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Rahlwes KC, Dias BR, Campos PC, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Shiloh MU. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2023; 14:2150449. [PMID: 36419223 PMCID: PMC9817126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its highly evolved repertoire of non-protein and protein virulence factors, Mtb invades through the airway, subverts host immunity, establishes its survival niche, and ultimately escapes in the setting of active disease to initiate another round of infection in a naive host. In this review, we will provide a concise synopsis of the infectious life cycle of Mtb and its clinical and epidemiologic significance. We will also take stock of its virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms that modulate host immunity and facilitate its spread. Developing a greater understanding of the interface between Mtb virulence factors and host defences will enable progress toward improved vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Rahlwes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz R.S. Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Priscila C. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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2
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Sengupta S, Pattanaik KP, Mishra S, Sonawane A. Epigenetic orchestration of host immune defences by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127400. [PMID: 37196490 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Being among the top 10 causes of adult deaths, tuberculosis (TB) disease is considered a major global public health concern to address. The human tuberculosis pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an extremely competent and well-versed pathogen that promotes pathogenesis by evading the host immune systems through numerous tactics. Investigations revealed that Mtb could evade the host defense mechanisms by reconfiguring the host gene transcription and causing epigenetic changes. Although results indicate the link between epigenetics and disease manifestation in other bacterial infections, little is known regarding the kinetics of the epigenetic alterations in mycobacterial infection. This literature review discusses the studies in Mtb-induced epigenetic alterations inside the host and its contribution in the host immune evasion strategies. It also discusses how the Mtb-induced alterations could be used as 'epibiomarkers' to diagnose TB. Additionally, this review also discusses therapeutic interventions to be enhanced through remodification by 'epidrugs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabasti Sengupta
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Kali Prasad Pattanaik
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institutes of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India.
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3
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Witt KD. Role of MHC class I pathways in Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen presentation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1107884. [PMID: 37009503 PMCID: PMC10050577 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC class I antigen processing is an underappreciated area of nonviral host–pathogen interactions, bridging both immunology and cell biology, where the pathogen’s natural life cycle involves little presence in the cytoplasm. The effective response to MHC-I foreign antigen presentation is not only cell death but also phenotypic changes in other cells and stimulation of the memory cells ready for the next antigen reoccurrence. This review looks at the MHC-I antigen processing pathway and potential alternative sources of the antigens, focusing on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as an intracellular pathogen that co-evolved with humans and developed an array of decoy strategies to survive in a hostile environment by manipulating host immunity to its own advantage. As that happens via the selective antigen presentation process, reinforcement of the effective antigen recognition on MHC-I molecules may stimulate subsets of effector cells that act earlier and more locally. Vaccines against tuberculosis (TB) could potentially eliminate this disease, yet their development has been slow, and success is limited in the context of this global disease’s spread. This review’s conclusions set out potential directions for MHC-I-focused approaches for the next generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina D. Witt
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Karolina D. Witt,
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Gautam S, Qureshi KA, Jameel Pasha SB, Dhanasekaran S, Aspatwar A, Parkkila S, Alanazi S, Atiya A, Khan MMU, Venugopal D. Medicinal Plants as Therapeutic Alternatives to Combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030541. [PMID: 36978408 PMCID: PMC10044459 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and a significant health concern worldwide. The main threat to the elimination of TB is the development of resistance by MTB to the currently used antibiotics and more extended treatment methods, which is a massive burden on the health care system. As a result, there is an urgent need to identify new, effective therapeutic strategies with fewer adverse effects. The traditional medicines found in South Asia and Africa have a reservoir of medicinal plants and plant-based compounds that are considered another reliable option for human beings to treat various diseases. Abundant research is available for the biotherapeutic potential of naturally occurring compounds in various diseases but has been lagging in the area of TB. Plant-based compounds, or phytoproducts, are being investigated as potential anti-mycobacterial agents by reducing bacterial burden or modulating the immune system, thereby minimizing adverse effects. The efficacy of these phytochemicals has been evaluated through drug delivery using nanoformulations. This review aims to emphasize the value of anti-TB compounds derived from plants and provide a summary of current research on phytochemicals with potential anti-mycobacterial activity against MTB. This article aims to inform readers about the numerous potential herbal treatment options available for combatting TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvi Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India
| | - Kamal A. Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (K.A.Q.); (D.V.)
| | | | - Sugapriya Dhanasekaran
- Department of Molecular Analytics, Institute of Bioinformatics, SSE-SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Samyah Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akhtar Atiya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Masih Uzzaman Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Divya Venugopal
- Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India
- Correspondence: (K.A.Q.); (D.V.)
