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Hall BW, Bingman CA, Fox BG, Noguera DR, Donohue TJ. A broad specificity β-propeller enzyme from Rhodopseudomonas palustris that hydrolyzes many lactones including γ-valerolactone. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102782. [PMID: 36502920 PMCID: PMC9843451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactones are prevalent in biological and industrial settings, yet there is a lack of information regarding enzymes used to metabolize these compounds. One compound, γ-valerolactone (GVL), is used as a solvent to dissolve plant cell walls into sugars and aromatic molecules for subsequent microbial conversion to fuels and chemicals. Despite the promise of GVL as a renewable solvent for biomass deconstruction, residual GVL can be toxic to microbial fermentation. Here, we identified a Ca2+-dependent enzyme from Rhodopseudomonas palustris (Rpa3624) and showed that it can hydrolyze aliphatic and aromatic lactones and esters, including GVL. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis of other related lactonases with experimentally determined substrate preferences shows that Rpa3624 separates by sequence motifs into a subclade with preference for hydrophobic substrates. Additionally, we solved crystal structures of this β-propeller enzyme separately with either phosphate, an inhibitor, or a mixture of GVL and products to define an active site where calcium-bound water and calcium-bound aspartic and glutamic acid residues make close contact with substrate and product. Our kinetic characterization of WT and mutant enzymes combined with structural insights inform a reaction mechanism that centers around activation of a calcium-bound water molecule promoted by general base catalysis and close contacts with substrate and a potential intermediate. Similarity of Rpa3624 with other β-propeller lactonases suggests this mechanism may be relevant for other members of this emerging class of versatile catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Hall
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Craig A Bingman
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian G Fox
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel R Noguera
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy J Donohue
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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2
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Taler-Verčič A, Goličnik M, Bavec A. The Structure and Function of Paraoxonase-1 and Its Comparison to Paraoxonase-2 and -3. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245980. [PMID: 33348669 PMCID: PMC7766523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is the most studied member of the group of paraoxonases (PONs). This enzyme possesses three enzymatic activities: lactonase, arylesterase, and paraoxonase activity. PON1 and its isoforms play an important role in drug metabolism as well as in the prevention of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Although all three members of the PON family have the same origin and very similar amino acid sequences, they have different functions and are found in different locations. PONs exhibit substrate promiscuity, and their true physiological substrates are still not known. However, possible substrates include homocysteine thiolactone, an analogue of natural quorum-sensing molecules, and the recently discovered derivatives of arachidonic acid—bioactive δ-lactones. Directed evolution, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetic studies provide comprehensive insights into the active site and catalytic mechanism of PON1. However, there is still a whole world of mystery waiting to be discovered, which would elucidate the substrate promiscuity of a group of enzymes that are so similar in their evolution and sequence yet so distinct in their function.
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3
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Tunca C, Şeker T, Akçimen F, Coşkun C, Bayraktar E, Palvadeau R, Zor S, Koçoğlu C, Kartal E, Şen NE, Hamzeiy H, Özoğuz Erimiş A, Norman U, Karakahya O, Olgun G, Akgün T, Durmuş H, Şahin E, Çakar A, Başar Gürsoy E, Babacan Yıldız G, İşak B, Uluç K, Hanağası H, Bilgiç B, Turgut N, Aysal F, Ertaş M, Boz C, Kotan D, İdrisoğlu H, Soysal A, Uzun Adatepe N, Akalın MA, Koç F, Tan E, Oflazer P, Deymeer F, Taştan Ö, Çiçek AE, Kavak E, Parman Y, Başak AN. Revisiting the complex architecture of ALS in Turkey: Expanding genotypes, shared phenotypes, molecular networks, and a public variant database. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:e7-e45. [PMID: 32579787 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has proven that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and that the genetic component in sporadic cases might be stronger than expected. This study investigates 1,200 patients to revisit ALS in the ethnically heterogeneous yet inbred Turkish population. Familial ALS (fALS) accounts for 20% of our cases. The rates of consanguinity are 30% in fALS and 23% in sporadic ALS (sALS). Major ALS genes explained the disease cause in only 35% of fALS, as compared with ~70% in Europe and North America. Whole exome sequencing resulted in a discovery rate of 42% (53/127). Whole genome analyses in 623 sALS cases and 142 population controls, sequenced within Project MinE, revealed well-established fALS gene variants, solidifying the concept of incomplete penetrance in ALS. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with whole genome sequencing data did not indicate a new risk locus. Coupling GWAS with a coexpression network of disease-associated candidates, points to a significant enrichment for cell cycle- and division-related genes. Within this network, literature text-mining highlights DECR1, ATL1, HDAC2, GEMIN4, and HNRNPA3 as important genes. Finally, information on ALS-related gene variants in the Turkish cohort sequenced within Project MinE was compiled in the GeNDAL variant browser (www.gendal.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Tunca
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Şeker
- Genomize Inc., Boğaziçi University Technology Development Region, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fulya Akçimen
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cemre Coşkun
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Bayraktar
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Robin Palvadeau
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyit Zor
- Genomize Inc., Boğaziçi University Technology Development Region, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cemile Koçoğlu
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ece Kartal
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesli Ece Şen
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamid Hamzeiy
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Özoğuz Erimiş
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Utku Norman
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Karakahya
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülden Olgun
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tahsin Akgün
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hacer Durmuş
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdi Şahin
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arman Çakar
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Başar Gürsoy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülsen Babacan Yıldız
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Barış İşak
- Department of Neurology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kayıhan Uluç
- Department of Neurology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haşmet Hanağası
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Başar Bilgiç
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilda Turgut
- Department of Neurology, Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Fikret Aysal
- Department of Neurology, Medipol University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ertaş
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cavit Boz
- Department of Neurology, Karadeniz Technical University School of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Dilcan Kotan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Halil İdrisoğlu
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysun Soysal
- Department of Neurology, Bakırköy Research and Training Hospital for Neurologic and Psychiatric Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurten Uzun Adatepe
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Akalın
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Koç
- Department of Neurology, Çukurova University Medical School, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ersin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Piraye Oflazer
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feza Deymeer
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Öznur Taştan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Ercüment Çiçek
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Erşen Kavak
- Genomize Inc., Boğaziçi University Technology Development Region, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Parman
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Nazlı Başak
