hemorphin-7 with Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010209. [PMID: 33379211 PMCID: PMC7795518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorphins are known for their role in the control of blood pressure. Recently, we revealed the positive modulation of the angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) by LVV-hemorphin-7 (LVV-H7) in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Here, we examined the molecular binding behavior of LVV-H7 on AT1R and its effect on AngII binding using a nanoluciferase-based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (NanoBRET) assay in HEK293FT cells, as well as molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) studies. Saturation and real-time kinetics supported the positive effect of LVV-H7 on the binding of AngII. While the competitive antagonist olmesartan competed with AngII binding, LVV-H7 slightly, but significantly, decreased AngII’s kD by 2.6 fold with no effect on its Bmax. Molecular docking and MD simulations indicated that the binding of LVV-H7 in the intracellular region of AT1R allosterically potentiates AngII binding. LVV-H7 targets residues on intracellular loops 2 and 3 of AT1R, which are known binding sites of allosteric modulators in other GPCRs. Our data demonstrate the allosteric effect of LVV-H7 on AngII binding, which is consistent with the positive modulation of AT1R activity and signaling previously reported. This further supports the pharmacological targeting of AT1R by hemorphins, with implications in vascular and renal physiology.
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9
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Kuliopulos A, Gurbel PA, Rade JJ, Kimmelstiel CD, Turner SE, Bliden KP, Fletcher EK, Cox DH, Covic L. PAR1 (Protease-Activated Receptor 1) Pepducin Therapy Targeting Myocardial Necrosis in Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2990-3003. [PMID: 33028101 PMCID: PMC7682800 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Arterial thrombosis leading to ischemic injury worsens the prognosis of many patients with cardiovascular disease. PZ-128 is a first-in-class pepducin that reversibly inhibits PAR1 (protease-activated receptor 1) on platelets and other vascular cells by targeting the intracellular surface of the receptor. The TRIP-PCI (Thrombin Receptor Inhibitory Pepducin in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) trial was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of PZ-128 in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization with intent to perform percutaneous coronary intervention. Approach and Results: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, 100 patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive PZ-128 (0.3 or 0.5 mg/kg), or placebo in a 2-hour infusion initiated just before the start of cardiac catheterization, on top of standard oral antiplatelet therapy. Rates of the primary end point of bleeding were not different between the combined PZ-128 doses (1.6%, 1/62) and placebo group (0%, 0/35). The secondary end points of major adverse coronary events at 30 and 90 days did not significantly differ but were numerically lower in the PZ-128 groups (0% and 2% in the PZ-128 groups, 6% and 6% with placebo, p=0.13, p=0.29, respectively). In the subgroup of patients with elevated baseline cardiac troponin I, the exploratory end point of 30-day major adverse coronary events + myocardial injury showed 83% events in the placebo group versus 31% events in the combined PZ-128 drug groups, an adjusted relative risk of 0.14 (95% CI, 0.02–0.75); P=0.02. Conclusions: In this first-in-patient experience, PZ-128 added to standard antiplatelet therapy appeared to be safe, well tolerated, and potentially reduced periprocedural myonecrosis, thus providing the basis for further clinical trials. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02561000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athan Kuliopulos
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.K., S.E.T., E.K.F., D.H.C., L.C.)
| | - Paul A Gurbel
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA and Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Jeffrey J Rade
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.J.R)
| | - Carey D Kimmelstiel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (C.D.K.)
| | - Susan E Turner
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.K., S.E.T., E.K.F., D.H.C., L.C.)
| | - Kevin P Bliden
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA and Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Elizabeth K Fletcher
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.K., S.E.T., E.K.F., D.H.C., L.C.)
| | - Daniel H Cox
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.K., S.E.T., E.K.F., D.H.C., L.C.)
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (A.K., S.E.T., E.K.F., D.H.C., L.C.)