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5
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Liao H, Zhang N, Pan L, Du J, Liu J, Zheng Y. Predictors for pulmonary artery involvement in Takayasu arteritis and its cluster analysis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:9. [PMID: 36639641 PMCID: PMC9840297 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical characteristics and the site of pulmonary involvement in Takayasu arteritis (TAK) patients with pulmonary artery involvement (PAI). METHODS We retrospectively investigated data of 141 TAK patients. The clinical and image data of the patients with and without PAI were analyzed and compared. The patients were followed up. The major outcome was all-cause mortality. The minor outcome was exacerbation or new occurrence of PAI, which leads to disease progression events. RESULTS For the 141 TAK patients considered, PAI was detected in 65 (46.1%) patients. TAK patients with PAI had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of events than those without PAI (P < 0.001). The frequencies of the following were significantly higher in TAK with PAI than those in TAK without PAI: disease duration [median 96 months (IQR: 24-174) vs. median 42 months (IQR: 6-120); P = 0.012], hemoptysis (10.8% vs. 1.32%; P = 0.040), oppression in the chest (40.0% vs. 21.1%; P = 0.014), fever (23.1% vs. 9.21%; P = 0.024), Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (21.5% vs. 6.57%; P = 0.010), pulmonary hypertension (PAH) (21.5% vs. 2.6%; P < 0.001), pulmonary infarction (41.5% vs. 0%; P < 0.001), and hypoxemia (18.5% vs. 1.3%; P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis of data of TAK patients with symptom presentation showed that oppression in the chest (OR: 2.304; 95% CI: 1.024-5.183; P = 0.044) and thoracic aorta involvement (OR: 2.819; 95% CI: 1.165-6.833; P = 0.022) were associated with PAI. The cluster analysis performed for data of TAK patients with PAI revealed that the cluster characterized as the upper lobe of the right lung (Cluster1) had the worst prognosis. CONCLUSION In TAK, PAI is associated with thoracic aorta involvement. In TAK patients with PAI, the involvement of the upper lobe of the right lung is characterized with the worst prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liao
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartments of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartments of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Pan
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartments of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartments of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartments of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Departments of Rheumatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, #8 Gong-Ti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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6
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Bar-Oz M, Meir M, Barkan D. Virulence-Associated Secretion in Mycobacterium abscessus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938895. [PMID: 35880173 PMCID: PMC9308005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a heterogeneous group of originally environmental organi3sms, increasingly recognized as pathogens with rising prevalence worldwide. Knowledge of NTM’s mechanisms of virulence is lacking, as molecular research of these bacteria is challenging, sometimes more than that of M. tuberculosis (Mtb), and far less resources are allocated to their investigation. While some of the virulence mechanisms are common to several mycobacteria including Mtb, others NTM species-specific. Among NTMs, Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) causes some of the most severe and difficult to treat infections, especially chronic pulmonary infections. Mabs survives and proliferates intracellularly by circumventing host defenses, using multiple mechanisms, many of which remain poorly characterized. Some of these immune-evasion mechanisms are also found in Mtb, including phagosome pore formation, inhibition of phagosome maturation, cytokine response interference and apoptosis delay. While much is known of the role of Mtb-secreted effector molecules in mediating the manipulation of the host response, far less is known of the secreted effector molecules in Mabs. In this review, we briefly summarize the knowledge of secreted effectors in Mtb (such as ESX secretion, SecA2, TAT and others), and draw the parallel pathways in Mabs. We also describe pathways that are unique to Mabs, differentiating it from Mtb. This review will assist researchers interested in virulence-associated secretion in Mabs by providing the knowledge base and framework for their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bar-Oz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Meir
- The Ruth Rappaport Children’s Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel Barkan
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Daniel Barkan,
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7
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Salaikumaran MR, Badiger VP, Burra VLSP. 16S rRNA Methyltransferases as Novel Drug Targets Against Tuberculosis. Protein J 2022; 41:97-130. [PMID: 35112243 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-10029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) whose natural history traces back to 70,000 years. TB remains a major global health burden. Methylation is a type of post-replication, post-transcriptional and post-translational epi-genetic modification involved in transcription, translation, replication, tissue specific expression, embryonic development, genomic imprinting, genome stability and chromatin structure, protein protein interactions and signal transduction indicating its indispensable role in survival of a pathogen like M.tb. The pathogens use this epigenetic mechanism to develop resistance against certain drug molecules and survive the lethality. Drug resistance has become a major challenge to tackle and also a major concern raised by WHO. Methyltransferases are enzymes that catalyze the methylation of various substrates. None of the current TB targets belong to methyltransferases which provides therapeutic opportunities to develop novel drugs through studying methyltransferases as potential novel targets against TB. Targeting 16S rRNA methyltransferases serves two purposes simultaneously: a) translation inhibition and b) simultaneous elimination of the ability to methylate its substrates hence stopping the emergence of drug resistance strains. There are ~ 40 different rRNA methyltransferases and 13 different 16S rRNA specific methyltransferases which are unexplored and provide a huge opportunity for treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Salaikumaran
- Centre for Advanced Research and Innovation in Structural Biology of Diseases, K L E F (Deemed To Be) University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522 502, India
| | - Veena P Badiger
- Centre for Advanced Research and Innovation in Structural Biology of Diseases, K L E F (Deemed To Be) University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522 502, India
| | - V L S Prasad Burra
- Centre for Advanced Research and Innovation in Structural Biology of Diseases, K L E F (Deemed To Be) University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522 502, India.
