1
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Jeon SJ, Chung KC. The SCF-FBW7β E3 ligase mediates ubiquitination and degradation of the serine/threonine protein kinase PINK1. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107198. [PMID: 38508312 PMCID: PMC11026729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that govern the stability of functionally crucial proteins is essential for various cellular processes, development, and overall cell viability. Disturbances in protein homeostasis are linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), a protein kinase, plays a significant role in mitochondrial quality control and cellular stress response, and its mutated forms lead to early-onset Parkinson's disease. Despite its importance, the specific mechanisms regulating PINK1 protein stability have remained unclear. This study reveals a cytoplasmic interaction between PINK1 and F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7β (FBW7β) in mammalian cells. FBW7β, a component of the Skp1-Cullin-1-F-box protein complex-type ubiquitin ligase, is instrumental in recognizing substrates. Our findings demonstrate that FBW7β regulates PINK1 stability through the Skp1-Cullin-1-F-box protein complex and the proteasome pathway. It facilitates the K48-linked polyubiquitination of PINK1, marking it for degradation. When FBW7 is absent, PINK1 accumulates, leading to heightened mitophagy triggered by carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone treatment. Moreover, exposure to the toxic compound staurosporine accelerates PINK1 degradation via FBW7β, correlating with increased cell death. This study unravels the intricate mechanisms controlling PINK1 protein stability and sheds light on the novel role of FBW7β. These findings deepen our understanding of PINK1-related pathologies and potentially pave the way for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Jeong Jeon
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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2
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Demyanenko SV, Kalyuzhnaya YN, Bachurin SS, Khaitin AM, Kunitsyna AE, Batalshchikova SA, Evgen'ev MB, Garbuz DG. Exogenous Hsp70 exerts neuroprotective effects in peripheral nerve rupture model. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114670. [PMID: 38158007 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Hsp70 is the main molecular chaperone responsible for cellular proteostasis under normal conditions and for restoring the conformation or utilization of proteins damaged by stress. Increased expression of endogenous Hsp70 or administration of exogenous Hsp70 is known to exert neuroprotective effects in models of many neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we have investigated the effect of exogenous Hsp70 on recovery from peripheral nerve injury in a model of sciatic nerve transection in rats. It was shown that recombinant Hsp70 after being added to the conduit connecting the ends of the nerve at the site of its extended severance, migrates along the nerve into the spinal ganglion and is retained there at least three days. In animals with the addition of recombinant Hsp70 to the conduit, a decrease in apoptosis in the spinal ganglion cells after nerve rupture, an increase in the level of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), an increase in markers of nerve tissue regeneration and a decrease in functional deficit were observed compared to control animals. The obtained data indicate the possibility of using recombinant Hsp70 preparations to accelerate the recovery of patients after neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Demyanenko
- Laboratory «Molecular Neurobiology», Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; Department of General and Clinical Biochemistry no. 2, Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Yuliya N Kalyuzhnaya
- Laboratory «Molecular Neurobiology», Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Stanislav S Bachurin
- Department of General and Clinical Biochemistry no. 2, Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Andrey M Khaitin
- Laboratory «Molecular Neurobiology», Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anastasia E Kunitsyna
- Laboratory «Molecular Neurobiology», Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Batalshchikova
- Laboratory «Molecular Neurobiology», Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Michael B Evgen'ev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - David G Garbuz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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3
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Zhao Z, Li Z, Du F, Wang Y, Wu Y, Lim KL, Li L, Yang N, Yu C, Zhang C. Linking Heat Shock Protein 70 and Parkin in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:7044-7059. [PMID: 37526897 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of elderly people worldwide and is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD are still not fully understood, but it is well accepted that the misfolding, aggregation, and abnormal degradation of proteins are the key causative factors of PD. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a molecular chaperone that participates in the degradation of misfolded and aggregated proteins in living cells and organisms. Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, participates in the degradation of proteins via the proteasome pathway. Recent studies have indicated that both Hsp70 and Parkin play pivotal roles in PD pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on discussing how dysregulation of Hsp70 and Parkin leads to PD pathogenesis, the interaction between Hsp70 and Parkin in the context of PD and their therapeutic applications in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117054, Singapore