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10
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Sogunmez N, Akten ED. Distinctive communication networks in inactive states of β 2 -adrenergic receptor: Mutual information and entropy transfer analysis. Proteins 2020; 88:1458-1471. [PMID: 32530095 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutual information and entropy transfer analysis employed on two inactive states of human beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2 -AR) unraveled distinct communication pathways. Previously, a so-called "highly" inactive state of the receptor was observed during 1.5 microsecond long molecular dynamics simulation where the largest intracellular loop (ICL3) was swiftly packed onto the G-protein binding cavity, becoming entirely inaccessible. Mutual information quantifying the degree of correspondence between backbone-Cα fluctuations was mostly shared between intra- and extra-cellular loop regions in the original inactive state, but shifted to entirely different regions in this latest inactive state. Interestingly, the largest amount of mutual information was always shared among the mobile regions. Irrespective of the conformational state, polar residues always contributed more to mutual information than hydrophobic residues, and also the number of polar-polar residue pairs shared the highest degree of mutual information compared to those incorporating hydrophobic residues. Entropy transfer, quantifying the correspondence between backbone-Cα fluctuations at different timesteps, revealed a distinctive pathway directed from the extracellular site toward intracellular portions in this recently exposed inactive state for which the direction of information flow was the reverse of that observed in the original inactive state where the mobile ICL3 and its intracellular surroundings drove the future fluctuations of extracellular regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Sogunmez
- Graduate Program of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Demet Akten
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Dahlgren C, Holdfeldt A, Lind S, Mårtensson J, Gabl M, Björkman L, Sundqvist M, Forsman H. Neutrophil Signaling That Challenges Dogmata of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Regulated Functions. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:203-220. [PMID: 32296763 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation as well as recruitment of neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte in human blood, to sites of infection/inflammation largely rely on surface-exposed chemoattractant receptors. These receptors belong to the family of 7-transmembrane domain receptors also known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) due to the fact that part of the downstream signaling relies on an activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. The neutrophil GPCRs share significant sequence homologies but bind many structurally diverse activating (agonistic) and inhibiting (antagonistic) ligands, ranging from fatty acids to purines, peptides, and lipopeptides. Recent structural and functional studies of neutrophil receptors have generated important information on GPCR biology in general; this knowledge aids in the overall understanding of general pharmacological principles, governing regulation of neutrophil function and inflammatory processes, including novel leukocyte receptor activities related to ligand recognition, biased/functional selective signaling, allosteric modulation, desensitization mechanisms and reactivation, and communication (cross-talk) between GPCRs. This review summarizes the recent discoveries and pharmacological hallmarks with focus on neutrophil GPCRs. In addition, unmet challenges are dealt with, including recognition by the receptors of diverse ligands and how biased signaling mediates different biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - André Holdfeldt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Simon Lind
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Michael Gabl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Lena Björkman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
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Brouillette RL, Besserer-Offroy É, Mona CE, Chartier M, Lavenus S, Sousbie M, Belleville K, Longpré JM, Marsault É, Grandbois M, Sarret P. Cell-penetrating pepducins targeting the neurotensin receptor type 1 relieve pain. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104750. [PMID: 32151680 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pepducins are cell-penetrating, membrane-tethered lipopeptides designed to target the intracellular region of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in order to allosterically modulate the receptor's signaling output. In this proof-of-concept study, we explored the pain-relief potential of a pepducin series derived from the first intracellular loop of neurotensin receptor type 1 (NTS1), a class A GPCR that mediates many of the effects of the neurotensin (NT) tridecapeptide, including hypothermia, hypotension and analgesia. We used BRET-based biosensors to determine the pepducins' ability to engage G protein signaling pathways associated with NTS1 activation. We observed partial Gαq and Gα13 activation at a 10 μM concentration, indicating that these pepducins may act as allosteric agonists of NTS1. Additionally, we used surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as a label-free assay to monitor pepducin-induced responses in CHO-K1 cells stably expressing hNTS1. This whole-cell integrated assay enabled us to subdivide our pepducin series into three profile response groups. In order to determine the pepducins' antinociceptive potential, we then screened the series in an acute pain model (tail-flick test) by measuring tail withdrawal latencies to a thermal nociceptive stimulus, following intrathecal (i.t.) pepducin administration (275 nmol/kg). We further evaluated promising pepducins in a tonic pain model (formalin test), as well as in neuropathic (Chronic Constriction Injury) and inflammatory (Complete Freund's Adjuvant) chronic pain models. We report one pepducin, PP-001, that consistently reduced rat nociceptive behaviors, even in chronic pain paradigms. Finally, we designed a TAMRA-tagged version of PP-001 and found by confocal microscopy that the pepducin reached the rat dorsal root ganglia post i.t. injection, thus potentially modulating the activity of NTS1 at this location to produce its analgesic effect. Altogether, these results suggest that NTS1-derived pepducins may represent a promising strategy in pain-relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Brouillette