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8
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Sharma M, Singh P. Role of TlyA in the Biology of Uncultivable Mycobacteria. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022; 25:1587-1594. [PMID: 35021968 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220111150923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
TlyA proteins are related to distinct functions in a diverse spectrum of bacterial pathogens including mycobacterial spp. There are several annotated proteins function as hemolysin or pore forming molecules that play an important role in the virulence of pathogenic organisms. Many studies reported the dual activity of mycobacterial TlyA as 'hemolysin' and 'S-adenosylmethionine dependent rRNA methylase'. To act as a hemolysin, a sequence must have a signal sequence and transmembrane segment which helps the protein to enter the extracellular environment. Interestingly, the mycobacterial tlyA has neither a traditional signal sequences of general/sec/tat pathways nor any transmembrane segments are present. Still it can reach the extracellular milieu with the help of non-classical signal mechanisms. Also, retention of tlyA in cultivable mycobacterial pathogens (such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. marinum) as well as uncultivated mycobacterial pathogens despite their extreme reductive evolution (such as M. leprae, M. lepromatosis and M. uberis) suggests its crucial role in evolutionary biology of pathogenic mycobacteria. Numerous virulence factors have been characterised from the uncultivable mycobacteria but the information of TlyA protein is still limited in terms of molecular and structural characterisation. The genomic insights offered by comparative analysis of TlyA sequences and its conserved domains reveal its pore forming activity which further confirms its role as a virulence protein, particularly in uncultivable mycobacteria. Therefore, this review presents a comparative analysis of mycobacterial TlyA family by sequence homology and alignment to improve our understanding of this unconventional hemolysin and RNA methyltransferase TlyA of uncultivable mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
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9
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Wu L, Luo PP, Tian YH, Chen LY, Zhang YL. Clinical efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 combined with multi-modality chemotherapy and its effects on immune function of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with diabetes. Pak J Med Sci 2022; 38:179-184. [PMID: 35035422 PMCID: PMC8713191 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.38.1.4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) combined with multi-modality chemotherapy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) complicated with diabetes and discuss the effects of such combination therapy on lymphocyte subsets and sputum levels of cytokines. Methods: A total of 120 patients with PTB complicated with diabetes admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology from January 2017 to January 2018 were included in this study and randomly divided into an experimental group (Tα1 group, n=60) and a control group (n=60). Clinical efficacy and adverse drug reactions were observed and compared between the two groups. Blood samples were collected for lymphocyte (NK cell and T cell subsets) levels by flow cytometry, and sputum samples were collected for cytokine (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and TNF-α) levels by ELISA. Results: Two groups showed no statistically significant difference in sputum culture-negative conversion rate, chest lesion absorption rate, and cavity closure rate (P>0.05) after 6 months of treatment. However, after 12 months, the sputum culture-negative conversion rate, chest lesion absorption rate, and cavity closure rate in the Tα1 group increased compared with the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was a significant increase in CD3+, CD4+, NK-cells lymphocytes after six months in the Tα1 group than in the control group, whereas the CD8+, Th17, Treg lymphocytes in the Tα1 group were substantially lower than in the control group, with the differences showing statistical significance (P<0.05, respectively). After six months of treatment, the sputum supernatant levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the Tα1 group were lower than in the control group, whereas the sputum supernatant levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in the Tα1 group were higher than in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Tα1 combined with multi-modality chemotherapy has a visible curative effect on PTB patients with diabetes as it can regulate immune function and reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines. As a safe combination therapy, it seems promising for further use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Li Wu, Department of infection, Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Pei-Pei Luo
- Pei-pei Luo, Department of infection, Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Yan-Hong Tian
- Yan-hong Tian, Department of infection, Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Lai-Yin Chen
- Lai-yin Chen, Department of infection, Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- Yan-li Zhang, Department of Infectious Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, China
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10
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Fatima S, Kumari A, Dwivedi VP. Advances in adjunct therapy against tuberculosis: Deciphering the emerging role of phytochemicals. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:494-513. [PMID: 34977867 PMCID: PMC8706769 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eastern countries are a major source of medicinal plants, which set up a rich source of ethnopharmacologically known medicines used in the treatment of various diseases. These traditional medicines have been known as complementary, alternative, or nonconventional therapy across globe for ages. Tuberculosis (TB) poses a huge global burden and leads to maximum number of deaths due to an infectious agent. Treatment of TB using Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) therapy comprises multiple antibiotics is quite lengthy and causes serious side-effects in different organs. The length of the TB treatment leads to withdrawal from the patients, which paves the way for the emergence of drug resistance in the bacterial population. These concerns related to therapy need serious and immediate interventions. Traditional medicines using phytochemicals has shown to provide tremendous potential in TB treatment, mainly in the eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), increasing natural immunity, and managing the side effects of anti-TB drugs. This review describes the antituberculosis potential of selected ethnopharmacologically important phytochemicals as potential immune-modulator and as an adjunct-therapy in TB. This review will be a useful reference for researchers working on ethnopharmacology and will open the door for the discovery of novel agents as an adjunct-therapy to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Fatima