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Vaisar T, Kanter JE, Wimberger J, Irwin AD, Gauthier J, Wolfson E, Bahnam V, Wu IH, Shah H, Keenan HA, Greenbaum CJ, King GL, Heinecke JW, Bornfeldt KE. High Concentration of Medium-Sized HDL Particles and Enrichment in HDL Paraoxonase 1 Associate With Protection From Vascular Complications in People With Long-standing Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:178-186. [PMID: 31597668 PMCID: PMC6925582 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A subset of people with long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1D) appears to be protected from microvascular and macrovascular complications. Previous studies have focused on improved abilities to respond to glucose and its downstream effects as protective mechanisms. It is unclear whether lipoproteins play a role in the vascular health of these people. We therefore determined whether HDL particle concentration, size, function, and/or protein composition associate with protection from vascular complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied two independent cross-sectional cohorts with T1D: the T1D Exchange Living Biobank (n = 47) and the Joslin Medalist Study (n = 100). Some of the subjects had vascular complications, whereas others never exhibited vascular complications, despite an average duration of diabetes in the cohorts of 45 years. We assessed HDL particle size and concentration by calibrated ion mobility analysis, the HDL proteome by targeted mass spectrometry, and HDL function ex vivo by quantifying cholesterol efflux capacity and inhibition of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. RESULTS In both cohorts, people without vascular complications exhibited significantly higher concentrations of medium-sized HDL particles (M-HDL) independently of total and HDL cholesterol levels. While no consistent differences in HDL functions were observed ex vivo, people without vascular complications had higher levels of HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an enzyme that inhibits atherosclerosis in animal models. CONCLUSIONS Elevated concentrations of M-HDL particles and elevated levels of HDL-associated PON1 may contribute to long-term protection from the vascular complications of diabetes by pathways that are independent of total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Vaisar
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jake Wimberger
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Angela D Irwin
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - John Gauthier
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Emily Wolfson
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - I-Hsien Wu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Hetal Shah
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - George L King
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA .,Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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5
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Sposito AC, de Lima-Junior JC, Moura FA, Barreto J, Bonilha I, Santana M, Virginio VW, Sun L, Carvalho LSF, Soares AA, Nadruz W, Feinstein SB, Nofer JR, Zanotti I, Kontush A, Remaley AT. Reciprocal Multifaceted Interaction Between HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) and Myocardial Infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1550-1564. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of therapeutic advances, myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Recent studies have identified HDLs (high-density lipoproteins) as a potential candidate for mitigating coronary ischemia/reperfusion injury via a broad spectrum of signaling pathways. HDL ligands, such as S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate), Apo (apolipoprotein) A-I, clusterin, and miRNA, may influence the opening of the mitochondrial channel, insulin sensitivity, and production of vascular autacoids, such as NO, prostacyclin, and endothelin-1. In parallel, antioxidant activity and sequestration of oxidized molecules provided by HDL can attenuate the oxidative stress that triggers ischemia/reperfusion. Nevertheless, during myocardial infarction, oxidation and the capture of oxidized and proinflammatory molecules generate large phenotypic and functional changes in HDL, potentially limiting its beneficial properties. In this review, new findings from cellular and animal models, as well as from clinical studies, will be discussed to describe the cardioprotective benefits of HDL on myocardial infarction. Furthermore, mechanisms by which HDL modulates cardiac function and potential strategies to mitigate postmyocardial infarction risk damage by HDL will be detailed throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei C. Sposito
- From the Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas, Brazil (A.C.S., J.C.d.L.-J., F.A.M., J.B., I.B., M.S., V.W.V., L.S.F.C., A.A.S.S., W.N.)
| | - José Carlos de Lima-Junior
- From the Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas, Brazil (A.C.S., J.C.d.L.-J., F.A.M., J.B., I.B., M.S., V.W.V., L.S.F.C., A.A.S.S., W.N.)
| | - Filipe A. Moura
- From the Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas, Brazil (A.C.S., J.C.d.L.-J., F.A.M., J.B., I.B., M.S., V.W.V., L.S.F.C., A.A.S.S., W.N.)
- Department of Medicine, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (F.A.M.)
| | - Joaquim Barreto
- From the Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas, Brazil (A.C.S., J.C.d.L.-J., F.A.M., J.B., I.B., M.S., V.W.V., L.S.F.C., A.A.S.S., W.N.)
| | - Isabella Bonilha
- From the Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas, Brazil (A.C.S., J.C.d.L.-J., F.A.M., J.B., I.B., M.S., V.W.V., L.S.F.C., A.A.S.S., W.N.)
| | - Michele Santana
- From the Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas, Brazil (A.C.S., J.C.d.L.-J., F.A.M., J.B., I.B., M.S., V.W.V., L.S.F.C., A.A.S.S., W.N.)
| | - Vitor W. Virginio
- From the Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas, Brazil (A.C.S., J.C.d.L.-J., F.A.M., J.B., I.B., M.S., V.W.V., L.S.F.C., A.A.S.S., W.N.)
| | - Lufan Sun
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.S., A.T.R.)
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China (L.S.)
| | - Luiz Sergio F. Carvalho
- From the Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas, Brazil (A.C.S., J.C.d.L.-J., F.A.M., J.B., I.B., M.S., V.W.V., L.S.F.C., A.A.S.S., W.N.)
| | - Alexandre A.S. Soares
- From the Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas, Brazil (A.C.S., J.C.d.L.-J., F.A.M., J.B., I.B., M.S., V.W.V., L.S.F.C., A.A.S.S., W.N.)
| | - Wilson Nadruz
- From the Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Cardiology Department, State University of Campinas, Brazil (A.C.S., J.C.d.L.-J., F.A.M., J.B., I.B., M.S., V.W.V., L.S.F.C., A.A.S.S., W.N.)
| | - Steve B. Feinstein
- Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (S.B.F.)
| | - Jerzy-Roch Nofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-R.N.)
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Italy (I.Z.)
| | - Anatol Kontush
- UMR-ICAN 1166, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Sorbonne University, Paris, France (A.K.)
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.S., A.T.R.)
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Petrović D, Szeler K, Kamerlin SCL. Challenges and advances in the computational modeling of biological phosphate hydrolysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3077-3089. [PMID: 29412205 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09504j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate ester hydrolysis is fundamental to many life processes, and has been the topic of substantial experimental and computational research effort. However, even the simplest of phosphate esters can be hydrolyzed through multiple possible pathways that can be difficult to distinguish between, either experimentally, or computationally. Therefore, the mechanisms of both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions have been historically controversial. In the present contribution, we highlight a number of technical issues involved in reliably modeling these computationally challenging reactions, as well as proposing potential solutions. We also showcase examples of our own work in this area, discussing both the non-enzymatic reaction in aqueous solution, as well as insights obtained from the computational modeling of organophosphate hydrolysis and catalytic promiscuity amongst enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Petrović
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Klaudia Szeler
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Yun H, Yu J, Kim S, Lee N, Lee J, Lee S, Kim ND, Yu C, Rho J. Expression and purification of biologically active recombinant human paraoxonase 1 from a Drosophila S2 stable cell line. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 131:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Abstract
Many pathogenic bacteria utilize quorum sensing (QS) systems to regulate the expression of their virulence genes and promote the formation of biofilm, which renders pathogens with extreme resistance to conventional antibiotic treatments. As a novel approach for attenuating antibiotic resistance and in turn fighting chronic infections, enzymatic inactivation of QS signaling molecules, such as N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), holds great promises. Instead of using bacterial lactonases that can evoke immune response when administered, we focus on the human paraoxonase 2 (huPON2). However, insolubility when heterologously overexpressed hinders its application as anti-infection therapeutics. In this study, huPON2 was engineered for soluble expression with minimal introduction of foreign sequences. On the basis of structure modeling, degenerate linkers were exploited for the removal of hydrophobic helices of huPON2 without disrupting its folding structure and thus retaining its enzymatic function. High soluble expression levels were achieved with a yield of 76 mg of fully human PON2 variants per liter of culture media. Particularly, two clones, D2 and E3, showed significant quorum quenching (QQ) bioactivities and effectively impeded Pseudomonas aeruginosa swimming and swarming motilities, signs of an early stage of biofilm formation. In addition, by correlating QQ with luminescence signal readouts, quantitative analysis of QQ toward natural or non-natural AHL-regulator combinations suggested that D2 and E3 exhibited strong lactone hydrolysis activities toward five AHLs of different side chain lengths and modifications widely utilized by a variety of biomedically important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cathy Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Environmental
Engineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Christopher Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Environmental
Engineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Environmental
Engineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Chemical
and Environmental
Engineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, California 92521, United States
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9