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Élie Besserer-Offroy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Christine E Mona
- Ahmanson Translational Theranostic Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Magali Chartier
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Sandrine Lavenus
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Marc Sousbie
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Karine Belleville
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Éric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Michel Grandbois
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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13
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Guillien M, le Maire A, Mouhand A, Bernadó P, Bourguet W, Banères JL, Sibille N. IDPs and their complexes in GPCR and nuclear receptor signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 174:105-155. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Gandhi DM, Rosas R, Greve E, Kentala K, D-R Diby N, Snyder VA, Stephans A, Yeung THW, Subramaniam S, DiMilo E, Kurtenbach KE, Arnold LA, Weiler H, Dockendorff C. The parmodulin NRD-21 is an allosteric inhibitor of PAR1 Gq signaling with improved anti-inflammatory activity and stability. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3788-3796. [PMID: 31320211 PMCID: PMC6706283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel analogs of the allosteric, biased PAR1 ligand ML161 (parmodulin 2, PM2) were prepared in order to identify potential anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory compounds of the parmodulin class with improved properties. Investigations of structure-activity relationships of the western portion of the 1,3-diaminobenzene scaffold were performed using an intracellular calcium mobilization assay with endothelial cells, and several heterocycles were identified that inhibited PAR1 at sub-micromolar concentrations. The oxazole NRD-21 was profiled in additional detail, and it was confirmed to act as a selective, reversible, negative allosteric modulator of PAR1. In addition to inhibiting human platelet aggregation, it showed superior anti-inflammatory activity to ML161 in a qPCR assay measuring the expression of tissue factor in response to the cytokine TNF-alpha in endothelial cells. Additionally, NRD-21 is much more plasma stable than ML161, and is a promising lead compound for the parmodulin class for anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha M Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Ricardo Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Eric Greve
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Kaitlin Kentala
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - N'Guessan D-R Diby
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Vladyslava A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Allison Stephans
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Teresa H W Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | | | - Elliot DiMilo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Khia E Kurtenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA.
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15
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Barr TP, Garzia C, Guha S, Fletcher EK, Nguyen N, Wieschhaus AJ, Ferrer L, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. PAR2 Pepducin-Based Suppression of Inflammation and Itch in Atopic Dermatitis Models. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:412-421. [PMID: 30287285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PAR2 has been proposed to contribute to lesion formation and intense itch in atopic dermatitis. Here, we tested the ability of a cell-penetrating pepducin, PZ-235, to mitigate the potentially deleterious effects of PAR2 in models of atopic dermatitis. PZ-235 significantly inhibited PAR2-mediated expression of inflammatory factors NF-κB, TSLP, TNF-α, and differentiation marker K10 by 94%-98% (P < 0.001) in human keratinocytes and suppressed IL-4 and IL-13 by 68%-83% (P < 0.05) in mast cells. In delayed pepducin treatment models of oxazolone- and DNFB-induced dermatitis, PZ-235 significantly attenuated skin thickening by 43%-100% (P < 0.01) and leukocyte crusting by 57% (P < 0.05), and it inhibited ex vivo chemotaxis of leukocytes toward PAR2 agonists. Daily PZ-235 treatment of filaggrin-deficient mice exposed to dust mite allergens for 8 weeks significantly suppressed total leukocyte and T-cell infiltration by 50%-68%; epidermal thickness by 60%-77%; and skin thickening, scaling, excoriation, and total lesion severity score by 46%-56%. PZ-235 significantly reduced itching caused by wasp venom peptide degranulation of mast cells in mice by 51% (P < 0.05), which was comparable to the protective effects conferred by PAR2 deficiency. Taken together, these results suggest that a PAR2 pepducin may confer broad therapeutic benefits as a disease-modifying treatment for atopic dermatitis and itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Barr
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Garzia
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Srijoy Guha
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Fletcher
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam J Wieschhaus
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lluis Ferrer
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center of Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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16
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Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Protease-Activated Receptor 1 as Therapeutic Target in Breast, Lung, and Ovarian Cancer: Pepducin Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082237. [PMID: 30065181 PMCID: PMC6121574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to a large family of diverse receptors that are well recognized as pharmacological targets. However, very few of these receptors have been pursued as oncology drug targets. The Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), which is a G-protein coupled receptor, has been shown to act as an oncogene and is an emerging anti-cancer drug target. In this paper, we provide an overview of PAR1’s biased signaling role in metastatic cancers of the breast, lungs, and ovaries and describe the development of PAR1 inhibitors that are currently in clinical use to treat acute coronary syndromes. PAR1 inhibitor PZ-128 is in a Phase II clinical trial and is being developed to prevent ischemic and thrombotic complication of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. PZ-128 belongs to a new class of cell-penetrating, membrane-tethered peptides named pepducins that are based on the intracellular loops of receptors targeting the receptor G-protein interface. Application of PZ-128 as an anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent in breast, lung, and ovarian cancer is being reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Covic