- Immunobiology GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Anjna Kumari
- Immunobiology GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
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11
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Sarangi A, Das BS, Patnaik G, Sarkar S, Debnath M, Mohan M, Bhattacharya D. Potent anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity of some bioactive molecules of Indian ethnomedicinal plants that have the potential to enter in TB management. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1578-1599. [PMID: 33772980 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases of human civilization. Approximately one-third of global population is latently infected with the TB pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). The discovery of anti-TB antibiotics leads to decline in death rate of TB. However, the evolution of antibiotic-resistant M.tb-strain and the resurgence of different immune-compromised diseases re-escalated the death rate of TB. WHO has already cautioned about the chances of pandemic situation in TB endemic countries until the discovery of new anti-tubercular drugs, that is, the need of the hour. Analysing the pathogenesis of TB, it was found that M.tb evades the host by altering the balance of immune response and affects either by killing the cells or by creating inflammation. In the pre-antibiotic era, traditional medicines were only therapeutic measures for different infectious diseases including tuberculosis. The ancient literatures of India or ample Indian traditional knowledge and ethnomedicinal practices are evidence for the treatment of TB using different indigenous plants. However, in the light of modern scientific approach, anti-TB effects of those plants and their bioactive molecules were not established thoroughly. In this review, focus has been given on five bioactive molecules of different traditionally used Indian ethnomedicinal plants for treatment of TB or TB-like symptom. These compounds are also validated with proper identification and their mode of action with modern scientific approaches. The effectiveness of these molecules for sensitive or drug-resistant TB pathogen in clinical or preclinical studies was also evaluated. Thus, our specific aim is to highlight such scientifically validated bioactive compounds having anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity for future use as medicine or adjunct-therapeutic molecule for TB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarangi
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SOA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B S Das
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SOA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - G Patnaik
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - S Sarkar
- Barsal High School, Rampurhat, West Bengal, India
| | - M Debnath
- Panskura Banamali College (Autonomous), Vidyasagar University, Panskura, West Bengal, India
| | - M Mohan
- ICMR-National Institute of Malarial Research (NIMR), New Delhi, India
| | - D Bhattacharya
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SOA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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12
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Augenstreich J, Briken V. Host Cell Targets of Released Lipid and Secreted Protein Effectors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:595029. [PMID: 33194845 PMCID: PMC7644814 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a very successful pathogen, strictly adapted to humans and the cause of tuberculosis. Its success is associated with its ability to inhibit host cell intrinsic immune responses by using an arsenal of virulence factors of different nature. It has evolved to synthesize a series of complex lipids which form an outer membrane and may also be released to enter host cell membranes. In addition, secreted protein effectors of Mtb are entering the host cell cytosol to interact with host cell proteins. We briefly discuss the current model, involving the ESX-1 type seven secretion system and the Mtb lipid phthiocerol dimycoserosate (PDIM), of how Mtb creates pores in the phagosomal membrane to allow Mtb proteins to access to the host cell cytosol. We provide an exhaustive list of Mtb secreted proteins that have effector functions. They modify (mostly inhibit but sometimes activate) host cell pathways such as: phagosome maturation, cell death, cytokine response, xenophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) response via NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), nitric oxide (NO) response via NO Synthase 2 (NOS2) and antigen presentation via MHC class I and class II molecules. We discuss the host cell targets for each lipid and protein effector and the importance of the Mtb effector for virulence of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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13
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Bhaskar A, Kumari A, Singh M, Kumar S, Kumar S, Dabla A, Chaturvedi S, Yadav V, Chattopadhyay D, Prakash Dwivedi V. [6]-Gingerol exhibits potent anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity against tuberculosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106809. [PMID: 32693356 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The currently available anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) comprises exclusively of anti-bacterial drugs, is very lengthy, has adverse side effects on the host and leads to the generation of drug-resistant variants. Therefore, a combination therapy directed against the pathogen and the host is required to counter tuberculosis (TB). Here we demonstrate that [6]-Gingerol, one of the most potent and pharmacologically active ingredients of ginger restricted mycobacterial growth inside the lungs, spleen and liver of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The spleen of [6]-Gingerol treated mice displayed increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced Th1/Th17 responses confirming the immunomodulatory action of [6]-Gingerol. Finally, [6]-Gingerol displayed an excellent potential as an adjunct drug, along with front line anti-TB drug isoniazid. Interestingly, [6]-Gingerol displayed stark anti-tubercular activity against dormant/starved bacilli and drug-resistant variants of Mtb. Taken together, these results indicate strong prospects of [6]-Gingerol as an adjunct anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhaskar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
| | - Anjna Kumari
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mona Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Dabla
- Signal Transduction Laboratory-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivam Chaturvedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Haryana, India
| | | | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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14
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Golubev A, Fatkhullin B, Khusainov I, Jenner L, Gabdulkhakov A, Validov S, Yusupova G, Yusupov M, Usachev K. Cryo‐EM structure of the ribosome functional complex of the human pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
at 3.2 Å resolution. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3551-3567. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Golubev
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Russia
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR7104INSERM U964Université de Strasbourg Illkirch France
| | - Bulat Fatkhullin
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Russia
- Institute of Protein Research Russian Academy of Sciences Puschino Russia
| | - Iskander Khusainov
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Russia
- Department of Molecular Sociology Max Planck Institute of Biophysics Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Lasse Jenner
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR7104INSERM U964Université de Strasbourg Illkirch France
| | - Azat Gabdulkhakov
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Russia
- Institute of Protein Research Russian Academy of Sciences Puschino Russia
| | - Shamil Validov
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Russia
| | - Gulnara Yusupova
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR7104INSERM U964Université de Strasbourg Illkirch France
| | - Marat Yusupov
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Russia
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR7104INSERM U964Université de Strasbourg Illkirch France
| | - Konstantin Usachev
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Russia
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15
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LPS restores protective immunity in macrophages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis via autophagy. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Sałamaszyńska-Guz A, Serafińska I, Bącal P, Douthwaite S. Virulence properties of Campylobacter jejuni are enhanced by displaying a mycobacterial TlyA methylation pattern in its rRNA. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13199. [PMID: 32134554 PMCID: PMC7317525 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen that is generally acquired as a zoonotic infection from poultry and animals. Adhesion of C. jejuni to human colorectal epithelial cells is weakened after loss of its cj0588 gene. The Cj0588 protein belongs to the type I group of TlyA (TlyAI) enzymes, which 2′‐O‐methylate nucleotide C1920 in 23S rRNA. Slightly longer TlyAII versions of the methyltransferase are found in actinobacterial species including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and methylate not only C1920 but also nucleotide C1409 in 16S rRNA. Loss of TlyA function attenuates virulence of both M. tuberculosis and C. jejuni. We show here that the traits impaired in C. jejuni null strains can be rescued by complementation not only with the original cj0588 (tlyAI) but also with a mycobacterial tlyAII gene. There are, however, significant differences in the recombinant phenotypes. While cj0588 restores motility, biofilm formation, adhesion to and invasion of human epithelial cells and stimulation of IL‐8 production in a C. jejuni null strain, several of these properties are further enhanced by the mycobacterial tlyAII gene, in some cases to twice the original wild‐type level. These findings strongly suggest that subtle changes in rRNA modification patterns can affect protein synthesis in a manner that has serious consequences for bacterial pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sałamaszyńska-Guz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Live Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Serafińska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Live Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Bącal
- Laboratory of Theory and Applications of Electrodes, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Nałęcz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephen Douthwaite
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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17
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Herbrík A, Corretto E, Chroňáková A, Langhansová H, Petrásková P, Hrdý J, Čihák M, Krištůfek V, Bobek J, Petříček M, Petříčková K. A Human Lung-Associated Streptomyces sp. TR1341 Produces Various Secondary Metabolites Responsible for Virulence, Cytotoxicity and Modulation of Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3028. [PMID: 32010093 PMCID: PMC6978741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes, typical soil dwellers, can be detected as common colonizers of human bodies, especially the skin, the respiratory tract, the guts and the genital tract using molecular techniques. However, their clinical manifestations and isolations are rare. Recently they were discussed as possible "coaches" of the human immune system in connection with certain immune disorders and cancer. This work aimed for the characterization and evaluation of genetic adaptations of a human-associated strain Streptomyces sp. TR1341. The strain was isolated from sputum of a senior male patient with a history of lung and kidney TB, recurrent respiratory infections and COPD. It manifested remarkably broad biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, beta-hemolytic, etc.). We found that, by producing specific secondary metabolites, it is able to modulate host immune responses and the niche itself, which increase its chances for long-term survival in the human tissue. The work shows possible adaptations or predispositions of formerly soil microorganism to survive in human tissue successfully. The strain produces two structural groups of cytotoxic compounds: 28-carbon cytolytic polyenes of the filipin type and actinomycin X2. Additionally, we summarize and present data about streptomycete-related human infections known so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Herbrík
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Erika Corretto
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Alica Chroňáková
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Petra Petrásková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Matouš Čihák
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Václav Krištůfek
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Bobek
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Petříček
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Petříčková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
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18
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Sieniawska E, Maciejewska-Turska M, Świątek Ł, Xiao J. Plant-based Food Products for Antimycobacterial Therapy. EFOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.200418.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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19