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Neira JL, Martínez-Rodríguez S, Hernández-Cifre JG, Cámara-Artigas A, Clemente P, Peralta S, Fernández-Moreno MÁ, Garesse R, García de la Torre J, Rizzuti B. Human COA3 Is an Oligomeric Highly Flexible Protein in Solution. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6209-6220. [PMID: 27791355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of the protein complex of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), which participates in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, requires a large number of accessory proteins (the so-called assembly factors). Human COX assembly factor 3 (hCOA3), also known as MITRAC12 or coiled-coil domain-containing protein 56 (CCDC56), interacts with the first subunit protein of COX to form its catalytic core and promotes its assemblage with the other units. Therefore, hCOA3 is involved in COX biogenesis in humans and can be exploited as a drug target in patients with mitochondrial dysfunctions. However, to be considered a molecular target, its structure and conformational stability must first be elucidated. We have embarked on the description of such features by using spectroscopic and hydrodynamic techniques, in aqueous solution and in the presence of detergents, together with computational methods. Our results show that hCOA3 is an oligomeric protein, forming aggregates of different molecular masses in aqueous solution. Moreover, on the basis of fluorescence and circular dichroism results, the protein has (i) its unique tryptophan partially shielded from solvent and (ii) a relatively high percentage of secondary structure. However, this structure is highly flexible and does not involve hydrogen bonding. Experiments in the presence of detergents suggest a slightly higher content of nonrigid helical structure. Theoretical results, based on studies of the primary structure of the protein, further support the idea that hCOA3 is a disordered protein. We suggest that the flexibility of hCOA3 is crucial for its interaction with other proteins to favor mitochondrial protein translocation and assembly of proteins involved in the respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández , Elche, Alicante, Spain.,Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute , Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Cámara-Artigas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería , Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Almería, Spain
| | - Paula Clemente
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) , Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Peralta
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) , Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Fernández-Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) , Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Garesse
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) , Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) , Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria , 87036 Rende, Italy
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Qureshi T, Goto NK. Impact of Differential Detergent Interactions on Transmembrane Helix Dimerization Affinities. ACS Omega 2016; 1:277-285. [PMID: 31457129 PMCID: PMC6640775 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between transmembrane (TM) helices play a critical role in the fundamental processes required for cells to communicate and exchange materials with their surroundings. Our understanding of the factors that promote TM helix interactions has greatly benefited from our ability to study these interactions in the solution phase through the use of membrane-mimetic micelles. However, less is known about the potential influence of juxtamembrane regions flanking the interacting TM helices that may modulate dimerization affinities, even when the interacting surface itself is not altered. To investigate this question, we used solution NMR to quantitate the dimerization affinity of the major coat protein from the M13 bacteriophage in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a well-characterized model of a single-spanning self-associating TM protein. Here, we showed that a shorter construct lacking the N-terminal amphipathic helix has a higher dimerization affinity relative to that of the full-length protein, with no change in the helical structure between the monomeric and dimeric states in both cases. Although this translated into a 0.6 kcal/mol difference in free energy when the SDS solvent was approximated as a continuous phase, there were deviations from this model at high protein to detergent ratios. Instead, the equilibria were better fit to a model that treats the empty micelle as an active participant in the reaction, giving rise to standard free energies of association that were the same for both full-length and TM-segment constructs. According to this model, the higher apparent affinity of the shorter peptide could be completely explained by the enhanced detergent binding by the monomer relative to that bound by the dimer. Therefore, differential detergent binding between the monomeric and dimeric states provides a mechanism by which TM helix interactions can be modulated by noninteracting juxtamembrane regions.
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Gu X, Huang Y, Levison BS, Gerstenecker G, DiDonato AJ, Hazen LB, Lee J, Gogonea V, DiDonato JA, Hazen SL. Identification of Critical Paraoxonase 1 Residues Involved in High Density Lipoprotein Interaction. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1890-1904. [PMID: 26567339 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.678334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated protein with atherosclerosis-protective and systemic anti-oxidant functions. We recently showed that PON1, myeloperoxidase, and HDL bind to one another in vivo forming a functional ternary complex (Huang, Y., Wu, Z., Riwanto, M., Gao, S., Levison, B. S., Gu, X., Fu, X., Wagner, M. A., Besler, C., Gerstenecker, G., Zhang, R., Li, X. M., Didonato, A. J., Gogonea, V., Tang, W. H., et al. (2013) J. Clin. Invest. 123, 3815-3828). However, specific residues on PON1 involved in the HDL-PON1 interaction remain unclear. Unambiguous identification of protein residues involved in docking interactions to lipid surfaces poses considerable methodological challenges. Here we describe a new strategy that uses a novel synthetic photoactivatable and click chemistry-taggable phospholipid probe, which, when incorporated into HDL, was used to identify amino acid residues on PON1 that directly interact with the lipoprotein phospholipid surface. Several specific PON1 residues (Leu-9, Tyr-185, and Tyr-293) were identified through covalent cross-links with the lipid probes using affinity isolation coupled to liquid chromatography with on-line tandem mass spectrometry. Based upon the crystal structure for PON1, the identified residues are all localized in relatively close proximity on the surface of PON1, defining a domain that binds to the HDL lipid surface. Site-specific mutagenesis of the identified PON1 residues (Leu-9, Tyr-185, and Tyr-293), coupled with functional studies, reveals their importance in PON1 binding to HDL and both PON1 catalytic activity and stability. Specifically, the residues identified on PON1 provide important structural insights into the PON1-HDL interaction. More generally, the new photoactivatable and affinity-tagged lipid probe developed herein should prove to be a valuable tool for identifying contact sites supporting protein interactions with lipid interfaces such as found on cell membranes or lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Gu
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, and
| | - Ying Huang
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, and
| | - Bruce S Levison
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, and
| | - Gary Gerstenecker
- the Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Anthony J DiDonato
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, and
| | - Leah B Hazen
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, and.
| | - Joonsue Lee
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, and
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, and; the Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, and
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, and; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 and
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12
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Bajaj P, Aggarwal G, Tripathy RK, Pande AH. Interplay between amino acid residues at positions 192 and 115 in modulating hydrolytic activities of human paraoxonase 1. Biochimie 2014; 105:202-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Mineev KS, Lesovoy DM, Usmanova DR, Goncharuk SA, Shulepko MA, Lyukmanova EN, Kirpichnikov MP, Bocharov EV, Arseniev AS. NMR-based approach to measure the free energy of transmembrane helix–helix interactions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2014; 1838:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Prince CC, Jia Z. Detergent quantification in membrane protein samples and its application to crystallization experiments. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1293-302. [PMID: 24105076 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The structural characterization of membrane proteins remains a challenging field, largely because the use of stabilizing detergents is required. Researchers must first select a suitable detergent for the solubility and stability of their protein during in vitro studies. In addition, an appropriate concentration of detergent in membrane protein samples can be essential for protein solubility, stability, and experimental success. For example, in membrane protein crystallography, detergent concentration in the crystallization drop can be a critical parameter influencing crystal growth. Over the past decade, multiple techniques have been developed for the measurement of detergent concentration using a wide variety of strategies. These methods include colorimetric reactions, which target specific detergent classes, and analytical techniques applicable to a wide variety of detergents. This review will summarize and discuss the available options. It will be a useful resource to those selecting a strategy that best fits their experimental requirements and available instruments.