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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17
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Chaturvedi M, Schilling J, Beautrait A, Bouvier M, Benovic JL, Shukla AK. Emerging Paradigm of Intracellular Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:533-546. [PMID: 29735399 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recognize a diverse array of extracellular stimuli, and they mediate a broad repertoire of signaling events involved in human physiology. Although the major effort on targeting GPCRs has typically been focused on their extracellular surface, a series of recent developments now unfold the possibility of targeting them from the intracellular side as well. Allosteric modulators binding to the cytoplasmic surface of GPCRs have now been described, and their structural mechanisms are elucidated by high-resolution crystal structures. Furthermore, pepducins, aptamers, and intrabodies targeting the intracellular face of GPCRs have also been successfully utilized to modulate receptor signaling. Moreover, small molecule compounds, aptamers, and synthetic intrabodies targeting β-arrestins have also been discovered to modulate GPCR endocytosis and signaling. Here, we discuss the emerging paradigm of intracellular targeting of GPCRs, and outline the current challenges, potential opportunities, and future outlook in this particular area of GPCR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Chaturvedi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Justin Schilling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alexandre Beautrait
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India.
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18
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Ortiz Zacarías NV, Lenselink EB, IJzerman AP, Handel TM, Heitman LH. Intracellular Receptor Modulation: Novel Approach to Target GPCRs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:547-559. [PMID: 29653834 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent crystal structures of multiple G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have revealed a highly conserved intracellular pocket that can be used to modulate these receptors from the inside. This novel intracellular site partially overlaps with the G protein and β-arrestin binding site, providing a new manner of pharmacological intervention. Here we provide an update of the architecture and function of the intracellular region of GPCRs, until now portrayed as the signaling domain. We review the available evidence on the presence of intracellular binding sites among chemokine receptors and other class A GPCRs, as well as different strategies to target it, including small molecules, pepducins, and nanobodies. Finally, the potential advantages of intracellular (allosteric) ligands over orthosteric ligands are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eelke B Lenselink
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tracy M Handel
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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19
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Flaumenhaft R, De Ceunynck K. Targeting PAR1: Now What? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:701-716. [PMID: 28558960 PMCID: PMC5580498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a ubiquitously expressed class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that enable cells to respond to proteases in the extracellular environment in a nuanced and dynamic manner. PAR1 is the archetypal family member and has been the object of large-scale drug development programs since the 1990s. Vorapaxar and drotrecogin-alfa are approved PAR1-targeted therapeutics, but safety concerns have limited the clinical use of vorapaxar and questions regarding the efficacy of drotrecogin-alfa led to its withdrawal from the market. New understanding of mechanisms of PAR1 function, discovery of improved strategies for modifying PAR1 function, and identification of novel indications for PAR1 modulators have provided new opportunities for therapies targeting PAR1. In this review, we critically evaluate prospects for the next generation of PAR1-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Karen De Ceunynck
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) as targets for antiplatelet therapy. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:606-12. [PMID: 27068977 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family as mediators of serine protease activity in the 1990s, there has been tremendous progress in the elucidation of their pathophysiological roles. The development of drugs that target PARs has been the focus of many laboratories for the potential treatment of thrombosis, cancer and other inflammatory diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of PAR activation and G protein signalling pathways evoked in response to the growing list of endogenous proteases has yielded great insight into receptor regulation at the molecular level. This has led to the development of new selective modulators of PAR activity, particularly PAR1. The mixed success of targeting PARs has been best exemplified in the context of inhibiting PAR1 as a new antiplatelet therapy. The development of the competitive PAR1 antagonist, vorapaxar (Zontivity), has clearly shown the value in targeting PAR1 in acute coronary syndrome (ACS); however the severity of associated bleeding with this drug has limited its use in the clinic. Due to the efficacy of thrombin acting via PAR1, strategies to selectively inhibit specific PAR1-mediated G protein signalling pathways or to target the second thrombin platelet receptor, PAR4, are being devised. The rationale behind these alternative approaches is to bias downstream thrombin activity via PARs to allow for inhibition of pro-thrombotic pathways but maintain other pathways that may preserve haemostatic balance and improve bleeding profiles for widespread clinical use. This review summarizes the structural determinants that regulate PARs and the modulators of PAR activity developed to date.