| | - Fangning Du
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Naidi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Cheramangalam RN, Anand T, Pandey P, Balasubramanian D, Varghese R, Singhal N, Jaiswal SN, Jaiswal M. Bendless is essential for PINK1-Park mediated Mitofusin degradation under mitochondrial stress caused by loss of LRPPRC. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010493. [PMID: 37098042 PMCID: PMC10162545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells under mitochondrial stress often co-opt mechanisms to maintain energy homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control and cell survival. A mechanistic understanding of such responses is crucial for further insight into mitochondrial biology and diseases. Through an unbiased genetic screen in Drosophila, we identify that mutations in lrpprc2, a homolog of the human LRPPRC gene that is linked to the French-Canadian Leigh syndrome, result in PINK1-Park activation. While the PINK1-Park pathway is well known to induce mitophagy, we show that PINK1-Park regulates mitochondrial dynamics by inducing the degradation of the mitochondrial fusion protein Mitofusin/Marf in lrpprc2 mutants. In our genetic screen, we also discover that Bendless, a K63-linked E2 conjugase, is a regulator of Marf, as loss of bendless results in increased Marf levels. We show that Bendless is required for PINK1 stability, and subsequently for PINK1-Park mediated Marf degradation under physiological conditions, and in response to mitochondrial stress as seen in lrpprc2. Additionally, we show that loss of bendless in lrpprc2 mutant eyes results in photoreceptor degeneration, indicating a neuroprotective role for Bendless-PINK1-Park mediated Marf degradation. Based on our observations, we propose that certain forms of mitochondrial stress activate Bendless-PINK1-Park to limit mitochondrial fusion, which is a cell-protective response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarana Anand
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Priyanka Pandey
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Reshmi Varghese
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Neha Singhal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Manish Jaiswal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India
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5
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Li J, Yang D, Li Z, Zhao M, Wang D, Sun Z, Wen P, Dai Y, Gou F, Ji Y, Zhao D, Yang L. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101817. [PMID: 36503124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play key roles in bioenergetics, metabolism, and signaling; therefore, stable mitochondrial function is essential for cell survival, particularly in energy-intensive neuronal cells. In neurodegenerative diseases, damaged mitochondria accumulate in neurons causing associated bioenergetics deficiency, impaired cell signaling, defective cytoplasmic calcium buffering, and other pathological changes. Mitochondrial quality control is an important mechanism to ensure the maintenance of mitochondrial health, homeostasis, and mitophagy, the latter of which is a pathway that delivers defective mitochondria to the lysosome for degradation. Defective mitophagy is thought to be responsible for the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which leads to cellular dysfunction and/or death in neurodegenerative diseases. PINK1/Parkin mainly regulates ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy, which is crucial for many aspects of mitochondrial physiology, particularly the initiation of autophagic mechanisms. Therefore, in the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of the conventional mitophagy pathway, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying mitophagy dysregulation in prion disease and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases, especially in relation to the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Moreover, we list the inducers of mitophagy that possess neuroprotective effects, in addition to their mechanisms related to the PINK1/Parkin pathway. These mechanisms may provide potential interventions centered on the regulation of mitophagy and offer therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongming Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyang Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Sun
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Wen
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Dai
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengting Gou
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilan Ji
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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6