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Le Roy A, Nury H, Wiseman B, Sarwan J, Jault JM, Ebel C. Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation in hydrogenated and deuterated solvents for the characterization of membrane proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1033:219-251. [PMID: 23996181 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-487-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This chapter is a step-by-step protocol for setting up, realizing, and analyzing sedimentation velocity experiments in hydrogenated and deuterated solvents, in the context of the characterization of membrane protein, in terms of homogeneity, association state, and amount of bound detergent, based on a real case study of the membrane protein BmrA solubilized in n-Dodecyl-β-D-Maltopyranoside) detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Le Roy
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CEA, Grenoble, France
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Muthukrishnan S, Shete VS, Sanan TT, Vyas S, Oottikkal S, Porter LM, Magliery TJ, Hadad CM. Mechanistic Insights into the Hydrolysis of Organophosphorus Compounds by Paraoxonase-1: Exploring the Limits of Substrate Tolerance in a Promiscuous Enzyme. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2012; 25:1247-1260. [PMID: 23946555 PMCID: PMC3740977 DOI: 10.1002/poc.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We designed, synthesized and screened a library of analogs of the organophosphate pesticide metabolite paraoxon against a recombinant variant of human serum paraoxonase-1. Alterations of both the aryloxy leaving group and the retained alkyl chains of paraoxon analogs resulted in substantial changes to binding and hydrolysis, as measured directly by spectrophotometric methods or in competition experiments with paraoxon. Increases or decreases in the steric bulk of the retained groups generally reduced the rate of hydrolysis, while modifications of the leaving group modulated both binding and turnover. Studies on the hydrolysis of phosphoryl azide analogs as well as amino-modified paraoxon analogs, the former being developed as photo-affinity labels, found enhanced tolerance of structural modifications, when compared with O-alkyl substituted molecules. Results from computational modeling predict a predominant active site binding mode for these molecules which is consistent with several proposed catalytic mechanisms in the literature, and from which a molecular-level explanation of the experimental trends is attempted. Overall, the results of this study suggest that while paraoxonase-1 is a promiscuous enzyme, there are substantial constraints in the active site pocket, which may relate to both the leaving group and the retained portion of paraoxon analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivekanand S. Shete
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A
| | - Toby. T. Sanan
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A
| | - Shubham Vyas
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A
| | - Shameema Oottikkal
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A
| | - Lauren M. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A
| | - Thomas J. Magliery
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A
- Department of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A
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Bocharov EV, Mineev KS, Goncharuk MV, Arseniev AS. Structural and thermodynamic insight into the process of “weak” dimerization of the ErbB4 transmembrane domain by solution NMR. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2012; 1818:2158-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Doran J, Mohanty A, Fox T. Resolving the Challenge of Measuring Ligand Binding to Membrane Proteins by Combining Analytical Ultracentrifugation and Light Scattering Photometry. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:92-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Valiyaveettil M, Alamneh Y, Biggemann L, Soojhawon I, Farag HA, Agrawal P, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. In vitro efficacy of paraoxonase 1 from multiple sources against various organophosphates. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:905-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Mineev KS, Khabibullina NF, Lyukmanova EN, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP, Arseniev AS. Spatial structure and dimer--monomer equilibrium of the ErbB3 transmembrane domain in DPC micelles. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1808:2081-8. [PMID: 21575594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In present work the interaction of two TM α-helices of the ErbB3 receptor tyrosine kinase from the ErbB or HER family (residues 639-670) was studied by means of NMR spectroscopy in a membrane-mimicking environment provided by the DPC micelles. The ErbB3 TM segment appeared to form a parallel symmetric dimer in a left-handed orientation. The interaction between TM spans is accomplished via the non-standard motif and is supported by apolar contacts of bulky side chains and by stacking of aromatic rings together with π-cation interactions of Phe and Arg side chains. The investigation of the dimer--monomer equilibrium revealed thermodynamic properties of the assembly and the presence of two distinct regimes of the dimerization at low and at high peptide/detergent ratio. It was found that the detergent in case of ErbB3 behaves not as an ideal solvent, thus affecting the dimer--monomer equilibrium. Such behavior may account for the problems occurring with the refolding and stability of multispan helical membrane proteins in detergent solutions. The example of ErbB3 allows us to conclude that the thermodynamic parameters of dimerization, measured in micelles for two different helical pairs, cannot be compared without the investigation of their dependence on detergent concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Mineev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences RAS, str. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation.
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Ebel C. Sedimentation velocity to characterize surfactants and solubilized membrane proteins. Methods 2011; 54:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Bayrak A, Bayrak T, Demirpençe E, Kılınç K. Differential hydrolysis of homocysteine thiolactone by purified human serum (192)Q and (192)R PON1 isoenzymes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 879:49-55. [PMID: 21123122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a HDL-associated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a variety of aromatic carboxylic acid esters and several organophosphates. Recently it has been suggested that a physiological substrate of serum PON1 is homocysteine thiolactone which is a putative risk factor in atherosclerosis. In this study, human (192)Q and (192)R PON1 isoenzymes were purified from the respective phenotype human serum, using a protocol consisting of ammonium sulfate precipitation and four chromatography steps: gel filtration, ion-exchange, non-specific affinity, and a second ion-exchange. Using paraoxon as substrate, overall purification fold was found as 742 for (192)R PON1 and 590 for (192)Q PON1. The final purified enzymes were shown as single protein bands close to 45kDa on SDS-PAGE and confirmed by Western blot. Substrate kinetics were studied with phenyl acetate, paraoxon and homocysteine thiolactone. Both PON1 isoenzymes showed mixed type inhibition with phenyl acetate. K(m) values of (192)Q and (192)R PON1 for homocysteine thiolactone were 23.5mM and 22.6mM respectively. For (192)R PON1, the V(max) was 2.5-fold and k(cat)/K(m) was 2.6-fold higher than those for (192)Q PON1 when homocysteine thiolactone is used as substrate. The present data suggest that defining (192)Q and (192)R PON1 isoforms could be a good predictor and prognostic marker in the cardiovascular risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Bayrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Scher BM, Mistry SJ, Haque NS, Scher W. Isolation and characterization of a large soluble form of fibronectin that stimulates adhesion, spreading, and alignment of mouse erythroleukemia cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2402-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ticozzi N, LeClerc AL, Keagle PJ, Glass JD, Wills AM, van Blitterswijk M, Bosco DA, Rodriguez-Leyva I, Gellera C, Ratti A, Taroni F, McKenna-Yasek D, Sapp PC, Silani V, Furlong CE, Brown RH, Landers JE. Paraoxonase gene mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2010; 68:102-7. [PMID: 20582942 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three clustered, homologous paraoxonase genes (PON1, PON2, and PON3) have roles in preventing lipid oxidation and detoxifying organophosphates. Recent reports describe a genetic association between the PON genes