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Wang W, Deng G, Zhang G, Yu Z, Yang F, Chen J, Cai Y, Werz O, Chen X. Genetic polymorphism rs8193036 of IL17A is associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese Han population. Cytokine 2019; 127:154956. [PMID: 31864094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells play a key role in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, our previous research showed that reduced Th17 responses were associated with the severe outcome of Mtb infection. The associations between IL17A polymorphisms and susceptibility of TB has been reported, but the results are inconsistent and the underlying mechanisms is unknown. In this study, we identified a genetic variation (rs8193036) in the promoter region of IL17A is associated with susceptibility to TB. The minor allele T frequency of rs8193036 was significantly different between patients with active TB (29.7%) and healthy controls (32.3%) (OR = 0.81; 95%CI, 0.71-0.93; P = 0.0026). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals carrying rs8193036CC genotypes produced significantly lower amount of IL17A upon CD3/28 stimulation compared to the individuals carrying rs8193036TT genotypes. Functional assay by reporter luciferase activity and EMSA demonstrated that rs8193036C exhibited significantly lower promotor transcription activities. In conclusion, our study confirmed that IL17A (rs8193036) is a functional SNP that could regulate gene expression though influencing transcription factor binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China; Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Guofang Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziqi Yu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianyong Chen
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection & Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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20
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Dwivedi VP, Bhattacharya D, Singh M, Bhaskar A, Kumar S, Fatima S, Sobia P, Kaer LV, Das G. Allicin enhances antimicrobial activity of macrophages during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:111634. [PMID: 30537531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains has severely hampered global efforts towards tuberculosis (TB) eradication. The internationally accepted therapy "Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS)" is lengthy, and incorporates risks for the generation of drug-resistant M.tb variants. Multiple and extremely drug-resistant (MDR and XDR) variants of TB are now widespread throughout the globe, and totally drug-resistant (TDR) strains have appeared. Therefore, new classes of antibiotics are urgently needed to combat these deadly organisms. Historically, garlic is known to kill mycobacterial strains, and its active compound, allicin, kills various microorganisms. Here we have shown that allicin not only reduced the bacterial burden in the lungs of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), but also induces strong anti-tubercular immunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, the anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity of garlic extract and its pure constituent allicin were demonstrated based on several in vitro and in vivo experiments in murine model of tuberculosis. Furthermore, the validation of study was done by immunoblots showing the modulation of MAPK and SAPK/JNK signaling by allicin in macrophages. RESULTS Here, we report that allicin/garlic extract exhibits strong anti-mycobacterial responses in vitro and in vivo against drug-sensitive, MDR and XDR strains of TB. In addition to direct killing, allicin also induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Moreover, allicin/garlic extract treatment in murine models of infection resulted in induction of strong protective Th1 response, leading to drastic reduction in mycobacterial burden. These results indicated that allicin/garlic extract has both antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity. Furthermore, garlic extract reversed the immune dampening effects of frontline anti-TB drugs. CONCLUSION Allicin/garlic extract alone or as an adjunct to classical antibiotics holds great promise for treatment of drug-sensitive as well as drug-resistant TB. These results warrant further study and validation of allicin for treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
| | - Debapriya Bhattacharya
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Center of Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University Kalinganagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Mona Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashima Bhaskar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Samreen Fatima
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Parveen Sobia
- College of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gobardhan Das
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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21
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Zhao J, Wei W, Yan H, Zhou Y, Li Z, Chen Y, Zhang C, Zeng J, Chen T, Zhou L. Assessing capreomycin resistance on tlyA deficient and point mutation (G695A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains using multi-omics analysis. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:151323. [PMID: 31279617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Capreomycin (CAP), a cyclic peptide antibiotic, is considered to be an ideal second-line drug for tuberculosis (TB). However, in the past few years, the emergence of more CAP-resistant (CAPr) TB patients has limited its use. Although it has been reported that CAP resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is associated with rrs or tlyA mutation, the exact mechanism of CAPr Mtb strains, especially the mechanism associated with tlyA deficient or mutation, is not fully understood. Herein, we utilized a multi-omics (genome, proteome, and metabolome) approach to assess CAP resistance on tlyA deficient CAPr Mtb strains (CAPr1) and tlyA point mutation CAPr Mtb strains (CAPr2) that we established for the first time in vitro to investigate the CAP-resistant mechanism. Our results showed that the CAPr1 strains (> 40 μg/ml) was more resistant to CAP than the CAPr2 strains (G695A, 10 μg/ml). Furthermore, multi-omics analysis indicated that the CAPr1 strains exhibited greater drug tolerance than the CAPr2 strains may be associated with the weakening of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase (AdoMet-MT) activity and abnormal membrane lipid metabolism such as suppression of fatty acid metabolism, promotion of glycolipid phospholipid and glycerolipid metabolism. As a result, these studies reveal a new mechanism for CAP resistance to tlyA deficient or mutation Mtb strains, and may be helpful in developing new therapeutic approaches to prevent Mtb resistance to CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhao
- Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenjing Wei
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Dongguang Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Development and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China
| | - Zhenyan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Dongguang Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Development and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, China; South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Lin Zhou
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, China; Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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22
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Kumar S, Sharma C, Kaushik SR, Kulshreshtha A, Chaturvedi S, Nanda RK, Bhaskar A, Chattopadhyay D, Das G, Dwivedi VP. The phytochemical bergenin as an adjunct immunotherapy for tuberculosis in mice. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8555-8563. [PMID: 30975902 PMCID: PMC6544861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread availability and use of modern synthetic therapeutic agents have led to a massive decline in ethnomedical therapies. However, these synthetic agents often possess toxicity leading to various adverse effects. For instance, anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) is toxic, lengthy, and severely impairs host immunity, resulting in posttreatment vulnerability to reinfection and reactivation of tuberculosis (TB). Incomplete ATT enhances the risk for the generation of multidrug- or extensively drug-resistant (MDR or XDR, respectively) variants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the TB-causing microbe. Therefore, a new therapeutic approach that minimizes these risks is urgently needed to combat this deadly disease and prevent future TB epidemics. Previously, we have shown that the phytochemical bergenin induces T helper 1 (Th1)- and Th17 cell-based protective immune responses and potently inhibits mycobacterial growth in a murine model of M. tb infection, suggesting bergenin as a potential adjunct agent to TB therapy. Here, we combined ATT therapy with bergenin and found that this combination reduces immune impairment and the length of treatment in mice. We observed that co-treatment with the anti-TB drug isoniazid and bergenin produces additive effects and significantly reduces bacterial loads compared with isoniazid treatment alone. The bergenin co-treatment also reduced isoniazid-induced immune impairment; promoted long-lasting, antigen-specific central memory T cell responses; and acted as a self-propelled vaccine. Of note, bergenin treatment significantly reduced the bacterial burden of a multidrug-resistant TB strain. These observations suggest that bergenin is a potent immunomodulatory agent that could be further explored as a potential adjunct to TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Chetan Sharma
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Sandeep Rai Kaushik
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | | | - Shivam Chaturvedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Nanda
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Ashima Bhaskar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | | | - Gobardhan Das
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India.
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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23
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Dwivedi VP, Bhattacharya D, Yadav V, Singh DK, Kumar S, Singh M, Ojha D, Ranganathan A, Van Kaer L, Chattopadhyay D, Das G. The Phytochemical Bergenin Enhances T Helper 1 Responses and Anti-Mycobacterial Immunity by Activating the MAP Kinase Pathway in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:149. [PMID: 28507951 PMCID: PMC5410567 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the greatest health concerns worldwide, which has hindered socioeconomic development in certain parts of the world for many centuries. Although current TB therapy, "Directly Observed Treatment Short-course," is effective, it is associated with unwanted side effects and the risk for the generation of drug-resistant organisms. The majority of infected individuals successfully confine the mycobacterial organisms and remain asymptotic unless immune responses are perturbed. Thus, host immunity can protect against TB and immunomodulation is therefore an attractive therapeutic option. Previous studies have shown that TNF-α and Nitric Oxide (NO) in conjunction with IFN-γ-producing T helper 1 (Th1) cells play critical roles in host protection against TB. Here, we show that bergenin, a phytochemical isolated from tender leaves of Shorea robusta, activates the MAP kinase and ERK pathways and induces TNF-α, NO and IL-12 production in infected macrophages. We further show that bergenin induces Th1 immune responses and potently inhibits bacillary growth in a murine model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. These findings identify bergenin as a potential adjunct to TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved P. Dwivedi
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | | | - Vinod Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of HaryanaMahendergarh, India
| | - Dhiraj K. Singh
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Mona Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
| | | | - Anand Ranganathan
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Gobardhan Das
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi, India
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24
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Sengupta S, Naz S, Das I, Ahad A, Padhi A, Naik SK, Ganguli G, Pattanaik KP, Raghav SK, Nandicoori VK, Sonawane A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis EsxL inhibits MHC-II expression by promoting hypermethylation in class-II transactivator loci in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6855-6868. [PMID: 28209712 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.775205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is known to modulate the host immune responses to facilitate its persistence inside the host cells. One of the key mechanisms includes repression of class-II transactivator (CIITA) and MHC-II expression in infected macrophages. However, the precise mechanism of CIITA and MHC-II down-regulation is not well studied. M. tuberculosis 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6) is a known potent virulence and antigenic determinant. The M. tuberculosis genome encodes 23 such ESAT-6 family proteins. We herein report that M. tuberculosis and M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection down-regulated the expression of CIITA/MHC-II by inducing hypermethylation in histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2/3). Further, we showed that M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 family protein EsxL, encoded by Rv1198, is responsible for the down-regulation of CIITA/MHC-II by inducing H3K9me2/3. We further report that M. tuberculosis esxL induced the expression of nitric-oxide synthase, NO production, and p38 MAPK pathway, which in turn was responsible for the increased H3K9me2/3 in CIITA via up-regulation of euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (G9a). In contrast, inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase, p38 MAPK, and G9a abrogated H3K9me2/3, resulting in increased CIITA expression. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that hypermethylation at the promoter IV region of CIITA is mainly responsible for CIITA down-regulation and subsequent antigen presentation. We found that co-culture of macrophages infected with esxL-expressing M. smegmatis and mouse splenocytes led to down-regulation of IL-2, a key cytokine involved in T-cell proliferation. In summary, we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis EsxL inhibits antigen presentation by enhancing H3K9me2/3 at the CIITA promoter, thereby repressing its expression through NO and p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabasti Sengupta
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Saba Naz
- the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India, and
| | - Ishani Das
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Abdul Ahad
- the Institute of Life Science, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751023, India
| | - Avinash Padhi
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Naik
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Geetanjali Ganguli
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Kali Prasad Pattanaik
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Raghav
- the Institute of Life Science, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751023, India
| | | | - Avinash Sonawane
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India,
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The CD4(+) T cell methylome contributes to a distinct CD4(+) T cell transcriptional signature in Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31014. [PMID: 27507428 PMCID: PMC4978967 DOI: 10.1038/srep31014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesised that epigenetic regulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes contributes to a shift toward a dysfunctional T cell phenotype which may impact on their ability to clear mycobacterial infection. Combined RNA-seq transcriptomic profiling and Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing identified 193 significantly differentially expressed genes and 760 differentially methylated regions (DMRs), between CD4+ T cells from M. bovis infected and healthy cattle. 196 DMRs were located within 10 kb of annotated genes, including GATA3 and RORC, both of which encode transcription factors that promote TH2 and TH17 T helper cell subsets respectively. Gene-specific DNA methylation and gene expression levels for the TNFRSF4 and Interferon-γ genes were significantly negatively correlated suggesting a regulatory relationship. Pathway analysis of DMRs identified enrichment of genes involved in the anti-proliferative TGF-β signaling pathway and TGFB1 expression was significantly increased in peripheral blood leukocytes from TB-infected cattle. This first analysis of the bovine CD4+ T cell methylome suggests that DNA methylation directly contributes to a distinct gene expression signature in CD4+ T cells from cattle infected with M. bovis. Specific methylation changes proximal to key inflammatory gene loci may be critical to the emergence of a non-protective CD4+ T cell response during mycobacterial infection in cattle.
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Yuan XL, Wen Q, Ni MD, Wang LK. Immune formulation-assisted conventional therapy on anti-infective effectiveness of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection mice. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:293-7. [PMID: 26972405 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of immune formulation-assisted conventional therapy on anti-infective ability of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were used as experimental animals, multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis infection models were built, randomly divided into model group, moxifloxacin group, thymopentin group and combined treatment group and given corresponding drug intervention, and then colony numbers in the spleen and lung, T lymphocyte subset contents and programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression levels in peripheral blood were detected. RESULTS Colony numbers in lung and spleen of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group were significantly lower than those of model group and colony numbers in lung and spleen of combined treatment group were significantly lower than those of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group; contents of CD3(+)CD4(+)T cells, Th1 and Th17 in peripheral blood of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group were higher than those of model group, and contents of CD3(+)CD8(+)T cells, Th2 and Treg were lower than those of model group; contents of CD3(+)CD4(+)T cells, Th1 and Th17 in peripheral blood of combined treatment group were higher than those of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group, and contents of CD3(+)CD8(+)T cells, Th2 and Treg were lower than those of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group; PD-1 expression levels on T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte and monocyte surface in peripheral blood of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group were lower than those of model group, and PD-1 expression levels on T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte and monocyte surface in peripheral blood of combined treatment group were lower than those of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group. CONCLUSIONS Immune formulation thymopentin can enhance the anti-infective ability of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis infection mice, decrease bacterial load in lung and spleen, and enhance immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Yuan
- Internal Medicine Department No. 3, Eastern Medical District of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi City, Shandong Province, 276034, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Internal Medicine Department No. 3, Eastern Medical District of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi City, Shandong Province, 276034, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-De Ni
- Internal Medicine Department No. 3, Eastern Medical District of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi City, Shandong Province, 276034, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Kun Wang
- Infection Department, Eastern Medical District of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi City, Shandong Province, 276034, People's Republic of China.
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