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Abstract
A number of novel lipopeptides have been studied for their possible therapeutic potential. These studies should be supported by the appropriate analytical tools not only for novel potential drugs but also for their metabolites, precursors and side products. Lipopeptides have specific physicochemical properties that make them successful in medical applications. However, there are some difficulties with their qualitative and quantitative analyses in biological samples. Therefore, reliable, sensitive and robust analytical methods are in high demand. The main interest of our review is to describe a selection of specific and important properties of lipopeptides, and the analytical methods currently utilized for their characterization and determination in biological samples. A comparison of the pros and cons of immunomethods versus LC-MS methods is discussed in detail.
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Shearer AM, Rana R, Austin K, Baleja JD, Nguyen N, Bohm A, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Targeting Liver Fibrosis with a Cell-penetrating Protease-activated Receptor-2 (PAR2) Pepducin. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23188-23198. [PMID: 27613872 PMCID: PMC5087736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure for which there are currently no approved treatments. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is an emerging new target expressed on liver stellate cells and hepatocytes that regulates the response to liver injury and inflammation. Here, we identified a pepducin to block the deleterious actions of PAR2 in promoting liver fibrosis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and early fibrosis were induced by the methionine-choline-deficient diet in mice. Fibrotic liver disease was induced by administering carbon tetrachloride for 8 weeks. Mice were treated with the pepducin PZ-235 either from onset of the experiment or after fibrosis was established. Hepatic fibrosis, collagen content, inflammatory cytokines, steatosis, triglycerides, and NAFLD activity score were assessed as primary outcome parameters depending on the model. The activity of the PAR2 pepducin on cultured stellate cell activation and hepatocyte reactive oxygen species production was evaluated. PZ-235 significantly suppressed liver fibrosis, collagen deposition, inflammatory cytokines, NAFLD activity score, steatosis, triglycerides, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and stellate cell proliferation by up to 50-100%. The PAR2 inhibitor afforded significant protective effects against hepatocellular necrosis and attenuated PAR2-mediated reactive oxygen species production in hepatocytes. PZ-235 was distributed to liver and other mouse tissues and was found to form a well structured α-helix that closely resembles the juxtamembrane helical region of the analogous TM6 and third intracellular region of the intact receptor that is critical for coupling to internal G proteins. The ability of PZ-235 to effectively suppress fibrosis, hepatocellular necrosis, reactive oxygen species production, steatosis, and inflammation indicates the potential for PAR2 pepducin inhibitors to be broadly efficacious in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Shearer
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Rajashree Rana
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
| | - Karyn Austin
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - James D Baleja
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Nga Nguyen
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
| | - Andrew Bohm
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Lidija Covic
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry/Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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23
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Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Turner SE, Tantry US, Gesheff MG, Barr TP, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Cell-Penetrating Pepducin Therapy Targeting PAR1 in Subjects With Coronary Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:189-97. [PMID: 26681756 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pepducins are membrane-tethered, cell-penetrating lipopeptides that target the cytoplasmic surface of their cognate receptor. Here, we report the first human use of a protease-activated receptor-1-based pepducin, which is intended as an antiplatelet agent to prevent ischemic complications of percutaneous coronary interventions. APPROACH AND RESULTS PZ-128 was administered by 1 to 2 hours continuous intravenous infusion (0.01-2 mg/kg) to 31 subjects with coronary artery disease or multiple coronary artery disease risk factors. Safety, antiplatelet efficacy, and pharmacokinetics were assessed at baseline and 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 24 hours, and 7 to 10 days postdosing. The inhibitory effects of PZ-128 on platelet aggregation stimulated by the protease-activated receptor-1 agonist SFLLRN (8 μmol/L) at 30 minutes to 6 hours were dose dependent with 20% to 40% inhibition at 0.3 mg/kg, 40% to 60% at 0.5 mg/kg, and ≥ 80% to 100% at 1 to 2 mg/kg. The subgroup receiving aspirin in the 0.5 and 1-mg/kg dose cohorts had 65% to 100% inhibition of final aggregation to SFLLRN at 30 minutes to 2 hours and 95% to 100% inhibition by 6 hours. The inhibitory effects of 0.5 mg/kg PZ-128 were reversible with 50% recovery of aggregation to SFLLRN by 24 hours. There were no significant effects of PZ-128 on aggregation induced by AYPGKF, ADP, or collagen, indicating that the observed effects were specific to protease-activated receptor-1. The plasma half-life was 1.3 to 1.8 hours, and PZ-128 was nondetectable in urine. There were no effects on bleeding, coagulation, clinical chemistry, or ECG parameters. CONCLUSIONS PZ-128 is a promising antiplatelet agent that provides rapid, specific, dose dependent, and reversible inhibition of platelet protease-activated receptor-1 through a novel intracellular mechanism. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01806077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Gurbel