and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We now report that in genomic DNA from individuals with familial and sporadic ALS, we have identified at least 7 PON gene mutations that are predicted to alter PON function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Chakraborti S, Bahnson BJ. Crystal structure of human senescence marker protein 30: insights linking structural, enzymatic, and physiological functions . Biochemistry 2010; 49:3436-44. [PMID: 20329768 DOI: 10.1021/bi9022297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30), which functions enzymatically as a lactonase, hydrolyzes various carbohydrate lactones. The penultimate step in vitamin-C biosynthesis is catalyzed by this enzyme in nonprimate mammals. It has also been implicated as an organophosphate hydrolase, with the ability to hydrolyze diisopropyl phosphofluoridate and other nerve agents. SMP30 was originally identified as an aging marker protein, whose expression decreased androgen independently in aging cells. SMP30 is also referred to as regucalcin and has been suggested to have functions in calcium homeostasis. The crystal structure of the human enzyme has been solved from X-ray diffraction data collected to a resolution of 1.4 A. The protein has a 6-bladed beta-propeller fold, and it contains a single metal ion. Crystal structures have been solved with the metal site bound with either a Ca(2+) or a Zn(2+) atom. The catalytic role of the metal ion has been confirmed by mutagenesis of the metal coordinating residues. Kinetic studies using the substrate gluconolactone showed a k(cat) preference of divalent cations in the order Zn(2+) > Mn(2+) > Ca(2+) > Mg(2+). Notably, the Ca(2+) had a significantly higher value of K(d) compared to those of the other metal ions tested (566, 82, 7, and 0.6 mum for Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Zn(2+), and Mn(2+), respectively), suggesting that the Ca(2+)-bound form may be physiologically relevant for stressed cells with an elevated free calcium level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Chakraborti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Renault F, Carus T, Cléry-barraud C, Elias M, Chabrière E, Masson P, Rochu D. Integrative analytical approach by capillary electrophoresis and kinetics under high pressure optimized for deciphering intrinsic and extrinsic cofactors that modulate activity and stability of human paraoxonase (PON1). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1346-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stoltz DA, Ozer EA, Recker TJ, Estin M, Yang X, Shih DM, Lusis AJ, Zabner J. A common mutation in paraoxonase-2 results in impaired lactonase activity. J Biol Chem 2010; 284:35564-71. [PMID: 19840942 PMCID: PMC2790986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.051706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonases (PONs) are a family of lactonases with promiscuous enzyme activity that has been implicated in multiple diseases. PON2 is intracellularly located, is the most ubiquitously expressed PON, and has the highest lactonase activity of the PON family members. Whereas some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PON1 have resulted in altered enzymatic activity in serum, to date the functional consequences of SNPs on PON2 function remain unknown. We hypothesized that a common PON2 SNP would result in impaired lactonase activity. Substitution of cysteine for serine at codon 311 in recombinant PON2 resulted in normal protein production and localization but altered glycosylation and decreased lactonase activity. Moreover, we screened 200 human lung samples for the PON2 Cys311 variant and found that in vivo this mutation impaired lactonase activity. These data suggest that impaired lactonase activity may play a role in innate immunity, atherosclerosis, and other diseases associated with the PON2 311 SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Gaidukov L, Bar D, Yacobson S, Naftali E, Kaufman O, Tabakman R, Tawfik DS, Levy-Nissenbaum E. In vivo administration of BL-3050: highly stable engineered PON1-HDL complexes. BMC Clin Pharmacol 2009; 9:18. [PMID: 19922610 PMCID: PMC2785756 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6904-9-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Serum paraoxonase (PON1) is a high density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme involved in organophosphate (OP) degradation and prevention of atherosclerosis. PON1 comprises a potential candidate for in vivo therapeutics, as an anti-atherogenic agent, and for detoxification of pesticides and nerve agents. Because human PON1 exhibits limited stability, engineered, recombinant PON1 (rePON1) variants that were designed for higher reactivity, solubility, stability, and bacterial expression, are candidates for treatment. This work addresses the feasibility of in vivo administration of rePON1, and its HDL complex, as a potentially therapeutic agent dubbed BL-3050. Methods For stability studies we applied different challenges related to the in vivo disfunctionalization of HDL and PON1 and tested for inactivation of PON1's activity. We applied acute, repetitive administrations of BL-3050 in mice to assess its toxicity and adverse immune responses. The in vivo efficacy of recombinant PON1 and BL-3050 were tested with an animal model of chlorpyrifos-oxon poisoning. Results Inactivation studies show significantly improved in vitro lifespan of the engineered rePON1 relative to human PON1. Significant sequence changes relative to human PON1 might hamper the in vivo applicability of BL-3050 due to adverse immune responses. However, we observed no toxic effects in mice subjected to repetitive administration of BL-3050, suggesting that BL-3050 could be safely used. To further evaluate the activity of BL-3050 in vivo, we applied an animal model that mimics human organophosphate poisoning. In these studies, a significant advantages of rePON1 and BL-3050 (>87.5% survival versus <37.5% in the control groups) was observed. Furthermore, BL-3050 and rePON1 were superior to the conventional treatment of atropine-2-PAM as a prophylactic treatment for OP poisoning. Conclusion In vitro and in vivo data described here demonstrate the potential advantages of rePON1 and BL-3050 for treatment of OP toxicity and chronic cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis. The in vivo data also suggest that rePON1 and BL-3050 are stable and safe, and could be used for acute, and possibly repeated treatments, with no adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Gaidukov
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Cléry-barraud C, Renault F, Leva J, El Bakdouri N, Masson P, Rochu D. Exploring the structural and functional stabilities of different paraoxonase-1 formulations through electrophoretic mobilities and enzyme activity parameters under hydrostatic pressure. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2009; 1794:680-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Efrat M, Rosenblat M, Mahmood S, Vaya J, Aviram M. Di-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-18:1) stimulates paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzymatic and biological activities: In vitro and in vivo studies. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202:461-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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le Maire M, Arnou B, Olesen C, Georgin D, Ebel C, Møller JV. Gel chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation to determine the extent of detergent binding and aggregation, and Stokes radius of membrane proteins using sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase as an example. Nat Protoc 2009; 3:1782-95. [PMID: 18974737 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For structural studies of integral membrane proteins, including their 3D crystallization, the judicious use of detergent for solubilization and purification is required. Detergent binding by the solubilized protein is an important parameter to determine the hydrodynamic properties in terms of size and aggregational (monomeric/oligo(proto)meric) state of the protein. Detergent binding can be measured by gel filtration chromatography under equilibrium conditions and after separation from mixed micelles of solubilized lipid and detergent. Using sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase as an example, we demonstrate in this protocol complete procedures for measurement of detergent binding using (i) radiolabeled n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside (DM) or (ii) from measurements of the increase in refractive index due to the presence of bound detergent on the protein. The latter measurement can also be performed by sedimentation velocity (SV) analysis in the analytical ultracentrifuge which in addition allows determination of the sedimentation coefficient. In combination with estimation of Stokes radius by gel filtration calibration, the molecular mass and asymmetry of the solubilized protein can be calculated. In the proposed protocols, the gel chromatographic procedures require 1 d; SV experiments are performed just after size exclusion. The whole time for these experiments is 24 h. Data analysis of analytical ultracentrifugation requires a couple of days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc le Maire