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Shin WH, Chung KC. Tollip negatively regulates mitophagy by promoting the mitochondrial processing and cytoplasmic release of PINK1. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 35725015 PMCID: PMC9623242 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates several substrates and exerts neuroprotective effects against stress-induced apoptotic cell death. Mutations in PINK1 have been linked to autosomal recessive forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mitophagy is a type of autophagy that selectively promotes mitochondrial turnover and prevents the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria to maintain cellular homeostasis. Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) was initially identified as a negative regulator of IL-1β receptor signaling, suppressing inflammatory TLR signaling cascades. Recently, Tollip has been reported to play a role in autophagy and is implicated in neurodegeneration. In this study, we determined whether Tollip was functionally linked to PINK1-mediated mitophagy. Our results demonstrated that Tollip promoted the mitochondrial processing of PINK1 and altered the localization of PINK1, predominantly to the cytosol. This action was attributed to increased binding of PINK1 to mitochondrial processing peptidase β (MPPβ) and the subsequent increase in MPPβ-mediated mitochondrial PINK1 cleavage. Furthermore, Tollip suppressed mitophagy following carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings suggest that Tollip inhibits mitophagy via the PINK1/parkin pathway upon mitochondrial damage, leading to the blockade of PINK1-mediated neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Hyun Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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7
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Kanack AJ, Olp MD, Newsom OJ, Scaglione JB, Gooden DM, McMahon K, Smith BC, Scaglione KM. Chemical Regulation of the Protein Quality Control E3 Ubiquitin Ligase C-Terminus of Hsc70 Interacting Protein (CHIP). Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100633. [PMID: 35061295 PMCID: PMC9016715 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin ligase C-terminus of Hsc70 interacting protein (CHIP) is an important regulator of proteostasis. Despite playing an important role in maintaining proteostasis, little progress has been made in developing small molecules that regulate ubiquitin transfer by CHIP. Here we used differential scanning fluorimetry to identify compounds that bound CHIP. Compounds that bound CHIP were then analyzed by quantitative ubiquitination assays to identify those that altered CHIP function. One compound, MS.001, inhibited both the chaperone binding and ubiquitin ligase activity of CHIP at low micromolar concentrations. Interestingly, we found that MS.001 did not have activity against isolated U-box or tetratricopeptide (TPR) domains, but instead only inhibited full-length CHIP. Using in silico docking we identified a potential MS.001 binding site on the linker domain of CHIP and mutation of this site rendered CHIP resistant to MS.001. Together our data identify an inhibitor of the E3 ligase CHIP and provides insight into the development of compounds that regulate CHIP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kanack
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael D Olp
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Oliver J Newsom
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jamie B Scaglione
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M Gooden
- Department of Chemistry, SMSF Lab, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin McMahon
- Department of Computational and Physical Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
| | - Brian C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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8
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PINK1 Protects against Staurosporine-Induced Apoptosis by Interacting with Beclin1 and Impairing Its Pro-Apoptotic Cleavage. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040678. [PMID: 35203326 PMCID: PMC8870463 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PINK1 is a causative gene for Parkinson’s disease and the corresponding protein has been identified as a master regulator of mitophagy—the autophagic degradation of damaged mitochondria. It interacts with Beclin1 to regulate autophagy and initiate autophagosome formation, even outside the context of mitophagy. Several other pro-survival functions of this protein have been described and indicate that it might play a role in other disorders, such as cancer and proliferative diseases. In this study, we investigated a novel anti-apoptotic function of PINK1. To do so, we used SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, a neuronal model used in Parkinson’s disease and cancer studies, to characterize the pro-survival functions of PINK1 in response to the apoptosis inducer staurosporine. In this setting, we found that staurosporine induces apoptosis but not mitophagy, and we demonstrated that PINK1 protects against staurosporine-induced apoptosis by impairing the pro-apoptotic cleavage of Beclin1. Our data also show that staurosporine-induced apoptosis is preceded by a phase of enhanced autophagy, and that PINK1 in this context regulates the switch from autophagy to apoptosis. PINK1 protein levels progressively decrease after treatment, inducing this switch. The PINK1–Beclin1 interaction is crucial in exerting this function, as mutants that are unable to interact do not show the anti-apoptotic effect. We characterized a new anti-apoptotic function of PINK1 that could provide options for treatment in proliferative or neurodegenerative diseases.