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B., U.S.T., M.G.G.); and the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, MORI, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.E.T., T.P.B., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Kevin P Bliden
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B., U.S.T., M.G.G.); and the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, MORI, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.E.T., T.P.B., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Susan E Turner
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B., U.S.T., M.G.G.); and the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, MORI, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.E.T., T.P.B., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Udaya S Tantry
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B., U.S.T., M.G.G.); and the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, MORI, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.E.T., T.P.B., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Martin G Gesheff
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B., U.S.T., M.G.G.); and the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, MORI, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.E.T., T.P.B., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Travis P Barr
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B., U.S.T., M.G.G.); and the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, MORI, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.E.T., T.P.B., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Lidija Covic
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B., U.S.T., M.G.G.); and the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, MORI, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.E.T., T.P.B., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B., U.S.T., M.G.G.); and the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, MORI, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.E.T., T.P.B., L.C., A.K.).
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Boulton S, Melacini G. Advances in NMR Methods To Map Allosteric Sites: From Models to Translation. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6267-304. [PMID: 27111288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last five years have witnessed major developments in the understanding of the allosteric phenomenon, broadly defined as coupling between remote molecular sites. Such advances have been driven not only by new theoretical models and pharmacological applications of allostery, but also by progress in the experimental approaches designed to map allosteric sites and transitions. Among these techniques, NMR spectroscopy has played a major role given its unique near-atomic resolution and sensitivity to the dynamics that underlie allosteric couplings. Here, we highlight recent progress in the NMR methods tailored to investigate allostery with the goal of offering an overview of which NMR approaches are best suited for which allosterically relevant questions. The picture of the allosteric "NMR toolbox" is provided starting from one of the simplest models of allostery (i.e., the four-state thermodynamic cycle) and continuing to more complex multistate mechanisms. We also review how such an "NMR toolbox" has assisted the elucidation of the allosteric molecular basis for disease-related mutations and the discovery of novel leads for allosteric drugs. From this overview, it is clear that NMR plays a central role not only in experimentally validating transformative theories of allostery, but also in tapping the full translational potential of allosteric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Boulton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University , 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University , 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4M1, Canada
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25
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From biased signalling to polypharmacology: unlocking unique intracellular signalling using pepducins. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:555-61. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
For over a decade, pepducins have been utilized to develop unique pharmacological profiles that have been particularly challenging for traditional drug discovery methods. It is becoming increasingly clear that these cell-penetrating lipopeptides can access receptor conformations that are currently not accessible through orthosteric targeting. This review addresses the emerging concepts in the development of pepducins including the elicitation of biased signalling, pepducin polypharmacology and recent insight into their mechanism of action.
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain a major domain of pharmaceutical discovery. The identification of GPCR lead compounds and their optimization are now structure-based, thanks to advances in X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling, protein engineering and biophysical techniques. In silico screening provides useful hit molecules. New pharmacological approaches to tuning the pleotropic action of GPCRs include: allosteric modulators, biased ligands, GPCR heterodimer-targeted compounds, manipulation of polypharmacology, receptor antibodies and tailoring of drug molecules to fit GPCR pharmacogenomics. Measurements of kinetics and drug efficacy are factors influencing clinical success. With the exception of inhibitors of GPCR kinases, targeting of intracellular GPCR signaling or receptor cycling for therapeutic purposes remains a futuristic concept. New assay approaches are more efficient and multidimensional: cell-based, label-free, fluorescence-based assays, and biosensors. Tailoring GPCR drugs to a patient's genetic background is now being considered. Chemoinformatic tools can predict ADME-tox properties. New imaging technology visualizes drug action in vivo. Thus, there is reason to be optimistic that new technology for GPCR ligand discovery will help reverse the current narrowing of the pharmaceutical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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