- CEA, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Koitka M, Höchel J, Obst D, Rottmann A, Gieschen H, Borchert H. Determination of rat serum esterase activities by an HPLC method using S-acetylthiocholine iodide and p-nitrophenyl acetate. Anal Biochem 2008; 381:113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu Y, Mackness B, Mackness M. Comparison of the ability of paraoxonases 1 and 3 to attenuate the in vitro oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and reduce macrophage oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:743-8. [PMID: 18585453 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In light of recent conflicting results regarding the antiatherogenic properties of the paraoxonase (PON) multigene family we have reexamined these properties in vitro. The abilities of recombinant human PON1 and PON3 to retard LDL oxidation, prevent macrophage oxidative stress, and promote macrophage cholesterol efflux were investigated. Both PON1 and PON3 retarded the oxidation of LDL; PON1 was significantly more efficient (50 and 100% at 20 microg PON3 and PON1, respectively (P<0.001)). Neither PON1 nor PON3 were able to prevent macrophage oxidative stress; however, both were able to retard macrophage-induced LDL oxidation (100 and 50% at 20 microg/ml respectively for PON1 and PON3, P<0.05). PON3 promoted macrophage cholesterol efflux (30% at 40 microg/ml, P<0.01); however, PON1 was found to be cytotoxic to the macrophages derived from the human monocyte THP-1 cell line. In conclusion using recombinant proteins we have been able to confirm some but not all of the antiatherosclerotic properties attributed to human PON1 and PON3 but have also discovered a novel cytotoxicity of PON1 toward macrophages derived from the human monocytic THP-1 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifen Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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35
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Salvay AG, Santamaria M, le Maire M, Ebel C. Analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity for the characterization of detergent-solubilized membrane proteins Ca++-ATPase and ExbB. J Biol Phys 2008; 33:399-419. [PMID: 19669527 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-008-9058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the potential of new methods of analysis of sedimentation velocity (SV) analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) for the characterization of detergent-solubilized membrane proteins. We analyze the membrane proteins Ca(++)-ATPase and ExbB solubilized with DDM (dodecyl-beta-D: -maltoside). SV is extremely well suited for characterizing sample heterogeneity. DDM micelles (s(20w) = 3.1 S) and complexes (Ca(++)-ATPase: s(20w) = 7.3 S; ExbB: s(20w) = 4 S) are easily distinguished. Using different detergent and protein concentrations, SV does not detect any evidence of self-association for the two proteins. An estimate of bound detergent of 0.9 g/g for Ca(++)-ATPase and 1.5 g/g for ExbB is obtained from the combined analysis of SV profiles obtained using absorbance and interference optics. Combining s(20w) with values of the hydrodynamic radius, R(s) = 5.5 nm for Ca(++)-ATPase or R(s) = 3.4 nm for ExbB, allows the determination of buoyant molar masses, M(b). In view of their M(b) and composition, Ca(++)-ATPase and ExbB are monomers in our experimental conditions. We conclude that one of the main advantages of SV versus other techniques is the possibility to ascertain the homogeneity of the samples and to focus on a given complex even in the presence of other impurities or aggregates. The relative rapidity of SV measurements also allows experiments on unstable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G Salvay
- CNRS, IBS, Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Grenoble 38027, France
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Harel M, Brumshtein B, Meged R, Dvir H, Ravelli RBG, McCarthy A, Toker L, Silman I, Sussman JL. 3-D structure of serum paraoxonase 1 sheds light on its activity, stability, solubility and crystallizability. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2008; 58:347-53. [PMID: 17913690 DOI: 10.2478/v10004-007-0028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonases (PONs) exhibit a wide range of physiologically important hydrolytic activities, including drug metabolism and detoxification of nerve gases. PON1 and PON3 reside on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (the "good cholesterol"), and are involved in the alleviation of atherosclerosis. Members of the PON family have been identified not only in mammals and other vertebrates, but also in invertebrates. We earlier described the first crystal structure of a PON family member, a directly-evolved variant of PON1, at 2.2 A resolution. PON1 is a 6-bladed beta-propeller with a unique active-site lid which is also involved in binding to HDL. The 3-D structure, taken together with directed evolution studies, permitted analysis of mutations which enhanced the stability, solubility and crystallizability of this PON1 variant. The structure permits a detailed description of PON1's active site and suggests possible mechanisms for its catalytic activity on certain substrates.
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Ebel C. Characterization and Stabilization of Solubilized Membrane Proteins. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2008.10817522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Rochu D, Renault F, Cléry-Barraud C, Chabrière E, Masson P. Stability of highly purified human paraoxonase (PON1): Association with human phosphate binding protein (HPBP) is essential for preserving its active conformation(s). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2007; 1774:874-83. [PMID: 17556053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biological role of human paraoxonase (PON1) remains unclear, whilst there is a consensus that the enzyme has a protective influence. A toxicological role, protecting from environmental poisoning by organophosphate derivatives drove earlier works, and more recently, clinical interest has focused on a protective role in vascular disease. PON1 resides essentially on HDL particles, a complex and dynamic molecular environment. Our recent discovery of the human phosphate binding protein (HPBP), displaying a firm propensity to associate with PON1, has steered new directions for characterizing PON1 functional state. Here, we report investigations on the effect of HPBP on oligomerization, storage and thermal stability of PON1. We found that purified PON1 is as a mixture of at least two states, and that the absence of HPBP favors homo-oligomerization of PON1 into state(s) of higher molecular size. We showed that HPBP allows stabilizing active conformation(s) of PON1 disencumbered of its natural environment. We also showed that PON1 exhibits intrinsically a remarkable thermal stability, and that the association of HPBP strongly contributes to slow the denaturation rate. A hybrid recombinant PON1 was shown more thermostable than the human enzyme, and its stability was unaffected by the presence of HPBP. Altogether, the results strongly encourage further study of the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rochu
- Département de Toxicologie, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, BP 87, 38702 La Tronche cedex, France.
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Stroebel D, Sendra V, Cannella D, Helbig K, Nies DH, Covès J. Oligomeric behavior of the RND transporters CusA and AcrB in micellar solution of detergent. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1768:1567-73. [PMID: 17467658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have used analytical ultracentrifugation to explore the oligomeric states of AcrB and CusA in micellar solution of detergent. These two proteins belong to the resistance, nodulation and cell division (RND) family of efflux proteins that are involved in multiple drug and heavy metal resistance. Only the structure of AcrB has been determined so far. Although functional RND proteins should assemble as trimers as AcrB does, both AcrB and CusA form a mixture of quaternary structures (from monomer to heavy oligomer) in detergent solution. The distribution of the oligomeric states was studied as a function of different parameters: nature and concentration of the detergent, ionic strength, pH, protein concentration. This pseudo-heterogeneity does not hamper the crystallization of AcrB as a homotrimer.