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9
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Lin KH, Ali A, Kuo CH, Yang PC, Kumar VB, Padma VV, Lo JF, Huang CY, Kuo WW. Carboxyl terminus of HSP70-interacting protein attenuates advanced glycation end products-induced cardiac injuries by promoting NFκB proteasomal degradation. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1888-1901. [PMID: 34958118 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are highly reactive molecules resulting from persistent high-glucose levels, can lead to the generation of oxidative stress and cardiac complications. The carboxyl terminus of HSP70 interacting protein (CHIP) has been demonstrated to have a protective role in several diseases, including cardiac complications; however, the role in preventing AGE-induced cardiac damages remains poorly understood. Here, we found that elevated AGE levels impaired cardiac CHIP expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and high-fat diet-administered animals, representing AGE exposure models. We used the TUNEL assay, hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome staining, and western blotting to prove that cardiac injuries were induced in diabetic animals and AGE-treated cardiac cells. Interestingly, our results collectively indicated that CHIP overexpression significantly rescued the AGE-induced cardiac injuries and promoted cell survival. Moreover, CHIP knockdown-mediated stabilization of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) was attenuated by overexpressing CHIP in the cells. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assay revealed that CHIP promotes the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of AGE-induced NFκB. Importantly, fluorescence microscopy, a luciferase reporter assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and subcellular fractionation further demonstrated that CHIP overexpression inhibits AGE-induced NFκB nuclear translocation, reduced its binding ability with the promoter sequences of the receptor of AGE, consequently inhibiting the translocation of the receptor AGE to the cell membrane for its proper function. Overall, our current study findings suggest that CHIP can target NFκB for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, and thereby potentially rescue AGE-induced cardiac damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ho Lin
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ayaz Ali
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Jeng-Fan Lo
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome Research Centre, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Centre of Excellence, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Centre of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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10
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With or without You: Co-Chaperones Mediate Health and Disease by Modifying Chaperone Function and Protein Triage. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113121. [PMID: 34831344 PMCID: PMC8619055 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of molecular chaperones that regulate essential protein refolding and triage decisions to maintain protein homeostasis. Numerous co-chaperone proteins directly interact and modify the function of HSPs, and these interactions impact the outcome of protein triage, impacting everything from structural proteins to cell signaling mediators. The chaperone/co-chaperone machinery protects against various stressors to ensure cellular function in the face of stress. However, coding mutations, expression changes, and post-translational modifications of the chaperone/co-chaperone machinery can alter the cellular stress response. Importantly, these dysfunctions appear to contribute to numerous human diseases. Therapeutic targeting of chaperones is an attractive but challenging approach due to the vast functions of HSPs, likely contributing to the off-target effects of these therapies. Current efforts focus on targeting co-chaperones to develop precise treatments for numerous diseases caused by defects in protein quality control. This review focuses on the recent developments regarding selected HSP70/HSP90 co-chaperones, with a concentration on cardioprotection, neuroprotection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. We also discuss therapeutic approaches that highlight both the utility and challenges of targeting co-chaperones.
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11
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Lizama BN, Otero PA, Chu CT. PINK1: Multiple mechanisms of neuroprotection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2021; 2:193-219. [PMID: 36035617 PMCID: PMC9416918 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irmvd.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Britney N. Lizama
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - P. Anthony Otero
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charleen T. Chu
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Center for Protein Conformational Diseases and Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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12
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Kumar S, Basu M, Ghosh MK. Chaperone-assisted E3 ligase CHIP: A double agent in cancer. Genes Dis 2021; 9:1521-1555. [PMID: 36157498 PMCID: PMC9485218 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The carboxy-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) is a ubiquitin ligase and co-chaperone belonging to Ubox family that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by switching the equilibrium of the folding-refolding mechanism towards the proteasomal or lysosomal degradation pathway. It links molecular chaperones viz. HSC70, HSP70 and HSP90 with ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), acting as a quality control system. CHIP contains charged domain in between N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) and C-terminal Ubox domain. TPR domain interacts with the aberrant client proteins via chaperones while Ubox domain facilitates the ubiquitin transfer to the client proteins for ubiquitination. Thus, CHIP is a classic molecule that executes ubiquitination for degradation of client proteins. Further, CHIP has been found to be indulged in cellular differentiation, proliferation, metastasis and tumorigenesis. Additionally, CHIP can play its dual role as a tumor suppressor as well as an oncogene in numerous malignancies, thus acting as a double agent. Here, in this review, we have reported almost all substrates of CHIP established till date and classified them according to the hallmarks of cancer. In addition, we discussed about its architectural alignment, tissue specific expression, sub-cellular localization, folding-refolding mechanisms of client proteins, E4 ligase activity, normal physiological roles, as well as involvement in various diseases and tumor biology. Further, we aim to discuss its importance in HSP90 inhibitors mediated cancer therapy. Thus, this report concludes that CHIP may be a promising and worthy drug target towards pharmaceutical industry for drug development.