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Morales R, Berna A, Carpentier P, Contreras-Martel C, Renault F, Nicodeme M, Chesne-Seck ML, Bernier F, Dupuy J, Schaeffer C, Diemer H, Van-Dorsselaer A, Fontecilla-Camps JC, Masson P, Rochu D, Chabrière E. Découverte et structure cristallographique d’une apolipoprotéine humaine. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 2007; 65:98-107. [PMID: 17404543 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4509(07)90023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the serendipitous discovery of a human plasma phosphate binding protein (HPBP). This 38 kDa protein is co-purified with paraoxonase (PON1). The association between HPON1 and HPBP is modulated by phosphate and calcium concentrations. The HPBP X-ray structure solved at 1.9 A resolution is similar to the prokaryotic phosphate solute-binding proteins (SBPs) associated with ATP binding cassette transmembrane transporters, though phosphate-SBPs have never been characterized or predicted from nucleic acid databases in eukaryotes. However, HPBP belongs to the family of ubiquitous eukaryotic proteins named DING, meaning that phosphate-SBPs are also widespread in eukaryotes. The absence of complete genes for eukaryotic phosphate-SBP from databases is intriguing, but the astonishing 90% sequence conservation of genes between evolutionary distant species suggests that the corresponding proteins play an important function. HPBP is the first identified transporter capable of binding phosphate ions in human plasma. Thus it is thought to become a new predictor and a potential therapeutic agent for phosphate-related diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morales
- Laboratoire de cristallogenèse et cristallographie des Protéines, Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, F 38027 Grenoble
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Kontush A, Chapman MJ. Functionally defective high-density lipoprotein: a new therapeutic target at the crossroads of dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:342-74. [PMID: 16968945 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) possess key atheroprotective biological properties, including cellular cholesterol efflux capacity, and anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Plasma HDL particles are highly heterogeneous in physicochemical properties, metabolism, and biological activity. Within the circulating HDL particle population, small, dense HDL particles display elevated cellular cholesterol efflux capacity, afford potent protection of atherogenic low-density lipoprotein against oxidative stress and attenuate inflammation. The antiatherogenic properties of HDL can, however be compromised in metabolic diseases associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Indeed, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes are characterized not only by elevated cardiovascular risk and by low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels but also by defective HDL function. Functional HDL deficiency is intimately associated with alterations in intravascular HDL metabolism and structure. Indeed, formation of HDL particles with attenuated antiatherogenic activity is mechanistically related to core lipid enrichment in triglycerides and cholesteryl ester depletion, altered apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) conformation, replacement of apoA-I by serum amyloid A, and covalent modification of HDL protein components by oxidation and glycation. Deficient HDL function and subnormal HDL-C levels may act synergistically to accelerate atherosclerosis in metabolic disease. Therapeutic normalization of attenuated antiatherogenic HDL function in terms of both particle number and quality of HDL particles is the target of innovative pharmacological approaches to HDL raising, including inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein, enhanced lipidation of apoA-I with nicotinic acid and infusion of reconstituted HDL or apoA-I mimetics. A preferential increase in circulating concentrations of HDL particles possessing normalized antiatherogenic activity is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of common metabolic diseases featuring dyslipidemia, inflammation, and premature atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Kontush
- Dyslipoproteinemia and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Hôpital de la Pitié, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Gaidukov L, Rosenblat M, Aviram M, Tawfik DS. The 192R/Q polymorphs of serum paraoxonase PON1 differ in HDL binding, lipolactonase stimulation, and cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:2492-502. [PMID: 16914770 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600297-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase (PON1) is a HDL-associated enzyme exhibiting potentially antiatherogenic properties. Here, we examined the common PON1-192R/Q human polymorphism. Despite numerous studies, the effect of this polymorphism on the antiatherogenic potential of PON1 is yet unresolved. Our structural model suggests that amino acid 192 constitutes part of the HDL-anchoring surface and active site of PON1. Based on our findings that PON1 is an interfacially activated lipolactonase that selectively binds HDL carrying apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and is thereby greatly stabilized and catalytically activated, we examined the interaction of the PON1-192 isozymes with reconstituted HDL-apoA-I particles. We found that PON1 position 192 is indeed involved in HDL binding. The PON1-192Q binds HDL with a 3-fold lower affinity than the R isozyme and consequently exhibits significantly reduced stability, lipolactonase activity, and macrophage cholesterol efflux. We also observed the lower affinity and stability of the 192Q versus the 192R isozyme in sera of individuals belonging to the corresponding genotypes. The observed differences in the properties of PON1-192R/Q isozymes provide a basis for further analysis of the contribution of the 192R/Q polymorphism to the susceptibility to atherosclerosis, although other factors, such as the overall levels of PON1, may play a more significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Gaidukov
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Morales R, Berna A, Carpentier P, Contreras-Martel C, Renault F, Nicodeme M, Chesne-Seck ML, Bernier F, Dupuy J, Schaeffer C, Diemer H, Van-Dorsselaer A, Fontecilla-Camps JC, Masson P, Rochu D, Chabriere E. Serendipitous discovery and X-ray structure of a human phosphate binding apolipoprotein. Structure 2006; 14:601-9. [PMID: 16531243 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the serendipitous discovery of a human plasma phosphate binding protein (HPBP). This 38 kDa protein is copurified with the enzyme paraoxonase. Its X-ray structure is similar to the prokaryotic phosphate solute binding proteins (SBPs) associated with ATP binding cassette transmembrane transporters, though phosphate-SBPs have never been characterized or predicted from nucleic acid databases in eukaryotes. However, HPBP belongs to the family of ubiquitous eukaryotic proteins named DING, meaning that phosphate-SBPs are also widespread in eukaryotes. The systematic absence of complete genes for eukaryotic phosphate-SBP from databases is intriguing, but the astonishing 90% sequence conservation between genes belonging to evolutionary distant species suggests that the corresponding proteins play an important function. HPBP is the only known transporter capable of binding phosphate ions in human plasma and may become a new predictor of or a potential therapeutic agent for phosphate-related diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Morales
- Laboratoire de Cristallogenèse et Cristallographie des Protéines, Institut de Biologie Structurale JP EBEL, 38027 Grenoble, France
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Park CH, Nguyen SD, Kim MR, Jeong TS, Sok DE. Differential effect of lysophospholipids on activities of human plasma paraoxonase1, either soluble or lipid-bound. Lipids 2006; 41:371-80. [PMID: 16808151 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of paraoxonase1 (PON1) with lysophospholipids was examined with respect to activity regulation and binding property. Paraoxonase activity of purified PON1 was partially inhibited by palmitoyl-lysophosphatidyl-glycerol (palmitoyl-lysoPG) and lysophosphatidylinositol (lysoPI), which had a stimulatory effect on arylesterase and diazoxonase activities. The selective inhibition of paraoxonase activity by palmitoyl-lysoPG, characterized by noncompetitiveness and charge interaction, was also observed with HDL- or dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)-bound PON1. Meanwhile, lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) stimulated all three activities of purified PON1, although it stimulated DMPC-bound or HDL-bound PON1 to a lesser extent. The stimulatory action of lysophospholipids was observed around their CMC, suggesting that micelle formation of lysophospholpids might be involved in the stimulation of PON1 activity. Presumably in support of this, the tryptophan fluorescence intensity of PON1 was increased by lysophospholipids at concentrations required for the stimulation of PON1 activity. Separately, lysoPC stimulation was less remarkable for DMPC-bound PON1 than for either dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS)- or dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol-bound PON1, suggesting a tight association between PON1 and DMPC. In support of this, the stimulatory role of apolipoprotein A-I was less prominent for DMPC-bound PON1 than for DMPS-bound PON1. Taken together, these data suggest that the inhibition of paraoxonase activity by lysoPG or lysoPI may be due to binding to a site distinct from the active center, whereas the stimulation by lysophospholipid may be ascribed to the micelle formation around the lipid-associable region of PON1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheon Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea
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Ravaud S, Do Cao MA, Jidenko M, Ebel C, Le Maire M, Jault JM, Di Pietro A, Haser R, Aghajari N. The ABC transporter BmrA from Bacillus subtilis is a functional dimer when in a detergent-solubilized state. Biochem J 2006; 395:345-53. [PMID: 16405427 PMCID: PMC1422757 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BmrA from Bacillus subtilis is a half-size ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter involved in multidrug resistance. Although its supramolecular organization has been investigated after reconstitution in a lipid bilayer environment, and shows a dimeric and possibly a tetrameric form, the precise quaternary structure in a detergent-solubilized state has never been addressed. In the present study, BmrA was purified from Escherichia coli membranes using an optimized purification protocol and different detergents. Furthermore, the ATPase activity of BmrA and the quantity of bound lipids and detergent were determined, and the oligomeric state was analysed using SEC (size-exclusion chromatography) and analytical ultracentrifugation. The activity and the quaternary structure of BmrA appeared to be strongly influenced by the type and concentration of the detergent used. SEC data showed that BmrA could be purified in a functional form in 0.05 and 0.01% DDM (n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside) and was homogeneous and monodisperse with an R(s) (Stokes radius) of 5.6 nm that is compatible with a dimer structure. Sedimentation-velocity and equilibrium experiments unequivocally supported that BmrA purified in DDM is a dimer and excluded the presence of other oligomeric states. These observations, which are discussed in relation to results obtained in proteoliposomes, also constitute an important first step towards crystallographic studies of BmrA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Ravaud
- *Laboratoire de BioCristallographie, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS/UCBL, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie-Ange Do Cao
- †Laboratoire de Protéines de Résistance aux Agents Chimiothérapeutiques, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS/UCBL, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie Jidenko
- ‡DBJC/SBFM, URA 2096 CNRS/CEA and LRA17V (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Université Paris XI), Bâtiment 528, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Christine Ebel
- §Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075 CEA/CNRS/UJF, 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 01, France
| | - Marc Le Maire
- ‡DBJC/SBFM, URA 2096 CNRS/CEA and LRA17V (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/Université Paris XI), Bâtiment 528, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- ∥Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, DRDC, UMR 5090 CNRS/CEA/UJF, CEA, 17 rue des Martyrs, Bâtiment K, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Attilio Di Pietro
- †Laboratoire de Protéines de Résistance aux Agents Chimiothérapeutiques, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS/UCBL, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Richard Haser
- *Laboratoire de BioCristallographie, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS/UCBL, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Nushin Aghajari
- *Laboratoire de BioCristallographie, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS/UCBL, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) counts individual rare, usually radio-, isotopes such as radiocarbon at high efficiency and specificity in milligram-sized samples. AMS traces very low chemical doses (micrograms) and radiative doses (100 Bq) of isotope-labeled compounds in animal models and directly in humans for pharmaceutical, nutritional, or toxicological research. Absorption, metabolism, distribution, binding, and elimination are all quantifiable with high precision after appropriate sample definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
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Contreras-Martel C, Carpentier P, Morales R, Renault F, Chesne-Seck ML, Rochu D, Masson P, Fontecilla-Camps JC, Chabrière E. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human phosphate-binding protein. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:67-9. [PMID: 16511265 PMCID: PMC2150935 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309105041461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human phosphate-binding protein (HPBP) was serendipitously discovered by crystallization and X-ray crystallography. HPBP belongs to a eukaryotic protein family named DING that is systematically absent from the genomic database. This apoprotein of 38 kDa copurifies with the HDL-associated apoprotein paraoxonase (PON1) and binds inorganic phosphate. HPBP is the first identified transporter capable of binding phosphate ions in human plasma. Thus, it may be regarded as a predictor of phosphate-related diseases such as atherosclerosis. In addition, HPBP may be a potential therapeutic protein for the treatment of such diseases. Here, the purification, detergent-exchange protocol and crystallization conditions that led to the discovery of HPBP are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Contreras-Martel
- Laboratoire de Cristallogenèse et Cristallographie des Protéines, Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, 38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Carpentier
- Laboratoire de Cristallogenèse et Cristallographie des Protéines, Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, 38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Morales
- Laboratoire de Cristallogenèse et Cristallographie des Protéines, Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, 38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédérique Renault
- Unité d’Enzymologie, Département de Toxicologie, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 38702 La Tronche, France
| | - Marie-Laure Chesne-Seck
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie Macromoléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, 38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Rochu
- Unité d’Enzymologie, Département de Toxicologie, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 38702 La Tronche, France
| | - Patrick Masson
- Unité d’Enzymologie, Département de Toxicologie, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 38702 La Tronche, France
| | - Juan Carlos Fontecilla-Camps
- Laboratoire de Cristallogenèse et Cristallographie des Protéines, Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, 38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Chabrière
- Unité d’Enzymologie, Département de Toxicologie, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 38702 La Tronche, France
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Modélisation des Matériaux Minéraux et Biologiques, CNRS–Université Henri Poincaré, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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James RW, Kalix B, Bioletto S, Brulhart-Meynet MC. Paraoxonase-1 promoter polymorphism C--107T and serum apolipoprotein AI interact to modulate serum paraoxonase-1 status. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2005; 15:441-6. [PMID: 15900219 DOI: 10.1097/01213011-200506000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to examine the hypothesis that modifications to paraoxonase-1 specific activity (SP, activity per unit mass peptide) could contribute to serum paraoxonase-1 status, a determinant of the clinical efficacy of the enzyme. METHODS Enzyme activities and concentrations were determined in a large population (n=912) of patients and controls. SP were subsequently examined as a function of paraoxonase-1 gene polymorphisms, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, and physiological and pathophysiological parameters. RESULTS Pathophysiological parameters (diabetes, metabolic syndrome, smoking, aging) did not promote variations in paraoxonase-1 SP, whilst coronary disease lowered SP (P<0.003). No serum lipid, apolipoprotein or lipoprotein component had an impact on specific activity, with the exception of apolipoprotein AI (P<0.005, both substrates). The paraoxonase-1 promoter C--107T and Q192R polymorphisms influenced SP and, together with apolipoprotein AI, were highly significant, independent determinants in regression models. There was an interaction between apolipoprotein AI and the C--107T polymorphism, which significantly modulated SP and serum paraoxonase-1 status. CONCLUSIONS Enzyme inactivation giving rise to modulated activity per unit mass of peptide is not a major contributor to pathological effects of disease on serum paraoxonase-1 status. The C--107T polymorphism and serum apolipoprotein AI have major impacts individually on SP and also provide an example of gene-environment interaction to modulate such activities. These effects accentuate the differences between--107C and--107T allele carriers in terms of serum paraoxonase-1 status. The data underline the complexity of the factors that determine serum paraoxonase-1 status and suggest that the latter would benefit from therapeutic modulation of serum high density lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W James
- Clinical Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Lu H, Zhu J, Zang Y, Ze Y, Qin J. Cloning, high level expression of human paraoxonase-3 in Sf9 cells and pharmacological characterization of its product. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1019-25. [PMID: 16099434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human paraoxnase-3 (hPON3) (EC3.1.8.1) is a lipid-associated enzyme with antioxidant activity, and can inhibit the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), thereby inhibiting early atherogenic process. In the present study, human PON3 gene was cloned from Human Fetal Liver Marathon-Ready cDNA and expressed in insect cells using baculovirus vector. Twenty-eight milligrams of purified recombinant hPON3 (rhPON3) was obtained from 1L Sf9 cells culture. The Km and Vmax values of rhPON3, with respective to phenylacetate hydrolysis were 7.46+/-4.40 mM and 89+/-10.54 U/mg (n=3). The kinetic parameters of Vmax and Km for dihydrocoumarin hydrolysis by rhPON3 were 698+/-248 U/mg and 0.84+/-0.24 mM (n=3). LDL oxidation assay indicated that rhPON3 could effectively protect LDL against copper-induced oxidation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Lu
- School of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The building block of hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleocapsid, the core protein, together with viral RNA, is composed of different domains involved in RNA binding and homo-oligomerization. The HCV core protein 1-169 (C(HCV)169) and its N-terminal region from positions 1 to 117 (C(HCV)117) were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity suitable for biochemical and biophysical characterizations. The overall conformation and the oligomeric properties of the resulting proteins C(HCV)169 and C(HCV)117 were investigated by using analytical centrifugation, circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence measurements, and limited proteolysis. Altogether, our results show that core protein (C(HCV)169) behaves as a membranous protein and forms heterogeneous soluble micelle-like aggregates of high molecular weight in the absence of detergent. In contrast, it behaves, in the presence of mild detergent, as a soluble, well-folded, noncovalent dimer. Similar to findings observed for core proteins of HCV-related flaviviruses, the HCV core protein is essentially composed of alpha-helices (50%). In contrast, C(HCV)117 is soluble and monodispersed in the absence of detergent but is unfolded. It appears that the folding of the highly basic domain from positions 2 to 117 (2-117 domain) depends on the presence of the 117-169 hydrophobic domain, which contains the structural determinants ensuring the binding of core with cellular membranes. Finally, our findings provide valuable information for further investigations on isolated core protein, as well as for attempts to reconstitute nucleocapsid particles in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Boulant
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR5086 CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, France
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