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Hu Z, Mao C, Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Luo H, Tang M, Yang J, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Fan L, Zhang Q, Yao D, Liu F, Schisler JC, Shi C, Xu Y. CHIP protects against MPP +/MPTP-induced damage by regulating Drp1 in two models of Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:1458-1472. [PMID: 33472166 PMCID: PMC7834979 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) is a key regulator of mitochondrial dynamics, and mutations in CHIP or deficits in its expression have been associated with various neurological diseases. This study explores the protective role of CHIP in cells and murine PD models. In SH-SY5Y cell line, overexpression of CHIP improved the cell viability and increased the ATP levels upon treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). To achieve CHIP overexpression in animal models, we intravenously injected mice with AAV/BBB, a new serotype of adeno-associated virus that features an enhanced capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier. We also generated gene knock-in mice that overexpressed CHIP in neural tissue. Our results demonstrated that CHIP overexpression in mice suppressed 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced damage, including movement impairments, motor coordination, and spontaneous locomotor activity, as well as loss of dopaminergic neurons. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that overexpression of CHIP inhibited the pathological increase in Drp1 observed in the PD models, suggesting that CHIP regulates Drp1 degradation to attenuate MPP+/MPTP-induced injury. We conclude that CHIP plays a protective role in MPP+/MPTP-induced PD models. Our experiments further revealed that CHIP maintains the integrity of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mibo Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanpeng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qimeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dabao Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jonathan C. Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Huang T, Fang L, He R, Weng H, Chen X, Ye Q, Qu D. Fbxo7 and Pink1 play a reciprocal role in regulating their protein levels. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:77-88. [PMID: 33291077 PMCID: PMC7835017 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pink1, Parkin and Fbxo7, three autosomal recessive familial genes of Parkinson’s disease (PD), have been implicated in mitophagy pathways for quality control and clearance of damaged mitochondria, but the interplay of these three genes still remains unclear. Here we present that Fbxo7 and Pink1 play a reciprocal role in the regulation of their protein levels. Regardless of the genotypes of Fbxo7, the wild type and the PD familial mutants of Fbxo7 stabilize the processed form of Pink1, supporting the prior study that none of the PD familial mutations in Fbxo7 have an effect on the interaction with Pink1. On the other hand, the interaction of Fbxo7 with Bag2 further facilitates its capability to stabilize Pink1. Intriguingly, the stabilization of Fbxo7 by Pink1 is specifically observed in substantial nigra pars compacta but striatum and cerebral cortex. Taken together, our findings support the notion that Fbxo7 as a scaffold protein has a chaperon activity in the stabilization of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lijun Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Raoli He
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huidan Weng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dianbo Qu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Kang J, Kim JW, Heo H, Lee J, Park KY, Yoon JH, Chang J. Identification of BAG2 and Cathepsin D as Plasma Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:606-616. [PMID: 33202088 PMCID: PMC7993325 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) mostly relies on clinical rating scales related to motor dysfunction. Given that clinical symptoms of PD appear after significant neuronal cell death in the brain, it is required to identify accessible, objective, and quantifiable biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD. In this study, a total of 20 patients with idiopathic PD and 20 age‐matched patients with essential tremor according to the UK Brain Bank Criteria were consecutively enrolled to identify peripheral blood biomarkers for PD. Clinical data were obtained by clinical survey and assessment. Using albumin‐depleted and immunoglobulin G‐depleted plasma samples, we performed immunoblot analysis of seven autophagy‐related proteins and compared the levels of proteins to those of the control group. We also analyzed the correlation between the levels of candidate proteins and clinical characteristics. Finally, we validated our biomarker models using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We found that the levels of BCL2‐associated athanogene 2 (BAG2) and cathepsin D were significantly decreased in plasma of patients with PD (P = 0.009 and P = 0.0077, respectively). The level of BAG2 in patients with PD was significantly correlated with Cross‐Culture Smell Identification Test score, which indicates olfactory dysfunction. We found that our biomarker model distinguishes PD with 87.5% diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.875, P < 0.0001). Our result suggests BAG2 and cathepsin D as candidates for early‐diagnosis plasma biomarkers for PD. We provide the possibility of plasma biomarkers related to the autophagy pathway, by which decreased levels of BAG2 and cathepsin D might lead to dysfunction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Whan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hansol Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwan Yong Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jung Han Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jaerak Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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16
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CHIP as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:727. [PMID: 32908122 PMCID: PMC7481199 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxy-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) functions both as a molecular co-chaperone and ubiquitin E3 ligase playing a critical role in modulating the degradation of numerous chaperone-bound proteins. To date, it has been implicated in the regulation of numerous biological functions, including misfolded-protein refolding, autophagy, immunity, and necroptosis. Moreover, the ubiquitous expression of CHIP in the central nervous system suggests that it may be implicated in a wide range of functions in neurological diseases. Several recent studies of our laboratory and other groups have highlighted the beneficial role of CHIP in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. The objective of this review is to discuss the possible molecular mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases in which CHIP has a pivotal role, such as stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and polyglutamine diseases; furthermore, CHIP mutations could also cause neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the available literature, CHIP overexpression could serve as a promising therapeutic target for several neurological diseases.
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17
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Human telomerase reverse transcriptase positively regulates mitophagy by inhibiting the processing and cytoplasmic release of mitochondrial PINK1. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:425. [PMID: 32513926 PMCID: PMC7280311 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homologue-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) gene have been linked to an early-onset autosomal recessive form of familial Parkinson′s disease (PD). PINK1, a mitochondrial serine/threonine-protein kinase, plays an important role in clearing defective mitochondria by mitophagy – the selective removal of mitochondria through autophagy. Evidence suggests that alteration of the PINK1 pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of PD, but the mechanisms by which the PINK1 pathway regulates mitochondrial quality control through mitophagy remain unclear. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is a catalytic subunit of telomerase that functions in telomere maintenance as well as several non-telomeric activities. For example, hTERT has been associated with cellular immortalization, cell growth control, and mitochondrial regulation. We determined that hTERT negatively regulates the cleavage and cytosolic processing of PINK1 and enhances its mitochondrial localization by inhibiting mitochondrial processing peptidase β (MPPβ). Consequently, hTERT promotes mitophagy following carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and improves the function of damaged mitochondria by modulating PINK1. These findings suggest that hTERT positively regulates PINK1 function, leading to increased mitophagy following mitochondrial damage.
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18
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Wang L, Qi H, Tang Y, Shen HM. Post-translational Modifications of Key Machinery in the Control of Mitophagy. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:58-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Disrupted structure and aberrant function of CHIP mediates the loss of motor and cognitive function in preclinical models of SCAR16. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007664. [PMID: 30222779 PMCID: PMC6160236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CHIP (carboxyl terminus of heat shock 70-interacting protein) has long been recognized as an active member of the cellular protein quality control system given the ability of CHIP to function as both a co-chaperone and ubiquitin ligase. We discovered a genetic disease, now known as spinocerebellar autosomal recessive 16 (SCAR16), resulting from a coding mutation that caused a loss of CHIP ubiquitin ligase function. The initial mutation describing SCAR16 was a missense mutation in the ubiquitin ligase domain of CHIP (p.T246M). Using multiple biophysical and cellular approaches, we demonstrated that T246M mutation results in structural disorganization and misfolding of the CHIP U-box domain, promoting oligomerization, and increased proteasome-dependent turnover. CHIP-T246M has no ligase activity, but maintains interactions with chaperones and chaperone-related functions. To establish preclinical models of SCAR16, we engineered T246M at the endogenous locus in both mice and rats. Animals homozygous for T246M had both cognitive and motor cerebellar dysfunction distinct from those observed in the CHIP null animal model, as well as deficits in learning and memory, reflective of the cognitive deficits reported in SCAR16 patients. We conclude that the T246M mutation is not equivalent to the total loss of CHIP, supporting the concept that disease-causing CHIP mutations have different biophysical and functional repercussions on CHIP function that may directly correlate to the spectrum of clinical phenotypes observed in SCAR16 patients. Our findings both further expand our basic understanding of CHIP biology and provide meaningful mechanistic insight underlying the molecular drivers of SCAR16 disease pathology, which may be used to inform the development of novel therapeutics for this devastating disease. CHIP is a multi-functional protein that bridges two opposing cellular processes: protein refolding and protein degradation. Mutations in CHIP are drivers of a debilitating and fatal disease, called spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive 16 (SCAR16). Patients with CHIP mutations suffer from pathologies in both the brain, neuroendocrine, and muscle systems. Why or how CHIP mutations drive disease is unclear. At this early stage in understanding SCAR16, it is imperative to establish preclinical models to help understand the pathophysiology and mechanism of the disease, as well as to use as a platform to design and test therapies. In this manuscript we identified the structural, biochemical, cellular, and in vivo repercussions of the first mutation described in SCAR16 patients using two rodent models engineered with CRISPR/Cas9 editing to mimic a disease-causing human mutation. We established a new framework to better understand diseases involving the loss of CHIP function, the spectrum of disease-causing mutations, and the affected pathways that, in turn, will allow precision medicine approaches to treat this disease.
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